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Orange Romania
Marius Iordache
Agenda Orange Romania
Networking
Routing
Switching
QoS
Layer2 vs Layer 3 Applications in Service Providers Networks
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Agenda Orange Romania
Transmission Networks
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Micro-Waves Ethernet
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Core Networks
Circuit Switch Networks
Packet Switch Networks
IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS)
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Basics of mobile communications technologies and standards Orange Romania
Definition of Mobile communications
A communication network which doesn't depend on any physical connection between two communication
entities and have flexibility to be mobile during communication.
Definition of standards
A definition or format that has been approved by a recognized standards organization or is accepted as a de
facto standard by the industry. Standards exist for programming languages, operating systems, data formats,
communications protocols, and electrical interfaces.
ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
The mission of the IETF is to make the Internet work better by producing high quality, relevant technical
documents that influence the way people design, use, and manage the Internet
European Interoperability Framework
ETSI
High Level Architectures
Represents a general purpose architecture for a distributed system
Defines
Architecture
Models, Rules, Information, System Functioning
Key Design
Requirements
Analysis
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High Level Architectures Orange Romania
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Mobile Communications Evolution Orange Romania
Old Mobile Communication Technologies
1980s there were few mobile communication (1G) technologies like:
AMPS, Advance Mobile Phone Service deployed in USA
Total Access Communication Systems TACS deployed in UK
ETACS Extended TACS - deployed in UK
Nordic Mobile Technology
Each country had deployed their own set of standards for communications
operating system hardware was no compatible to the OS of other communication technologies form other
countries
Very expensive, there were no concepts of International roaming do the limitations of the systems, no
international calls were possible using these technologies
Telephonic systems were analog, the biggest challenge faced by analog systems was inability to cope with the
growing needs of telecommunication industry with cost efficiency
Challenge
evolution in this industry and need for digital technology was realized
better receptions of signals were experienced, low level of interference
transmission, switching and improved levels to meet the needs of current telecommunication industry
challenges
The first-generation cellular networks were made obsolete by the appearance of an entirely digital second
generation 2G
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GSM Networks (Global System for Mobile communications) Orange Romania
Key Concepts
The second generation of mobile networks : the first generation of cellular telephones by switching from
analogue to digital
Standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in Europe (dual-band)
Standard uses the 1900 MHz frequency bands in USA
Multiple Access Techniques:
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), using a technique of time division of communication channels
Orange, Vodafone, Cosmote
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), using a spread spectrum technique that allows a radio signal to be
broadcast over a large frequency range.
Old Zapp
New Services :
Text Messages SMS (Short Message Service)
Multimedia Messages MMS (Multimedia Message Service)
Data Rate: 9.6kbps
To improve throughput GSM standard has been extended
GPRS (General Packet Radio System) service, which allows theoretical data of 114 Kbit/s, but with throughput
closer to 40 Kbit/s in practice. The standard is referred as 2.5G.
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) referred as 2.75G
data rate of 384 Kbps
Complete ITU-T2000
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GSM Functional Architecture Orange Romania
MS Mobile Subscriber
D H
VLR Visitor Location Register a database to a MSC. The VLR
contains the exact location of all mobile subscribers temporary
present in MSC area.
VLR HLR AuC EIR EIR Equipment Identification Register database contains
information on the identity of mobile equipment
PSTN / PSTN Um, Abis, A Interfaces
ISDN ISDN
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I Interfaces
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Third generation of mobile communications 3G Orange Romania
Key Concepts
High transmission data rate up to 2Mbps
World compatibility
Compatibility of 3rd generation mobile services with second generation networks
Ppening the door to multimedia uses such as video transmission, video-conferencing or high-speed internet access.
Frequency bands: 2100 MHz
3G standard used in Europe is called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) encoding
5 MHz bands for transferring voice and data
Data Rates from 384kbps to 2Mbps
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
third generation mobile telephony protocol, dubbed "3.5G
data rates on the order of 8 to 10 Mbps
HSDPA + up to 42Mbps dual carrier access
Starting 2005
Allows simultaneous transfer of voice and high-speed digital data.
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3G Functional Architecture Orange Romania
Node B (BTS)
RNS
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RAN Functional Architecture (2G & 3G) Orange Romania
2 / 2.5G
Um
GGSN
BTS SGSN
Gb Internet
Gn Gi
Abis
BTS BSC Iu-PS Iu-PS PS
CP UP
A HLR
MSC-S
MSC-S
UTRAN
Uu Nc
3 / 3+G
Node B CS
Iub PSTN /
Iu-CS Mc Mc
ISDN /
CP PLMN
Nb
Iub RNC
Node B Iu-CS
UP
Iur MGW MGW
RNC
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Multiple Access (2G & 3G) Orange Romania
Power
Power Power
cy
ue
n y n cy
Tim e q e nc Tim ue
e Fr Tim qu e q
e Fre e Fr
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Broadband Wireless Access WiMax (802.16) Orange Romania
Features:
Long Range, High Data Rate
Less susceptible to interference
Very viable mobile alternative to DSL and Cable
Subscriber receives wireless broadband data delivery to the home
Plug and play Installation
Applications
Fixed last-mile broadband access as a replacement or substitute for wired DSL, cable or E1 connection
Hotspot Subscriber and provider for backhaul connections
High Speed enterprise connectivity for businesses
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Rate Summary WiMax (802.16) Orange Romania
Modulation BW
BPSK 0.7 Mbps 1.4 Mbps 2 Mbps 3 Mbps 4 Mbps 5.65 Mbps 8 Mbps
BPSK 1 Mbps 2.1 Mbps 3 Mbps 4.5 Mbps 6 Mbps 8.45 Mbps 12 Mbps
QPSK 1.4 Mbps 2.8 Mbps 4 Mbps 6 Mbps 8 Mbps 11.3 Mbps 16 Mbps
QPSK 2.05 Mbps 4.2 Mbps 6 Mbps 9 Mbps 12 Mbps 17 Mbps 24 Mbps
16QAM 2.75 Mbps 5.6 Mbps 8 Mbps 12 Mbps 16 Mbps 22.5 Mbps 32 Mbps
16QAM 4.15 Mbps 8.4 Mbps 12 Mbps 18 Mbps 24 Mbps 34 Mbps 48 Mbps
64QAM 2/3 5.5 Mbps 11.2 Mbps 16 Mbps 24 Mbps 32 Mbps 45 Mbps 64 Mbps
64QAM 6.2 Mbps 12.6 Mbps 18 Mbps 27 Mbps 36 Mbps 50 Mbps 72 Mbps
Mobile SS
IP Core IP Core
Fixed Network Network
CPE Base Station
Base Station
Mobile SS
Fixed 802.16-
802.16-2005
CPE Orange Romania 16
LTE Fundamentals Orange Romania
Key Concepts
Increase in the use of data carried by cellular services, and this increase will only become larger in what has been termed the "data
explosion".
Increased demands for increased data transmission speeds and lower latency, further development of cellular technology have been
required.
The UMTS cellular technology upgrade has been dubbed LTE - Long Term Evolution
3G LTE will enable much higher speeds to be achieved along with much lower packet latency
Reduced cost per bit
Increased service provisioning more services at lower cost with better user experience
Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
Simplified architecture, Open interfaces
Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption
LTE technologies
OFDM technology - incorporated into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a
high degree of resilience to reflections and interference
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
multiple signals arising from the many reflections that are encountered
using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput
System Architecture Evolution
necessary to evolve the system architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved
LTE include download rates of 100Mbps, and upload rates of 50Mbps for every
LTE must be able to support at least 200 active users in every 5MHz cell. (i.e. 200 active phone calls)
latency for small IP packets has been set
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LTE Architecture Orange Romania
All IP Network
S1
already defined
eNode B
Advantages
X2 X2
eNode B
E-UTRAN
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LTE Architecture View Orange Romania
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Orange Romania
Transmission Networks
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Transmission Networks Orange Romania
Data Transmission Network - telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which
connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals
Transmission Networks
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Micro-Waves Ethernet
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Microwave
BTS
BSC
Microwave
BSC
BTS
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Transmission Networks - PDH Orange Romania
- Electrical Interfaces
- 2Mb/s (E1)
PDH/SDH MFS
- Standard G.703
- Electrical Interfaces
- 2Mb/s (E1)
- Standard G.703
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PDH Point View Orange Romania
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Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Orange Romania
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SDH Overview Orange Romania
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Wavelength-division multiplexing Orange Romania
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WDM View Orange Romania
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Microwaves Ethernet Orange Romania
Ethernet microwave backhaul solutions (more efficient because it only uses bandwidth when data is transmitted)
Legacy TDM
wave
BTS
Copper BSC
Carrier
Node B
Ethernet
Network RNC
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Orange Romania
Networking
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Networking Orange Romania
Networking
Routing
Switching
QoS
Applications in Service Providers Networks
What represents a Network?
In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths
When Appeared ?
ATM Networks
Frame Relay Networks
Ethernet & IP
Considering the spatial distance, networks can be as follows:
Local Area Networks LANs
Metropolitan Area Networks MANs
Wide Area Networks WANs
Hierarchical Model
Access
Distribution
Core (Backbone)
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LAN Ethernet Orange Romania
Ethernet was so named to describe the way that cabling, a passive medium,
could carry data everywhere throughout the network.
An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair
wires. Ethernet is also used in wireless
Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a CSMA/CD
protocol
Fast-Ethernet 100BASE-T
A data packet on the wire is called a frame and consists of binary data
Ethernet frames may optionally contain a IEEE 802.1Q tag to identify VLANs
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VLAN - virtual local area network Orange Romania
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Ethernet Structure Orange Romania
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Network Example - VLANs Orange Romania
Physical Ethernet
interface
Match
VLAN: 10
Match
VLAN: 20
Match
VLAN: 50
Match
VLAN: 100
Match
VLAN: 10
Match
VLAN: 20
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Routing Orange Romania
What is Routing ?
The process of moving a packet of data from one network to another
network based on the destination IP address
devices that perform this routing function are referred to as routers
Routers maintain a list of routes to as a routing table
Based on IP (Internet Protocol) - IP was the connectionless datagram
service in the original Transmission Control Program
Hosts or devices have IP adresses
IP is considered to be a Layer 3 Protocol
Today IP Protocol version 4 and version 6
IPv4 defines an IP address usin 32 bits
IPv6 defines an IP address using 128 bits
How Routing is achieved
Know the destination address
Identify the sources it can learn from
Discover possible routes
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information
Route Learning
Static
Dynamic
RIP, EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS, BGP
Connected
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IP Orange Romania
IP is the principal communications protocol used for relaying packets across an internetwork using the
Internet Protocol Suite.
First octet in Range of Network Number of Number of
Class binary first octet ID Host ID networks addresses
Private IP Space
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 -> 16.777.216 addresses
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 -> 1.048.576 addresses
OSI Open Systems Interconnection 192.168.0.0 -192.168.255.255 -> 65.636 addresses
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Basic Functioning Orange Romania
10.1.1.3
MAC C 10.1.1.2
MAC B
A P
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MPLS - Multi-Protocol Label Switching Orange Romania
What is MPLS ?
A way of improving the forwarding speed of routers
MPLS is the generation of a short fixed-length label that acts as a shorthand representation of an IP packet's header
MPLS is:
As a code for an address: house, street, city
IP packets have an DA address to which packet to be routed
Traditional Routing is made Hop by Hop
When MPLS enabled, the forwarding decision is made using labels
MPLS is more complex Algorithm
A forwarding scheme designed to speed up IP packet forwarding (RFC 3031)
Idea: use a fixed length label in the packet header to decide packet forwarding
Label carried in an MPLS header between the link layer header and network layer header
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IP/MPLS Network Orange Romania
4G eNB
ETH 2G/3G
STM4 ISP Fixed
T1/E1
MSC Wireless
T1/E1
Router
4G eNB
STM1
ETH 2G/3G
MSC Ethernet
VLANs T1/E1
4G G/W Router
GigE
Management
Switch Router
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QoS Quality of Service Orange Romania
Key Concepts
Allow the transport of traffic with special requirements
Defined by the ITU in 1994
Starting from Telephony needs
An ISP Network must assure :
Throughput
Dropped packets
Latency, Delay
Jitter
Out-of-Order Delivery
From Best Effort to an ordered delivery scenario
Assuring Qos:
Best Effort
Efficient sharing of bandwidth
Relative importance depends on traffic type (audio/video, file transfer, interactive)
Challenge: Provide adequate performance
Techniques
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QoS Techniques Orange Romania
FIFO
Traffic packets placed on outbound link to egress device in FIFO order
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QoS Techniques Orange Romania
Priority
All packets in a higher priority queue are served FIRST
Rest of traffic
Served as required
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QoS Techniques Orange Romania
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QoS Techniques Orange Romania
How to prioritizing the traffic:
Voice
Video
Data
Do not affect the traffic profile
16:9
Services Architecture
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Services Architecture, devices evolution to smart-phones, VAS Orange Romania
platforms
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Core Network
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Core Network Orange Romania
Key Concepts
Central part of a telecom network that provides various services to customers
Provides path to exchange Information
High capacity communication facilities
Defined as providing communication any-to-any according the network requirements
Main Activities:
Circuit Switching CS
Packet Switching PS
Functions:
Transport
Signaling
Sub-System Architecture
MSC, MGW, VLR, HKR, AUC
STP Signaling Transfer Point
OSS Operation Sub System
NMC(S) Network Management Center (Service)
CDRC Call Detail Record Collector
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Core Networks CS Distributed Architecture Orange Romania
Signalling System No. 7 - defined as an international standard -> exchange of control information associated with
the establishment of call.
One channel (either analog and almost always digital) is used only for sending the signaling information
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Core Networks CS SS7 Orange Romania
MTP1 represents the physical layer. The layer is responsible for the connection of SS7 Signaling Points into the
transmission network over which they communicate with each other.
MTP2 provides error detection and sequence checking, and retransmits unacknowledged messages. MTP2 uses
packets called signal units to transmit SS7 messages.
MTP3 provides routing functionality to transport signaling messages through the SS7 network. Each network
element in the SS7 network has a unique address, the Point Code (PC )
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Core Networks PS Distributed Architecture Orange Romania
Key Concepts:
Communication network based on transmitting data ito packets
Core Network PS
Mobile clients should keep the connection active and IP address
IP routing limit this feature
Mobile clients connected IP need a Gateway
Mobile Data Networks use Tunneling
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Core Networks CN-PS (2G/3G ) Orange Romania
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Orange Romania
Network Planning
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Network Planning and network resources management Orange Romania
Traffic estimators
Software Tools
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Software application Orange Romania
Software
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Summary Orange Romania
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Orange Romania
Thank you!
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