SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 12-16, 1978

THE UNCERTAINTY OF EVALUATING ORIGINAL CIIL-IN-PLACE IN NATURALLY FRACTURED

RESERVOIRS

Roberto Aguilera
SOQUIP
Quebec, Canlada

Calculation of original oil-in-place by volumetric means in

naturally fractured reservoirs requires previous knowledge of area, net
pay, oil formation volume factor, matrix and fracture porosities, and ma-
trix and fracture water saturations.

To establish exact values for the previous parameters is es-

sentially impossible. This is specially true for fracture porosity and
fracture water saturation. Fracture reservoirs may produce at very high
initial oil rates which might lead to very optimistic forecasts. These
initial high rates are due to the original oil-in-place within the fractu-
res. Upon depletion of the fracture system the oil production may decli-
ne drastically usually with strong increases in gas-oil ratios. From
there on production depends on the facility with which the oil bleeds-off
from the matrix into the fractures. Consequently, the importance of hav-
ing reasonable estimates of original oil-in-place within the fracture net-
work cannot be overemphasized.

The object of this paper is to illustrate procedures to ob-

tain estimates of original oil-in-place in naturally fractured reservoirs.
The Montecarlo Simulation approach has been used to calculate ranges and
probability distributions of total porosity (0), double-porosity exponent
(m), total water saturation (Sw), fracture porosity (Of), water saturation
within the fractures (SWf), original oil-in-place within the fractures (Nf),
and total original oil-in-place (N) in a hypothetical double-porosity reser-
voir.

It is concluded that better decisions can be made regarding

naturally fractured reservoirs if the uncertainty of calculating oil-in-
place is quantitatively measured.

INTRODUCTION

Experience indicates that development of naturally fractured

reservoirs has led to mcmy economic fiascos. This has occurred because high
initial oil rates have led engineers to overestimate the production forecasts
of the wells. Reservoir engineers usually make the assumption that (1) the
fractures have a negligible storage capacity and are only channels of very
high permeability that allow the fluids to flow, and (2) the matrix has an

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

SCHEMATIC :SKETCHES
SHOWING
POROSITY DISTRIBUTION

FRACTURED RE&ERVOIR ROCKS

A B
PERCENT RESERVOIR POROSITY I

Fig. 1- Sketch A - Reservoir with high storage capacity in rock matrix

(primary pore spaces) and very low storage capacity in fractu-
res. Sketch B - Sediment having approximately equal storage ca-
pacities in matrix and fractures, Sketch C - Rock having all
of its storage capacity in fractures. (After McNaughton and
GarbI).

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 SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM,JUNE 13-16,1978

important storage capacity but a ve y small permeability.

Assumption 1 is believed to be quite weak. This assumption

has led to many fiascos in the deve opment of naturally fractured re-
servoirs. In fact, many reservoirs that produce at initial rates de-
cline very drastically in short per eds of time. This occurs because
all the producible oil has been stored in the fracture system. Conse-
quently it is important to be able to make reasonable estimates of oil-
in-place within the fracture system.

Assumption 2 above has to be considered carefully. If the

permeability of the matrix is very low, then the bleed-off of oil from
the matrix into the fractures will be very slow and only the oil origi-
nally within the fractures will be produced in a reasonable span of ti-
me. If the matrix has a reasonable permeability, then the storage ca-
pacity of the matrix becomes of paramount importance.

It is important to visualize chat the storage capacity of

naturally fractured reservoirs varies intensively depending on the de-
gree of fracturing of the formation and the value of primary porosity.
The greater the value of primary porosity, the greater the success pos-
sibilities of naturally fractured reservoirs. The storage capacity in
the matrix porosity of Figure 1-A is large compared with the storage ca-
pacity in the fractures. For the schematic of Figure l-A, 102 of the
total porosity is made out of fractures. In this case the fractures may
be an evil rather than a bless, because they may help to create problems
(during drilling operations such as mud losses, blowouts, fires, etc. ..
The schematic of Figure 1-B shows a rock with about the same storage
{capacity in fracture and matrix porosities. In this case, the reservoir
matrix is rather tight and the fractures provide avenues of nearly in-
finite permeability. This is an ideal combination of porosities that
Ihave permitted to produce over 100 million STBO in individual wells of
Iranl.

Figure 1-C shows the schematic of a rock where the matrix po-
rosity is zero. In this case all the stc)rage capacity is due to fractures.
[n general reservoirs of this type are characterized by producing at very
high initial rates that decline to uneconomic limits in rather short times.
rhere are, however, exceptions reported in the literature. For example,
the Edisonz and Mountan View Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of Califor-
nia and the El Segundo 3 , Wilminton and Playa de Rey fields in the Los
Angeles Basin produced above 15000 BOPD from fractured pre-creta eous base-
rnent schist. The storage in the basement rock of the La Paz-Mara f oil
-Fields in Western Venezuela is in the fracture system. This field produced
over 80000 BOPD from the basement reservclir. Matrix porosity contributes
very little if at all to the over-all reservoir capacity of the Osage and
Merarnec limestones in the Eastern Anadark.o basin5. In these limestones es-
sentially all the oil is within the fracture system.

Summarizing, it is believed that there is enough evidence to ba-

nish the generalized assumption that the storage capacity of a fractured
system is negligible as compared with the storage capacity of the matrix.

It is the objective of this paper to describe a procedure to e-

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

u
2
0
u
a
L

MATRIX POROSITY %

Fig. 2- Distribution of matrix porosity for example problem.

100

....
.
.
.6
. .
.-
E ..,.

a :

1 10 .,

x

d
:& .

I__.P
m:l,3

1
1 10 100 1,000
F\a (LL8)

Fig. 3- Ra - Porosity response cross-plot permits eva uation of the

double-porosity exponent, m. (After Aguilera A ,9).

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 SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 1316, 1978

valuate the uncertianty of calculating original oil-in-place in naturally

fractured reservoirs. This procedure is not claimed to be perfect. Ho-
wever, it has provided the author with an additional tool in the huge pro-
blem of evaluating fractured media.

ORIGINAL 01L-IN-12LACE

Total original oil-in-place illa naturally fractured reservoir

can be calculated volumetrically from the relationship:

7758 Ah 13 (1 - Sw)
N. (1)
B.

where N = original oil-in-place, STBO

A= area, acres
net pay, feet
!: total porosity, fraction
Sw = tots water saturation, raction
B. = init al oil formation voume factor, bbl/STBO

The original oil-in-place within the fractures can be approximat-

ed from:

7758 Ah of (1 - %f)
Nf = (2)
B.

where Nf . original oil-in-place within the fractures, STBO

9+ = fracture porosity, fraction
Swf . water saturation within the fractures, fraction.

The following sections will present procedures to estimate the

parameters that go into-equations 1 and 2.

Total Porosity

The total porosity can be calculated as a function of the matrix

porosity and the partitioning coefficient from the equation:6

@b
@ l-v (l -@b) (3)

where oh
-u
= matrix porosity, fraction
v = partitioning coefficient, fraction.

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

The partitioning coefficient represents the fraction of to-

tal pore volume made up of fractures. Its value can be estimated using
the method of Locke and Bliss7 or pressurs analysis.6 The matrix poro-
sity can be obtained from analysis of intergranular cores in the labora-
tory. It must be noted that experience indicates that matrix porosity
has usually a normal distribution (Figure 2).

~ouble-Porosit.y Exponent

The double-porosity exponent, m, for aturally fractured re-

servoirs has been found previously to be smaller 8 g than the porosity ex-
ponent of intergranular systems. Sometimes, it is possible to estimate
the value of m from logs alone when a statically significant number of
zones is available as shown in Figure 3. If this is not the case it is
still possible togestimate the value of the double-porosity system from
the relationship:

1
m= -log log @ (4)

[ v~ - (1 - v)/@b-nb II

where m= double-porosity exponent

mb = matrix porosity exponent

The matrix porosity exponent is obtained in the laboratory

from the analysis of intergranular cores. Other parameters that go into
equation 4 are obtained as described previously.

~otal Water Saturation

10
Total water saturation can be calculated from the relationship:

I/n
Rw
Sw . (5)
@m
Rt

where Sw
R;
. total water saturation, fraction
= true formation resistivity, -m
n= water saturation exponent

Values of Rw can be otbained from the SP log, water analysis, or

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 SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 1316, 1978

regional water resistivity tables. The total porosity and the double-
porosity exponent, m, can be obtained as discussed previously. The
true formation resistivity is obtained from resistivity logs. In this
paper it is assumed that the water saturation exponent, n, is equal to
the double-porosity exponent, m. This assumption does not appear un-
reasonable b;s~~ on previous experience in intergranular and fractured
reservoirs. J

~racture Porosity

An estimate of fracture porosity is necessary to calculate

the original oil-in-place within the fracture system. The fracture po-
rosity is approximated by the difference between the total porosity as
determined from equation 3 and the matrix porosity as determined from
core analysis, or

(6)

As discussed in the introduction of this paper, the impor-

tance of a quantitative estimate of fracture porosity cannot be overem-
phasized. It is strongly recommended to avoid the generalized assump-
tion that the fracture porosity contribution to storage capacity is ne-
gligible.

Water Saturation in the Fractures

The possibility of estimating water saturation in the fractu-

res has been usually overlooked in the petroleum engineering literature.
However, it is possible to make such an estimate by considering the frac-
tures as a bundle of tubes as recommended by Hilchie and Pirson. 12 Fi-
gure 4 shows the relative permeability curves for a bundle of tubes as
presented by Fatt. 13 These curves indicate that the relative permeabili-
ty to water is equal to the water saturz~tion in the fractures. The pro-
blem then is to calculate the value of krw as a function of oil and wa-
ter viscosities, initial water oil ratic), and initial oil formation volu-
me factor. This can be accomplished wit,h the use of the equation:

Swf = krw = #w WOR

(7)
Bo~o +w~

where k = relative permeability to water, fraction

$: = water viscosity, cp
= oil viscosity, cp
WOR = initial water-oil ratio

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

s
In
.-al
.-
.-
n
K!
al
E
.
:
al
>
.-
m
G
K

Swf (%)

Fig. 4- Relative permeability curves for a bundle of tubes (After Fatt3).

+
L
: 6,000 \
$ \
I
u
~ 5,000
[ \
SE
NW
!
f

*;O

FRACTURE DEvELOPMENT
ROLL-OVER

la.
L FII,FRACTURE INTENSITY INDEX X102

Fig. 5- Luling - Mexl~ type fault Fig. 6- Fault proximity index

(After Pirson 4). (FPI ) as a function of
fracture intensity index
(FII) in chalk. (After
Pirson 4).

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 SPWI.A NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 12-16, 1978

Equation 7 has been used to forecast initial water-oil

ratios with sound results. 12 This enforces the possibility Of USitl!3
it to calculate initial water saturation in the fractures.

Reservoir Area

Aerial photography has been used successfully in some areas

to map fracture trends. Alpay 14 has reported a field application of
aerial photography in eight reservoirs of west Texas. He found that,
in general, a good match was obtained between predominant fractured
trends determined from aerial photography and subsurface trends deriv-
ed from reservoir performance. The mapping of fractured trends from
aerial photography must be carried out by experts, as man-made features
such as fences, power lines, roads, pipelines, etc., may be mistaken
for natural fractured trends. To avoid the previous possible mistakes,
it is better to resort, whenever possible, to areas that have not been
man-touched,
15
Other method to map fracture trends makes use of a fractu-
re intensity index derived from conventional well logs. This index has
provided valuable information for estim;[ting distance to faults in the
Austin chalk of Texas and appears as a very promissory tool in the Saint
Lawrence lowlands of Quebec. The fracture intensity index (FII) is de-
fined by:

(8)

The value of FII increases as a fault is approached as shown

in Figure 5. From the calculated value of FII it is possible to estima-
te the lateral distance to a fault from a plot similar to the one show
in Figure 6 for the Austin chalk. Mapping of the fractured trend permits
order-of-magnitude estimates of the reservoir area.

Another promissory approach for delineation of ~~acture trends

makes use of optical processing of remote sensor imagery.

Net Pay

Conventional methods to determine net pays can be used some-

times if there is evidence that vertical fractures extend all over the
section of interest. Other potential tools that may prove useful for de-
termining fracture pay include variable intensity logs, 17 Dual Induc-
tion-Laterolog 8, 18 sonic and neutron or density logs, 18 core porosity
and neutron logs, 19 borehole televiewer, 20 comparison of matrix porosity,
mbj with the double-porosity exponent, m, 9 cycle skipping, 21 SP curves,22

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

&-
xl
X2 X3
tilstogram
X4 X5

Fig. 7- Schematic of Random

Selection from a
Histogram Distribu-
tion.

Values ofX

A.
XL x~ 4+
Probability density

Fig. 8- Schematic of Random

Selection from a
Triangular Distribu-
tion.

Values ofX

~.
XL %
Pro bablllty denstty

Fig. 9- Schematic of Random

Selection from a
Uniform Distribution
(After Mc Cray26).
----

Values OfX

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 SPWL.A NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

i
23
correction curve on the compensated density log, cory~arison of shale
volume to uranium index, 22 lithoporosity CrOSS-plOt, comparison of
long and short norma12;urves, 15 production index, 25 and temperature
and sibilation logs.

MEASURE OF UNCERTAINTY

The log analyst is painfully aware that the previous equat ons
or other set of equations to evaluate fracture reservoirs are not e-
any
xact. These equations can provide meaningful information, however. ii
the analyst places reasonable ranges in t;e parameters that go into the
solution of each equation. The choice of range must reflect as close as
possible the present knowledge of the basic data. The analyst must also
choose the best probability distribution for the data at hand. This in-
formation permits a probabilistic analysis with the use of the Montecar-
10 simulation technique. Essentially, a Montecarlo simulation takes the
probability distributions of the input ldata and generates random values
within the pre-established minimum and maximum values of the data. By
repeating a calculation many times (for instance 100, 200 or maybe 1000
or more times) the analyst ends up with enough information to generate a
plot of the various answers (for instance oil-in-place) versus probabili-
ty of occurrence. The generated data permit analysts and managers to de-
cide whether or not they like the odds.
26,27
Several distributions have been discussed in the literature.
This paper will consider histogram, trii~ngular and rectangle distributions.

Histogram Distribution

Experience indicates that most intergranular porosity distri-

butions are symmetrical. 28 Consequently the histogram distribution ap-
pears as a good choice to input primary-porosity when dealing with natu-
rally fractured reservoirs. Random values from a histogram are selected
as indicated in Figure 7.

Triangular Distribution

It can be used upon knowledge of the lower, most likely, and

upper values of the data. The selection of random values from a triangu-
lar distribution is illustrated in Figure 8.

Rectangular Distribution

It is also referred to as uniform distribution. This type of

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 1316,1978
o? Al! I !qeqOld
e
w
n
e
n
w
0
v-
V
.-
0-O
A
0
m
A
W
a
Y
I -
6
v)
0
% AI! I IqeqOJ.,
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 SPWL.A NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

distribution is used when there is a high degree of uncertainty in the

input data and only the lower and upper limits of the range are known.
The selection of random values from a uniform distribution is depicted
in Figure 9.

EXAMPLE

This example is designed to Iprovide a working knowledge of

how to quantify uncertainty in the evall~ation of a naturally fractured
reservoir. The data available for the analysis are presented below:

VALIJES
Parameter Distribution Lower Most Likely Higher Sources of Data
v Triangular 0.10 ().;~o 0.40 Core7 and pressure6
analysis
mb Rectangular 1.90 -- 2.10 Analysis of intergra-
nular cores
Triangular 30.00 35.00 50.00 Logs
t
Rw Rectangular 0.05 --- 0.07 SP Log, water analysis,
R tables, &R cross
pY Ots.
B- Rectangular 1.30 --- 1.45 PVT analysis, empirical
u
charts. -
h Triangult r 90.00 110.00 150.00 Logs, core analysis

In addit on a histogram of matrix porosity (@b) has been construct-

ed (Figure 2) using core
[ data with the following results:

Matrix Porosity Interval Frequency

.02 to .03 .10
.03 to .04 .20
.04 to .05 .40
.05 to .06 .18
.06 to .07 .12
1.00

Values of total porosity, (3,were calculated with the use of

equation 3 and the Montecarlo simulation approach. The results are present-
ed in Figure 1O-A. The calculated total porosities range between a minimum
of 2.6% and a maximum of 9.9%. Figure 1O-A also indicates that there is a

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

50(;probability that the total porosity will be 5.6% or greater, and

an 80% probability that it will be greater than 4.3%.

The calculated values of the double porosity exponent, m,

are presented in Figure 1O-B. Note that the calculated values of m ran-
ge between 1.321 and 1.678 as compared with the input mb values which
riinge between 1.9 and 2.1.

Figure 1O-C shows that the total water saturation, Sw, varies
between 9.7 and 57%. It also shows that there is a 50% chance that the
water saturation is 22% or less, and an 8CI% probability that it will be
27% or less.

Notice that in Figure 1O-A the probability of occurrence is

plotted in such a form as to indicate values of porosity greater than
a certain value. In Figure 1O-C, the probability of occurrence is plott-
ed in such a form as to indicate values ofwater saturation smaller
than a certain value. This is plotted in this fashion because we are
looking for the largest possible porosities and the smallest possible
water saturations.

Fracture porosity is found to range between 0.47 and 3.70%

as shown in Figure 1O-D, and there is a 50% probability that fracture po-
rosity is equal to or greater than 1.8%.

Values of water saturation in the fractures are calculated to

range between 21 and 772 with a most likely value of 41% as shown in
Figure 1O-E.

The main objective of this study, i.e., the quantification of

oil-in-place in the fracture system is illustrated in Figure 1O-F. The
variation is striking as the oil-in-place within the fractures ranges
between 1.85 and 13.46 MMSTBO. There is ti50% probability that the oil-
in-place will be 5.1 MMSTBO or greater. There is an 80% probability that
the oil-in-place will be 3.5 MMSTBO or greater.

Finally, the total oil-in-place (matrix plus fractures) ranges

between 3.6 and 40.9 MMSTBO with a 50% probability that it will be
18 MMSTBO or greater.

SUMMARY AND CONCLU!510NS

Log analysts are painfully aware that their results are not
always correct. Moreover they are aware that their results are not ex-
act, as the log analysis science and art is based upon empirical relation-
ships. Strong uncertainty arises specially when dealing with naturally
fractured reservoirs. This uncertainty can be quantitatively measured
using the Montecarlo simulation approach. The set of equations presented
in this paper has provided reasonable resdlts in the authors experience.
However, this or any other set of equationsis imperfect and as such must
be treated. It is important to quantify the amount of oil-in-place
within the fracture system to make sound projections of reservoir life.

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 SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE l&16, 1978

High initial oil rates in naturally fractured reservoirs are the result
of oil stored within the fractures. Strong production declines may ari-
se when the fracture network is depleted, depending on the rate with
which oil bleeds-off from the matrix into the fractures.

It is concluded that better decisions can be made regarding

naturally fractured reservoirs if the uncertainty of calculating oil-in-
place is quantitatively measured.

REFERENCES

1. McNaughton, D.A., and Garb, F.A.: Finding and Evaluating Petroleum

Accumulations in Fractured Reservoir Rock, Proceedings of the South-
western Legal Foundation, Exploration and Economics of the Petroleum
Industry, volume 13, Copyright 1975 by Matthw Bender & Company, Inc.,
New York, New York.

2. Beach, J.H.: Geology of Edison Oil Field, Kern County, California,

in Structure of Typical American Oil Fields, Amer. Assoc. Pet. Geol.,
Tulsa, Oklahoma (1948) 3, 58-85.

3. Porter, L.E.: El Segundo Oil Field, California, Trans. AIME (1943)

127. 451.

4. Smith, J,E.: Baselment Reservoir cf La Paz-Mara Oil Fields, Western

Venezuela, Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. G@. (February, 1956) 40, 380-385.

5. Harp, L.J.: Do not Overlook Fractured Zones, World Oil (April,

1966) 119-123.

6. Pirson, S.J.: Petrophysical Interpretation of Formation Tester Pressu-

re Build-Up Records, Trans. SPWLA (May 17-18, 1962).

7. Locke, L.C., and Bliss, J.E.: Core Analysis Technique for Limestone
and Dolomite, World Oil (Sept., 1950) 204.

8. Aguilera, Roberto: Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs from

Sonic and Resistivity Logs, J. Pet. Tech. (Nov., 1974) 1233-1238.

9. Aquilera, Roberto Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs From Con-

ventional Well Logs, j. Pet. Tech: (Jtily, 1976) 764-772.

10. Archie, G.E.: The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining

Some Reservoir Characteristics, Trans., AIME (1942) 146, 54-67.

11. Coates, G.R., and Dumanoir, J.L.: A New Approach to Improve Log-Derived
Permeability, Trans. SPWLA, Lafayette-Lousiana (May 6-9, 1973).

12. Hilchie, D.W., and Pirson, S.J.: Water Cut Determination from Well Logs
in Fractured and Vuggy Formations, Trans. SPWLA, Dallas, Texas (May
18-19, 1961)

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SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

13. Fatt, I.: The Network Model of Porcws Media, II, Dynamic Proper-
ties of a Single Size Tube Network, Trans., AIME (1956) w,
160-163.

14. Alpay, O.A.: Application of Aerial Photographic Interpretation to

the Study of Reservoir Natural Fracture S,ystems, Paper SPE 2567
presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the SPE of AIME, Denver, Co-
lorado (Sept. 28 - Oct. 1, 1969).

15. Pirson, S.J.: How to Map Fracture Development from Well Logs,
World Oil (March, 1967) 106-114.

16. Rabshevsky, G.A.: Optical processing of Remote Sensor imagery,

Proceeding of the Seventh Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symposium
held at Morgantown, W. Va. (March 1-4, 1976) 100.

17. Walker, Terry: Progress Report on Acoustic Amplitude Logging for

Formation Evaluation, paper SPE 451 presented at the 37th Annual
Fall Meeting of the SPE of AIME in Los Angeles, California (Oct.,
1962).

18. Log Interpretation Principles - Schlumberger - Chapter 18, p. 105

(1973).

19. Pickett, G.R. and Reynolds, E.B.: Evaluation of Fractured Reser-

voirs, Sot. Pet. Ens. J= (March, 1969) 28.

20. Zemanek, J., Caldwell, R.L., Glenn, E.E., Holcomb, S.V., Norton,
L.J., and Strauss, A.J.D.: The Borehole Televiewer - A New Logging
Concept for Fracture Location and Other types of Borehole Inspection,
J. Pet. Tea. (June, 1969) 762-774.

21. Pickett, G.R.: Acoustic character Lclgs and Their Applications in

Formation Evaluation, Trans. AIME (1963) ~8, 659-667.

22. Heflin, J.D., Neill, B.E., and DeVries, M.R.: Log Evaluation in the
California Miocene Formations, paper SPE 6160 presented at the 51th
Annual Meeting of SPE of AIME held in New Orleans (Oct., 1976).

23. Beck, J., Schultz, A., and Fitzgerald,, D.: Reservoir Evaluation of
Fractured Cretaceus Carbonates in South Texas, Trans. SPWLA (1977)
paper M.

24. Burke, J.A., Campbell, R.L., and Schmidt, A.W.: The Lithe-Porosity
Cross-Plot, Trans. SPWLA (1969).

25. Myung, J.I.: Fracture Investigation of the Devonian Shale Using

Geophysical Well Logging Techniques, Proceeding of the 7th Appalachian
Petroleum Geology Symposium held at Morgantown, W. Va. (March 1-4,
1976).

26. McGray, A.W.: Petroleum Evaluations gnd Economic Decisions, Prentice-

Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1975) 201.

27. Walstron, J.E., Mueller, T.D., and Mc Farlane, R.C.: Evaluating Un-

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 I
SPWLA NINETEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 13-16, 1978

certainty in Engineering Calculations, J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1967)

1595.

28. Amyx, J.W., Bass, D.Pl., and Whiting, R.L.: Petroleum Reservoir En-
gineering - Physical Properties, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
Toronto, London (1960) 538.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author thanks the management of SOQUIP for permission to

publish this paper.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Roberto Aguilera is Chief of Produc-

tion and Reservoir Engineering of So-
ci@t@ Qu6b@coise d Initiatives P6tro-
li5res (SOQUIP) in Quebec, Canada.
He is a Petroleum Engineer graduate
of the Universidad de America at Bo-
gota, Colombia, and holds Masters
and Ph.D. degrees in petroleum engi-
neering from the Colorado School of
Mines. Previously he worked for va-
rious international petroleum compa-
nies in Colombia, the United States
and Argentina. He is a member of SPWLA,
SPE of AIME and the Colombian Society
of Petroleum Engineers (ACIPET). Pre-
sently he is serving on the Publica-
tions Committee of The Log Analyst and
the Technological Committee of SPWLA.

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