Table of Figures
Introduction
Landslides are frequently responsible for considerable loss of money and
lives and the most widespread and damaging hazard in the world. Landslide can
be triggered by intense rainfall, earthquake, ground water level change, storm
waves or rapid stream erosion. Landslides may be corrected or controlled by one
or more combinations of four principle measures: drainage, slope geometry
modification, retaining structures and internal slope reinforcement. Landslides and
related slope stability problems disturb many parts of the world but experience
indicates that understanding, recognition and treatment of landslide hazards is still
fragmentary. A particular area requiring attention concerns the selection and
design of appropriate, cost-effective remedial measures, which in turn require a
clear understanding of the conditions and processes that caused the landslides.
Much progress has been made in developing techniques to minimize the impact of
landslides, although more efficient, quicker and cheaper methods could well
emerge in the future (Hadmoko 2007, Yilmas and Keskin 2009).
Recently, developing techniques and methods are managed and analyze
information and data using geospatial information and technology which known
as Geographic Information System (GIS) and it is widely used as tool for
mapping. Landslide mapping has become an important tool for risk assessment,
prediction, and management (Hadmoko 2007, Mantovani, F et al 2009)
Synthetic maps showing slopes at risk of movement have proven to be
valuable for planning, risk analysis, and design of infrastructure. When
geomorphological and geological surveys are imported into a Geographic
Information System environment, thematic maps can be generated to meet the
needs of a wide variety of end users. Applications for products derived from these
surveys include: thematic cartography implementation and improvement; creation
of geological and Geomorphological databases; thematic mapping aimed at
mitigating geoenvironmental risks such as landsliding and flooding; remote
sensing for geological and geomorphological mapping; land management and
hazard mitigation; hydrological modeling; water resources protection and
management; numerical modeling; environmental impact assessment; and
managing environmental emergencies (Turner and Schuster 1996 in Mantovani,
Franco. et al 2009).
Landslides hazard assessment has been playing an important role in spatial
planning due to the increasing of landslide disasters occurring in many regions in
Indonesia. Various methods of landslide hazard assessments have been proposed
and conducted by earth scientists from the simplest method by using the simple
parameter that caused landslide to very complex methods by using the large
number of terrain parameters and also the complex quantitative landslide hazard
zonation. One methods of landslide hazard assessment is deterministic method
(Hadmoko, 2009).
This exercise deals with the spatial deterministic landslide hazard
assessment by using GIS as the main tool of the analysis. This analysis is based on
the slope stability analysis with infinite slope stability model. This model based
on theory that landslide will be occur when the mobilized shear stress in the soil
increase and the available shear strength in the soil is decrease, so the ratio is
known as safety factor (Fs). The safety factor can be calculated pixel by pixel for
individual slope, and for given area, the combination of each pixel can be
generalized as the area value.
Objectives
Based on question in the exercise, we can see that the objectives of this
exercise are as follow:
1. To compare for each scenario, and to explain the pixel distributions for all
stability classes (stable, critical and unstable) for each scenario.
2. To know why the distributions of the pixels in the hazard maps have no
pattern and distributed irregularly.
3. To calculate the number of pixels for all maps and make charts showing the
number of pixel for all the stability classes (one chart for one scenario).
4. To calculate the area of each hazard level for all scenarios and make a chat
showing the influence of soil water content to the area of each hazard level.
5. To make simple statistical regression based on your results to predict the
unstable area as a function of soil water content.
6. To know the advantages and disadvantages this methods in landslide hazard
simulation.
Material and Method
The materials needed in this exercise are:
1. ILWIS software package which is installed in your system
2. Elevation data of our study area : Girimulyo and its surrounding area
3. PC / Laptop
The hazard degree can be expressed by the Safety Factor, which is the
ratio between the forces that make the slope fail and those that prevent the slope
from failing. The value of safety factor (FS) can be classified into three classes i.e.
FS-values larger than 1 indicate of the slope in stable condition, FS-values smaller
than 1 represent the unstable condition. At F=1 the slope is at the point of failure.
Many models of safety factor calculation are available but we use the simplest
method we can call it infinite slope models. The main principle of this method is
to understand the failure mechanism by the change of soil moisture content
(degree of saturation), the groundwater level and seismic acceleration. The model
is conducted as an ILWIS function.
a. Creation of DEM
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital map which contains the
elevation data recorded in the spatial data as z value. DEM is a main important
input variable in this exercise. In this exercise DEM will be extracted from digital
topographical map that contain point elevation data. The format of DEM is the
raster-based DEM. The elevation data recorded in each pixel or regular grid,
which is grid defined as a square cell with constant size and an elevation value
associated to it. The digital elevation model will be created using point
interpolation in the ILWIS software. Point interpolation performs an interpolation
on randomly distributed point values and returns regularly distributed point
values. In ILWIS, the output values are raster values. The input map on this
exercise is a point map in which the points themselves are values (point map with
a value domain). For each pixel in the output map, a value is calculated by an
interpolation on input point values. Moving average methods will be used in
interpolation process. Moving average assigns to pixels weighted averaged point
values.
HYP is the function to finds the side opposite the right angle in a right-
angled triangle (an internal Mapcalc/Tabcalc function).
To transform slope in percent to degree can be calculated by using
formula:
SLOPEDEG=RADDEG(ATAN(SLOPEPCT/100)) where,
SinSlope=sin(degrad(SLOPEDEG))
CosSlope=cos(degrad(SLOPEDEG))
Cos2Slope= cos(degrad(SLOPEDEG))
d. After calculation the parameters of slope map, now calculating the
slope stability by applying scenario. Built new user-defined function =
Function Hydrology.
(Cohesion+(Gamma*Gammaw)*Z*Cos2Slope*Tanphi)/(Gamma*Z*S
inSlope*CosSlope)
After finish then classify of each map into three classes by using map
slicing and create classes by create a domain with the name:Fs_classes.
Then create the representation color as follow.
The distribution of the pixels in the hazard maps have no pattern and
distributed irregularly (qeustion2) because the results are depend on slope
steepness where each pixel has different value and the calculation was conducted
for each pixel. The group of pixels can be shown as an area, but sometimes there
is individual pixel with different value with its surroundings. If we would like to
get more general result or see better distribution we may use filter majority to
eliminate single pixel or more with differs.
To calculate the number of pixels for all maps and make charts showing
the number of pixel for all the stability classes (question 3), we can directly get by
see the histogram. Below is the chart for scenarios Figure 9.
Besides, the existing scenario we also do two more scenario 30% saturated
and 62,5 % saturated condition with fulfilled the value of Gamma and Zw based
on range of scenario before.
Additional data above will be included in the calculation of pixel number
to create chart and showing the influence of soil water content to the area of each
hazard level (question 4). In histogram data above we can see that there is Area
that calculated from number of pixel x pixel size where pixel size is 20m, so Npix
multiply with 400m2. Below is the table of area to be used as chart to see the
influence:
Table 5. Area of each hazard level in each scenario condition (in meter square)
From table, we can see that unstable area is decreasing in line with water
content until 75% and decrease at fully saturated condition. The number of critical
area changes into unstable area, meanwhile stable area changes into critical
condition. We can see more clearly using chart (Figure 11) below that showing
the influence of water content in slope stability. Stable shown with green color
decreasing along the saturation, yellow as critical condition also decrease,
meanwhile unstable is increase but start decrease in fully saturated condition. In
rainy condition the soil water content will increase and that cause unstable area
increase as what we can see in the figure and table in this scenario.
Besides showing the result in above chart, we can also make a simple
statistical regression to predict the unstable area as a function of soil water content
(question 5).
Analysis result above (Figure 12) show mathematical model; regression to
predict unstable area that is y = 25688x + 7547 with R = 0.933. It can be explain
that every increasing value of saturated condition (FS) will followed with the
increasing of number of pixels in unstable condition. Determinant value R is
93.3% show positive relation and show the influence of soil water content that
caused by rainfall as the most triggering factor in this model.We can see the
linkage between parameters and their influence in landslide process. So, this
deterministic model can shown and help us to more understand the processes,
mechanism that occur in landslide hazard.
This exercise use elevation point data to get Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) and then derived as slope data. Slope stability scenarios in research area
show mathematical model; regression to predict unstable area that is y = 25688x +
7547 with R = 0.933. Using GIS software as tool for mapping and its spatial
analysis helps us to process and analyze or applied this white-box model to be
created as landslide hazard map.
References
Is k Yilmaz and Inan Keskin. 2009. GIS based statistical and physical approaches
to landslide susceptibility mapping (Sebinkarahisar, Turkey). Bull Eng
Geol Environ (2009) 68:459471. DOI 10.1007/s10064-009-0188-z.