An Agonizing Reappraisal

Foreign policy of a nation is always predicated on where you want to go as a

sovereign nation and an independent state. This is the basic determinant of a
country's foreign policy. In our case, at the time of our independence, like Alice
in Wonderland, we just did not know which way to go and this turned out to be
the first 'dilemma' of our foreign policy. In June 1949, our acceptance of Stalin's
invitation to our prime minister to visit Moscow was quickly matched with a
similar invitation for Liaquat Ali Khan to visit Washington.

Thanks to the old imperial connections at the civil-military level, we immediately got sucked
into the Cold War struggle. In the process, we have encountered unbroken series of endemic
crises and challenges that perhaps no other country in the world has ever experienced. We still
have not been able to come out of our 'dilemma' and are living with one crisis after another. Even
today, we are living in a hostile environment. No wonder, the outgoing year was no different
from all the previous years of our independent statehood in terms of challenges to our foreign
policy.

For any country, it is important who its neighbours are, as their attitude, irrespective of their size
or power, has a direct bearing on its personality and character, and on issues of its security,
development and resource allocation. We could not change our geography nor choose our
neighbours. We had to live with geopolitical realities no matter how challenging they were. In
doing so, our sole consideration had to be how to safeguard and preserve our independence and
territorial integrity. Geography thus placed on Pakistan the onerous responsibility of consistent
vigilance and careful conduct of its relations not only with its immediate neighbours but also
with the rest of the world.

Pakistan's strategic location was pivotal to the global dynamics of the Cold War era and remains
crucial even to the post-9/11 'great game' in the name of global 'war on terror.' Indeed, the events
of 9/11 represented a critical threshold in Pakistan's foreign policy. In the blinking of an eye, we
again became a pivotal player in a US-led long war in our region. It was the beginning of another
painful chapter in our turbulent political history. The sum-total of Pakistan's post-9/11 foreign
policy was its new identity on the global radar screen as the hotbed of religion-based
extremism and terrorism, and its frontline role in the global 'war on terror'.

This sordid reality has seriously hurt Pakistan, domestically as well as externally, limiting its
policy options. Its negative global image has not only made it the focus of world attention and
anxiety but also forced it to make difficult choices in its perennial struggle for security and
survival as an independent state. Today, we are the only country in the world waging a full-scale
war on its own soil and against its own people. We have staked everything in this war and are
constantly facing the brunt with more nearly 60,000 Pakistani civilians and security personnel
having lost their lives in terrorist attacks in the last few years. The gruesome Peshawar tragedy
was the limit any nation could take.
 Foreign policy of a country, and the way
it is made and pursued is inextricably
linked to its domestic policies,
governance issues and socio-economic
and political situation. A country's
standing in the comity of nations always
corresponds directly to its political,
social, economic and strategic strength.
No country has ever succeeded externally
if it is weak and crippled domestically.
And domestically, the tally of our woes
includes loss of half the country,
leadership miscarriages, governance
failures, politico-economic debacles,
societal disarrays and militant religious
perversities. This is the sum-total of our
post-independence history. It is against
this dreary backdrop that we enter the
year 2015.

For nearly seventy years now, we have

followed a foreign policy that we thought
was based on globally recognized
principles of inter-state relations and
which in our view responded realistically
to the exceptional challenges of our
times. But never did we realise that for a
perilously located country, domestically
as unstable and unpredictable as ours,
there could be not many choices in terms
of external relations. Our domestic
failures have not only seriously
constricted our foreign policy options but
also exacerbated Pakistan's external
image and standing. No doubt, we have
survived these crises and challenges but
at what cost?

It is time we did some soul-searching no

matter how agonizing it may be to look
upon ourselves and see what we have
done to our country in our own lifetime. Foreign policy of a nation is nothing but an external
reflection of what you are from within. And domestically, we present a pathetic picture. Whether
we accept it or not, in other countries, Pakistan's name today instantly raises fear and concern.
Terrorism is our sole identity now. We are seen both as the problem and the key to its solution.
We have become a suicidal nation and are killing ourselves. We are not even ashamed of what
we have done to ourselves. No wonder, the world now calls us the "most dangerous place" on
earth.

It's no longer important what our foreign policy is or who our friends are. To the world, we are a
mastless country looted and plundered by its own rulers, left with no dignity or pride.
Economically, we are no more than a 'basket' case with our Marco Polo rulers never tired of
going around the world with a begging bowl. Despite our vast human and material resources, our
vulnerable rulers have followed policies that have kept the country hostage to external influence
and control. With our continued political instability and precarious extremism-led violence, we
remain unable to harness the unique asset of our location for our economic growth.

Pakistan's biggest challenge now is to convert its pivotal location into an asset rather than a
liability. And to be treated with respect and dignity by others, Pakistan has to be stable politically
and strong economically so that it can be self-reliant and immune to external constraints and
exploitation. There is no foreign policy worth its name in the absence of good governance. No
country has ever succeeded externally if it is weak and crippled domestically. And our
challenges today are domestic, rooted in governance failures. Even our external difficulties are
extension of our domestic failures. Remedies to our problems are also at home, not anywhere
else.

For us at this critical phase in our history, it is not important what we are required to do for
other's interests; it is what we ought to do to serve our own national interests. To be at peace with
others, we must be at peace with ourselves. Peace, as we know by now, is much more than the
absence of war. It has come to mean more than the end of a military conflict; it now means peace
and harmony within nations. It is this peace and harmony that we as a nation need in Pakistan.
To have a foreign policy of our own, we need good governance.

But in our country, there is so much aridity of it. The foremost priority for us therefore is to fix
the fundamentals of our governance. We also need to change world's perception of our country,
which surely has many reasons and assets other than terrorism and violence to be recognised as a
responsible member of the international community. We must free ourselves of the forces of
extremism, obscurantism, intolerance, militancy and violence.

The writer is a former foreign secretary.

Shamshad Ahmad
Global War and Peace
Contemporary world is fraught with perpetuated violence and killings to
undermine the sustainability of mankind's future. Complex societal conflicts
need rational and flexible strategies using men of new ideas, diplomacy and
peaceful means to conflict management. War is not a prelude to peacemaking.
The sadistic warriors are using obsessive power to victimize the global humanity.
Tim Roemer in his article The Threats We Forget published in Foreign Policy
recently, notes that the Islamic State and Ebola are the twin plagues unleashed
upon the world. The IS is trying to create a house of blood; and Ebola is the
modern-day African ogre, and the two are monumental crises that the world
must face together.

While the Ebola crisis is adequately considered by the global community, IS has been
mishandled by the US and its European allies. The IS did not grow out of nowhere. The US and
its allies have failed to imagine the ripple effects of their own follies and continued aggressive
war as well as prolonged occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan. IS, Iran-backed Badr group and
several other groups are all active in Iraq and Syria. So are the US and its allies launching
bombing campaigns and killing thousands of innocent civilians! Several millions of Arab
refugees scattered around helplessly are the direct results of this insanity.

President Obama and other Western leaders don't touch the facts of this prevalent global
madness aimed at dismantling and occupying the entire oil-producing Arab region. Tim Roemer
points out:

The world is an unpredictable place right now and things could grow worse. The Islamic
State might quickly escalate geopolitical problems in the Middle East, destabilize Jordan or
Turkey, and begin a more systematic export of radicalized fighters around the world. That is why
the United States needs to take immediate and bipartisan action against these threats.

Western Hypocrisy or Emerging Jihadist Challenge?

Do the Islamic societies breed jihadis or did the US-led bogus war on terrorism produce
reactionary jihadists? Where do the Jihadists come from? Most North American and western
European intelligence establishments operate Jihadi watch websites to alert the public
consciousness of the ongoing war on terror. It's a one-way descriptive fantasy of the Jihadi
alarm bell. All of the Jihadi groups are fighting reactionary wars against American-led wars in
Afghanistan, Iraq and, more broadly, across the Arab world. They owe their existence to
American strategic warfare policies and practices.

To counteract the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the US State Department and CIA
envisaged, created and trained Al-Qaeda. The Jihadi group was financed and led by the US
armed forces' personnel to fight against the former USSR-installed Afghan Communist regime.
How strange the US excelsior club of Jihadi movement does not come to terms with the
contemporary radical Jihadist ideology based in Iraq and Syria! All of the Jihadis were used by
the Western nations in ideological conflict zones. But once they became a liability, they were
abandoned and were termed terrorists. While the US is bombing the innocent civilians in Iraq,
Syria and Yemen, these radical Jihadi enterprises are attracting more minds and souls in the same
war theatres.

Certainly, a disconnect is prominent in what the US policy proclaims and what is being done on
ground. The radicalized Jihadi groups are the means by which the US war economy and
Europeans maintain their manipulation of ideas and ideals to support the continuous military
interventions.

Political Deceptions and Lies of the War on Terrorism

All the monsters of history are to be found among the absolute leaders exercising absolute power
in disregard of the peoples' interests. Since the Washington-based major military-industrial war
complex orchestrated the bogus War on Terrorism, American politics in one-sided endeavour to
unfold unthinkable futuristic disasters. Glenn Greenwald in his article The 'War on Terror' by
Design Can Never End, writes:

There's no question that this "war" will continue indefinitely. There is no question that US
actions are the cause of that, the gasoline that fuels the fire. The only question and it's
becoming less of a question for me all the time is whether this endless war is the intended
result of US actions or just an unwanted miscalculation.

He further states:

Why would anyone in the US government or its owners have any interest in putting an end to
this sham bonanza of power and profit called the war on terror?
Arguably, conflicts generate mistrust and drain out all positive human energies and thinking for
peaceful change, and transformation to
sustainable future and productivity. Is it
hard for Obama administration to
understand this truth? To cover up their
secretive and unhealthy minds, the US
policymakers continue to lie and deceive
the well informed global mankind.

Societies evolve and progress when they

are open to rational communications and
enjoin cooperation and mutual respects,
not conflicts and illegal and immoral
intelligence spying as stumbling blocks.
Is America at war with itself and that
war is illusion, wonders William
Boardman in his article A Country At
War With An Illusion. He writes:

We are waging war on terrorism even as

we embody terrorism. No wonder we
seem sometimes to be at war with
ourselves, and have been for most of the
21st century.

How to Decode Insanity into

Rationality?

Wars are planned by insane minds and

sadistic political strategists. Wars kill
people, dehumanize the civic culture and
destroy the human habitats and
undermine the natural environment to
support life. There is not a single historic
reference to indicate if wars were a
prelude to peacemaking. The hourly paid
Western news media intellectuals
propagate and misinform the masses that
Islamic terrorism is threatening the
Western nations and their security, values
and living standards. After the 9/11,
George Bush used to contend they hate
our freedom. Outside America, no
impartial observer believes that America enjoys political freedom or the capacity to make public-
interest-based foreign policy. The Washington-based political lobbyists and the powerful
industrial-military complex set the US foreign policy agenda and conduct the warfare.
From George W. Bush, Tony Blair (Former British PM), Dick Cheney, Rumsfeld, Condoleezza
Rice and all other conspirators and liars onward to Barack Obama, all have consumed precious
time and opportunities to cause massive deaths and destruction across the globe. Most probably,
they will escape moral and political accountability. Were they not responsible for the longest
bogus wars against the innocent people in Afghanistan and Iraq? Were they not the cruellest
people to set up Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, Bagram prison in Afghanistan and the Guantanamo
Bay? These were not the hallmarks of human freedom, liberty, democracy and justice!

It might be hard for any morally and intellectually conscientious American policymaker to see
the mirror. How dare you claim that the Jihadists are waging war against the Western nations
and their civilizations? You are the reason for the emergence of radicalized Jihadists across the
globe.

The IS owes its origin to the US strategy and military intervention in Iraq. American and British
leaders infested Iraqi culture with coerced sectarian divides and violence. But after the facts,
America and some of its European allies fear a less engaged role and cumbersome futuristic
domination of the oil-rich Iraq and the neighbouring Saudi Arabia and UAE. They want to
contain the IS. American and Europeans do not seem to be bothered by the bloody sectarian
rampage carried out by the Badr group sponsored by Iran and fighting against the Sunnis in Iraq.

One wonders, if there is a cure to a cruel mindset?

Absolute political power cannot be justified as simple favourable perversion to torture, kill the
innocent mankind and destroy the universal harmony and natural habitats on the Earth. Should
all the political leaders take a space journey and view the 10,000 mile per hour orbiting planet
Earth and try to understand its operational existence and governance by its Creator and the
vitality of human life and habitats. Do these leaders have the capacity to learn from scientific
observations? If not, how could they be leaders to lead the 21st century informed humanity?

What is the cure to raging indifferences and cruelty to the interests of the people of the United
States and for that matter the whole of the mankind? Professor P.L Thomas of South Carolina's
Furman University speaks out loud and clear in Obama's Failed Hope and Change: Forget the
Politicians. They are Irrelevant. He writes:

Forget the politicians. They are irrelevant. The politicians are put there to give you the idea that
you have freedom of choice. You don't. You have no choice! You have owners! They own you.
They own everything. They own all the important land. They own and control the corporations.
They've long since bought, and paid for the Senate, the Congress, the State houses, the city halls,
they got the judges in their back pockets and they own all the big media companies, so they
control just about all of the news and information you get to hear.

If the leaders of a powerful nation like the US are not flexible and intelligent enough to realize
the attributes of the 21st century effective leadership and be able to know and manage their
comparative political strengths and weaknesses, how could they deal with the futuristic global
challenges of security and peacemaking?
Strategic Paradigm Shift in South Asia
South Asia hosts eight Saarc states namely Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives and Afghanistan. The region comprises most
ancient cultures in the world, housing over a fifth of population. South Asia holds
a significant strategic importance because of its geography (warm water access
and numerous resources) and strategic location. The region became more
significant after India and Pakistan declared their nuclear status. The world
understands that the nuclear weapons in South Asia are alarming for the rest of
the world.

South Asia has always been a source of strategic and economic attraction for regional and
international powers. From ancient Central Asian invaders and Medieval Muslim conquerors to
European colonisers, this resource-rich region has assumed irreversible significance even in the
modern era. For instance, during the Cold War period, the capitalist world under the leadership
of the US, and the communist bloc led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
sought to win allies in modern South Asia. Little wonder then, post-partition India, ensconced in
the Nehruvian understanding of global capital and politics, opted to apparently stay non-aligned.
However, the Indian state, in real terms, could not hide its socialist inclinations that were only to
be thwarted during the 1962 Sino-India war. On the other hand, Pakistan, from very early on,
chose to ally with the US and its allies. Pakistan's strategic vision was largely shaped by the
individual, if not institutional, socialisation of its first generation political and bureaucratic
leaderships.

Beside India and Pakistan, Afghanistan has also been an active actor in regional politics. Indeed,
since the Czarist days, Russians looked to Afghanistan for strategic, political and economic
penetration inside South Asia and beyond. Moreover, the modern Indian state viewed
Afghanistan as a potential source to make inroads into Central Asia along with the containment
of Pakistan. Paradoxically, Afghanistan declined to recognise Pakistan as a sovereign and
independent state in 1947, more on account of its nationalistic aspirations than any conspiracy
theory. However, once grounded in the Afghan state mentality, mutual distrust further grew,
especially during the 1970s.

The following decade did bring Pakistan almost into mainstream Afghanistan strategically,
economically and even politically. The US and the USSR fought the final round of the Cold War,
which ended in the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. In the post-Cold War period,
South Asian politics and economy were greatly influenced by political and strategic
developments that engulfed the poor and war-ravaged country. By and large, there is now a
consensus among the scholarly and political communities that Washington's engagement level
with Afghanistan was much lower during the 90s. By default, this provided an opportunity to
both Pakistan and India, along with other regional stakeholders, such as Iran and China, to make
and maintain a strategic presence inside Afghanistan.

The so-called strategic depth doctrine can be seen in this respect. Unsurprisingly then, Pakistan
became one of the three states to recognise the establishment of an Islamic state by the Taliban in
1996. Afghanistan's neighbours, especially Iran and India, viewed the Taliban government in
oppositional terms. The US, which was least interested in the strategic game in South Asia,
became the topmost stakeholder not only in South Asia but also Afghanistan in the immediate
aftermath of 9/11. 'Either with or against us' was the communicated policy of the US to bring a
strategic paradigm shift in South Asia.

Acting very rationally, Musharraf-led Pakistan saw more benefits than cost in cooperation with
the global superpower. This apparent policy shift on the part of the Pakistani security
establishment gave birth to concepts such as soft strategic depth, which believed in cooperation
with Western powers, the Taliban and the like simultaneously. Moreover, regional actors, India
in particular, also sought to cultivate the Afghan power elite in the hopes of building a long-term
relationship based on mutual exchange of views and products. Iran and China also became alert
given their security and commercial concerns. In other words, since the replacement of the
Taliban-led Islamic state with the Karzai-led nation state, international and regional actors
engaged each other in a constant game of strategic, political and socio-economic influence
building. Collectively, the US played the role of an arbitrator and financer of such activism.
Afghanistan and Pakistan were the chief beneficiaries, at least economically. Nevertheless,
Pakistan did face the human and infrastructural cost of the conflict but this is largely because of
our ambiguous strategic policy for the South Asian region.

Now that the US has already pursued its (partial) withdrawal policy, the political and strategic
situation that Afghanistan and South Asia are likely to face demands our serious attention. How
will Ghani-Abdullah-led Afghanistan rebuild itself? What role can the US and its NATO allies
play in this respect? How are Russia and China viewing the political change in Kabul? Is
Pakistan going to fully support the new political setup? Will India agree to Pakistan's role in the
reconstruction of Afghanistan? What role can be played by Iran? These are some relevant
questions that need to be addressed by policymakers, academics, etc. More importantly, owing to
its involvement in Afghanistan's internal matters, Pakistan, at this critical juncture, needs to
decide for its own larger interests whether it has concluded a meaningful revisit of its strategic
vision of South Asia and the world around it. In this respect, the recent public statements by the
former army chief (Pervez Musharraf) and the serving army chief (Raheel Sharif) merit attention.
The former lamented the recognition of the Taliban government by the Pakistan state whereas
General Raheel Sharif, while referring to Pakistan's efforts in the war on terror, argued that the
enemy lives within us and looks like us.

One wonders why the former general was criticised by the US and others for playing a dual
policy with respect to the Taliban whose government was recognised by the Pakistan military.
Why did he not realise the flaws in the recognition policy when he was ruling the roost? General
Raheel Sharif's statement can be contextualised in his recent visit to the US. Pakistan's role in
Afghanistan, if not in South Asia, has been termed as a binding force by the Inter-Services
Public Relations (ISPR). Monetary assistance assured the other day, under the terms of the
Coalition Support Fund, is still conditional. This, in the view of Dr Ehsan Ahrari, who has
advised the Obama Administration on Pakistan and Afghanistan. He points to the fact that the
US is still not clear and satisfied with the strategic policy of the Pakistani security establishment.
By default, this also complicates the debate on the strategic paradigm shift in South Asia. In
order to be revered regionally and globally, this is the time Pakistan should engage itself in a
serious debate on its grand policy.
US at A Crossroads
The basic feature of US foreign policy during the Cold War was inclusiveness
a willingness to embrace any country that opposed communism, whatever its
type of government. The US contested the Soviet system and held the line
militarily, and its consistent and comprehensive approach eventually led to the
Soviet Union's implosion. After the Cold War, came the war on terror during
which the United States has not been as inclusive as it was in its war against
communism. Aside from those in the coalition of the willing, even most
European countries have distanced themselves from Washington. Iraq also has
exposed the weaknesses in American policymaking. All these factors have
brought the US at a crossroads.

Washington officials have recently announced that the United States is going to increase its
military presence in Iraq. At the same time, a number of US troops have been deployed in Iraqi
Kurdistan. Simultaneously, the White House is applying a lot of pressure on Iran in the
negotiations on the issue of Iranian nuclear programme. The US is trying to extract as many
concessions from the Iranians as it possibly can, including the reduction in support that Tehran
has been, and is still, providing to Damascus. Yet, Washington refuses to decrease the tension
around the situation in eastern Ukraine, claiming that Russia had been sending military
equipment and troops there.

Europeans have found themselves in a position similar to Iran, since the US officials have been
twisting their arms in order to make them adopt a new package of anti-Russia sanctions.
Therefore, it's no coincidence that Russia and China have taken a number of major steps to
increase their efforts in the fields of energy and economic cooperation. The question then arises
as to what is the ultimate goal of the US foreign policy Ukraine, the Middle East or China?
Should the Washington think tanks be presented with such a question, one would definitely hear
an answer that the Obama administration can handle a number of different matters
simultaneously. However, should you persist, the outcome of your inquiry can prove to be rather
peculiar.

It's a general belief in Washington now that if choosing between the two recent crises in the
Middle East and Ukraine the Middle Eastern one is by far the most important to American
interests. There are a number of indicators to prove this statement:

Firstly, the Middle East is now torn apart by a full-scale war, especially in Iraq and Syria, and the
US is carrying out air strikes against the positions of IS militants in these two countries on a
daily basis.

Secondly, under the US national security doctrine the protection of the US population at home
and overseas is imperative and Washington believes that the jihadists present by far a more
pressing threat to US citizens than Russia.

Finally, Washington think tanks believe that the regional structure of the Middle East is now
going down in flames, and it will take several decades to build a new one, while the European
structure has been slightly shaken by the events in Ukraine.

Moreover, American politicians, lawmakers and analysts believe that the United States, while
focusing on Russia and the Ukraine crisis, is not paying enough attention to Iraq, Syria and Iran.
Therefore, Obama administration is being accused that its obsession with Ukraine had allowed IS
militants to establish control
over large parts of Iraq and
Syria.

However, for those concerned

with Vladimir Putin's actions
aimed at restoring Russian
influence in the post-Soviet
space, the Middle East looks
more like a dangerous
distraction. Supporters of this
approach fear that the US may
once again be drawn into the
war on terror in the Middle
East, while the main security
threat to US interests is
growing in Europe. This position is based on the premise that the US has not fully realized how
serious are the actual challenges that are associated with the strengthening of Russia. The
supporters of this approach are sure that the return of the Crimea along with a de facto secession
of the southeast territories from Ukraine is just the beginning of redistribution of the world at the
expense of the United States. Moreover, they are convinced that Russia will become a threat to
the rest of Ukraine, and even the Baltic states.

The fact that Washington dismisses the possibility of its direct military involvement in the
Ukraine crisis makes it pretend that it is not as tense as it could be, but in fact it is indirectly
raising the stakes in the game called the creation of a new world order. The worst case
scenario, which is being discussed behind closed doors in the White House, is the alleged
possibility of Moscow putting its tactical nuclear weapons to actual use. This, of course, would
be the biggest crisis in the field of international security since the Cuban Missile Crisis, and it
would be by far graver and more dangerous than the next phase of war in Iraq that has been
going on for 35 years now.

Naturally, the vast majority of sensible and sane politicians and experts in the US don't believe in
the nuclear scenario, although many of them still fear that Moscow will start a full-scale
conventional assault in Ukraine or provoke a rebellion of the Russian-speaking population in
the Baltic States that are Nato members. Should Russia invade the Baltic States and should Nato
fail to react, they argue, Moscow will show the world that the Western military alliance is in fact
a paper tiger.

This part of the US political elite hopes that the ever increasing pressure on the Russian economy
will hold Putin back from escalating the Ukrainian conflict though their opponents are convinced
that the economic crisis may instead push Russia to take a number of unpredictable steps by
switching to brute force scenario.

Against this background Obama flew to the APEC summit in China. For supporters of the
American 'pivot' to Asia, the ever growing Chinese influence is the main challenge in the long
run. A handful of think tanks are convinced that while the US will try to deal with the two above-
mentioned crises, China will be able to establish control over East Asia and the Asia Pacific
region, which is slowly being transformed into a major centre of the world economy. These think
tanks insist that the Obama administration must take steps to prevent China from growing
stronger in military, political and economic terms. Russia's turn to China in search for a new
major energy market can only make China stronger if Russia provides it with gas and modern
weapons. Americans are increasingly nervous about the formation of a new alliance in Asia
between China and Russia. These think tanks, apparently, are closer to the actual understanding
of the processes that affect the formation of a new world order.

Time will tell how well the Obama administration sets the US strategic priorities right, since it
seems to be a turning point in the process of creation of a new world order, and it will be too late
to change anything once the bets are made. It looks like the major challenge the United States is
facing today is China, not Russia or the Middle East. The rapid rise of China is truly a significant
development, though it may look deceptively long term from the outside, therefore one may get
the impression that it is not leading to a possibility of an immediate conflict between China and
the United States.

The collapsing states in the Middle East and the possible spread of terrorism are the threats that
the US should, one way or the other, deal with now. The first occupation of Iraq and the
consequent actions of Washington have unleashed a chain of colour revolutions that led to the
events that cannot be controlled anymore. The supporters of the US in the region Riyadh and
Doha which assisted the White House in its plan of redrawing the regional map are now
facing the threat of an imminent collapse due to the rise of radical jihadists.

Not Iran only will benefit from this course of events; China and, to some extent, Russia, will
benefit too. But it's imperative for the US now to find a balanced approach to China, Russia and
the Middle East, since a failure to achieve this goal would not only endanger the international
peace, but would also affect the very survival of the United States as a superpower and America
will have to settle for a role of a regional power only, with no real influence whatsoever over the
situation in Europe and Asia. It seems that this will be the most likely scenario since the recent
actions of Barack Obama are showing that he has realized his miscalculations and now he's
desperately trying to get out of trouble he has created himself.
Intricate Pak-US Relationship
The US-Pakistan relations are characterized by increasing divergence between
the two countries rather than the convergence. A potential convergence also
exists on the end game in Afghanistan and a strategic cooperation leading to a
broad partnership in other spheres but it will take a Herculean effort on both
sides to overcome their differences. This relationship has served some important
interests of the two countries over the past six decades. Yet the relationship's
failures have been as big as its successes, because it has never truly reflected a
larger conceptual framework, a shared vision, or continuity.

The history of Pak-US relationship has always been on a rocky path as numerous ups and downs
have been witnessed since its establishment. The relationship was based on seeking national
interests. The very first visit of Pakistan's first premier, Khan Liaquat Ali Khan, to United States
in May 1950, was actually to seek financial, political as well as military support for the newly-
born country to counter India's aggressions and overtures. The prime minister had expressed in a
news conference that Pakistan occupied an important strategic position that was why he was
interested in procuring up-to-date equipments for Pakistan's armed forces.

In the early phase, United States was least interested in relationship with Pakistan because it was
looking towards Western Europe to contain the expansion of Communism. Western European
countries were assisted economically in the shape of Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan.

The Korean war of 1950 changed the US perceptions; with the change of government in
Washington; Eisenhower administration adopted the policy to find allies in important regions of
the world. The US paid special attention to South Asia to frustrate the spread of communism. It
co-opted Pakistan because India was unwilling to accept US advances.
The first seven years 1947-1953 passed without any actual bilateral alliance. The first
mutual defence agreement between both countries was signed in 1954. Then, Pakistan joined
SEATO and CENTO in 1954 and 1955 respectively. In 1959, Pakistan signed another agreement
of bilateral cooperation with the US. By these agreements Pakistan received nearly 2 billion
dollars as economic assistance.

During 60s, the first trust-deficit emerged in Pak-US relations. China was seen by the US as an
emerging threat to its global hegemony. So, in Sino-Indian War of 1962, it supplied military aid
to India without consulting Pakistan. Eventually, Pakistan aligned with China. The actions of
both the countries made Pak-US relationship fragile. Under the mutual defence agreement, the
US was bound to assist Pakistan in case of a war or an aggression against her but in Indo-Pak
war of 1965, the US did not come to assist Pakistan.

In June 1968, Arshed Hussain, the then foreign minister of Pakistan, explained in National
Assembly that Pakistan would no longer take any part in military side of SEATO and CENTO
and will attend the ministerial meetings as an observer. Finally, Pakistan withdrew from SEATO
and CENTO in 1971 and 1979 respectively.

In 70s, Nixon administration made some radical changes in its Pakistan policy. Nixon also
wanted to use Pakistan as a bridge in building ties with China. For this reason, United States
extended some help to Pakistan in the 1971 crisis. During 1976-77, nuclear issue put the
relations under pressure again to such an extent that the US suspended its aid to Pakistan in 1978
due to its agreement with France for a reprocessing plant. In early 1979, military aid to Pakistan
was stopped on the account that it was to be used in nuclear enrichment programme.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 brought abrupt changes in US policy
towards Pakistan. In an address on January 23, 1980, President Jimmy Carter said:

An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as
an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be
repelled by any means necessary, including military force.

This statement spoke volumes about the US intentions to contain Soviet expansion in the region.
United States had realized that they had no option better than Pakistan. For this purpose, the US
revived its aid programme to Pakistan, which was the third largest getter after Israel and Egypt at
that time. In his State of the Union Address, President Carter said:

We've reconfirmed our 1959 agreement to help Pakistan preserve its independence and its
integrity. The United States will take action consistent with our own laws to assist Pakistan in
resisting any outside aggression.
China's huge investments in Pakistan especially her involvement in Gwadar also irks the US as it
considers that this jeopardizes its interests in the region.
 Pakistan fully cooperated with
US in the proxy war against
Soviet Union in Afghanistan. The
mighty USSR was defeated with
the help of jihadists supported by
Pakistan. With the disintegration
of USSR, the US became the sole
superpower of the world. But,
immediately after the Soviet
withdrawal from Afghanistan, the
US slapped sanctions on Pakistan
in form of Pressler Amendment.
The relations turned from cordial
to adversarial once again. This
gave birth to a huge trust-deficit in Pak-US bilateral relations that persists even today.

Pakistan's nuclear tests of May 1998 provided the US with another chance to strangulate
Pakistan. In response to Musharraf's military coup of October 1999, Pakistan had to face more
sanctions which further weakened this already fragile relationship.

The fateful incident of 9/11 changed the whole scenario of the world politics. The incident made
the US change its foreign policy and the US once again turned to Pakistan. The then US
President, George W. Bush famously said:

Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are
with the terrorists.

It was impossible for Pakistan at that time to afford tensions with the US and the whole world at
large. So, it had to join the US-led war on terror. In this war, too, Pakistan has been and is still
playing a vital role as a frontline state. The US immediately lifted some sanctions and
Pakistan became a non-Nato ally in this campaign.

However, after 2005, some major issues emerged between both the allies including, but not
limited to, drone strikes in FATA; Indo-US Nuclear deal; Haqqani Network and Dr A.Q Khan's
alleged role in nuclear proliferation. This schism further deteriorated the relations of both the
countries and led to a huge trust-deficit between Islamabad and Washington.

The tumultuous events of 2011 also exacerbated the situation. In the first half of 2011, the
Raymond Davis episode, killing of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad and then the partial
suspension of US security assistance to Pakistan again strained this relationship. Osama's death
intensified the distrust of Pakistan's role in war on terror among the US authorities.

Another such incident was the Salala check post attack of November 26, 2011, in which 24
Pakistani soldiers were martyred by the US forces. The situation reached to such an extreme
boiling point that Pakistan blocked the Nato supply routes to Afghanistan; got evicted the Shamsi
Airbase from the US and also boycotted the Bonn Conference on Afghanistan that was to be held
in Germany. Islamabad demanded an unconditional apology from Washington and after a formal
apology, the supply lines were restored in July 2012.

The US was also infuriated by the signing of Pak-Iran gas pipeline. Despite the US warnings,
former president Asif Ali Zardari went on to sign the agreement in May 2013.

China's huge investments in Pakistan especially her involvement in Gwadar also irks the US as it
considers that this jeopardizes its interests in the region.
The crux of the matter is that the US does not acknowledge Pakistan's endeavours and sacrifices
in war on terror. The 'do more' mantra created a lot of resentment in Pakistan and has further
intensified the lack of trust in US among the Pakistanis. Pakistan is justified in this case. It is the
time for Washington to realize that its policy towards Pakistan has been flawed and it still lacks
balance that serves neither its interests nor those of Pakistan. The US treats Pakistan as a
hireling. It has to be changed now for the sake of better Pak-US relations.

Pakistan too have to realize that the US has its own interests in the region. Islamabad cannot
afford complete disengagement with Washington because of country's debt ridden economy.
Instead of being hostile to the US, Pakistan should strive to gain a rebalance in ties with
Washington.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a development programme to connect
Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan to China's north-western region of Xinjiang
via highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas. Economic corridor
is not only the road to economic prosperity for Pakistan, it can also be termed as
future of the world. It is estimated that about 3 billion people from China, South
Asia and Central Asia, would benefit from the economic corridor. The project
has the potential to empower half of the world's population living in Asia. This is
probably the most important agreement signed between Pakistan and China till
now and it will expand the depth and breadth of our bilateral strategic relations.

What is a Corridor?

Economic corridors are integrated networks of infrastructure within a geographical area designed
to stimulate economic development. Corridors may be created to link manufacturing hubs, areas
with high supply and demand, and manufacturers of value-added goods. When implemented, the
economic corridors are often one of a package of different measures including infrastructure
development, visa and transport agreements and standardization.

Geography of Pak-China Economic Corridor

The corridor is about 533 km from Karachi and 120 km from the Iranian border and 380 km
northeast of the nearest point in Oman across the Arabian Sea. Gwadar Port is located at the
mouth of the Persian Gulf, just outside the Strait of Hormuz, near the key shipping routes in and
out of the Persian Gulf. It is situated on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped
Peninsula protruding into the Arabian Sea from the coastline.

Project Details
This 107-km long track will be built with 50 bridges over beautiful lakes and tunnels across
different mountains. By this project, 5 million commuters will be benefited annually. Pakistan is
also working on Karachi-Lahore motorway. This 1160-km long motorway will connect Karachi,
Hyderabad, Dadu, Sukkur, Rohri, Pannu Aqil, Ghotki, Obara, Rahim Yar Khan, Sadiqabad and
Multan. This six-lane road will be built over terrain composed of mainland, mountains and
plateaus. Three bridges will also be constructed over River Sindh, Sutlej and Ravi. These mega-
projects along with several others will help Pakistan stable its economy in order to execute these
projects.

Effects on the Region

At the regional level, India is not very happy with growing Pak-China military and diplomatic
ties. During his visit to India, the Chinese president announced $20 billion of Chinese investment
in India over the next five years while it has promised to invest over $42 billion in Pakistan; a
strong Pakistan-Chinese alliance is a grave threat to India. China has also increased its trade with
Southeast Asian countries including Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, Singapore and Malaysia to
balance increased US influence in the region under its Asia-Pacific policy. China is spending
heavily on its navy and building its seaports in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan as a part of
its String of Pearls strategy.

Strategic Importance

When the corridor is completed, it will serve as a primary gateway for trade between China and
the Middle East and Africa. In particular, oil from the Middle East could be offloaded at
Pakistan's Gwadar Port, which is located just outside the mouth of the Persian Gulf, and
transported to China through the Balochistan province. Such a link would vastly cut the 12,000-
kilometre route that Mideast oil supplies must now take to reach Chinese ports. Gwadar is
located on the shores of the Arabian Sea it is in Pakistan's western province of Balochistan.

Importance for Pakistan

Despite its economy being hit hard by flawed economic policies, political chaos, and a spate of
terrorism, Pakistan has made a significant breakthrough on the economic front as well as against
terrorist outfits. With the military going all out in North Waziristan Agency and adjoining areas
to dismantle the operational infrastructure and hideouts of terrorists, the PML-N government has
achieved a landmark goal by signing numerous agreements with the Chinese government.

Agreements and MoUs

Though the amount for all agreements and MoUs, a part of the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor, is around US$34 billion, around 22 agreements have already been signed between the
friendly neighbours. These include bilateral agreements for Economic and Technical
Cooperation; Government's Concessional Loan Agreement for Construction of Cross-Border
Optical Fibre Cable System between China and Pakistan; Signing of Minutes of the 3rd JCC
Meeting of CPEC; Signing of MoU on the Outline of Long Term Plan of CPEC; Signing of
MoU on Capacity Building for Development of CPEC; Framework Agreement for Construction
of Cross-border Optical Fibre Cable System between China and Pakistan; MoU on Cooperation
of Textile Garment Industrial Park Projects in Pakistan; and some other projects.

In energy sector, MoU on Surface Mine in Block-II of Thar Coal Mine and the Engro Thar
2X330 MW Coal Fired Power Plant between Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company and China
Development Bank Corporation have been signed.

Others included MoUs for development of Thermal Power Assets for Pakistan, HUBCO Power
Company Limited (2 x 660MW including Jetty); Memorandum of Facilitation between Port
Qasim Electric Power Company Private Limited and Government of Pakistan (2X660);
Memorandum of Facilitation Agreement between Govt. of Punjab and M/s Huaneng Shandong
Rui Group, China for Development of 1320 (2660) MW Coal Fired Power Project at
Qadirabad, Sahiwal; Signing of Framework Facility Agreement on Sukhi-Kinari Hydro Power
Project; Memorandum of Facilitation Agreement between Govt. of Punjab and M/s China
Machinery Engineering Corporation China (CMEC) for 1660 MW Coal Fired Power Plant at
Muzaffargarh.

In Gwadar, agreements have

been made to construct
Gwadar New International
Airport; Gwadar Eastbay
Expressway; Hospital at
Gwadar; Technical &
Vocational Training Institute;
Water Supply and
Distribution; Infrastructure for
Free Zone & EPZs port related
Industries and Marine works.
The Chinese government plans
to complete this economic
zone by year 2020, and
industrialists have been
offered tax-free zone and other
government concessions.
Infrastructure Projects

The infrastructure projects

planned included Karakorum
Highway (KKH) Phase II
(Raikot-Islamabad); Karachi-
Lahore Motorway (KLM)
(Multan-Sukkur Section);
Expansion & Reconstruction
of existing Mail Railway Line (ML-1); Peshawar to Karachi; Construction of Havelian Dry Port;
Orange Line Project at Lahore; and Cross Border Optical Fiber Cable system project.
Energy Projects

Significant Energy Projects are being installed of around 10,400 megawatts. Those projects
included the Port Qasim Electric Power Company (2X660) 1320 megawatts; Engro Thar Coal-
fired Power Plant 660 megawatts; Sindh Sino Resources Power Plant of Thar Coal (Block-1)
1320 megawatts; Gwadar Coal Power Project 300 megawatts; Rahimyar Khan Coal Power 1320
megawatts; Muzaffargarh Coal Power 1320 megawatts; Sahiwal Power Plant 1320 megawatts;
Suki Kinari Power Project 870 megawatts; Karot Hydro Power Station 720 megawatts; UEP
Wind Power Project 100 megawatts; Sunec Wind Power Project 50 megawatts; Sachal Wind
Power Project 50 megawatts; Dawood Wind Power Project 50 megawatts; Quaid-e-Azam Solar
900 megawatts; and Quaid-e-Azam Solar 100 megawatts.

Making Corridor Operational

For the purpose of making the economic zone operational, the Chinese government has been
involved in constructing a multi-billion-dollar New Kashgar City, where Kashgar Special
Economic Zone is being constructed. With its proximity to Pakistan (approximately 500
kilometres) and a flying time of around one hour, Kashgar-Gawadar Economic Corridor may
prove to be a game-changer for development in Pakistan, India and beyond.

The Chinese government plans to complete this economic zone by year 2020, and industrialists
have been offered tax-free zone and other government concessions.

This economic zone would prove to be the linchpin for trade between China, Pakistan, India,
Afghanistan and eight other central Asian states.

The integrated project has been designed under a holistic approach to link modern means of
communication including rail, road links with trade and economic opportunities not only for both
China and Pakistan but for the entire South Asia.

The early harvest projects of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor would be completed within a
span of two to three years. These include laying of rail, road networks besides several long and
short term energy projects.

Strategic Importance for China

This trade initiative has strategic importance for China as well as Pakistan as it would provide an
opportunity to reach out to the Central Asian states through Pakistan and Afghanistan.

There is an integrated communication network which would not only benefit Pakistan but also
China to help open a new vista of trade with the rest of the world in a short period of time.
Chinese trade through this route would grow manifold.

In order to operationalise China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the Chinese government has set up
a special economic zone in the historical city of Kashgar, which is the border city between China
and Pakistan.
The New Kashgar Economic Zone is spread on 6600 acres of land and various provincial
governments of China and some private firms are developing their own projects within the tax
free zone.

All necessary civic facilities are available in Kashgar New City Project where the preservation of
farms is also being ensured. In the eastern part of the Kashgar New City, residential areas,
hospitals, parks and other civic facilities are being made available. Since Kashgar borders eight
countries, a business city has been named after each country of the region.

Conclusion

The business community of the entire region may benefit from the ambitious project designed to
share and expand the trade opportunities for progress and development of South Asia. This
would not only help regional governments to fight poverty, illiteracy and religious fanaticism,
but would also bring development and prosperity of the people of around ten developing states.
Aftab Ahmed
Indo-Pak Rivalry & Afghanistan
William Dalrymple's deadly triangle that comprises India, Pakistan and
Afghanistan is going through a number of important events these days and the
developments might give regional peace and stability some trying times ahead.
But, the question arises here that whether the region would continue to face the
same old challenges when the new leadership is at the helm in these three
countries. Keeping in view the recent initiatives, and the fact that Indian and
Pakistani governments have unprecedented political power while Afghanistan
has a resilient government, it can be said that there is every possibility that the
leadership of these countries would launch a sustainable process of cooperation
to stabilise the region.

At present, Taliban and ISIS continue to establish their military networks in areas of Afghanistan
vacated by the US and UK forces. The Taliban are making advancements in Helmand, Kandahar,
Kunar, Nooristan, Badakhshan, Kundoz and Ghazni provinces with the support of the local
population alienated by the Afghan police and Afghan National Army (ANA). Afghanistan is
fluttering its wings for another civil war. This war may see new domestic and international
players sharing their guns with the Afghan army, local militias, Taliban and the ISIS.

Faced with the prospect of a military vacuum, Nato and the ISAF are withdrawing from the
country anytime soon. That's why Afghanistan now wants to cling to India for stability and a
military build-up. Afghanistan wants a bigger Indian role and in this context the recent visit of
India's National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit Doval to Kabul is extremely significant.
 From Kabul's perspective, India's role
and its military deployment will help the
country defeat the Taliban insurgents.
The Afghan government wants to bolster
its ethnically divided army with big ticket
military hardware from India and Russia.
The new President, Ashraf Ghani
Ahmadzai, realises the importance of
China as well as Pakistan. That's the
reason why he headed to China for
crucial talks, only days after he assumed
the office of the president. His next stop
was Pakistan where after holding initial
talks with senior officials in the Pakistani
capital, he and Afghan army chief
General Sher Muhamad visited the GHQ
in Rawalpindi in what is being described
as a significant development in Pak-
Afghan ties.

Now, with the withdrawal of US forces

from the country, new players like China,
Russia, India and Pakistan are expected
to fortify their strategic interests. India's
relations with Afghanistan have improved
steadily since the fall of the Taliban but
relations with Pakistan have been
traditionally strained.

India needs to walk slowly into

mountainous Afghanistan because the
return of the Taliban or other anti-India
forces might pose a major threat to its
interests in the near future. It is also true
that to preserve its strategic interests in
Afghanistan, India will need close
cooperation and coordination with
Pakistan and China.
But, keeping in view this scenario, there
is a degree of hope amidst scepticism in
forecasting regional stability beyond 2014.

There are, however, reasons for this scepticism.

India's relations with Afghanistan in the past have been a source of concern for Pakistan because
New Delhi's military support and intelligence cooperation with Kabul has exacerbated its
security challenges. Conversely, India suspects that the attacks on its personnel and infrastructure
in Afghanistan are not entirely indigenous. There is also a concern that there may be a
spectacular terrorist even if false flag - attack in India which may reverse the embryonic
reconciliation process with Pakistan. Such an incident would test Modi's election promise that he
would not exercise past restraint if the attack turns out to be linked to entities that are considered
quasi-state sponsored.

The most critical challenge to stabilise the region would be to ensure that any movement across
the Afghan-Pakistan border does not lead to a spike in terrorism in Afghanistan, India or
Pakistan. The common goal would, then, be to continually ensure that the Taliban and other
militant outfits are contained in their locations.
Terrorism is a regional concern and the acts of terrorism are not unidirectional. Bilateral Indo-
Afghan intelligence cooperation should, at least, be trilateral and include Pakistan. The
cooperation should involve intelligence sharing, as encapsulated in the 2009 Sharm el Sheikh
statement after a prime ministerial summit between India and Pakistan. Effective intelligence
cooperation would reduce the chances of destabilising terrorist incidents.

The prospective intelligence cooperation would remain ephemeral until there is consensus
amongst the regional countries and other players regarding strict non-interference in the internal
affairs of Afghanistan. This policy of non-interference would also imply that the Afghan territory
has no scope for anyone using it to destabilise others. Such interference can be consequential,
destabilising for the region and would run against the pre-election goals of the leaders who hold
the reins in India and Afghanistan.

Until the three states fully commit to trilateral cooperation in stabilising Afghanistan, the times
beyond 2014 would be a new Dickensian, 'Tale of Three Cities'. These would only be the worst
of times; it would be age of foolishness; it would be an epoch of incredulity. Afghanistan, India
and Pakistan make the most populous region in the world and regional cooperation is the only
panacea for 2015 and beyond. Being the larger states, the onus lies primarily on India and
Pakistan.
The Islamic Constitutions Index & The
Constitution Of Pakistan
While Newt Gingrich, the former Speaker of the House of Representatives and
the Republican Party candidate in US Presidential Election 2012, observed that
Shariah was a mortal threat to the survival of freedom in the United States, some
academics have tried to take a more objective and serious look at Shariah. Two
researchers have jointly published a research paper in which they have
developed a new Islamic Constitutions Index (ICI); the instant article will briefly
explore the research conducted by them and will examine the findings of the
research vis--vis the Constitution of Pakistan.

The Islamic Constitutions Index (ICI)

In an article styled as 'Measuring Constitutional Islamization: the Islamic Constitutions Index',

Ahmed I. Dawood and Moamen Gouda from the University of Chicago have proposed the
Islamic Constitutions Index. The internet version of the article shows that it is divided into five
parts. A synoptic look at its parts of the article will help better explore its gist.

Part one of the article is devoted to the relationship of constitutionalism and Islam; part two
elaborates the framework of Shariah; part three explains the model Islamic Constitution (which
was developed by the scholars of Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt in 1977 and has been used
as a template for the research); part four describes the methodological details of the empirical
analysis, and part five records the conclusion of the research.

The authors have measured the use of technology of constitutionalism in the fifty-six member
states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). They have done so by using a dataset
based on the coding of in-force constitutions of these countries. Borrowing thirty Islamic clauses
from the abovementioned model Islamic Constitution, they have prepared a template and similar
constitutional provisions in the extant in-force constitutions of Muslim countries have been
extrapolated to examine the 'Islamicity' in those constitutions. The general findings and
important points are as under:

First, the Islamic Constitutions Index (ICI) will serve as a proxy for measuring prevalence of
constitutionalism in Muslim countries.

Secondly, half of the OIC member states have common Islamic constitutional provisions.

Thirdly, the geography and the colonialism of the countries have some influence on their level of
Islamicity.

Fourthly, the Islamicity of the constitutions analyzed, showed negative correlation with
democracy, gender equality and political stability.

Fifthly, the authors have tried to discuss the Islamic constitutionalism in the backdrop of peace
talks between Pakistan and Taliban, and constitution-making in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Constitution of Pakistan and the ICI

The Constitution of Pakistan 1973 has been analyzed in the research in detail. The following
points were noted about Pakistan in the research:

First, the constitutional design of Pakistan, like many other Muslim countries, privileges religion
in the Constitution by specifically declaring a state religion. Article 2 of the Constitution is
instrumental here, which clearly states that Islam shall be the state religion. The implication of
this declaration, however, is not fully explained in the research article.

Secondly, there is a 'repugnancy clause' in the Constitution of Pakistan. Article 227 of the
Constitution enunciates that all existing laws of the country to be brought in conformity with the
Holy Quran and Sunnah. The Article 203-B (which defined 'law' for the Federal Shariat Court)
and Article 2 (which declared the Objectives Resolution to be substantial part of the
Constitution) fortify the Islamic provisions of the Constitution.
 Thirdly, the issue of sovereignty attracted debate in 1947
at the time of constitution-making in Pakistan. The
debate has been settled insofar as Pakistan is concerned.
The first recital of the Preamble of the Constitution states
that the sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to
Allah. Though to a layman, this may sound simplistic,
the question about sovereignty over 'state' or 'universe'
has not been fully settled universally in all the Muslim
countries' constitutions.

Fourthly, 'Islam and not Islam or democracy' is the

rallying call in all the Muslim countries' constitutions;
Pakistan is no exception.

Fifthly, like many other Muslim countries, Pakistan's

Constitution provides for an advisory constitutional body
on lawmaking over and above the parliamentary system.
Article 228 provides for Islamic Council, in which
scholars have been provided a constitutional advisory
role. In case of Pakistan, Article 203-C provides even for
an adjudicatory body (Federal Shariat Court) as well,
parallel to the constitutional judiciary to examine the
Islimicity of the laws.

Sixthly, Pakistan is ranked fourth on the rankings among

fifty-six countries for the degree of Islamicity with a
score of 16. Iran, Saudi Arabia and Maldives surpass
Pakistan on the ICI.

Seventhly, there is a correlation between the Muslim

population and the degree of Islamic provisions in the
constitution of a Muslim country. The higher the Muslim
population of a country, the higher the probability of
Islamic provisions in its constitution: Pakistan is a
pertinent example.

Finally, the thirty characteristic clauses on which the

marking of scores have been done is very interesting vis-
-vis Pakistan. The thirty clauses have been framed into
questions and have been divided into seven schematic parts. Brief discussion on each part is as
under:

Part one contains General Characteristics and comprises fourteen constitutional clauses including
the religion clause, the preamble clause, the unity with Ummah clause, the Jihad clause, the
Islamic Calendar clause, Muslim head of the state clause, the Muslim citizen clause, the Muslim
judges clause, the Islamic idiom oath clause, the Islamic morals clause, Islamic legal provisions
special procedure clause, the Islamic advisory group clause, authority (or sovereignty) clause and
the government's accountability subject to Islam clause. In this part one, Pakistan has scored high
as these are formal and black - lettered law issues.

The second part relates to Rights. Two clauses have been considered here: (a) the enjoyment of
rights subject to Shariah requirements, and (b) the family priority clause with respect to women.
In this part, Pakistan has been given zero score. It may be noted that the Constitution of Pakistan
has a very elaborate scheme of Fundamental Rights (from Articles 8 to 28) coupled with
implementation mechanism as contained in the powers of the High Courts and the Supreme
Court of Pakistan (powers to issue writs under Article 199 and suo motu powers for enforcing
Fundamental Rights under Article 184(3)). Likewise, the Principles of Policy (from Article 29 to
40) also elaborate on the guiding principles for the executive. There is mention of Islam in the
Principles of Policy part of the Constitution, but it is not enforceable.

The third part relates to Executive and comprises three clauses. These clauses are formal as they
allude to the religious duties of the head of the state or the government, the need for head of the
state to have Islamic knowledge, and the Islamic pledge or Bai'ah clauses. Pakistan has scored
one point in this part. The quantitative assessment of a qualitative characteristic is very difficult
thing to do, this has been abundantly made clear in part two and three of the ICI.

The fourth part relates to Legislation. It comprises three clauses that include source of
legislation, supremacy and repugnancy clauses. Pakistan has scored one mark in this category.
The jurisprudence developed by the superior courts of Pakistan on this part need sophisticated
analysis, and will reflect on the qualitative aspect of the legislative competence of a parliament in
a Muslim country.

The fifth part is about the Judiciary. This part has three clauses: the application of Shariah, the
qualification of possessing Islamic knowledge, and the compliance to Shariah. In Pakistan, the
Council of Islamic Ideology and the Federal Shariat Court chapters were inserted (from Articles
203-A to 212). The ICI does not capture this aspect of the Constitution of Pakistan.

The sixth part is about the Economy. It has three clauses: the Islamic economy, the ban on
interest, and the Alms (Sadaqat). Pakistan has scored one mark on three marks in this part. On
implementation side, the ban on interest clause has not been enforced in Pakistan, but the country
has scored one mark on the scorecard. Likewise, the Zakat has also been legislated upon through
an Ordinance, but with feeble implementation. The Islamic banking, however, is in vogue.

The last part is about 'Other' issues and contains clauses on Islamic criminal penalties and
Islamic religious education. On Islamic criminal penalties, the score as for Pakistan is zero. This
is queer as it belies the attempts of Hudood Ordinance promulgated in 1979 and the Shariah law
made applicable to the offences against person part of the Pakistan Penal Code. The research
design becomes very questionable at this juncture, though limiting it to the letter of the
Constitution makes it viable.

Concluding Remarks
The research on the Islamic Constitutions Index should not be treated as exhaustive. The authors
have themselves exhorted others to research on the subject by stating that their research is trying
to set research agenda for future research on the subject. The politics of Shariah, that is all-
pervasive in the Muslim countries, should be designed around the subject. Unfortunately, the
leaders in the Muslim World try to evoke emotions of their followers instead of their logic and
curiosity on the Shariah subject. Clearly, there is much to be done. For example, Islamic banking
is one area which has shown that Shariah can be developed into a modern legal system by
providing the adjective law on the subject, and by academically challenging the existing legal
structures. Likewise, counter-narratives can be offered about the ICI by vetting its methodology,
which is based on black - lettered law and is designed against a 'model' constitution, which is not
treated as such. Besides, there should be some way to fathom the jurisprudence being developed
about Shariah in both the Common Law and Civil Law countries.

The author is an independent researcher and

has done his BCL from the University of Oxford.
kamranadil@yahoo.com
Should Religion Be Blamed for the World's
Bloodiest Wars?
Not long after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, in which Ayatollah Ruhollah Kho-
meini became supreme leader, a US official was heard to exclaim: Who ever
took religion seriously? The official was baffled at the interruption of what he
assumed was an overwhelmingly powerful historical trend. Pretty well everyone
at the time took it for granted that religion was on the way out, not only as a
matter of personal belief, but even more as a deciding factor in politics.
Secularization was advancing everywhere, and with increasing scientific
knowledge and growing prosperity, it was poised to become a universal human
condition.

There is no denying the fact that there were some countries that remained stubbornly religious
including the United States. But these were exceptions. Religion was an atavistic way of thinking
which was gradually but inexorably losing its power. In universities, grandiose theories of
secularization were taught as established fact, while politicians dismissed ideas they didn't like as
mere theology. The unimportance of religion was part of conventional wisdom, an unthinking
assumption of those who liked to see themselves as thinking people.

Today, no one could ask why religion should be taken seriously. Those who used to dismiss
religion are terrified by the intensity of its revival. A noted scholar Karen Armstrong describes
the current state of opinion in the following words:
In the West, the idea that religion is inherently violent is now taken for granted and seems self-
evident.

She further says:

Religion has been the cause of all the major wars in history. I have heard this sentence recited
like a mantra by American commentators and psychiatrists, London taxi drivers and Oxford
academics. It is an odd remark. Obviously the two World Wars were not fought on account of
religion.

Experts in political violence or terrorism insist that people commit atrocities for a complex range
of reasons. Yet so indelible is the aggressive image of religious faith in our secular consciousness
that we routinely load the violent sins of the 20th century on to the back of religion and drive it
out into the political wilderness.

The idea that religion is fading away has been replaced in conventional wisdom by the notion
that religion lies behind most of the world's conflicts. Many among the present crop of atheists
hold both ideas at the same time. They will fulminate against religion, declaring that it is
responsible for much of the violence of the present time, then a moment later tell you with
equally dogmatic fervour that religion is in rapid decline. Of course it's a mistake to expect logic
from rationalists. More than anything else, the evangelical atheism of recent years is a symptom
of moral panic. Worldwide secularization, which was believed to be an integral part of the
process of becoming modern, shows no signs of happening. Quite the contrary: in much of the
world, religion is in the ascendant. For many people the result is a condition of acute cognitive
dissonance.

It's a confusion compounded by the lack of understanding, among those who issue blanket
condemnations of religion, of what being religious means for most of humankind. Modern
Western conception of religion is idiosyncratic and eccentric.

In the West, people think of religion as a coherent system of obligatory beliefs, institutions and
rituals, centring on a supernatural God, whose practice is essentially private and hermetically
sealed off from all 'secular' activities. But this narrow, provincial conception is the product of a
particular history and a specific version of monotheism.

Atheists think of religion as a system of supernatural beliefs, but the idea of the supernatural
presupposes a distinct sort of cosmogony that is found in only a few of the world's religions.
Moreover, the idea that belief is central in religion makes sense only when religion means having
a creed. Until the British started classifying the people of the Indian Subcontinent by their
religious affiliations, there was no such thing as Hinduism. Instead there was an unfathomably
rich diversity of practices, which weren't seen as separate from one another or from the rest of
life, and didn't define themselves in terms of belief. The same was true in pre-Christian Europe.
Neither the Greeks nor the Romans ever separated religion from secular life. They would not
have understood our modern conception of 'religion.' They had no authoritative scriptures, no
compulsory beliefs, no distinct clergy and no obligatory ethical rules.
 Throughout much
of the history and
all of the
prehistory,
religion meant
practice and
not just in some
special area of
life. Belief has not been central to most of the world's religions; indeed, in some traditions it has
been seen as an impediment to spiritual life. Vedanta, Buddhism and Taoism caution against
mistaking human concepts for ultimate realities.

A religious tradition is never a single, unchanging essence that compels people to act in a
uniform way. It is rather a template that can be modified and altered radically to serve a variety
of ends. In one form or another, religion is humanly universal, but it is also essentially
multifarious.

One of the founders of liberalism, John Locke, found it intolerable that the wild woods and
uncultivated waste of America be left to nature, without any improvement, tillage and
husbandry. Involved in his own right in the colonization of the Carolinas, Locke argued that
the native 'kings' of America had no legal jurisdiction or right of ownership of their land.

Again, the Spanish Inquisition is a notorious example of the violence of religion. There can be no
doubt that it entailed hideous cruelty, not least to Jews who had converted to Christianity, often
in order to save their lives, but who were suspected of secretly practicing their faith and
consequently, in some cases, burnt. Yet in strictly quantitative terms, the Inquisition pales in
comparison to later frenzies of secular violence. Recent estimates of the numbers who were
executed during the first 20 years of the Inquisition range from 1,500 to 2,000 people. By
contrast, about a quarter of a million people were killed in the Vende (out of a population of
roughly 800,000) when a peasant rebellion against the French Revolution was put down by
republican armies in 1794. And some 17,000 men, women and children were guillotined in the
purge that ended in July that year, including the man who had designed the new revolutionary
calendar. It is indisputable that this mass slaughter had a religious dimension. In 1793, a goddess
of reason was enthroned on the high altar at Notre Dame Cathedral; revolutionary leaders made
great use of terms such as credo, sacrament, and sermon in their speeches.

Few movements have been as single-minded in their commitment to modernization as Lenin's

Bolsheviks, and few have been so virulently hostile to mainstream faiths. Yet as Bertrand Russell
observed in his forgotten 1920 classic The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, written after he
travelled to Russia and talked with Lenin, Soviet Communism was from the beginning as much a
religion as a political project. Oddly, though it was a rerun on a vaster scale of the French
revolutionary terror. Together with Nazism, these 20th-century state cults plant a question mark
over the very idea of secularization. Certainly there has been a decline in the old authority of
churches, but that does not mean religion is becoming weaker. Simultaneous with the retreat of
the mainstream faiths, there has been a rise of a plethora of political religions and an explosion of
fundamentalism, sometimes fused in a single movement.
The ambiguities of secularization are especially prominent in the Middle East. What does Islamic
State stand for an ultraviolent type of religious fundamentalism, or a radically modern
politics? Clearly, it represents both. The background to the emergence of IS can be traced back to
Wahabism, the 18th-century Islamic movement whose founder, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, helped
establish the first Saudi state. Since the influx of oil wealth, the Saudis have promoted Wahabism
worldwide. IS is one of the offspring of this project: an ogre that is now a deadly threat to the
Saudi state. A potential for violence was present in Wahhabism from the start. But it was not
inherently violent; indeed, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab had refused to sanction the wars of his patron, Ibn
Saud, because he was simply fighting for wealth and glory. The clear implication of the founder's
statement is that war would have been justified if it had been waged in the service of faith.

Religion is not the uniquely violent force as demonized by secular thinkers. Yet neither is
religion intrinsically peaceful a benign spiritual quest compromised and perverted by its
involvement with power. The potential for violence exists in faith-based movements of all kinds,
secular as well as religious. Evangelical atheists splutter with fury when reminded that a war on
religion was an integral part of some of the 20th century's worst regimes. How can anyone
accuse a movement devoted to reason and free inquiry of being implicated in totalitarian
oppression? It is a feeble-minded and thoroughly silly response, reminiscent of that of witless
believers who ask how a religion of love could possibly be held to account for the horrors of the
Inquisition.

Conventional distinctions between religious and secular belief pass over the role that belief itself
plays in our lives. We are meaning-seeking creatures and unlike other animals we fall very easily
into despair if we fail to make sense of our lives. We are unlike our animal kin in another way.
Only human beings kill and die for the sake of beliefs about themselves and the nature of the
world. Looking for sense in their lives, they attack others who find meaning in beliefs different
from their own. The violence of faith cannot be exorcised by demonizing religion. It goes with
being human.
Economy The Real Face of Middle East
Crisis
President Obama surprised many recently when he diagnosed the crisis gripping
Iraq as partly an economic one, noting that Iraqi Sunnis were detached from
the global economy and thus frustrated in achieving their aspirations. While
Iraq's chaos has many sources, Mr Obama is nevertheless on to something; and
it's not just Iraqi Sunnis, but the entire Middle East that is detached from the
global economy.

The Middle East accounts for just over 4 per cent of global imports, less than it did in 1983;
Germany alone accounts for 6.4 per cent. Its economic stagnation is vividly illustrated by a
comparison to Asian economies. According to the World Bank, in 1965, Egypt's per-capita gross
domestic product was $406, while that of China was merely $110.

Today (using constant dollars), Egypt's GDP has increased four-fold to $1,566, whereas China's
has increased thirty-fold to $3,583. Similarly, Iran and South Korea had roughly the same per-
capita GDP as in 1965; now South Korea's is $24,000, whereas Iran's is only $3,000.

The economies of the Middle East are not only detached from the world's, but also from one
another. Most exports in North America, Europe and Asia remain within those regions. Two-
thirds of exports to Europe are also from Europe. In the Middle East, only 16 per cent of exports
to the region as a whole are from other Middle Eastern states.
While Western observers focus on political issues in the Middle East, people in the region are
themselves preoccupied with economic matters. According to a recent poll, residents of the Gaza
Strip overwhelmingly desire calm with Israel and the chance to seek jobs there. In another poll,
Iranians listed expanding employment opportunities as their top political priority, far higher
than continuing our nuclear enrichment programme.

But while Gazans hope for an end to their blockade, and Iranians for an end to sanctions, neither
step would provide a silver bullet. Economic malaise is endemic to the region, even in places not
suffering from blockades or sanctions.

This should concern Western policymakers. The distinction between economic and political
problems is false. Like anywhere, economics and politics are inextricably linked. And economic
progress is the key to easing the chronic instability that threatens American interests in the
region.

Among oil importers, bloated public sectors are at the heart of socioeconomic woes. In places
like Egypt, where the public sector employs around 30 per cent of workers, post-revolution
governments in search of quick economic fixes have further increased the public work force and
salaries. Generous government subsidies, particularly on fuel, encourage overconsumption and
favour inefficient, energy-intensive industries. Together with the large public-sector wage bills,
these subsidies strain government finances, resulting in deficits, which increase the cost of credit.

These policies, together with obstacles to doing business, inhibit the sort of private-sector
activity that would boost growth and employment. Across the region, unemployment
especially among youth is in many cases higher than it was at the outbreak of the Arab
uprisings, and economic growth is too slow to reverse the trend.

These problems aren't limited to the oil importers. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has
warned that oil exporters' years of massive surpluses are nearing an end, as a result of heavy
spending and growing populations. This makes them increasingly vulnerable to a decrease in oil
prices, which looks increasingly likely as new sources come online internationally.

These economic problems can be fixed, however. In contrast to the region's political dilemmas
which often seem intractable not only is the West able to help, but regional leaders are
open to receiving help. Jordan offers an example: Amid the chaos of the Arab uprisings, Amman
quietly implemented tough reforms with the assistance of the United States and the IMF.
Oil importers need to replace costly fuel subsidies with targeted assistance to the poor and the
creation of social safety nets. They also need to ease their dependency on external aid, reduce
corruption, and make regulatory changes to encourage private-sector growth. Exporters need to
reduce spending and diversify their economies. And both need to shrink their public sectors and
modernize their educational systems.

The United States and its allies should not only provide advice in overcoming these challenges
but also incentivize regional governments to take it. That means working with regional allies that
are seeking to diversify and modernize their economies, and coordinating economic aid and tying
it to progress on reform, including the political steps necessary to make reforms successful.

America should also promote greater economic integration by cooperating with wealthy oil
producers to invest in the prosperity of their poorer neighbours, and by offering Middle Eastern
states better access to Western markets, especially the European Union.

Exhortations for the United States to do more overseas are often criticized as veiled calls for
the use of military force. But integrating economic statecraft into diplomacy would help broaden
America's international role beyond the security sphere in a way that promotes long-term peace
and stability.

It would be naive to think that economic growth will solve all of the Middle East's thorny
dilemmas; but it would be equally naive to believe that they can be solved without it.

Courtesy: New York Times

Corruption in Pakistan
Causes, Repercussions and Solutions

Good governance flourishes in a situation that is necessarily corruption-free. Pakistan is

unfortunately way down on the ladder on this account. Our society is facing a very grave
problem of corruption since long and it is rampant to such an extent that the very basic
foundations of our society have been shaken. It's a cancer that has gobbled up all the socio-
economic prospects of development. Corruption of all magnitudes mega, moderate and petty
permeates all tiers of governance and all segments of the society may it be public, private,
political, judicial, commercial or even religious. Since corruption is authority plus monopoly
minus transparency, it severely impacts the life of the citizens through lesser returns on resource
use and adds manifold to their cost of living.

Corruption that is defined by the Transparency International as the abuse of entrusted power for
private gain because it hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of
authority is a universal curse and exists in all the countries as a common phenomenon, both in
developing or poorer countries and developed countries. The difference is only of the degrees of
corruption. It is unfortunately endemic in Pakistan as well. No structure, no tier and no office of
public sector is immune from it as it has affected every organ of state and has put its claws even
on judiciary and legislature. It would be no exaggeration to say that the whole body of the state
of Pakistan is suffering from this malaise and is wailing under its dead weight. So enormous is its
incidence that Pakistan is ranked 126th in Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2014. Though this
ranking is up a notch from last year's ranking of 175 countries, it is still not, at all, enviable or
even acceptable.

The roots of corruption in Pakistan date back to the colonial period when the British rewarded
lands and titles to those who were their loyalists leading to nepotism and corruption. Two major
crises played a fundamental role in the genesis of corruption in this part of the world; the spiral
in the defence related purchases during and after the World War II, and allotment of evacuee
property after the partition of Indian Subcontinent. This was followed by industrial and trade
licensing and patronage schemes. Bhutto's nationalization policy of the 1970s also created
opportunities for corruption and gave birth to a new breed of corrupt government officers. The
decade of 1980s witnessed the surge of corruption in religious and business circles. Serious
attempts at accountability originating in mid 1990s and fortified on the turn of the century
farcically turned into tools of political patronage or victimization.

Today, a more disturbing and distressing fact is that over the period acceptability of corruption
has increased in the society and at present the situation has deteriorated and people seldom feel
guilty about their own role in corruption. It is so because corruption provides options to even
those who lack power, and empowers them to rise above their circumstance. Put another way,
corruption empowers as it allows people to buy the power they can exercise for their own
benefit.

In Pakistan, the scale of corruption is highest in development projects and procurements

including even defence and public sector corporations, and the bank loan write-offs. Whereas
mega corruption is mainly in development projects, bank loans and procurements which rock the
foundation of the economy, the common man is more interested in the petty and middle level
corruption that he encounters in the daily dealings in the government offices.

Candidly, corruption is simply a cold and calculated theft of an opportunity from the segment of
society that is least able to protect itself. This menace continues to lurk where opacity rules.
Moreover, evils such as fraud, forgery, dishonesty, and other malpractices which are harmful for
the society come under the umbrella of corruption. Although it has wide-ranging deleterious
effects on society and governance, it's most deadly impact is always on the poor. It undermines
democracy, hinders good governance and weakens democratic institutions. It hampers economic
growth and sustainable development. When countries improve governance and reduce
corruption, they reap a "development dividend.

The causes of this malady are to be found in the socio-cultural and political matrix of the
Pakistani society which presently is faced with a gradual loss of value system and even identity.
The causes of corruption are multidimensional. Among them, no punishment and soft
forgiving culture for the corrupt individuals is the most preeminent. Unfortunately, in our
country, corruption is considered as the low-risk and high-reward activity. Those involved in
corruption are generally not caught. If, caught they are not punished in most cases due to the
soft forgiving culture in our country or they go scot free due to 'lack of evidence'. If the corrupt
people are punished befittingly, then corruption would not penetrate in the Pakistani society.

Moreover, ambiguous and dubious practices have also marred the prospects of transparency.
Non-disclosure of information is also promoting corruption in our country. If people do not
know about the things which take place behind the closed door, then corruption will grow and
prosper without any bounds. This is due to this evil that the Pakistanis innocently and
unknowingly elect the same crooked politicians time and again.
Besides, the poor judicial infrastructure and improper prosecution is also one of the main reasons
of soaring corruption. Unfortunately, our flawed judicial system has never inspired confidence
among the people that the looters of public money and those misusing power shall be brought to
book. Due to malpractices of the officials, on the other hand, it becomes virtually impossible for
prosecutors to prove allegations against the corrupt. In most of the cases of corruption, the
records are tempered with and it results in the acquittal of the accused. Further, the mechanism of
judiciary is also not praiseworthy due to its inefficiency in the disposal of cases. For instance, the
former chief minister of Sindh, Syed Abdullah Shah, was proved guilty of corruption years after
his death.

Tax evasion and culture of writing off loans is also responsible for the growth of this canker
worm of our society. A taxpayer is loyal to his country because he serves the interests of the
state. As Ronald Reagan said:

The tax payer that's someone who works for the federal government but does not have to
take the civil services examination.

Sadly, in Pakistan most people, including our rulers, do

not pay taxes. A report from a study entitled
Representation without Taxation by investigative
journalist Umar Cheema said: According to the
findings, President Asif Ali Zardari did not file a tax
return in 2011 and neither did 34 of the 55 cabinet
members including Interior Minister Rehman Malik. Of
the 20 cabinet ministers who did pay, most made only
negligible contributions, including Prime Minister Raja
Pervez Ashraf, with 142,536 rupees ($1,466) and Foreign
Minister Hina Rabbani Khar with 69,619 rupees ($716).
The cabinet member who paid the most was state
minister for commerce, Abbas Khan Afridi, who paid
11.5 million rupees last year ($118,677). Religious
Affairs Minister Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah paid the
least with 43,333 rupees ($446).

According to the report, more than 60 per cent of

Pakistan's cabinet and two-thirds of its federal lawmakers
paid little or no tax during that year, despite an estimated
average net wealth of $882,000.

Are these appalling figures justifiable in any way for the so-called system of democracy in
Pakistan and its people? Is this not a shameful revelation for the Pakistani public who votes them
into power and then depends on them for lawmaking, and even a bigger embarrassment in the
eyes of the nations whom we go back to begging for loans?
In Pakistan the tax evasion ratio is so high that less than 1 million people are paying tax in the
population of nearly 200 million. This has brought Pakistan equal to Afghanistan in tax-to-GDP
ratio.

A true leadership is necessary for a nation as water for a plant because this is the leader who
guides the people according to the circumstances. Once a reporter asked from Nelson Mandela;
what is the difference between leader and politician. He replied that leader thinks about the next
generation while the politician only thinks about the next election. This maxim is really fit in the
case of Pakistan. We do not have any such leader who sets examples for the masses to follow. A
leaderless nation always involves in corruption.

Poor governance is another cause of corruption in Pakistan. There is no concept of rule of law
and only rule of individual is ubiquitous. This is the poor governance which leads to the acquittal
of many culprits.

Paradoxically, nowadays people are more influenced by the materialistic approach than the
religious or ethical teachings. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said:

Beware of bribery for verily it is sheer infidelity, and the briber will not even smell the
fragrance of Paradise.

But, how saddening is the fact that we have forgotten this lesson. This is religion and ethics
which guide an individual in his course of life. But today people hardly care about the religious
edifices as they want to earn money as much as they can. Gone are the days when corrupt
elements faced social boycott by the rest of the society.

As far as its effects are concerned, corruption lowers economic development and undermines
poverty alleviation. The social contract obligates that the state should provide an environment
where people can realise their full potential. Corruption scuttles the level of revenues which
consequently reduce the capacity of the state to fund basic social services.

Corruption also affects targeting of social programmes. If corrupt practices are pervasive,
leakages in such programmes will usually be high. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the money
allocated for various social spending and poverty alleviation programmes have not reached the
intended targets. A substantial percentage of such funding was squandered away during the
process of distribution. Further, targeting of the poor was riddled with nepotism and patronage.

Corruption also enhances the operating costs of the government and reduces the resources
available for social spending. The budget for the health and education sectors gets squeezed. It is
an open secret now that the major chunk of the funds allocated for development of infrastructure
like roads, schools and hospital buildings is eaten into by corruption in the form of commissions
and kickbacks by the engineers, contractors and construction companies. And so corruption
undermines development, deepens poverty and exacerbates other human rights violations.

Corruption can also violate human rights directly. If a corrupt judge takes a bribe to decide a case
against an individual or a corrupt police officer takes a bribe not to properly investigate, that
corruption directly violates human rights like the right to a fair trial. Corruption can manifest
itself as the worst abuse of human dignity and rights.

Corruption also impedes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which is so badly needed to generate
economic activity, create employment, and support the dwindling foreign exchange reserves. The
world economic forum's Global Competitiveness Report (2007-08) identified corruption as the
3rd biggest problem for companies doing business in Pakistan, after government bureaucracy
and poor infrastructure.

The corruption cycle is really vicious, to say the least. Rampant corruption in tax and customs
and excise collection and costly public sector purchases, and inefficient major public sector
entities like PIA, Railway, Steel Mills, etc. cause a major deficit for the government every year
in term of resource generation and expenditure that makes the government borrow from IMF and
other foreign and domestic resources, and it through increased debt repayments broadens the gap
and compels the government to increase the price of the utilities like electricity, gas, CNG and
petroleum products. That takes a heavy toll on the people of Pakistan. Resultantly, corruption
which is done at far away and much higher places from the common citizens has a direct and
deep impact on their lives. Thus, act of corruption, whether direct or indirect, close or remote, is
not innocuous for common man.

Corruption also undermines democracy and good governance. It erodes the legitimacy of the
government and democratic values. It also makes the loss of international trust. On one hand, we
are the victim of terrorism and on the other, of the overcrowded market of corruption. The
rampant corruption is also jeopardizing the development works in the country. The funds are not
used for the welfare of the people and are only found in the pockets and in the bank accounts of
the crooked politicians. Due to this apathy, people are deprived of hospitals, schools, roads, etc.
Furthermore, relief work also comes to halt as witnessed in recent floods

Now solutions, if to be implemented the reign of corruption can come to an end.

Corruption is not a problem that can be attacked in isolation. It is not sufficient for the criminal
law to search for bad apples and punish them. Of course, the state may need to establish
credibility by punishing highly visible corrupt officials, but the goal of such prosecutions is to
attract notice and public support, not solve the underlying problem. Following suggestions can
be helpful in achieving a corruption-free Pakistan.

Firstly, there must be transparency.

Secondly, information of funds amount and disbursement time must be publicized.

Thirdly, media should play the role of a watchdog.

Fourthly, accountability must be ensured. Because in the absence of credible and independent
accountability mechanism, there is no effective means to deal with the endemic malaise of
corruption.
Fifthly, rule of law must be ensured.

Sixthly, legislation should be done on the laws which provide shelter to the offenders.

Seventhly, education should be used as a medium to make people aware about their rights and
duties.

Eighthly, reforms must be brought to fix the genuine problems. It is like renovating and
reinforcing the foundations of a building which is about to collapse when the termite of
corruption is done away with. Then, new and wide avenues of progress and prosperity are
opened.

If this society is to be saved and the country has to shake off the tag of a failing or failed state,
urgent and stringent measures need to be taken. A host of measures are needed to eradicate this
menace. The awareness in the general public and emergence of a strong civil society, vociferous
media and an independent judiciary all by themselves stand as a guarantee to the success of any
future programme of accountability.
Gender-based Violence In Pakistan
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a universal phenomenon that affects all
societies one way or the other. Almost every woman faces discrimination or fear
because of her gender. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at
least one in every five of the world's females has been physically or sexually
abused. GBV affects both physical and emotional health of women and has far-
reaching effects on the society as a whole.

Before discussing gender-based violence in Pakistan, it is pertinent to understand as to what

violence and gender-based violence actually are. Gelles and Straus define violence as an act
carried out with the intention or perceived intention of physically hurting another person.
Exerting power in order to impose one's will on another person is also violence. When this
violence falls within the ambit of gender relations, it affects all aspects of a woman's life. When
violence is directed against women, simply because they are weak and dependent, it is called
gender-based violence. As women are generally victimized because of their gender, the term
gender-based violence is, therefore, used to describe violence against women.

Due to many forms and manifestations of GBV, a woman continues to face it, one way or the
other, throughout her life. Heise, Pittenguay and Germain delineate different types of violence a
woman faces throughput her life which are as under:

Pre-birth: It includes sex-selective abortion. Battering during pregnancy and coerced pregnancy
are the forms of pre-birth gender-based violence.
Infancy: It includes female infanticide as well as physical and emotional abuse and differential
access to food and medical care.

Girlhood: Child marriage is its worst form. At this stage, sexual and physical abuse of girls by
family members and strangers are common occurrence. Differential access to food, medical care
and education continues at this stage.

Adolescence: At this stage, the most common forms are violence during courtship, sexual abuse
at the workplace, rape, sexual harassment, marriage without consent and trafficking.

Reproductive Age: The most common form of violence at this stage is physical, psychological
and sexual abuse by the intimate male partner and relatives, forced pregnancies, sexual abuse at
workplace, sexual harassment, rape and abuse of widows.

Senility: At this stage, abuse of widows including property-grabbing, physical and psychological
violence by younger family members and differential access to food and medical care are the
most common forms.

Levels

There are different levels wherein women experience violence. These are as under:

Violence within home

Violence within community

Violence perpetrated by the state

Causes

Following are the causes of GBV:

Gender-specific socialization

Belief in inherent superiority of males

Values that give men proprietary rights over women and girls

Notion of the family as private sphere and under male control

Customs of marriage

Acceptability of violence as a means to resolve conflict

Women's economic dependence on men

Discriminatory laws regarding inheritance, property rights, etc.

Limited access to employment in formal and informal sectors

Limited access to education and training for women

Lesser legal status of women either by law or by practice

Lower level of legal literacy among women

Under-representation of women in power, politics, media, legal and medical professions.

Domestic violence not taken seriously

Limited organization of women as political force

Limited participation of women in organized political system

Effects of Gender-based Violence

Injury

Disability

Sexual and reproductive health problems

Rejection, ostracism and social stigma at community level

Reduced ability to participate in social and economic activities

Acute fear of future violence which extends beyond the individual survivors to other members
in community
 Damage to women's confidence resulting in fear of venturing into public spaces. This often
curtails women's education which, in turn, can limit their income-generating opportunities

Job loss due to absenteeism as result of violence

Divorce or broken families

Jeopardized family's economic and emotional development

Babies born with health disorders as a result of violence experienced by mother during
pregnancy

Increased likelihood of effects on children who witness violence at home resulting in emotional
and behavioural disturbances

Burden on health infrastructure and judicial system

Gender-based Violence in
Pakistan

GBV is a very serious problem in

Pakistan. Gravity of the situation
can be gauged from the fact that
Pakistan ranked 141 out of 182
on gender-related Development
Index. Discrimination and
violence are more societal
problems than legal. Society
breeds discrimination which often
finds its manifestation in GBV.
Legal framework is not
supportive to women thereby
aggravating the situation by leaving no breathing space to women who at times find it difficult to
come out of the vicious trap of violence.

According to Aurat Foundation's Annual Report 2013, total number of reported cases of violence
against women from the four provinces, FATA and Islamabad stood at 7516. From these cases
nearly 63 per cent were reported only from Punjab followed by Sindh with 1628 cases. 674 cases
were reported in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and FATA. Islamabad was noted for 281 cases which is
very high number considering that the region is much smaller compared to other regions.
Balochistan has a total of 167 reported cases.
In Pakistan, the underlying causes of violence are due to deep-rooted social and cultural values.
Sadly, women facing discrimination and violence cannot get support from society and even the
government. The government should formulate gender-sensitive policies in collaboration with
the civil society so that the crimes against women can be minimized. Such policies will also help
in changing the attitude of the people in the long run.

(Muhammad Shahid Rafique is a civil servant

and Nazia Abdul Ghaffar is a lecturer in
Gender Studies at the University of the Punjab)
Women in Struggle
In Pakistan, the situation of women is quite alarming as they have to deal with
immense pressure and face a seemingly insurmountable array of obstacles, which
are preventing them from becoming productive and empowered citizens within
our society. No doubt, steps are being taken by the non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) for improving their condition. Same is the case with home-
based workers who work from their homes and earn for survival and ensuring
the financial stability of their households. But they face severe problems like
inadequate education, lack of skills, physical mobility, health and safety and
limited access to productive resources.

First of all, we need to know what the term 'home-based workers' actually means as it refers to
the general category of workers within the informal or unorganised sector who carry out
remunerative work within their homes or in the surrounding areas. These home-based workers
usually belong to poor, lower or lower-middle income backgrounds, from various age groups,
and possess very little or no education, at all. They have virtually no social protection.

It is estimated that there are over 100 million home-based workers in the world and more than
half of them are in South Asia of whom around 80 percent are women. Pakistan is one of the
Asian countries with the largest number of women engaged in home-based work and this sector
has expanded at a fast pace in recent year. This expansion can be linked to the globalisation of
industry and the search for efficient means of production through low-cost labour.
These working women contribute to the national
economy and export earnings but sadly they are left on
the sidelines by the government and no law or action is
taken by authorities to protect or regularize them. They
are denied any form of legal protection, including a
minimum wage guarantee or social security benefits.
According to a World Bank (WB) study, over 10 million
women in Pakistan are engaged in home-based work in
sectors like garments, bangles, shoes, embroidery and
carpet weaving among other areas. In spite of their
contributions to the economy, these women still do not
have social and legal protection and are among the most
unprivileged segment of society.

Unlike other types of workers, home-based workers do

not have any access to social security benefits and have
long working hours with no operational safety and health
standards in their work area. Furthermore, Pakistan's
labour laws do not include home-based workers, who are
now covered by the definition of worker all around the
world. Article 3 of the Constitution of Pakistan says that
the state must eradicate all kinds of exploitation and
ensure appropriate compensation for workers. But, in
reality, do these words have any importance? It appears
they are just hollow words since no such measures have
been taken so far. Who is responsible for implementing
the laws which are mentioned in the Constitution of
Pakistan?

For the past few years, women's organisations have been

preparing draft legislation called the Home Based
Women Workers Social Protection Bill. While this bill
was tabled in the National Assembly in 2007 and has
undergone several revisions since, sadly it has not yet
been approved. Injustice to home-based workers can be
confirmed from the fact that a home-based woman
worker who makes bangles at home is paid Rs 3 for
making 100 bangles, but the same bangles are sold by the
contractor for Rs 50 or 70 in the market. Here a question
arises for the government and lawmakers: you always
claim to be providing justice to all, but it appears there is
no law for the protection of the rights of workers as they
are always in the hands of profit-crazy capitalists. What
do you intend to do?

The successive governments have remained silent on such issues, or seemed to be least interested
in introducing the necessary legislation. But, now is the time that they start it by having an
immediate review of labour laws to find solutions to the issues of home-based workers through
legislation. The government should endeavour to resolve issues of the home-based workers
concerning their status as workers, the extension of social security benefits currently applicable
only to workers in the formal organised sector of employment through the enactment of a laws,
enjoyment of core labour standards with the rights and entitlements in addition to all rights and
benefits available to other wage earners performing similar work, easy access to comparatively
cheaper credit through several ongoing programmes, easy access to markets for their products,
protection from malpractices of 'intermediaries' and 'middlepersons' and the promotion of non-
industrial handicraft goods.

If Pakistan agrees to the C-177 law, which has already been ratified by seven countries, it will
have to allow workers the right to establish or join organisations of their own choice and to
participate in the activities of such organisations aimed at protection against discrimination in
employment and occupation, and protection in the fields of occupational health and safety. It will
be a huge achievement if this law gets approved by this government for civil society and for
those who have worked hard for getting home-based workers their rights.

There is also a need to set up specialised entities or dedicated cells within the existing
administrative structure to undertake registration of home-based workers and to subsequently
ensure that they receive social protection benefits. Also a true and result-oriented tripartite
consultation meeting should be organised in which government officials, labour department
officials including ministers, civil society representatives and home-based workers sit and
discuss a framework to achieve these protections for the workers. While taking these steps will
indirectly increase the price of products made by home-based workers, competitiveness can be
maintained by placing greater emphasis on quality of products home-based workers produce, in
effect, encouraging improvement of their existing skill levels, while simultaneously ensuring that
the households of these workers derive greater benefit from the fruits of their labour.

Courtesy: Daily Times

Sources Of Income Inequality
There is no denying the fact that income inequality within as well as across the
countries has increased significantly especially after the second wave of
globalization. The rich-poor gap, which has widened in the past few decades,
speaks volumes about the gravity of the problem of unequal income distribution
in the world. It is, therefore, pertinent to analyze the issue of income inequality in
detail.

There are basically three major sources of the rising income inequality: tax policy, tax
enforcement, and employment structure. Here is a brief analysis of these sources:

Taxation Policy

Taxes are important tools used by the governments to redistribute revenues in a bid to reduce
income inequality. This objective of fiscal policy ultimately ends up with welfare maximization
of the society because income redistribution from rich segment of the society to the poor will
enhance purchasing power of the latter and thus will lead to higher level of consumption in the
society. Furthermore, higher consumption of goods and services also boosts economic growth.

Taxation policy deals with tax structure the type of taxes as well as tax rates and tax bases.
Direct taxation policy concentrates on collection of tax revenues through direct taxes such as
income tax, wealth tax, inheritance tax, gift tax, etc. This policy ensures that people pay taxes
according to their income. It, thus, tries to achieve horizontal as well as vertical equity. So, direct
taxation policy plays a crucial role in reducing income inequity.

Unfortunately, many
countries have
increasingly resorted to
indirect taxation policy as
a fiscal instrument over
the past many years.
Indirect tax rates
increased in all the
regions except in North
America and Latin
America. Average
indirect tax rates in Asia
and Europe increased
from 11.7pc and 18.88pc
in 2009 to 12.5pc and
20.18pc. In North
America, the average
indirect rate remained constant at 5pc during that period.

Thus indirect taxation policy over the years could be an important source of income inequality in
many countries.

In Pakistan, the World Bank, in a recent study, has concluded that taxation on poor was equal to
that on the middle income as households in the lowest decile pay about 2.4pc of the total taxes
while consuming only 3pc of the total consumption.

In Pakistan, in order to collect tax revenues, generally indirect taxation policy along with several
withholding taxes is followed. Several types of withholding tax are regressive in nature as these
are included in the final prices of goods and services to be purchased and consumed by the rich
as well as the poor in the same country.

Enforcement Policy

Weak enforcement of tax policy has resulted in tax evasion, thus enriching the already rich and
depriving the government from revenues to finance much needed public services such as
security, law and order education, health, etc. It is worth mentioning that an effective legal,
judicial and security infrastructure is direly needed in the country. The corporate tax evasion is
massive as the multinational corporations pay little or even zero taxes by shifting the income to
low tax jurisdiction or tax havens.

Similarly, there is massive tax evasion by the corporate taxpayers in Pakistan due to weak policy
enforcement.
For example, the corporate tax is an important source of revenue in Pakistan. It currently raises
2.5pc of the GDP, which comprises about 25% of all federal tax revenues (World Bank 2009).
The scale of non-compliance is suspected to be large in Pakistan but credible evidence on the
amount of corporate tax evasion has been lacking due to problems with the data as well as the
methodology. The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) reports an estimate of the corporate evasion
rate equal to 45pc. A World Bank study puts the evasion rate to as high as 218pc of actual
corporate income tax payments.

Tax audits along with other enforcement measures such as penalties, additional taxes, etc., are
considered effective tools against tax evasion. But tax audits have been discontinued for quite
some time and there has been a virtual moratorium on other enforcement measures since years.

Employment Structure

The world has witnessed a massive growth in the multinational enterprises (MNEs) over the last
century, with a rapid flow of trade and investment across the borders. Over 60pc of world trade
is conducted by the MNEs. They have been exploiting the human resources in the developing
countries. But, labour force is employed at lower wages in such countries but the businesses are
making substantial incomes and it has resulted in huge income inequalities. Weak enforcement
of labour laws in developing countries has been responsible for providing the MNEs with
lacunae which they use to exploit the labour force. Furthermore, laws are not clear and the legal
and enforcement frameworks are also being utilized by the large enterprises for accumulating
wealth.

In a nutshell, the problem of income inequality has gained much importance in the recent years
and has been vigorously debated in the print and electronic media.
In Pakistan, the gravity of the problem can be assessed from the fact that hundreds of children
have lost their lives in the Sindh's Tharparker region due to non-availability of food despite the
fact that Pakistan is an agrarian economy with abundant grain production. Therefore, it is
suggested that the government must revisit its taxation policy and adopt a policy with main focus
on direct taxes. It also needs to adopt strict measures to ensure compliance so as to curb tax
evasion and avoidance. There is a need to enforce clear and strict labour laws so that the
employees get due wages. Increasing wages is important for reducing income inequality and
boosting economic growth.

The writer is a joint Japan-World Bank Scholar

and has Graduated in Taxation Policy & Management
from Keio University, Japan.
He can be reached at bilalhassan70@yahoo.com
10 Questions with Suhai Aziz Talpur First
Woman ASP from Lower Sindh
Belonging to a middle class family of Bhai Khan Talpur village in Sindh's Tando
Muhammad Khan district, Suhai Aziz Talpur, is an impressive story of strong
will, great determination, and relentless hard work. Beating all odds, she
achieved marvellous success in CSS exam and was appointed as ASP. She is the
first woman from lower Sindh to join the police at this rank.

Jahangir's World Times (JWT): First of all, for the interest of JWT readers and CSS, PMS
aspirants, please tell us about your educational credentials.

Suhai Aziz Talpur (SAT): My life has been like a ride of roller coaster of dreams. As a child, I
was a big dreamer; I seriously flirted with dreams of being an architect, neurosurgeon, and pilot
but ended up being a police officer. I have the distinction of being the first woman ASP from
lower Sindh.

As regard my educational credentials, I did matriculation from Fauji Foundation Higher

Secondary School, Tando Muhammad Khan. And after doing intermediate from Bahria
Foundation College, Hyderabad, I did B.Com from Zubaida Girls College, Hyderabad. Later, I
earned my master's degree in Economics from University of Sindh, Jamshoro. I did a certificate
course of Chartered Accountancy from Al-Hamd Academy Hyderabad and Skans Islamabad as
well.
JWT: As a police officer, how will you utilize your qualification?

SAT: As a Police Officer, I feel my purpose in this particular field should be to prevent
injustices and cruelties perpetrated through crime by identifying and bringing such culprits to
justice. I think, I will be more capable of preventing crime and protecting the rights of citizens.
My certitude and hope with regard to my future role would definitely help me in achieving this
purpose.

JWT: Do you think that the PSP is better than other occupational groups?

SAT: It's, actually, a matter of temperament as well as of your outlook on life. It's not group, it's
rather ability, nature and spirit of the individual as to how one aspires to serve the nation. PSP is
a great group and so are the others. Nevertheless, I feel it's more challenging, especially for
women.

JWT: What, between books and notes, should be preferred for better preparation? And,
what strategy should one adopt to make a difference in CSS?

SAT: In my opinion, it is imperative to read different books and some other topics as well. This
broadens one's scope and clears the concepts on a
particular topic. Hence, it enables one to tackle a
question from various angles. However, retention
of these concepts is possible only by making
one's own notes instead of relying on those of
others.

As regards the best strategy, I think one should

not blindly follow the fixed norms or 'trends'. In
fact, critical thinking and open-mindedness put
one on the path that leads to making a difference.

JWT: It is believed that appropriate selection

of the optional subjects is very crucial to
getting your desired group but fresh aspirants
often get confused while selecting those. In
your opinion, what is the best way to choose
optional subjects?

SAT: I think the prevalent notion of 'scoring

subjects' is only a myth. If one considers oneself capable in a particular subject, one may go for it
confidently.
I chose Accounting & Auditing and Mercantile Law because I had studies them in past and
Sindhi because of my literary taste. Journalism and International Law are subjects of general
nature.

JWT: What sort of guidance the aspirants to competitive exams should seek for and how
do you see Jahangir's World Times (JWT) as a source of guidance for them?

SAT: Well, each and every CSS aspirant must realize that the key to a better preparation is
practice and relentless efforts. The candidates should be consistent in learning and utilizing their
knowledge while actually writing.

JWT is a good source of information and knowledge about international and national affairs. I
have been an avid reader of Jahangirs World Times while I was preparing for CSS, and it helped
me a lot.

JWT: We often see that a number of average students get allocated whereas the talented
ones just can't make it. Do you believe that the luck factor plays an important part?

SAT: Certainty of employment depends upon hard work whereas what group you land into is
absolutely a matter of luck.

JWT: Do you think that more and more females should join the police service?

SAT: Changing times and conditions of our country put another great responsibility on the
shoulders of our women. Today, they cannot afford to remain confined in the four walls of the
house; it's not only the right but also the duty of women to stand with the males to confront the
grave challenges that our country is facing today.

JWT: How one can score well in interview?

SAT: To me, the foremost quality that an interview candidate must possess is confidence. If a
candidate doesn't possess adequate knowledge, this confidence would compensate this
shortcoming. One cannot know everything, but one should always express the zeal to learn new
things.

JWT: Would you like to give any message to JWT readers?

SAT: I strongly feel that our youth possesses great potential as well as verve to serve the
country. Our young men and women are eager to tread the path of prosperity and they must
believe that the destiny is in their own hands.

Let me assure all the readers that sincere efforts are always rewarded and hard work never goes
in vain.
Sustainable Development and Good
Governance
The last half of the twentieth century has been marked with the emergence of
four key themes as a result of efforts and collective aspirations of the world
community. These are: peace, freedom, development and environment. The
peace could not be achieved though as envisaged by the world community.
However, it had largely been prevailed while the world powers remained tangled
in Cold War tactics or in proxy wars. Peace is still wanted in many parts of Asia
and Africa.

Freedom was the most cherished dream after the wave of nationalism swept many parts of the
world. The new states diverted their efforts towards economic development, good and
democratic governance, human rights and protection of minorities. Similarly, in the last 40 years
or so, environment attracted the key focus of national and international law and institutions. In
the last three decades of the 20th century, overall thrust had been on the four areas highlighted
above. Toward improving conditions and developing uniform policies with consensus of the
world community, different commissions have been constituted and international conferences
have been held with the overwhelming characteristics to link together the aspirations of humans.
One of those is sustainable development with its emphasis on environment and development.

In 1982, the World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as Brundtland
Commission named after its chair, a former Norwegian PM Gro Harlem Brundtland, was
launched. It was the first time that the conflict between development and environment was
acknowledged.

The brief definition provided by the Brundtland Commission on Sustainable Development in

their report entitled Our Common Future is:

Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The main focus has been upon intergenerational equity having thrust upon citizen participation in
ensuring balance between development and environment.

In this pursuit, the Earth Charter Initiative which focuses on declaration of fundamental
principles for building a just, sustainable and peaceful global society in the 21st century was
taken in 1992 but efforts were geared up in 1994 with new Earth Charter Initiative.

In developing countries, while formulating policies the emphasis is now on environmental issues.
However, much more is required to be done in order to develop human values such as life
expectancy, education, equity and security. The lack of good governance compromises the future
of generations that is why developing countries lag far behind in achieving UN Millennium
Development Goals.

These goals can best be achieved by acting upon the values underlying MDGs: freedom,
tolerance, equality, respect for nature and shared responsibility. These are the core values and
without acting upon them, it is not possible to ensure sustainable development without
compromising the welfare of future generations. All these values lie in good governance,
promoting democratic institutions and care for those who are at most disadvantageous position.
In this regard the role should be equally played by the developed countries so as to maintain
world peace and also to divert resources towards helping the poor nations in developing capacity
to ensure sustainable development as their current pattern of production and consumption is most
unsustainable and it must be changed in the interest of our future welfare.

The writer can be reached at:

muhammadramzan1999@gmail.com
Axe Your Exam Anxiety
Exam anxiety is a phenomenon that is experienced by almost every student.
After my article entitled 'How to Ace Psychological Assessment,' published in
November issue of JWT, I received a number of emails from individuals
preparing for the written exam as to how to deal with exam anxiety. The feelings
of having butterflies in the stomach, nervousness, excessive worry, forgetting the
memorized material, inability to stay focused and fear of failure are known to all
students even brilliant students face these problems. Actually, being well
prepared is not enough; one must be highly confident before entering the
examination hall. But, this confidence cannot be gained overnight. The
suggestions presented in this piece will surely help the candidates in axing their
exam anxiety.

Positive Approach

First of all, always adopt a positive approach. Taking the CSS exam is a long and tedious process
and only a 'can do' attitude will help in sustaining its pressure. The way you think determines
your actions. If you believe that you can perform well, you will study intently. Don't ever get the
feeling that I can't do it, or I will fail. Try to consciously change such negative thoughts to
positive ones by believing: I am working hard and I will do it, and It's not a big deal for me.

Planning
Before preparing for an exam, you have to chalk out some study plan. You have to plan wisely
the whole journey because if you begin haphazardly, you will always be facing the same
question: Where to start from?

Before starting preparations, gather as much information about the exam as possible. Go through
syllabus and course outlines of the subjects you select, and work out how much time you would
require to cover those. But, while determining the required time, always be honest and realistic.
Always avoid selective study, however, you can prioritize the most important topics.

Organization

After chalking out the plan, start organizing the study material. Arranging books and notes for
each subject separately will, surely, save a lot of time hence you will be more productive and
more efficient.

Study Habits

To ace the exam, you should develop good study habits. Always find a comfortable place to
study that is free from all sorts of distractions. Also, choose the time when you think you are at
the height of your brainpower morning, evening or night. Do study difficult topics during
these hours and leave the easier ones for the time when you don't find yourself very productive.
If you like group study, it would be much better. Don't study for long hours at a stretch. Study
for 45-50 minutes and then revise what you have learnt in the next 5 minutes. After each session,
a 5-20 minutes break would help you reenergize for the next session. If you find something
difficult, do seek help from a teacher or a friend.

Time Management

In the exam context, time management is distributing time for studying each subject. Time can
be well managed if you schedule your study. This will not only help you track and monitor your
progress, but will also make you more punctual. Usually, a schedule is made on weekly or
monthly or daily basis. Another effective way to make your time is to divide the number of
topics of each subject over the days available for preparation. This will give a fairer idea that
how much course should you cover daily so that you get yourself amply prepared for the actual
exam. The timetable you prepare must be kept at a prominent place so that it's easily visible.

Avoid Distractions

While studying, various temptations like TV, music, cell phone, computer, etc. distract your
attention. It is not smart to study in a place where such distractions are near. Do study in a place
that is quiet and peaceful. Before sitting down for study, take all what you might need such as
water, snacks, highlighters, pen, books etc.

Distractions can also be psychological. There might be different thoughts that intrude into our
minds. But you can suspend such thoughts for at least 45 minutes and stay focused.
Sleeping Habits

You must have heard people complaining that as soon as they open their books, they start feeling
drowsy. This is quite common and can be dealt with. Firstly, always sit on a proper chair and in a
well-lit room. Avoid curling up on a comfortable couch or bed as you will only end up dozing. If
you feel sleepy while sitting, take your book and study while walking. You can also wash your
face with cold water and take tea or coffee.

Having an undisturbed sleep at night is equally important because a point comes when your body
refuses to work more. Prior to sleeping, avoid the bright lights from the cell phones, tablets and
computers. Turn the cell phone to silent mode. Also maintain a consistent sleeping schedule and
sleep for a good 7 to 8 hours during night.

Learning the Study Material

New study material should preferably be learned when you feel you are alerter and more
focused. Merely reading the material wouldn't be effective. To memorize it completely, first
understand it, then think and connect the facts you have understood. Later, you can recall the
topic with questions such as What were the main headings or what were the main points, and
what is my opinion on the topic? This will help you make it a part of your long-term memory.
You can also explain a topic to a friend to make sure that you have fully comprehended it. If you
make a summary of each topic and then write it in bullet points, it would be highly productive.
Important points can be remembered by using mnemonics. For example, if you want to
memorize the seven conjunctions of English i.e. For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, you can take the
first letter of each conjunction and make a word with them like FANBOY which is easily to
memorize. This will not only help you revise the material but will also help you in recalling the
material in exams.

Revision

You must have gone through the experience that once you learn something, you forget it the very
next day. Don't worry, most people forget nearly 80% of the information they learn after a day or
two. This is because of the storage of information in short-term memory rather than the long-
term one. To remember things, it is important that you store them in long-term memory and this
can be achieved by revising the learnt material again and again. Do revise whatever you learn the
next day, then the next week, after a month and so on. Needless to say, revise before exams as
well.

Go through the papers of past ten years and identify the questions that have been asked on a
particular topic. You can test your knowledge by solving those questions and getting them
checked. Taking mock examinations will give a fair idea as to where you stand and on what you
need to work on.

Fear of Failure
Preparation for examination and fear of failure often go hand in hand. An exam is always an
exam as these 60-80 days of your life will never come back. Instead of thinking negative, instead
of undermining your abilities, instead of fearing the future and instead of wondering how this
exam would influence your life, just explain to yourself: These few days are extremely important
and probably the most crucial ones. So, why not make the most of it?

Steve Nash once said:

You have to rely on your preparation. You got to really be passionate and try to prepare more
than anyone else, and put yourself in a position to succeed, and when the moment comes you got
to enjoy, relax, breathe and rely on your preparation so that you can perform and not be anxious
or filled with doubt.

My suggestion to the candidates is almost the same. If you work hard and persevere, maintain
good and strategic study habits and believe in yourself, you will succeed.

YOU CAN DO IT!

The writer is a Clinical Psychologist.

She can be reached at:
fatimaalibokhari@yahoo.com
How to Achieve Success in CSS
To be among top 50-100 candidates, you need to score at least 56% (672) to 60%
(720) in the written exam of 1200 marks. But, you cannot get 60% grades in each
subject. For instance, the Essay paper gives a tough time to most aspirants.
Nevertheless, a very specific lot can go up to 50% and even 60%. Similarly,
scoring trends of Pakistan Affairs and Islamiat has also not been encouraging in
recent years. Therefore, you have to breakdown your subjects and then set
targets against each of them.

Prologue

For achieving success the goal must be clear. More important is to know that how to reach that
goal. Getting into CSS takes a lot of energies. Investing weeks and months of tireless efforts is
for a certain goal and that is to become a Civil Servant of Pakistan. This time of year is very
crucial; nerve-wrecking pressure is raising tensions as CSS exam is just around the corner. At the
end of the day, what will matter is how skilfully you have presented your arguments on the
answer sheet because you will be assessed on the basis of your answers. So in a nutshell, you
have to get excellent marks to be a CSP. Following paragraphs are aimed at elaborating a few
points that can help you secure maximum marks.

1. Set Targets
Let us make it simple. To be among top 50-100 candidates, you need to score at least 56% (672)
to 60% (720) in the written exam of 1200 marks. But, you cannot get 60% grades in each
subject. For instance, the Essay paper gives a tough time to most aspirants. Nevertheless, a very
specific lot can go up to 50% and even 60%. Similarly, scoring trends of Pakistan Affairs and
Islamiat has also not been encouraging in recent years. Therefore, you have to breakdown your
subjects and then set targets against each of them. For instance, you can excel in optional
subjects and can also score 60-70% and even more in Everyday Science and Current Affairs.
This will turn the equation in your favour and will compensate for the subjects in which you
couldn't fetch good marks. Hence, it is of paramount importance to understand and calculate
your targets and work accordingly to achieve them.

2. Prepare Objectives Well

Apart from Essay and English Prcis & Composition, each paper of 100 marks carries MCQs of
20 marks, barring Everyday Science in which MCQs consist of 50 marks. This means objective
portion carries 230 marks out of a total of 1200. This is a considerable portion because it can
make a lot of difference in boosting your score and, of course, merit. To explain it further, on
average, you can get 10/20 objectives right in a paper but you can score 13-14 marks with a little
extra effort. This would boost your score by 27-36 marks through objective portion only
excluding EDS. This may be a difference of more than 100 candidates on merit.

3. Give Outlines

Outline is very important as it guides the examiner about what you have written. It is like the
skeleton of an answer. Normally, we associate outline only with Essay paper but it proves very
handy and helpful if given before writing your answer to a question in all papers. The point is to
facilitate the examiner. It tells your assurance about what you would be writing and would also
make your expression coherent.
4. Proper Introduction and Conclusion

You must also write introductory and concluding paragraphs for each question, particularly in
Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs and Islamiat as well as in optional subjects like Political
Science, International Relations, History, Sociology, Journalism, etc. For a good score, a proper
beginning and ending to an answer is imperative. Introduction guides the examiner as to how you
are going to build your argument and justify it. Conclusion is always important to tell the
examiner that you are convinced about your points. This will also give your answer an attractive
appearance which would be more appealing to the examiner.

5. Use of Headings

One-word heading are not preferable. Headings should be pithy and sententious. Moreover, there
are certain headings that are used frequently in each question like introduction, conclusion,
causes, effects, suggestions, analysis, etc. For them, you can also use some synonyms or
alternatives. For example, for introduction you can write prologue, introductory note or opening
remarks; for conclusion, epilogue, concluding remarks or end note while for causes, factors or
reasons maybe the suitable alternatives.

6. Quotations and Facts & Figures

Your answer is basically the tool through which you have to convince the examiner that you
deserve good marks. All your answers must be weighty and convincing. Therefore, data
elements, statistics, maps, diagrams and sometimes apt and relevant quotations add to the
effectiveness of your words. Most significantly, in Essay or Current Affairs the strongest way of
authenticating your argument is facts and figures. Whereas, diagrams and maps can be drawn in
papers like Geography, quotations can be used in any paper i.e. Islamiat, Pak Affairs, History,
Essay, Current Affairs, etc. But when quoting someone directly, do give reference; otherwise,
quote indirectly and relate it to your paragraph or subject matter. Irrelevant quotes are good for
nothing.

End Note

Remember, you are striving for the best and competing with the best; so, be at your best. In
competition, only grades and merit matters. So, you have to stand head and shoulders above
others. Practice all right things that bring you closer to your target and defeat your fears and
follies. Stay focused during your exam and write relevant and logical stuff. You can command
success with perfection of your expression and this perfection comes through formal
presentation, strong, cogent and logical arguments supported with facts and figures and other
aides. In a nut shell, to attain your dreams and ambitions you always need to go an extra mile but
in the right direction.

With this prayer, I am leaving you on a high note that you all do well in your attempt.
Amen!

The author is a PAS officer 37th CTP.

He can be contacted at:
sik_khawaja@yahoo.com
How to Score High in Islamiat
The students usually prepare two segments: Islamic Systems and
Fundamental Problems of the Humans and the Holy Quran and neglect the
other two. But, only one or two questions are asked from these segments and
sometimes this number falls to zero.

It is a known fact that Islamiat paper in CSS exam has always been a tricky one. In CE 2014,
8628 candidates failed this very paper. Moreover, during 2005-11, the examiners have mainly
focussed the contemporary challenges to Islam.

On the basis of my experience and interaction with the students, I have found these 10 mistakes
responsible for very low scores in Islamiat:

1. The whole range of question in Islamiat paper can be divided into four segments:

a. Beliefs
b. Pillars of Islam
c. Islamic Systems
d. Fundamental Problems of the Humans and the Holy Quran

The students usually prepare two segments: Islamic Systems and Fundamental Problems of
the Humans and the Holy Quran and neglect the other two. But, only one or two questions are
asked from these segments and sometimes this number falls to zero.

2. The aspirants seldom practice writing good introduction to an answer.

3. Then there is hardly any heed paid to maintain coherence and linkage between the paragraphs.
4. The students neither memorize Arabic text of verses and ahadith nor do they bother to write
any text in actual paper.

5. Objecting others is, unfortunately, rampant in our society. We hear criticism of every sort
almost round the clock. But, in CSS, it is not approved of by the examiners. They just want to
assess that which candidate has actually understood the issue and what suggestions he has to help
resolve the said issue. It has been witnessed that some students become more-than-necessary
critical while writing the answers to questions related to Western culture or civilization or those
related to the issues of women. However, to score high, a balanced approach must be followed.

6. The students do read the books but they fail to utilize their analytical skills and creativity
while writing down their answers. The students should consciously try to think about the
contemporary challenges to Islam and the ways to tackle those.

7. Unfortunately, the books available in the market are mostly meretricious as no heed has been
paid in those to the prevailing trend of questions in the actual paper.

8. Most students follow read, read and read principle but do not pay any attention on
enhancing their writing speed.

9. Numerous aspirants, having no academic background in Islamiat, need a lot of guidance but
they do not bother to seek any.

10. The last, but not least, are spelling and grammar mistakes.

How to Overcome These Mistakes?

If the above mentioned problems are overcome then there is no reason why the students would
get low scores or fail this paper. Proper, coherent and impressive introduction to an answer is a
prerequisite to scoring high in Islamiat paper. Following suggestions can be helpful in improving
the quality of your answer to get the maximum score:

1. There are usually three types of sentences:

a. Issue-based
b. Argumentative, which may support the issue at hand
c. concluding, which are usually suggestion-based

2. After providing an impressive introduction, the answer should be written in a style that is
simply rational and coherent.

3. During preparations you should focus basically the Islamic Systems and the questions related
to the fundamental problems of human beings and the importance and role of the Holy Quran in
finding solutions to them.
4. Do write a relevant Quranic verse before starting to write the answer.
CSS 2014 Result
An Analysis of Trends

CSS is the most prestigious exam in Pakistan where the best brains compete for a dream job in
the country's bureaucracy. Thousands of bright and intelligent candidates put in all-out efforts to
qualify this exam. But, unfortunately, they often get misguided by the so-called mentors and get
tangled in the web of 'scoring trend, which results in shattering of their dreams. CSS-2014 result
is an eye-opener for the CSS aspirants as the pass percentage remained extremely low, with only
439 candidates passing the written exam. A major factor behind this fiasco has been the
misconceptions and false notions spread by the self-styled experts of this field. One of these
notions is the scoring subject phenomenon.

Let us have a look at how 'hot subjects' fared this year:

1. Compulsory Subjects

The significance of
compulsory subjects
cannot be overrated. This
time again, most
candidates couldn't clear
this first hurdle, as the
following table reveals.
Let us take a look at each
of these subjects:
1.1 English Essay
This time, unlike previous years, candidates performed really well Essay paper. A record number
of 6299 candidates passed this paper. It is encouraging to see that candidates selected the right
topic and comprehended well its meanings, spirit, direction and range. They presented their
arguments in a logical, coherent manner.

1.2 English Prcis and Composition

This year, Prcis and Composition paper

decided the fate of most of the candidates.
Result was a dismal 7.1%. The key in this
paper was the Prcis question which
surprisingly was a repetition from a past
paper of CSS. The aspirants who took this
question seriously and prepared by
practicing passages from past papers must
have done well in this paper. The CSS
aspirants MUST understand that they need
to learn what Prcis is and how it is
structured. Comprehending the message of
the given passage and self-expression are
essential to surpass this hurdle. Simply
reproducing the text or using the original
expression wouldn't accrue any credit.

1.3 Everyday Science

Most candidates were able to pass this

paper. 75.56 was the percentage of those
getting at least qualifying marks. The
examiner actually demands a clear
expression of your understanding of the
subject and not merely regurgitation of
facts. The 2015 candidates should focus on
understanding topics. They must also draw
relevant diagrams wherever applicable.

1.4 Current Affairs

Generally, examiners have been

complaining the candidates' attempts as
being devoid of critical analysis and
lacking application of knowledge to given
situations. The 2015 candidates must keep this fact in mind. While attempting Current Affairs
paper, do write precise and to-the-point answers with relevant information. Drawing relevant
maps and giving a candid critical analysis is always advised.

1.5 Pakistan Affairs

Only 58.44% percent candidates could pass this paper. However, marks of a majority haven't
been above 50. There are certain reasons for these low scores. Very few candidates produced
answers according to the requirement of the questions. Creative and thought provoking answers
were very rare. A simple advice for 2015 candidates: read carefully and comprehend the question
before writing the answers.

1.6 Islamiyat

Fewer than 32% candidates passed this paper. The 2015 candidates must avoid rhetoric. They
should support their views with strong, effective arguments. Always avoid indulging in sectarian
debate; it is never required in CSS as questions are broad-based. Do not forget to give relevant
references from Quran and Hadith to support your arguments.

2. Subjects Most Commonly Opted for

The most commonly opted for subjects were Journalism, Sociology, Psychology, Punjabi,
History of Pakistan & India, Geography, Islamic History & Culture, International Law, Public
Administration and Arabic. Let us have a look at how candidates performed in these papers:
Thus it reveals that most candidates selected subjects like Journalism and Sociology without any
prior exposure to those and flunked these papers miserably. Their selection was probably
influenced by others, without taking into account their own aptitudes and/or prior knowledge of
it. Only 0.8, 3.9 and 0.1 percent candidates respectively could secure a modest score of 60
percent in subjects of Journalism, Sociology and Islamic History. The only exceptions were
Geography and Psychology where decent numbers of 451 and 578 candidates respectively were
able to score more than 60% marks. The 2015 candidates must give a serious thought to their
preparation in these most favourite subjects. Good marks can be earned but only with hard work
and proper study.

3. History Subjects

In 2014, candidates opting for British History and US History were able to fetch more marks
than those who selected Indo-Pak History and Islamic History. Lack of proper understanding and
overreliance on short notes may have resulted in this poor performance.
4. Subjects with Better Scores in 2014

In 2014, candidates couldn't secure satisfactory marks in any of the so-called 'scoring subjects'.
Here are the Top 10 subjects which yielded high scores in CSS-2014:
Thus, the candidates who opted for specialized subjects; for whom they had an aptitude or prior
study, were able to do well in the exam. Thus, problem is not the subject; it's the preparation
where the fault lies.

The aspirants of CSS-2015 should therefore avoid these mistakes while giving final touches to
their preparation.

How to Score High in CSS-2015

Since the CSS-2015 aspirants are readying themselves to face the challenge of written exam, it is
always advised for them to take mock exams especially those conducted exactly after the FPSC
pattern i.e. 2 papers a day (09:00am-12:00noon & 02:00pm-05:00pm). World Times Academy is
offering such mock exams as per the timings followed by the FPSC.
Actually, when you take such an exam, you not only
adapt yourself to the tough schedule, but a good, honest
assessment of the arguments you present in your paper
also helps you improve your thoughts as well as the way
to express them.

Common Mistakes in Preparation

The common mistakes which lead to failure in CSS

include overconfidence, insufficient writing practice,
reliance on substandard/outdated study material and
ignoring English grammar, among others. CSS-2015
candidates must keep in mind these things to score high
and to embark on the career of their dreams.
Guess Papers For CSS 2015
From World Times Academy

English Essay
(by Sir Farrukh Sultan)

1. Political culture in Pakistan

2. Pakistan and menace of terrorism
3. Place of women in society
4. Education in Pakistan: a neglected frontier
5. The impact of corruption in society
6. The Importance of national integration
7. Global warming
8. Disaster management in Pakistan
9. Energy crisis and its manifestations in Pakistan
10. Muslim Ummah at crossroads
11. Capital Punishment

Current Affairs
(by Sir Farrukh Sultan)

1. An unswerving will, indomitable courage and unshakeable and unified resolve seem to be the
basic elements to get our nation free from the evil grip of the octopus of terrorism. Discuss the
causes both horizontal and vertical and also suggest measures to confront this menace of
terrorism.
2. In the name of 'Arab Spring', the West seems to have contributed more fuss then respite.
Discuss the statement in the backdrop of ISIS perceived threats towards instability of Arab world
in particular.
3. The key of a permanent and enduring peace against 'War on Terror' lies more with Kabul and
Islamabad than elsewhere. Discuss the statement in the context of 'Realpolitik' and vested
interests of major players of 'War on Terror'.
4. Pakistan-US relations have been marred by 'more odds than evens'. Discuss and explore the
ways and means to reduce trust deficit and enhance cooperation both at strategic and economic
fronts.
5. The peace in Middle East, and more particular in Palestine, seems to have locked in Israel's
unilateral self-assertion in a unipolar world. Discuss.
6. Pakistan-India relations, most of times have been bumpy, smashing against the Indian
hegemonic desires and policies. Highlight the key areas and possible steps to be taken by the
leadership of these countries to off-load the burden of history.
7. Muslim Ummah seems to be rich in material resources but poor in vision and leadership.
Identify major challenges being confronted by Ummah and also suggest steps to be taken to
make it a viable, unified and effective platform of Muslims.
8. Critically evaluate the role of vibrant but responsible media towards sustainable democracy in
Pakistan.
9. Political culture in Pakistan has been embroiled, most of the time, by questions of
transparency, incapacity and intolerance. Discuss the problem and also suggest remedies to need
to be done to address both the theoretical as well as the practical front to improve democratic
values in our country.
10. Discuss the different dimensions of the Sino-US relations and their possible impact on the
future political course of the world.
11. SAARC is like a vehicle without engine. Discuss.
12. The United Nations is like a lion without teeth and nails. What measures do you suggest to
make this world body more effective and impartial in future?

Pakistan Affairs
(by Salman Kazmi)

1. Write down in detail the evolution of Muslim society in the Subcontinent.

2. According to your own viewpoint, what were the main causes of the decline of Mughal
Empire?
3. Write a comprehensive note on the chain of constitutional development in the Subcontinent
that ended in 1947.
4. The social, traditional, cultural and religious invasions along with imposed rules by the British
caused the locals to fight the War of Independence, 1857. Discuss.
5. The Muslim civilization was at its lowest ebb after the War of Independence. In this critical
time, the Muslims were really suffering and it was impossible without the wisdom and
farsightedness of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that the Muslims regain the dignity and a respectable
place in Subcontinent. Comment!
6. Simla Delegation was a step towards the changing of whole political scenario in the
Subcontinent. Do you agree with this statement? If yes, provide some suitable arguments from
the history.
7. Write a comprehensive note on the comparison of the services provided by both All India
Muslim League and Indian National Congress.
8. Lucknow Pact can be categorized as a clear evidence of the inexperience of the Muslims as it
brought many disadvantages for them in the later years but at the same time it was considered a
huge success of Muslim League. Discuss.
9. Khilafat Movement was an incident that proved vital in the history of the Subcontinent as it
paved way for the Muslims to learn the art of making agitation against the government which
they utilized in struggle for getting a separate homeland. Comment!
10. Discuss in detail the influence of three Round Table Conferences in shaping the Congress'
behaviour in politics in the coming years.
11. The One Nation Theory and the Two Nation Theory as claimed by Indian National Congress
and All India Muslim League, respectively, were the basis of political scenes between 1940 and
1947. Discuss in detail in the light of the incidents which took place during this period.
12. A newly-formed country with meagre resources was confronted with gigantic problems.
Discuss with the reference to Pakistan in 1947.
13. Write a comprehensive note on judicial crisis in the recent years in Pakistan. Find out the
genesis of this crisis from the history of Pakistan.
14. What are the major causes of energy crisis in the country? Write some practical measures to
ameliorate the situation.
15. Corruption is the root cause of many ills of Pakistan. Suggest some suitable steps to eradicate
this evil from the country.

Islamiat
(by Hafiz Arshad Iqbal Chaddhar)

1. Write a note on the collection and compilation of Quran and also elaborate that why Muslims
neglect to practice the Holy Quran. Suggest the ways to reform this situation.
2. State the important points of Co-existence between Islam and other religions in the light of
Hudaibiya Truce and the last sermon (Hajjatul Wida) of the Holt Prophet (SAW).
3. Elaborate the duties and responsibilities of Muslim women with special reference to her right
to education and her role in the development of society.
4. Describing the importance of moral values in Islam, elaborate the causes of moral
degeneration and the ways to rectify. Also write a comparative note on Islamic morality code and
Western code.
5. Elaborating important points of Political System of Islam, presents its comparison with the
Western political system.
6. While state guiding principles of economic system of Islam, prove that the dream of prosperity
can be achieved without the interest-based economy.
7. Define Ijtihad and Ijma. Also discuss the need of Ijtihad in contemporary world and its role in
the making of humanity.
8. Describing the significance, kinds, principles and conditions of Jihad differentiate between
Jihad and terrorism.
9. Describe the human rights in the light of the Last Sermon of the Holy Prophet (SAW) with
special emphasis on the rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State.
10. Discuss the cultural challenges faced by the Muslim societies. Also describe the important
contours of Islamic Culture.
11. Discuss in detail the resources and problems of Muslim Ummah while commenting upon the
initiatives and conspiracies of the West.
12. Discuss the role of Wahi (Revelation) in the solution of problems faced by the humans.
13. Define Tauheed (Unity of Allah) in a scholarly manner describing its significance and its
effects on human life.
14. Give arguments in favour of belief in the Day of Judgement, its role in an organized society
and its effects on societal life.
15. Describing the meaning and heads of Zakat, discuss its role in alleviation of poverty and
purity of the self.

Optional Subjects
History of Pakistan & India
(by Azmat Farooq)

Paper I
1. Mahmood Ghaznavi's 17 invasions (a debate that investigates his character as of a great
Muslim conqueror driven by religious zeal; a greedy Monarch who wanted to fill his coffers or a
great warrior who was simply riding the tide of his time where conquest was the most sought
after objective of any successful monarch)
2. Mahmoud Ghauri, the forerunner of the Slave Dynasty
3. Life sketch of Humayun; his role in consolidating the Mughal Dynasty
4. War of succession among the sons of Shah Jahan was actually the war of competing
ideologies
5. Contribution of Mughal era in the development of culture, arts and architecture
6. Din-e-Ilahi was not a separate religion but a social code. Discuss.

Paper-II
1. Aligarh Movement vs Deoband Movement comparison and contrast
2. Madrissa education a critical evaluation
3. Constitutional development since 1947
4. The lack of good governance, not military, is the real threat to democracy in Pakistan
5. Pakistan's problems are not always its own rather they are thrust upon it. Evaluate the
observation in the light of current political developments in Afghanistan
6. India does not accept Kashmiris as a legitimate player and insists upon having bilateral
resolution of dispute. Can this approach, if followed, result in peaceful resolution of dispute?
Discuss.

Mercantile Law
(by Salman Kazmi)

1. Write a comprehensive note on essentials of a valid offer and when it is considered to be

accepted in a valid manner?
2. Write a detailed note on the agreements which have been expressly declared void.
3. All the contracts are agreements but all the agreements are not contracts. Discuss.
4. Define contract. What are the various kinds of contracts?
5. What are the various modes in which a contract can be discharged?
6. What are remedies available to the aggrieved party if the breach of contract has taken place?
7. Differentiate between indemnity and guarantee. When a surety is discharged from liability
under the contract of guarantee?
8. Define bailment. What are the rights and duties of bailer and bailee and how a contract of
bailment is discharged?
9. Define agency. Write different modes in which an agency is created and also discuss the rights
and duties of an agent. How an agency is terminated?
10. What is meant by partnership? Can a minor be a partner? Write a comprehensive note on the
rights and duties of a minor in partnership business.
11.
(a) Define the essentials of a contract of sale of goods. Distinguish between a contract of sale
and an agreement to sell.
(b) Describe in detail the kinds of goods and clearly explain the effects of perishing of goods
under various circumstances. Also define the term price under the contract of Sale of Goods Act?
12.
(a) Define a Promissory Note and a Bill of Exchange. Write down their essentials. Write the
distinguishing points between a promissory note and a bill of exchange. Explain the various
kinds of a bill.
(b) Define Cheque. Also distinguish between a Cheque and a bill of exchange.
13.
(a) Define consent. What is free consent? Give a detailed note on all the ways when the
consent is not considered free.
(b) Differentiate between coercion and undue influence.
14. Define consideration. Give essentials of consideration and explain exceptions to the rule that
"No consideration; no binding of performance."
15.
(a) Define Arbitration. What are the powers of a court in Arbitration?
(b) On what grounds can the award passed by an arbitrator be set aside? Who can set it aside?
16. How a company is formed? Write the characteristics of a Company. What is meant by
Memorandum of Association? Explain Articles of Association. How alterations can be made in
Memorandum of Association and Article of Association?

British History
(by Waheed Asghar)

How to Score Good in British History?

British History is an invariably good scoring subject in CSS. Especially in 2014, candidates
scored very well as against miserably low scores in Indo-Pak and Islamic History subjects. To
score higher marks in British History:
Always present your answers in critical rather than narrative style.

Give the significance of any particular event in a historical perspective.

Try to draw schematic diagrams or maps wherever applicable.

Objective part of this paper is mostly repeated and you may prepare it by consulting past 10
years papers.
Good Luck!

Paper I
1. Analyze the cause and results of Glorious Revolution.
2. Robert Peel has rightly been called the most liberal of the Conservatives and the most
Conservative of the liberals. Comment to elaborate his achievements as the Prime Minister of
United Kingdom.
3. Queen Anne and War of Spanish Succession
4. Critically review the Parliamentary Union between England and Ireland. How would you
compare it with Scottish Union?
5. Sir Robert Walpole as first PM
6. Personal Rule of George III and its consequences for Britain
7. French Revolution and Britain's reaction to it
8. Foreign policy of Castlereagh and Canning in Concert of Europe
9. Political and Social Reforms in Mid-19th Century
10. Short Notes
a. Pitt, the Younger
b. 7 Years' war
c. Durham Report
d. War of Greek Independence
e. Syrian Question

Paper II
1. Palmerston was more successful as a Foreign Minister than as a Prime Minister. Comment
and Analyze.
2. Achievements and culture of Victorian Era
3. Compare and Contrast the policies and personalities of Gladstone and Disraeli as Prime
Ministers.
4. The parliamentary reforms in England from 1832-1928 made the country politically
democratic. Analyze.
5. What do you mean by Eastern Question? Produce an analytical essay on Eastern Question
mentioning British policy towards it with special reference to Crimean War and Congress of
Berlin?
6. Discuss critically the major social and political institution that developed in England during
the latter half of the 19th century.
7. Analyze the British Foreign policy from
a. 1870 to 1914
b. 1919 to 1939
8. Britain's Role in World War I and World War II
9. British PMs Churchill, Thatcher, and Blair
10. Elucidate the British de-colonization process in the different nooks and corners of the globe
and give the main characteristics of the New Colonial Policy of Great Britain as it developed
since the end of the Second World War.
11. Note:
 a. Irish Question
b. Rise of the Labour Party
c. Winston Churchill
d. Suez Canal Crisis
e. Margaret Thatcher

Public Administration
(by Muhammad Ramzan)

1. Nature, scope, importance and role of public administrator

2. Planning its advantages and disadvantages, steps of planning
3. Theory x and theory y and its relevancy in the present day world
4. Zero based budgeting, pros and cons and its use in Pakistan
5. Administrative accountability and its mechanism in Pakistan discussion with reference to
Ombudsman's office
6. Role of parliamentarians in policy making and efforts toward capacity building
7. What is Maslow's hierarchy needs theory and its role in motivation and enhancing public
service delivery in Pakistan
8. What are the ingredients of good governance and how the extensive use of IT can improve
governance?
9. Budget making process in Pakistan and role of standing committees in this regard
10. What is the structure of federal government after 18th amendment?
11. NPM has actually replaced bureaucratic approach to public administration

Note on the followings

12. Ecology of bureaucracy, sustainable development, what is Hallow Effect, what is span of
control,
13. Judicial activism, civil service reforms, note civil service academy, access to information,
coordination and communication issues in public service delivery, Weber's ideal type of
bureaucracy its characteristics, HRM process in Pakistan civil service
English Prcis & Composition
How to Write A Good Prcis? While writing out a prcis three aims are to be
kept in view: Firstly, the general argument is to be clearly conveyed. Secondly,
all salient points are to be included. Thirdly, the diction is to be concise yet
adequate and independent of the original. The following rules, however, should
be followed:

Dos

a) Read through the whole passage you are asked to make a prcis of or find out the central
through, that is, the general argument contained in it. If not already given, calculate
approximately the number of words in the passage set.

b) Read the passage thoroughly (slowly and carefully) twice, thrice, or four times, if necessary,
so that clear grasp of the whole passage could be obtained.

c) Mark the salient points (leading ideas) appearing in the passage or make marginal notes,
leaving out all unimportant ones or note them down separately on the margin. This requires
considerable practice.

d) Give a suitable heading of your prcis.

e) Prepare a rough copy with the help of marks or marginal notes. Arrange them, if necessary in
what you think to be the best logical order. But it is better to keep the same order of thought as in
the original.
f) Write your prcis in the third person, indirect form and appropriate tense. The tense of the
prcis should be the same as that of the passage.

g) It is better to give designations of officials and not their names and titles. At times, the official
designation is not mentioned and you have to use the personal name. Whatever, designation you
employ, you must stick to it throughout the prcis.

h) If necessary, divide the prcis into paragraphs and to show where these begin, indent your
writing clearly.

i) Revise your rough copy, abridge it and if need be, improve its language. The prcis should in
itself be a piece of good English.

j) Read once again the original passage to see that all the important points have been
incorporated in your prcis.

k) Then write out the prcis in its final revised form. Handwriting counts here also as everywhere
else.

Don'ts

a) Do not express your own opinion, wish, remark or criticism.

b) Do not insert any question in your prcis. Its significance, if essential, may be expressed by a
statement.

c) Do not convey the ideas in the prcis by incomplete sentence.

d) Do not use telegraphic abbreviations.

e) Do not be jerky. This suggests that most probably, you have not understood the sense of the
passage properly.

f) Do not retain one or reject the other if two ideas are equally important. Either retain both or
give that combined significance.

g) Do not forget that a standard prcis will bring good marks in the examination.

ORIGINAL PASSAGE

Our instinctive apparatus consists of two parts the one tending to further our own life and that
of our descendants, the other tending to thwart the lives of supposed rivals. The first includes the
joy of life, and love and art, which is psychologically an offshoot of love. The second includes
competition, patriotism and war. Conventional mortality does everything to suppress the first and
encourage the second. True mortality would be the exact opposite. Our dealings with those
whom we love may be safely left to instinct; it is our dealings with those whom we hate that
ought to be brought under the dominion of reason. In the modern world, those whom we
effectively hate are distant groups, especially foreign nations. We conceive them abstractly, and
deceive ourselves into the belief that acts which are really embodiments of hatred are done from
love of justice or some such lofty motive. Only a large measure of scepticism can tear away the
veils which hide this truth from us. Having achieved that, we could begin to build a new
morality, not based on envy and restriction, but on the wish for a full life and the realization that
other human beings are a help and not a hindrance when once the madness of envy has been
cured. This is no impossibly austere morality yet its adoption would turn our earth into a
paradise.

THE NEW MORALITY

Two parts of our instinctive part are to safeguard our selfish interests and to harm our enemies.
The first contains joy love and art and the second patriotism and war. Conventional morality
suppresses the first and encourages the second. True morality consists in being reasonable rather
than harbouring hatred for others. We wrongly call our bad behaviour justice. We must realize
this truth. Sympathy and understanding should replace every and hatred. Only this new morality
can make life pleasant.

COMPREHENSION

1. Read the passage fast in order to form a general idea of its theme and its main ideas.

2. Next read the passage more slowly with two aims in mind: (a) To confirm if your first
impression was correct, and (b) to underline the key ideas.

3. Now read the question based on the passage, and write the numbers of questions against the
lines that contain the answers to them.

4. Finally, write down the answers and try to avoid reproducing parts of the given passage; use
your own words.

5. All answers to questions on comprehension should be clear and concise, expressed in simple
English that follows the rules of grammar and syntax and idiom.

6. Except in the case of meanings of words and phrases, all such answers should be written in
complete sentences.

7. Unless otherwise directed, you should base your answers entirely on what is said in passage
set.

SAMPLE 1

Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of nature, under which name I include not
merely things and their forces, but men and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and
of the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. For me,
education means neither more nor less than this. Anything which professes to call itself
education must be tried by this standard, and if it fails to stand the test, I will not call it
education, whatever be the force of authority, or of numbers, upon the other side.

It is important to remember that, in strictness, there is no such thing as an uneducated man. Take
an extreme case. Suppose that an adult man, in the full vigour of his faculties, could be suddenly
placed in the world, as Adam is said to have been, and then left to do as best he might. How long
would he be left uneducated? Not five minutes. Nature would begin to teach him, through the
eyes, the ear, the touch, the properties of objects. Pain and pleasure would be at his elbow, telling
him to do this and avoid that; and by slow degrees the man would receive an education, which, if
narrow, would be thorough, real, and adequate to his circumstances, though there would be no
extras and very few accomplishments.

Questions

1. What does education mean?

2. In what sense is there no such thing as an uneducated man?

3. What would a man learn from nature, if he suddenly found himself in this world, like Adam,
without any prior knowledge?

ANSWERS

1. Education means the instruction of the human mind in the laws of nature, including the world
of nature as well as of man. It would guide human feelings and will to work in harmony with
those laws.

2. There is no such thing as an uneducated man, because man takes very little time to learn
important lessons from his interaction with things around him. He is constantly learning by trial
and error, and cannot be called uneducated.

3. Nature would teach a man, through his senses, what would give pleasure and what would give
pain, so that he would learn what to do and what to avoid. Thus he would slowly receive an
education that would be quite adequate to these circumstances, even if narrow in perspective.

SAMPLE 2

There is something humbling to human pride in rustic life. It grates against the heart to think of
the tone in which we unconsciously permit ourselves to address him. We see in him humanity in
all we respect in our species is what has been created by art; the gaudy dress, the glittering
equipage, or even the cultivated intellect. The mere and naked material of nature we eye with
indifference, or trample on with disdain. Poor child of tool, from the grey dawn to the setting
sun, one long task! No idea elicited, no thought awakened beyond those that suffice to make him
the machine of others, the serf of the hard soil. And then too, mark how we frown upon his
scanty holidays, how we hedge in his mirth, and turn hilarity into crime! We make the whole of
the gay world, wherein we walk and take our pleasure to him a place of snares and perils. If he
leaves his labour for an instant, how many temptations spring up to him! and yet we have no
mercy for his errors: the jail, the transport-ship, the gallows. These are our sole lecture-books,
and our only method of expostulation.

Questions

1. Why do we despise a rustic?

2. Is the life of a rustic a bed of roses?

3. How do we punish him for his errors?

ANSWERS

1. We despise a rustic because he is too simple, in dress, in manners, and in mind. He is

uncultivated, unrefined, and untouched by the usual marks of civilisation. Besides, we look down
upon him also because he works with his hands rather than with his mind.

2. The life of a rustic is very busy and very hard. He has no time for relaxation and recreation.
Only toil and labour are supposed to be his lot.

3. When a rustic strays from his labours to taste awhile the joy of life, we punish him inhumanly
by sending him to jail or exile, or by executing him.

Expansion of Ideas

Knowledge of Power

People may think that it is might that rules. Indeed, even now there are many worshippers of
brute power. But a little thinking will show that it is knowledge that rules the world. A man of
knowledge possesses immense influence. He has the knowledge of the men and matters around
him which mystify or baffle the ignorant. If he is a scientist, he studies the phenomena of nature
and chains the mighty forces of nature and enlists them to human service. Thus today the forces
of nature give us light, energy, comfort and power. A man of knowledge understands his fellow
men and judges them rightly. That is why it becomes easy for him to lead them. He inspires
confidence which an ignorant man, however, powerful he otherwise may be, is incapable of
doing. In times of danger the man of knowledge proves himself to be a man of resource. Lastly,
such a man knows himself and understands himself. There is no knowledge greater than the
knowledge of self. Knowing oneself means mastering one's passions and controlling one's
faculties. These give one immense power.
So the men of knowledge have always achieved wonders. Ulysses, the Greek hero, contributed
more to the capture of troy by his wisdom than Ajax did by his strength, or Achilles did by his
courage. It was Archimedes the savant, (a very knowledgeable person) who saved Syracuse from
Marcellus and his soldiers when the combined efforts of the army and fleet of King Hiero of
Syracuse could do very little. Roger Bacon, the medieval scientist, was thought to have
supernatural powers, because of his immense knowledge. The Bible says 'Wisdom strengthens
the wise more than ten mighty men which are in the city.' Hence, it can safely be said that
'Knowledge is Power'.

A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE.

This well known proverb 'A Stitch in Time Saves Nine' literally refers to the mending of clothes
before they become irreparable. What is true of clothes is true for anything that needs mending.
The advantage of a stitch in time does not limit itself to fabrics alone. Figuratively, it refers to
health, medicine, morals, education and politics. We have often heard a doctor telling his patient
that an earlier consultation would have avoided the present painful suffering. a popular story of
the son who had turned into a thief and finally went to the prison. He wished his mother had used
the 'timely stitch'.

On a larger perspective, the French Revolution could have been avoided had the French
bureaucrats been intelligent enough to appease the people in time. In our personal lives, too, the
timely stitches are of immense value. Before our wayward tendencies can turn into confirmed
habits, let us apply the stitch in time.
Our ancestors must have realized the importance of 'timely stitches' and stored their wisdom in
this proverb for us to benefit by it. They have done their duty. Let us do ours.
Climate Change Facts & Figures
Diplomats from more than 190 nations recently held talks at a United Nations
global warming conference in Lima, Peru, to pave the way for an international
treaty they hope to forge next year. At present, the numbers are stark. Carbon
dioxide emissions: up 60 percent. Global temperature: up six-tenths of a degree.
Population: up 1.7 billion people. Sea level: up 3 inches. U.S. extreme weather:
up 30 percent. Ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica: down 4.9 trillion tonnes
of ice. To see how much the globe has changed since the first such international
conference - the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 Here is the crux of
databases from around the world.

Wild Weather

Since 1992, there have been more than 6,600 major climate, weather and water disasters
worldwide, causing more than $1.6 trillion in damage and killing more than 600,000 people.

Extreme weather has noticeably increased over the years. From 1983 to 1992, the world
averaged 147 climate, water and weather disasters each year. Over the past 10 years, that number
has jumped to an average 306 a year.

In the United States, an index of climate extremes hot and cold, wet and dry kept by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has jumped 30 percent from 1992 to 2013,
not counting hurricanes, based on 10-year averages.
NOAA also keeps track of US weather disasters that cost more than $1 billion, when adjusted for
inflation. Since 1992, there have been 136 such billion-dollar events.

Worldwide, the 10-year average for weather-related losses adjusted for inflation was $30 billion
a year from 1983-92. From 2004 to 2013, the cost was more than three times that on average, or
$131 billion a year.

Temperature

It's almost a sure thing that 2014 will go down as the hottest year in 135 years of record keeping.
If so, this will be the sixth time since 1992 that the world set or tied a new annual record for the
warmest year.

The globe has broken six monthly heat records in 2014 and 47 since 1992. The last monthly cold
record set was in 1916.

So, the average annual temperature for 2014 is on track to be about 58.2 degrees (14.6 degrees
Celsius), compared with 57.4 degrees (14.1 degrees Celsius) in 1992. The past 10 years have
averaged a shade below 58.1 degrees (nearly 14.5 degrees Celsius) six-tenths of a degree
warmer than the average between 1983 and 1992.

The Oceans

The world's oceans have risen by about 3 inches since 1992 and gotten a tad more acidic by
about half a percent thanks to chemical reactions caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide.
Every year sea ice cover shrinks to a yearly minimum size in the Arctic in September a
measurement that is considered a key climate change indicator. From 1983 to 1992, the lowest it
got on average was 2.62 million square miles. Now the 10-year average is down to 1.83 million
square miles.

That loss an average 790,000 square miles since 1992 overshadows the slight gain in sea
ice in Antarctica, which has seen an average gain of 110,000 square miles of sea ice over the past
22 years.

On Land

The world's population in 1992 was 5.46 billion. Today, it's nearly a third higher, at 7.18 billion.
That means more carbon pollution and more people who could be vulnerable to global warming.

The effects of climate change can be seen in harsher fire seasons. Wildfires in the western United
States burned an average of 2.7 million acres each year between 1983 and 1992; now that's up to
7.3 million acres from 1994 to 2013.

And some of the biggest climate change effects on land are near the poles, where people don't
often see them. From 1992 to 2011, Greenland's ice sheet lost 3.35 trillion tonnes of ice.
Antarctica lost 1.56 trillion tonnes of ice over the same period.
The Air

Scientists simply point to greenhouse gas emissions, mostly carbon dioxide that forms a heat-
trapping blanket in our air.

There's no need to average the yearly amount of carbon dioxide pollution: It has increased
steadily, by 60 percent, from 1992 to 2013. In 1992, the world spewed 24.9 billion tonnes of
carbon dioxide; now it is 39.8 billion tonnes.

China has tripled its emissions from 3 billion tonnes to 11 billion tonnes a year. The emissions
from the US have gone up more slowly, about 6 percent, from 5.4 billion tonnes to 5.8 billion
tonnes. India also has tripled its emissions, from 860 million tonnes to 2.6 billion tonnes. Only
European countries have seen their emissions go down, from 4.5 billion tonnes to 3.8 billion
tonnes.
How Islam Spread in India
Today, there are over 500 million Muslims throughout the Indian Subcontinent
(India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), making it one of the largest population
centers of Muslims in the world. Since Islam first entered India, it has
contributed greatly to the area and its people. Today, numerous theories about
how India came to be such a largely Muslim land exist. Politically, some (such as
the Hindutva movement in India) try to make Islam seem foreign to India, by
insisting it only exists because of invasions by Arab and Persian Muslims; the
truth, however, is far from that.

The Earliest Muslim Indians

Even before the life of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) in the 600s, Arab traders were
in contact with India. Merchants would regularly sail to the west coast of India to trade goods
such as spices, gold, and African goods. Naturally, when the Arabs began to convert to Islam,
they carried their new religion to the shores of India. The first mosque of India, the Cheraman
Juma Masjid, was built in 629 (during the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)) in Kerala, by the
first Muslim from India, Cheraman Perumal Bhaskara Ravi Varma. Through continued trade
between Arab Muslims and Indians, Islam continued to spread in coastal Indian cities and towns,
both through immigration and conversion.

Muhammad bin Qasim

The first great expansion of Islam into India came during the Umayyad Dynasty that was based
in Damascus. In 711, the Umayyads appointed a young 17-year-old man from Ta'if to extend
Umayyad control into Sindh: Muhammad bin Qasim. Sindh is the land around the Indus River in
the Northwestern part of the Subcontinent, in present-day Pakistan. Muhammad bin Qasim led
his army of 6,000 soldiers to the far eastern reaches of Persia, Makran as well.

He encountered little resistance as he made his way into India. When he reached the city of
Nerun, on the banks of the Indus River, he was welcomed into the city by the Buddhist monks
that controlled it. Most cities along the Indus thus voluntarily came under Muslim control, with
no fighting. In some cases, oppressed Buddhist minorities reached out to the Muslim armies for
protection against Hindu governors.

Despite the support and approval of much of the population, the Raja of Sindh, Dahir, opposed
the Muslim expansion and mobilized his army against Muhammad bin Qasim. In 712, the two
armies met, with a decisive victory for the Muslims. With the victory, all of Sindh came under
Muslim control.

It is important to note, however, that the population of Sindh was not forced to convert to Islam
at all. In fact, for almost everyone, there was no change in day-to-day life. Muhammad bin
Qasim promised security and religious freedom to all Hindus and Buddhists under his control.
For example, the Brahmans continued their jobs as tax collectors and Buddhist monks continued
to maintain their monasteries. Due to his religious tolerance and justice, many cities regularly
greeted him and his armies.

Patterns of Conversion

The successive waves of Muslim armies penetrating into India followed much the same pattern.
Leaders such as Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Tughluq expanded Muslim political
domains without altering the religious or social fabric of Indian society.

Because pre-Islamic India was entirely based on a caste system in which society was broken into
separate parts, conversion to Islam happened in a step-by-step process. Often, entire castes would
convert to Islam at a time. This would happen for many different reasons. Often, however, the
equality Islam provided was more attractive than the caste system's organized racism. In the
caste system, who you are born to determines your position in society. There was no opportunity
for social mobility or to achieve greater than what your parents achieved. By converting to Islam,
people had the opportunity to move up in society, and no longer were subservient to the
Brahman caste.

Buddhism, which was once very popular in the subcontinent, slowly died out under Muslim rule.
Traditionally, when people wanted to escape the caste system, they would move to the major
population centres and convert to Buddhism. When Islam became an option, however, people
began to convert to Islam instead of Buddhism, while still leaving the caste system. The myths of
Islam violently destroying Buddhism in India are simply false. Buddhists were tolerated under
Muslim rule and no evidence exists that shows forced conversions or violence against them.

Wandering preachers also had a major role in bringing Islam to the masses. They travelled
throughout India, making it their goal to educate people about Islam. Many of them preached
Sufi ideas, a more mystical approach to Islam that appealed to the people. These teachers had a
major role in bringing Islam to the masses in the countryside, not just the upper classes around
the Muslim rulers.

Did Islam Spread by Force?

While some claim that Islam's huge population in India is a result of violence and forced
conversion, the evidence does not back up this idea at all. Although Muslim leaders replaced
Hindu kings in most areas, society was left as it is. Stories of forced conversion are very few and
often not credible enough to warrant academic discussion.

If Islam spread through violence and warfare, the Muslim community today in India would exist
only in the areas closest to the rest of the Muslim world. Thus only the western part of the
subcontinent would have any Muslim population, if at all. What we see instead is pockets of
Islam throughout the Subcontinent. For example, Bangladesh and its 150 million Muslims are in
the Far east, separated from other Muslim-majority areas by Hindu lands in India. Isolated
communities of Muslims exist also in western Myanmar, central India, and eastern Sri Lanka.
These communities of Muslims are proof of Islam spreading peacefully throughout India,
regardless of whether or not a Muslim government existed there. If Islam spread by force as
some claim, these communities of Muslims would not exist.

Conclusion

Islam is an integral part of India and its history. As the Indian subcontinent remains today a
multi-ethnic and multi-religious place, it is important to understand the position Islam has in the
region. The political claims that some make regarding Islam as if it is an invading religion and
foreign to the people of India need to be defied with the truth of Islam's peaceful spread
throughout India.
Jinnah's 14 Points & The Nehru Report
The report was not acceptable to Muslims and both the Muslim members of the
Committee, Syed Ali Imam and Shoaib Qureshi, refused to sign it. Syed Ali
Imam could not attend the meetings of the Committee due to bad health.

Introduction

The wave of communal harmony between the Muslims and the Hindus in India, created in the
early 1920's by the symbiosis of the Khilafat Movement with M. K. Gandhi's Non-Cooperation
Movement was replaced by an atmosphere of grave mistrust between the two communities.
Jinnah's celebrated Fourteen Points, presented on 30 March 1929, were one passionate attempt to
make sense of the situation and reach upon a solution through parliamentary means within the
framework of a United India.

Background

Failure of Simon Commission

Under the Act of 1919, new reforms were to be introduced in India by the British Government
after every 10 years. For this purpose, Simon Commission was sent to India in 1927. Most of the
Indian political parties decided to boycott the Commission on the plea that it lacked Indian
representation. Lord Birkendhead, Secretary of State for Indian Affairs, challenged the Indians:

If they have any political capability and competence then they should form a unanimous
constitution and present it to us and we will implement it.
So, the Simon Commission as it was destined to failed.

Nehru Committee

After the failure of Simon Commission, there was no alternative for the British government but
to ask the local people to frame a constitution for themselves. Indian political parties accepted
the challenge and called an All Parties Conference at Delhi in January 1928. But, the Conference
failed to reach a conclusion on the issue of the rights of minorities. The second round of the All
Parties Conference was held in March the same year. Two sub-committees were formed but the
end result of the session was not different from the first one.

Nehru Report

Despite many hurdles, the Nehru Committee completed its task. And its report, commonly
known as Nehru Report, was presented in the fourth session of the All Parties Conference held in
August 1928. The Committee declared that it was useless to ask anything less than complete
Swaraj, and presented the following demands:

1. India should be given Dominion Status with the parliamentary form of government.

2. There should be a bicameral legislature consisting of senate and house of representatives. The
senate will comprise two hundred members elected for seven years, while the house of
representatives should consist of five hundred members elected for five years.

3. Governor-General will act on the advice of executive council. It was to be collectively

responsible to the parliament.

4. There should be federal form of government in India with residuary powers to be vested in
Centre.

5. There will be no separate electorate for minorities. It claimed since separate electorate
awakens communal sentiments therefore it should be scrapped and joint electorate should be
introduced.

6. System of weightage should not be adopted for any province.

7. There will be no reserved seats for communities in Punjab and Bengal. However, reservation
of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where Muslim population should be at least
ten percent.

8. Judiciary should be independent from the executive

9. There should be 1/4th Muslim representation at Centre.

10. Sind should be separated from Bombay provided it proves to be financially self-sufficient.
11. Reforms should be introduced in NWFP.

Muslims' Reaction

The report was not acceptable to Muslims and both the Muslim members of the Committee, Syed
Ali Imam and Shoaib Qureshi, refused to sign it. Syed Ali Imam could not attend the meetings of
the Committee due to bad health.

Amendments proposed by Quaid-i-Azam

In the fourth session of the All Parties Conference convened in

December to review the Nehru Report, Jinnah, representing the
Muslim League, presented following four amendments in the
report:

1. There should be no less than one-third Muslim representation

in the Central Legislature.

2. In event of the adult suffrage not being established, Punjab

and Bengal should have seats reserved for the Muslims on
population basis.

3. The form of the constitution should be Federal with residuary

powers vested in the provinces.

4. Sind should immediately be made a separate province and the

reforms should also be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan at
the earliest.

Rejection of Proposals

Jinnah's proposals were rejected when put to vote in All Parties

Conference. The Congress managed to get the majority vote in
favour of the Report.

Quaid-i-Azam's Fourteen Points

The League, after anxious and careful consideration, most

earnestly and emphatically laid down that no scheme for the
future constitution of the Government of India will be acceptable
to Muslims of India until and unless the following basic
principles are given effect to and provisions are embodied
therein to safeguard their rights and interests:

1. The form of the future constitution should be federal with the

residuary powers vested in the provinces.
2. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

3. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite
principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without
reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.

4. In the Central Legislative, Muslim representation shall not be less than one-third.

5. Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorate as at

present, provided it shall be open to any community at any time to abandon its separate
electorate in favour of a joint electorate.

6. Any territorial distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the
Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the North West Frontier Province.

7. Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association
and education, shall be guaranteed to all communities.

8. No bill or any resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other
elected body if three-fourth of the members of any community in that particular body oppose
such a bill resolution or part thereof on the ground that it would be injurious to the interests of
that community or in the alternative, such other method is devised as may be found feasible and
practicable to deal with such cases.

9. Sind should be separated from the Bombay presidency.

10. Reforms should be introduced in the North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the
same footing as in the other provinces.

11. Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate share, along with
the other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local self-governing bodies having due
regard to the requirements of efficiency.

12. The constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture
and for the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion, personal laws and
Muslim charitable institution and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state and by
local self-governing bodies.

13. No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed without there being a proportion of
at least one-third Muslim ministers.

14. No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature except with the
concurrence of the State's contribution of the Indian Federation.
Comparison

1. The Nehru Committee's greatest blow was the rejection of separate electorates but Quaid-i-
Azam was in the favour of separate Muslims electorate.

2. In 14 points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, weightage for minorities was demanded but Nehru in
his report did not compromise with our Quaid.

3. Nehru report demand strong Central Government. On the other hand Quaid-i-Azam believed
in provincial autonomy.

4. Jinnah was in the favour of inclusions of Muslims in the cabinet but Nehru was against the
inclusion of Muslims in the cabinet.

5. Quaid-i-Azam demanded 1/3rd representation in central government for Muslims but Nehru
report gave 1/4th representation to Muslims in central government.

6. It is true that demand of separation of Sind from Bombay was considered in the Nehru Report
as Jinnah mentioned in his 14 points but the condition of self-economy was also put forward.

Conclusion

The Nehru Report was nothing else than a Congress document and thus was totally opposed by
Muslims of the Subcontinent. The Hindus under Congress threatened the government with a
disobedience movement if the Nehru report was not implemented into the Act by December 31,
1929. This Hindu attitude proved to be a milestone in the freedom movement of the Muslims. It
also proved to be a turning point in the life of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. After reading the Nehru
Report, Jinnah announced a 'parting of the ways'. The Nehru Report reflected the inner prejudice
and narrow-minded approach of the Hindus.
World in Focus (Nov-Dec 2014)
National & International News & MCQs

National

Nov 16: Defender, a short film about the Pak Army that features various sections of the
military, won the best documentary award in its category at Rome Film Festival 2014.

Nov 17: Pakistan successfully revalidated the design and technical parameters of Shaheen-1A
(Hatf-IV), a nuclear-capable intermediate range ballistic missile.

Nov 17: The United States and Pakistan concluded the first phase of a confidence-building
dialogue linked to the Pakistani army chiefs maiden visit to the United States.

Nov 18: A three-member bench of the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Nasirul Mulk,
rejected the petitions seeking disqualification of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif declaring them
ineffective.

Nov 18: A new global study by London-based Institute for Economics and Peace ranked
Pakistan third on the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) list.

Iraq was the country hit hardest by terrorism, with 2,492 attacks that killed more than 6,300
people followed by Afghanistan and Pakistan, with Nigeria and Syria in fourth and fifth place
respectively.
Nov 19: Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) General Raheel Sharif, during his official visit to the
US, was conferred on US Legion of Merit Medal for brave leadership, sagacity, vision, efforts
for peace and stability in the region.

Nov 19: The Supreme Court disposed of a petition filed against October 12, 1999 military action
that removed the Nawaz Sharif government, declaring it infructuous.

Nov 21: The special court seized with trying Musharraf for high treason ordered the federal
government to include former prime minister Shaukat Aziz, former and existing federal minister
Zahid Hamid and former chief justice Abdul Hameed Dogar, as co-accused in the case.

Nov 21: Zahid Hamid, the minister named by a special court as one of the abettors of retired Gen
Pervez Musharraf, resigned.

Nov 23: University of the Punjab won the All Pakistan Bilingual Declamation Contest held at
PAF Academy Risalpur.

Nov 23: A Swiss federal tribunal ruled that a valuable jewellery set that was seized by authorities
in connection with investigations into allegations of graft, belonged to former president Asif Ali
Zardari or the legal heirs of the late Benazir Bhutto.

Nov 23: The UK Immigration officials imposed a fine of 2,000 on PIA flight PK-785 carrying
an air hostess bearing an expired passport.

Nov 24: Polio vaccination began in South Waziristan after a break of two-and-a-half years.

Nov 24: Another 50MW generated through the wind energy were added to the national grid after
the National Transmission and Dispatch Company got the test run of the wind energy plants at
Jhimpir (Nooriabad), near Hyderabad.

Nov 24: Pakistan has the world's fastest-growing nuclear programme capable of making up to
200 nuclear devices by the year 2020, a report entitled Strategic Stability in the Second Nuclear
Age Council, released by the Council on Foreign Relations said.

Nov 25: The Supreme Court held that provisions of the National Accountability Ordinance
(NAO), 1999, are applicable with equal force even to a person who is not holder of a public
office and ordered to proceed against a guarantor of Messers Ittefaq Foundries (Pvt) Ltd in a loan
default case.

Nov 25: The Lahore High Court suspended the recovery of debt servicing surcharge (DS-
surcharge) on electricity bills levied by the federal government at the rate of 30 paisa per unit.

Nov 25: With a score of 27.8 in the South Asia Women's Resilience Index, Pakistan is the worst
performer when it comes to women empowerment in the face of a disaster, be it natural,
economic and conflict related, revealed a latest report by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
Nov 26: Police recovered 26 girls, aged between five and 11 years, from a two-room house in
Liaquatabad C-1 area of Karachi.

Nov 26: President Mamnoon Hussain conferred Nishan-i-Imtiaz (Military) on Admiral Dr

Marsetio, Chief of the Indonesian Navy in recognition of his outstanding services towards further
cementing the defence cooperation between the two countries.

Nov 26: The chief minister of Punjab allowed free treatment to the retired officers of Pakistan
Administrative Service (PAS erstwhile DMG) and Police Service of Pakistan (PSP), who served
and got settled in Punjab, in all provincial hospitals. The free treatment is also allowed to the
dependent family members of these officers.

Nov 26: The Punjab government constituted a special police contingent trained to control mobs
and to disperse them effectively, when needed. The special police contingent includes male as
well as female personnel.

Nov 27: A brief meeting between Prime Ministers Nawaz Sharif and Narendra Modi salvaged
the Saarc summit, held at the Nepalese capital of Kathmandu, with all eight countries clinching a
last-minute deal to create a regional electricity grid.

Nov 28: Pakistan and Russia expressed their determination to remove all impediments in the way
of finalising plans and projects already agreed upon.

Nov 29: Over 1.5 million votes were rejected in the 2013 general elections, far more than the
number of ballots rejected in the 2002 and 2008 elections, according to an internal Election
Commission of Pakistan (ECP) document.

Nov 29: Independent candidate Inamullah Khan Niazi won the by-elections in PP-48
constituency of Darya Khan.

Nov 30: Pakistan emerged as the second largest donor for the World Food Programme (WFP)
with a donation of 150,000 metric ton wheat in 2013.

The donation was valued at Rs 5.5 billion ($52 million).

Dec 2: Pakistan's ranking in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

2014 improved. The TI described Pakistan's CPI score of 29 out of 100 and ranking of 126
among 175 countries as the best. The country has never achieved this distinction since the first
CPI was issued in 1995.

Dec 2: A blasphemy case was registered against singer-turned preacher Junaid Jamshed on the
directives of a district and sessions court for one of his televised sermons that is thought to
contain blasphemous remarks about a wife of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Dec 3: Police used batons to disperse a group of visually-impaired persons who had gathered on
International Day of Persons with Disabilities to protest against disregard of the job quota for
special persons and to raise voice for their rights.

Dec 4: The Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (Ecnec) approved eight
development projects worth Rs157 billion, including two signature projects of the ruling
Pakistan Muslim League-N first phase of Pakistan-China Economic Corridor (PCEC) and
another dedicated rapid transit system for Karachi from Saddar to Surjani.

Dec 4: Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Raheel Sharif said that the presence of non-state
actors was a direct threat to the states' internal security.

Addressing 8th International Defence Exhibition and Seminar IDEAS-2014 in Karachi, the
COAS said terrorists were trying to impose their ideology and that national security was the duty
of every institution.

Dec 4: Pakistan's prestigious Lux Style Awards was held in Karachi's Movenpick Hotel.

Dec 5: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif reiterated Pakistan's commitment to forging cooperative
relations with the Afghan national unity government. He was speaking at a meeting with British
Prime Minister David Cameron. They discussed Pakistan-UK relations, the regional situation
and other issues of mutual interest.

Dec 5: Newly-appointed Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Justice Sardar Mohammad Raza
Khan resigned as chief justice of the Federal Shariat Court.

Dec 5: An agreement was signed between Pakistan and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for
a loan of $150 million to rehabilitate and upgrade the capacity of two barrages, Trimmu and
Panjnad, in Punjab.

Dec 6: The Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the cabinet approved the release of
$16.46 million to the cash-starved PIA to enable it to induct aircraft on dry lease.

Dec 6: A key Al Qaeda commander Adnan el Shukrijumah was eliminated during a raid by Pak
Army at a compound in Shin Warsak area of South Waziristan Agency.

The 39-year-old Saudi of Guyanese origin was on the US Most Wanted List and carried a
reward of $5 million on his head.

Dec 6: Retired Justice Sardar Mohammad Raza Khan was sworn in as the 14th Chief Election
Commissioner (CEC) of Pakistan.

Dec 6: The Government of Pakistan's policy on electricity subsidies is regressive as it benefits

the richest and the most affluent segment of society more than the poorest in the country, the
World Bank claims.
In its latest report 'Addressing Inequality in South Asia', released on December 4, the World
Bank identified the most unjust and regressive part of the government's power policy where
taxpayers' money is offered as a power subsidy but to the benefit of the richest segment of the
society instead of the poor.

Dec 6: The tenure of US assistance under Kerry-Lugar-Berman (KLB) Act expired without
providing whole committed amount up to $7.5 billion for Pakistan.

Dec 7: The Lal Masjid-run Jamia Hafsa madrassa for girls expressed its support for the Islamic
State (IS) being led by Commander Abu Bakar Al Baghdadi.

Dec 8: An election tribunal ordered inspection of polling bags of the National Assembly
constituency NA-122, where NA Speaker Sardar Ayaz Sadiq had been declared victorious in
general elections 2013 against the PTI chief, Imran Khan.

Dec 8: During the last session of the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) legislative assembly, a resolution
criticising remarks made by Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Pervaiz Rasheed
and Defence Minister Khawaja Asif that GB is not a constitutional part of Pakistan, was adopted.

Dec 9: The Supreme Court disposed of a set of identical petitions seeking the disqualification of
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif as the counsels failed to convince the court that the premier had
misstated facts on the floor of the house.

Dec 9: The kidnapped Punjab Assembly member Rana Jamil Hassan was recovered from the
Taliban militants in Khyber Agency.

Dec 9: At the 19th session of Pakistan-Iran Joint Economic Commission (JEC), Pakistan and
Iran signed five MoUs to boost cooperation in the field of investment, economic and technical
assistance, small and medium enterprises, ports and handicraft.

Dec 10: MQM chief, Altaf Hussain, sent the Karachi and London-based members of the top
decision-making forum packing and asked his workers to prove that the MQM can work
without them.

Dec 10: The Supreme Court suspended a Nov 25 verdict of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) Anti-Terrorism
Court, convicting media tycoon and Geo TV owner Mir Shakeelur Rahman.

Dec 10: Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif granted approval to enhance the quota of jobs for
the disabled from two per cent to three per cent besides lifting ban on their recruitment.

Dec 10: An audit report exonerated ministry of water and power of over-billing in the month of
July and, on top of that, the government has decided not to give Rs.8 billion relief to the people it
had earlier announced on account of inflated bills.

Dec 12: The country escaped a national power breakdown by a minute margin as some technical
fault either in one of the dams or the 500kV transmission lines triggered a domino effect and
took the entire system down, suspending supplies to the entire country, except Karachi and some
parts of lower Sindh and to some parts of Balochistan.

Dec 12: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a Rs2.32 per unit reduction in electricity tariff.

Dec 12: Co-chairperson of the Pakistan People's Party and former president Asif Ali Zardari was
finally acquitted in two corruption references filed against him about 17 years ago.

Dec 12: The caretaker Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan Sher Jahan Mir took oath of his office.
Governor Gilgit-Baltistan Pir Syed Karam Ali Shah administered the oath.

Dec 12: The government decided to keep the ban on YouTube for an indefinite period after a
secret trial opening of the video-sharing website.

Dec 13: PTI and the MWM leaders challenged in the Supreme Court the appointment of the
newly-appointed Gilgit-Balistan CEC Justice (retd) Tahir Ali Shah, contending that he was
'unsuitable' for the post because of his alleged close association with the ruling PML-N.

Dec 15: An antiterrorism court declared Dr Tahirul Qadri a proclaimed offender and issued his
arrest warrants in a case of kidnapping and attacking policemen as well as arson at the Lillah
motorway interchange.

Economy

Nov 17: The government announced to lift a ban on new gas schemes in the country.

Nov 17: The Asian Development Bank announced an interim plan for six sectors including
energy and transport; agriculture and natural resources; rural development; water supply and
other urban infrastructure and services; finance; and public sector management to which the
ADB assistance will continue.

Nov 19: The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) and
Shanghai Chamber of Commerce China signed an agreement for the joint construction of
maritime Silk Road economic cooperation and promotion of common development.

Nov 22: According to the 'Paying Taxes 2015 Study, a report jointly released by the World
Bank and PwC, tax filing time has increased by 17 hours in Pakistan due to the introduction of a
new provincial VAT (value-added tax) system.

Nov 26: Pakistan raised $1 billion from the international Islamic bond market by selling its
Sukuk papers at 6.75 per cent profit rate.

Dec 3: KASB Securities Limited (KSL) was back in business after the Securities and Exchange
Commission of Pakistan (SECP) lifted its suspension of trading facilities imposed on November
18.
Dec 3: Qatar Investment Authority, an investment institution of the Qatar government,
announced to make huge investment in Pakistan in various national development projects
especially energy generation, gas supply and other sectors.

Dec 7: Sindh increased sugarcane price to Rs182 per maund after growers' mounted protests
against the price temporarily fixed at Rs155 by the agriculture department.

Dec 10: The State Bank of Pakistan claimed in its annual report that the fiscal year 2013-14 was
a better year for macro-economy, though most of the targets set for the year could not be
achieved, except the fiscal deficit which remained lower than the target.

The report also indicated that the government had artificially managed to bring down the fiscal
deficit to 5.5 per cent as it did not pay the amount due in FY14.

Dec 10: Meezan Bank's Annual Report 2013 was awarded the 'Certificate of Merit' in the private
banks category by South Asian Federation of Accountants.

Education

Nov 19: Higher Education Commission Pakistan (HEC) declared MCom (3 years programme)
equal to MPhil/MS of Commerce.

Dec 15: The University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF) set up Waris Shah Chair for research
on the Punjabi classic poet.

Appointments and Transfers

Nov 17: President Mamnoon Hussain administered the oath to retired Maj Gen Niaz Mohammad
Khan Khattak as chairman of the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC).

Nov 19: President Mamnoon Hussain granted one year extension to Pakistan Agricultural
Research Council (PARC) Chairman Dr Iftikhar Ahmed.

Nov 21: CEO of Peshawar Electric Supply Company (Pesco), Brigadier (Retd) Tariq Saddozai,
was appointed as the chairman of NEPRA for five years.

Nov 24: The Secretary of Narcotics Control Division, Muhammad Akbar Khan Hoti, was
appointed as director general of the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA).

Acting DG FIA Ghalib Ahmad Bandesha will assume the charge as secretary Narcotics Control
Division.

Nov 25: Enver Baig, the chairman of Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP), resigned from
his post. He was later made the chairman of Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation
(PIDC).
Nov 27: The board of directors of the K-Electric Limited appointed Tayyab Tareen as the Chief
Executive Officer.

Dec 1: Federal Ombudsman Salman Faruqi was given additional charge of Federal Tax
Ombudsman (FTO) as the incumbent FTO Abdul Rauf Chaudhry went on one-month leave.

Dec 4: On the advice of the prime minister, President Mamnoon Hussain approved the
appointment of Justice Sardar Mohammad Raza Khan, the incumbent Chief Justice of Federal
Shariat Court, as the new Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan. The parliamentary
committee for the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) had agreed on the
name of Justice Khan only a day ahead of the apex court's deadline.

Dec 9: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appointed Sher Jahan Mir as caretaker chief minister of
Gilgit-Baltistan after the legislative assembly completed its five-year tenure.

Earlier President Mamnoon Hussain, on recommendation of the prime minister, made

amendments in the GB Empowerment and Self-governance Order, 2009, because there was no
provision in the law for setting up a caretaker government in Gilgit-Baltistan.

Dec 11: President Mamnoon Hussain, on the advice of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, approved
the appointment of Justice Fida Muhammad Khan, the senior-most judge of the Federal Shariat
Court as Acting Chief Justice. The President authorised Justice Sheikh Najmul Hasan, the next
senior Judge of the FSC to administer the oath of office to the Acting Chief Justice.

Dec 13: The government decided to appoint Sohail Mahmood as Pakistan's new ambassador to
Turkey. He will be replacing Muhammad Haroon Shaukat.

Dec 15: The government appointed Dr Maleeha Lodhi as the new ambassador to the United
Nations. She succeeds Ambassador Masood Khan and will assume her new assignment in
February 2015.

Science

Nov 23: While the scientists around the globe are in search of efficient enzymes that can
simplify the process of starch hydrolysis for glucose and maltose production, four scientists of
the PU's Institute of Agricultural Sciences, including Dr Nasir Ahmad, Dr Muhammad Saleem
Haider, and School of Biological Sciences Dr Naeem Rashid, Dr Muhammad Akhtar, discovered
a novel thermo-acidophilic enzyme.

It is worth mentioning that there is not even a single unit of enzyme production in Pakistan.

Sports

Nov 17: M. Inayatullah took the winner's trophy in the prestigious Premier category
comprising top 10 players of the country at the Danpak 4th Ranking Scrabble Tournament held
at the Beach Luxury Hotel, Karachi. A record 84 players featured in four categories.
Nov 17: Experienced wrestler Mohammad Inam lifted bronze medal for Pakistan in the fourth
edition of the Asian Beach Games being held in Phuket, Thailand.

Nov 22: Iman Qureshi won the women's singles title of the 2nd Hassan Tariq Rahim Masters
Cup Tennis tournament.

Nov 22: Pakistan lifted bronze medal when they defeated Bahrain 2-1 in the bronze medal match
of the men's handball competitions of the 4th Asian Beach Games at Phuket, Thailand.

Nov 23: Three-year-old bay colt, Risk Free, lifted the Shah Mardan Shah II Pir Pagara VII
Memorial Cup at the Karachi Racecourse.

Nov 23: Pakistan kabaddi team won the silver medal after losing to Iran in the final of the 4th
Asian Beach Games men's Kabaddi.

Nov 24: Madeha Hussain of Punjab Law College won a gold medal for the first time in the
Punjab University Intercollegiate Karate Championships. Noor Asfia of the same college won
the silver medal.

Dec 4: Star-studded polo team Witribe Shahsawars won the Grace King land Polo Cup held at
the Lahore Polo Club.

Dec 5: New Zealand beat Pakistan in the second Twenty20 international in Dubai to level the
two-match series.

Dec 7: India beat two-time winners and defending champions Pakistan in a thrilling final to be
crowned champions of Blind Cricket World Cup.

Dec 7: Rawalpindi's Ghazanfar Mahmood with an aggregate score of 218 retained the trophy of
the three-day Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) Amateur Golf championship at the Royal Palm Golf
Course, Lahore.

Dec 7: Pakistan won the title of men's International Handball Tournament by outplaying Yemen
in the final played at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF).

Dec 8: Karar Hussain of the DHA shot one under par 71 to win the amateurs gross crown in the
Atlas Honda golf tournament played over 18-holes at the Arabian Sea Country Club (ASCC).

Dec 12: Former senator Salim Saifullah Khan took over as president of the Pakistan Tennis
Federation (PTF) as his group was elected unopposed.

Dec 13: Pakistan edged out hosts India 4-3 in a thrilling semi-final to set up a Champions
Trophy field hockey title clash against Olympic gold medallist Germany.
Dec 13: The first game of the five-match series between Pakistan A and Kenya was played at
the Gaddafi Stadium in what was said to be the revival of international cricket in Pakistan.

Obituaries

Nov 18: Renowned industrialist and former minister Shahzada Alam Monnoo died. He was 80.

Nov 19: Renowned trainer, consultant and motivational speaker Nadeem Chawhan passed away.
Chawhan was called The Vizier of Storytelling due to his enigmatic, humorous and insightful
style of engaging audiences.

Nov 23: Educationist, lyricist, writer and critic Ahmed Aqeel Ruby passed away at 75.

Nov 25: Founder member of Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) and its former Punjab president
Ahsan Rasheed passed away.

Nov 29: Dr Khalid Mehmood Soomro, secretary general of the Sindh chapter of the Jamiat
Ulema-i-Islam-Fazl, was gunned down at a mosque adjacent to Madressah Haqqania in Sukkurs
SITE area. He was 55.

Nov 29: Former Lahore High Court Chief Justice Rashid Aziz Khan passed away.

Dec 8: Veteran communist leader Comrade Sobho Gianchandani died. He was 95.

Dec 8: Renowned tennis coach Qamaruddin, the father of Davis Cupper Nomi Qamar, passed
away.

Dec 9: Usman Ahmed Bilour, the younger son of Awami National Partys late leader Bashir
Ahmad Bilour, died. He was 43.

Dec 10: Mansoor Malangi, the great Seraiki singer died. He was 66.

Dec 11: Renowned Pashto poet Ikramullah Gran Bacha passed away. He was 73.

Dec 12: Noted scholar and former Balochistan Education director, Dr Inamul Haq Kausar,
passed away.

The author of 80 books, Dr Kausar rendered meritorious services in the fields of education and
literature. He was also awarded with pride of performance and many other accolades.

Dec 14: One of the pioneers in neurosurgery in Pakistan, Prof Bashir Ahmed, passed away.

Dec 15: Adviser to PPP's Parliamentary Group in the National Assembly and Senate Izhar
Amrohvi passed away at 82.
People in News

Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah

Nov 21: President Mamnoon Hussain decorated Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah, Chief of Naval
Staff with Nishan-i-Imtiaz (Military) in recognition of his long meritorious services,
exceptionally commendable performance and inspirable devotion of duty.

Raniya Hosain

Nov 21: Raniya Hosain, a 15-year-old Pakistani student won praise from the Duchess of
Cornwall after being declared winner in the Commonwealth Essay competition.

Raniya, who wrote a descriptive essay about Pakistan's contribution to the Commonwealth, won
in the senior category and was especially flown over from Pakistan to take part in a ceremony at
the Buckingham Palace.

Nov 26: A gold medal was awarded to Prof Dr Masood Sadiq, dean of the Children's Hospital
and Institute of Child Health, by President Mamnoon Hussain at the opening ceremony of the
22nd International Biennial Paediatrics Conference in recognition of his services in the field of
paediatric cardiology in Pakistan.

Cecil Chaudhry

Nov 29: The government renamed a portion of Lawrence Road to honour the late Cecil
Chaudhry, a war veteran of the Pakistan Air Force.

Ushna Suhail

Nov 29: Pakistan ladies tennis champion and FFC Sports Ambassador Ushna Suhail became
Pakistan's first female tennis player to enter International Tennis Federation (ITF) rankings.

Fawad Khan

Nov 29: Pakistan's Fawad Khan was honoured with the Best Bollywood Debut award at the
Masala Awards 2014 held in Dubai.

Bilal Tanweer

Dec 3: Writer and translator Bilal Tanweer won the 2014 Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize for his
novel The Scatter Here Is Too Great.

The judges for this years award were: Amit Chaudhuri, Aatish Taseer and Mridula Koshy.

Malala Yousufzai & Kailash Satyarthi

Dec 10: Malala Yousufzai received the Nobel Peace Prize as the youngest ever laureate, sharing
her award with Indian child rights campaigner Kailash Satyarthi.

Nobel winners receive $1.1 million (roughly 110 million rupees), which is shared in the case of
joint wins.

Tahira Yasub

Dec 12: Tahira Yasub became the first woman superintendent of police (SP) in Gilgit-Baltistan
region.

Shaukat Aziz

Dec 14: The Asian Business Leadership Forum gave 'ABLE Statesman' award to the former
Prime Minister of Pakistan, Shaukat Aziz, on playing an excellent role in the financial progress
of Pakistan in the Asian Union.

Sadruddin Hashwani

Dec 15: Prominent businessman of Pakistan and Chairman of Hashoo Group, Sadruddin
Hashwani was honoured with ABLE lifetime achievement Award.

Places in News

Washington

Nov 18: The Pentagon hosted COAS Gen Raheel Sharif for talks with top American defence
leaders on US-Pakistan military-to-military relations. Gen Sharif's delegation was greeted with a
full honour guard.

Lahore

Nov 21: During a public gathering in Lahore, Jamaati-Islami Emir Sirajul Haq unveiled his
'people's agenda' containing all features of a welfare state. Presenting himself for accountability
as two-time senior minister in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government, he expressed hope that the
incumbent and former presidents and prime ministers will follow suit to promote good
democratic traditions.

Lahore

Nov 24: Fifty noted Muslim scholars and leaders of Islamic movements from 30 countries
reaffirmed their pledge of peaceful preaching of Islam and refraining from violence for the
cause.

These leaders came to Pakistan to attend Jamaat-e-Islami's three-day convention at Minar-e-

Pakistan.
Lahore

Nov 30: The 7th plenary session of the Asian Parliamentary Assembly started in Lahore. As
many as 126 parliamentarians from 25 Asian countries attended session of the APA which was
launched in 2004.

Karachi

Dec 4: 8th International Defence Exhibition IDEAS-2014 was held in Karachi.

Islamabad

Dec 9: A three-day international conference on sustainable development opened in Islamabad.

The conference is being attended by representatives from more than 16 South Asian countries
and over 50 international experts.

New Delhi

Dec 12: The India-Pakistan Parliamentarians Dialogue-VI, which concluded in New Delhi,
suggested eleven modes which could be used actively to facilitate the resumption of dialogue on
terms that are mutually acceptable.

The Dialogue was organised by Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency
(Pildat).

International

Nov 17: Almost 36 million people are living as slaves across the globe with an index listing
Mauritania, Uzbekistan, Haiti, Qatar and India as the nations where modern-day slavery is most
prevalent, a report by an Australia-based human rights group The Walk Free Foundation, said.

Nov 17: Authorities in Burkina Faso named former foreign minister Michel Kafando as
countrys transitional president.

Nov 18: A United Nations General Assembly committee adopted a Pakistani-sponsored

resolution reaffirming that the universal realisation of the right of peoples to self-determination
was a fundamental condition for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights.

Nov 19: Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa unconditionally pardoned and released five
Tamil Nadu fishermen who had been sentenced to death for drug trafficking by the Colombo
High Court.

Nov 19: Spanish lawmakers adopted a motion calling on their government to recognise a
Palestinian state. The motion was adopted nearly unanimously with 319 in favour, two against,
and one abstention.
Nov 19: Colonel Isaac Zida, the military officer who took power after the fall of Burkina Faso
president Blaise Compaore, was named country's interim prime minister.

Nov 19: Malaysia became the only Muslim country making it to the top 10 in the Global Giving
Index 2014 released by Charities Aid Foundation (CAF); a 90-year-old charity in the United
Kingdom. The report was based on Gallup data collected across 135 countries.

Nov 19: Oxford Dictionaries picked vape the act of smoking an e-cigarette as their new
word of the year, with the affectionate bae and the more pragmatic contactless as runners-up.

Nov 19: Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, called
on the Muslim world to denounce the monstrous crimes of the extremist group that seeks to
establish an Islamic state in Iraq and Syria.

Nov 21: A study by the Swiss bank UBS and luxury industry consultant Wealth-X revealed that
a bare 0.004 per cent of the world's adult population controls nearly $30 trillion in assets, 13pc of
the world's total wealth.

The report said 211,275 people qualify as ultra-high net worth (UHNW) those with assets
above $30 million. Of them, 2,325 have more than $1 billion.

Nov 21: Prosecutors filed suits against government officials in Spain's powerful north-eastern
region of Catalonia for staging a vote on secession that had been ordered suspended by the
constitutional court.

The prosecutor's office urged Catalonia's regional court to investigate possible charges of grave
disobedience, abuse of public funds, prevarication, usurpation of powers and obstructing justice
against Catalan regional President Artur Mas and two other regional officials for staging the
November 9 non-binding ballot.

Nov 21: The United Nations adopted the first-ever resolution calling on governments to stop
child marriages.

About 15 million girls worldwide become child brides each year and globally, more than 700
million women were married before the age of 18. Unless action is taken, some 1.2 billion girls
will be married by 2050, says the Girls Not Brides coalition of non-governmental organisations.

Nov 21: US President Barack Obama announced sweeping immigration reforms that will allow
almost five million immigrants to legalise their status in the United States.

Nov 21: In a stunning upset, 17-year-old Pakistani prodigy, Moiz Baig, defeated Nigel Richards,
the reigning world champion and arguably the greatest player of all times in the Scrabble
Champions Tournament 2014 in London.
Nov 22: President Barack Obama signed an order that permits American personnel to continue to
fight the Taliban and other militant groups that pose a threat to either the US forces or Afghan
government even after the proposed pullout of most units in December 2014.

Nov 22: Chinese director Lou Ye's drama Blind Massage, starring blind amateur actors as
massage therapists scooped six gongs out of seven nominations at the Golden Horse Film
Awards, touted as the Chinese language Oscars.

Nov 22: The first bus in Britain powered entirely by human and food waste made its first
journey.

Bio-Bus, a 40-seater shuttle service between Bath and Bristol Airport, can travel up to 186 miles
on just one tank of gas which is generated through the treatment of sewage and food waste
deemed unfit for human consumption.

Nov 22: A Tunisian woman Fatma Ben Guefrache, who is also a computer scientist, won a
pageant exclusively for Muslims in Indonesia. Fatma received a prize which includes a gold
watch, a gold dinar and a mini pilgrimage to Mecca.

Nov 23: Afghanistan's parliament approved agreements with the US and Nato allowing
international troops to remain in the country past the end of this year.

Nov 23: Israel's cabinet approved a contentious bill to officially define as the nation state of the
Jewish people.

Nov 24: US Defence Secretary Chuck Hagel resigned from his post.

Nov 24: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoan told a meeting on women's rights that gender
equality was contrary to nature and said feminists did not recognise the value of motherhood.

Nov 24: South Korea's education minister apologised and the head of the national exam board
resigned after accepting that there were errors in two questions in the country's cutthroat college
entrance test.

Nov 25: Nepal and India signed a deal to build a $1-billion hydropower plant. The deal allows
India's state-owned company Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam to construct a 900-megawatt hydropower
project on Nepal's Arun river, with electricity expected to be generated from 2021.

Nov 25: An influential Bangladesh ex-minister, Abdul Latif Siddique, was jailed over remarks
criticising the annual Muslim Haj pilgrimage. He had called the Muslim ritual Haj a waste of
manpower.

Nov 25: A grand jury, comprising nine white and three black members, in Ferguson determined
that officer Darren Wilson, who shot and killed black teenager Michael Brown in August, should
face no charges. Riots erupted overnight after the decision was announced.
Nov 25: At a meeting of the Saarc Foreign Ministers' Council, it was decided to give up 30-year-
old tradition of holding Saarc summit annually. Now from this year, the Saarc will be having its
summit biannually.

Nov 25: Afia Nathaniel's road trip thriller Dukhtar won the awards for 'Best Director' and
'Audience Award for Best Feature' at the 11th South Asian Film Festival (SAIFF) held in New
York City.

Nov 26: South Asian leaders, including from India and Pakistan, discussed trade and energy
cooperation and regional peace, but did not reach a consensus on expected transportation and
energy agreements at the 18th Summit of the Saarc.

Nov 26: Britain unveiled The Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill, a draft legislation to ban
extremist preachers from universities, increase surveillance on suspected radicals and stem the
flow of jihadists joining the Islamic Stage group.

Nov 26: Iran's parliament approved Iranian Red Crescent chief Mohammad Farhadi as the new
science minister.

Nov 26: The United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to extend its peacekeeping
mission in South Sudan.

Nov 27: A team of scientists led by Dr Francis Collins and Dr Anthony Fauci successfully
conducted the first human trial of an experimental Ebola vaccine.

Nov 27: The World Trade Organisation (WTO) adopted the first worldwide trade reform in its
history. The agreement means the WTO will introduce new standards for customs checks and
border procedures. Streamlining the flow of trade will add as much as $1 trillion and 21 million
jobs to the world economy.

Nov 29: The World Bank (WB) said it will loan East African nations $1.2 billion to improve
inland waterways and ports in Kenya and Tanzania, as part of efforts to boost integration in the
region.

Nov 29: Taiwan's premier, Jiang Yi-huah, resigned after his Beijing-friendly ruling party
suffered a landslide defeat at the island's biggest ever local elections.

Nov 29: An Egyptian court dropped its case against former president Hosni Mubarak over the
killing of protesters in the 2011 uprising.

Nov 30: Swiss voters overwhelmingly rejected proposals that would have forced the central bank
to buy huge amounts of gold and imposed strict curbs on immigration.

Nov 30: Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy gained control over the centre-right
opposition and established a steppingstone in his attempt to run the country again.
Dec 1: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan held talks in Ankara with his Russian
counterpart Vladimir Putin aimed at boosting trade and strengthening relations, despite sharp
differences over the crisis in Syria and Ukraine.

Dec 1: The Asian Parliamentary Assembly (APA) executive council, which consists of 25
members, approved the constitution of a special committee to mobilise support and prepare a
strategy for establishing Asian Parliament.

Dec 2: Chan Kin-man, Benny Tai Yiu-ting and Chu Yiu-ming, the original founders of Hong
Kong's pro-democracy Occupy Movement announced they would surrender by turning
themselves in to police and urged protesters on the streets to retreat.

Dec 2: Nato member countries approved a new interim quick-reaction military force to protect
themselves from Russia or other threats.

Dec 2: Ukraine's Parliament approved the formation of a new government, bringing an end to the
political wrangling following an October election.

The cabinet approved by lawmakers will be headed by Arseniy Yatsenyuk, who has served as
prime minister since February.

Dec 2: France's lower house of parliament voted to urge the government to recognise a
Palestinian state. The vote, approved with 339 votes to 151, is non-binding.

Dec 2: India successfully test-fired the nuclear-capable strategic ballistic missile Agni-IV, with a
strike range of about 4,000km.

Dec 3: A 900-kilometre railway linking Centra l Asia to the trade routes of the Persian Gulf
through Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Iran was launched.

The route permits train service from Kazakhstan`s city of Uzen through Turkmenistan to Iran's
Gorgan.

Dec 4: The US Congress extended the Coalition Support Fund for Pakistan for a year but has
also included some new conditions in its final budget proposals.

Dec 4: Tunisia's first full elected parliament appointed Mohammed Nacer, vice president of the
secular Nidaa Tounes party that won 86 of the 217 seats, as its speaker.

Dec 5: The British Museum sent one of its most precious artefacts for display in Russia, in a
gesture of diplomacy amid the biggest rift in relations between the government in Moscow and
Nato countries since the Cold War.

Dec 5: US President Barack Obama officially nominated a former Pentagon official Ashton
Carter as his new Secretary of Defence. He replaced Chuck Hagel who resigned on Nov 24 but
will continue to serve until the Senate confirms Mr Carter.
Dec 5: The House of Representatives adopted an annual US defence spending bill which
includes emergency funding for military operations against Islamic jihadists in Iraq and Syria.

The Republican-led House passed the measure by a vote of 300 to 119.

Dec 5: The International Criminal Court's chief prosecutor dropped a case against Kenyan
President Uhuru Kenyatta alleging crimes against humanity, saying there was insufficient
evidence to take him to trial.

Dec 6: Members of parliament voted Somalia's prime minister out of office for the second time
in a year.

Dec 6: Britain signed a deal with Bahrain that will bolster the United Kingdom's military
presence in the island nation and give it a more permanent naval base in the oil-rich Persian Gulf
region.

Dec 6: An additional 1,000 US troops will remain in Afghanistan next year to meet a temporary
shortfall in Nato forces, US Defence Secretary Chuck Hagel said during a visit to Kabul.

Dec 6: UN General Assembly's Economic and Financial Committee adopted a resolution

outlining the plan, which was proposed by developing countries and strongly backed by
Argentina, to develop a new legal framework to restructure national debts and avoid the kind of
speculative action that led Argentina to a second default.

Dec 6: The Maldives declared two days of public holidays in a bid to manage fraying tempers
and ration supply following a drinking water crisis.

Dec 8: The US and Nato closed their combat command in Afghanistan, more than 13 years after
invading the country in the wake of the Sept 11 terror attacks to target Al Qaeda and Osama bin
Laden.

Dec 8: In Australia's emotional opening Test against India in Adelaide, the late Phillip Hughes
was symbolically named 13th man.

Dec 8: Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah appointed new ministers for health, higher education,
transport, agriculture, information and Islamic affairs as part of the kingdom's broadest reshuffle
of second-tier posts in years.

Dec 8: The Los Angeles Film Critics Association named Richard Linklater's Boyhood, a 12-
year experiment, their best picture of 2014.

Linklater also earned a best director honour for his film, while Patricia Arquette picked up the
best actress.
Dec 9: German Chancellor Angela Merkel was re-elected unopposed as chief of her conservative
party.

Dec 9: The six-member Gulf Cooperation Council announced to create a regional police force,
known as GCC-POL, which will be based out of the UAE's capital of Abu Dhabi.

Dec 9: The US Senate Intelligence Committee released a report on the CIA's use of torture for
coercing information from terror suspects after the attacks of Sept 11, 2001.

Dec 9: The Israeli military's destruction of civilian buildings during its Protective Edge offensive
in summer 2014 amounted to war crimes and must be investigated, Amnesty International said.

Dec 10: The United States senate confirmed the nomination of Richard Rahul Verma as the next
US ambassador to India.

Dec 10: Ziad Abu Ein, 55, a Palestinian minister without portfolio, died shortly after Israeli
border guards shoved and grabbed him by the throat.

Dec 10: Poland's top court ruled that Jewish and Muslim communities can perform kosher and
halal slaughter, striking down a two-year-old ban as an unconstitutional breach of religious
freedom.

Dec 10: Time magazine named the medics who have treated patients struck with the killer Ebola
virus as its Person of the Year 2014, paying tribute to their courage and mercy.

Dec 10: E. H. Shepard's original ink-drawing of an iconic literary illustration depicting Winnie-
the-Pooh and his friends playing poohsticks sold at auction in London for a record-breaking
314,500 ($490,470).

The sale of the much-loved A. A. Milne characters Pooh, Christopher Robin and Piglet broke the
world record for any book illustration in the sale at Sotheby's auction house.

Dec 10: President Robert G. Mugabe of Zimbabwe dismissed his vice president Joice Mujuru.

Dec 12: US lawmakers approved fresh economic sanctions against Russia, a move likely to
anger President Vladimir Putin as American lawmakers toughen their response to Kremlin's
continued support to rebels in eastern Ukraine.

Dec 12: The Federal Constitutional Court, Germany's top court, rejected a bid by leftist
opposition parties to call former NSA contractor Edward Snowden as a witness in a
parliamentary probe of US intelligence activities.

Dec 12: Nearly 6,600 people have now died from the Ebola virus, almost all of them in west
Africa, the World Health Organisation said.
Dec 12: The Portuguese parliament adopted a recommendation calling upon the government to
recognise the Palestinian state, drawing votes from the majority and the opposition.

Dec 12: China banned playing its national anthem at weddings, funerals, balls or other non-
political functions and it will now only be performed at certain dignified events.

Dec 13: Iran extended temporary visas for 450,000 Afghan refugees for six months, lifting a
threat to send them back home.

Dec 14: About 190 nations agreed to the building blocks of a new-style global deal due in 2015
to combat climate change.

Dec 14: Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won comfortable re-election in a snap poll.

Dec 14: Hazem Sherif, a Syrian from war-torn Aleppo, was declared the winner of this year's
'Arab Idol' singing contest.

Dec 15: The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution by consensus on promoting

interreligious and intercultural dialogue under which the 193-member body affirmed that mutual
understanding and dialogue were important components of the culture of peace.

Dec 15: Miss South Africa, 22-year-old Rolene Strauss, was crowned Miss World 2014 at the
pageant's final in London.

Sports

Nov 16: India beat Sri Lanka to secure a 5-0 series whitewash in the One-day International
series.

Nov 16: Bangladesh thrashed Zimbabwe by 186 to sweep the test series 3-0.

Nov 17: American twins Bob and Mike Bryan claimed the ATP Tour Finals title for the fourth
time.

Nov 18: India seamer Bhuvneshwar Kumar won the Polly Umrigar Award for 2013-14 when he
was declared India's best international cricketer for 2013-14.

Nov 21: India clinched the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) Women's Championship,
outclassing Nepal.

Nov 22: Pole vault world record holder Renaud Lavillenie and Olympic shot put champion
Valerie Adams were named World Athletes of the Year by the International Association of
Athletics Federations (IAAF).

Nov 23: British driver Lewis Hamilton clinched his second Formula One title with victory at the
season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.
Nov 23: Roger Federer defeated Richard Gasquet to seal Switzerland's maiden Davis Cup title.

Nov 26: Lionel Messi netted his fifth Champions League hat trick in 91 matches to take his tally
to 74. The previous record of 71 goals had been set by former Real Madrid and Schalke striker
Raul over the course of 142 matches.

Nov 28: Brendon McCullum scored the fastest test century by a New Zealand batsman on only
78 balls. The earlier record was of 81 balls by Ross Taylor.

Nov 29: The 14-year-old Chinese snooker sensation Yan Bingtao won the fully stretched final of
the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF) world amateur championship, held in
Bangalore after defeating Pakistan's Mohammad Sajjad.

Nov 30: Rising American star Jordan Spieth dominated the final round to win the Australian
Open Golf by six shots.

Dec 1: Left-arm spinner Taijul Islam became the first cricketer to claim a hat-trick on his debut
in a One-day International.

Dec 3: Pakistan and New Zealand dedicated the trophy for their two Twenty20 matches in the
Dubai to the memory of late Australian batsman Phillip Hughes.

Dec 3: Sri Lankan batsman Kumar Sangakkara became only the fourth batsman in history to
surpass 13,000 ODI runs.

Dec 8: Argentina beat Australia 3-1 in a penalty shootout in the final of the Women's Champions
Trophy.

Dec 9: New Zealand's Ross Taylor equalled the record of most successive hundreds in ODIs by
making an unbeaten 105 in the first match of the five-match series against Pakistan at Dubai
International Cricket Stadium. It was Ross Taylor's third successive hundred in one dayers.

Pakistan's Zaheer Abbas and Saeed Anwar and South African Herschelle Gibbs, Arabham de
Villiers and Quinton de Kock, have also scored three hundreds in successive ODIs.

Dec 9: World number one Rory McIlroy won the Golf Writers Trophy for the second time in
three years.

Dec 10: Former Australia captain Ricky Ponting was appointed head coach of Indian Premier
League side Mumbai Indians.

Dec 13: China's world No.5 Feng Shanshan, the highest ranked player in the field, completed a
dominant wire-to-wire victory at the 500,000 euros Ladies European Masters her second win
in the European Tour's season-ending championship in three years.
Dec 14: British boxer Amir Khan won a 12-round bout over former champion Devon Alexander
in a welterweight matchup.

Dec 14: Olympic hockey gold-medallists Germany added the Champions Trophy to their list of
laurels with a 2-0 victory over spirited Pakistan in the final.

Dec 15: Double Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton, who won 11 grands prix for
Mercedes in 2014, was named BBC Sports Personality of the Year. The award is widely
regarded as Britain's most prestigious cross-sports accolade.

Obituaries

Nov 16: Ian Craig, the youngest player to play Test cricket for Australia, died aged 79. Ian had
debuted in 1953 at 17 years and 239 days.

Nov 16: Alexander Grothendieck, one of the greatest mathematical minds of the twentieth
century, died. He was 86.

Alexander is known for his excavating new ground in the field known as algebraic geometry and
supplied a theoretical foundation for the solving of some of the most vexing conundrums of
modern mathematics.

Nov 25: Legendary Kathak dancer Sitara Devi died at a hospital in Mumbai. She was 94.

Born in 1920 in Kolkata, Sitara Devi drew from the themes, poetry and choreography collected
by her father. Having appeared in a clutch of successful movies in which she invariably had a
dancing role, Sitara Devi last performed a classic Holi dance in Mother India. Thus she
connected two great movie makers, Mehboob who cast her in her last role in Mother India, and
K. Asif of Mughal-i-Azam fame to whom she was married for some time.

Nov 26: Lebanese singer and actress Sabah, an icon of Arab music, died at 87.

Nov 27: British detective writer P. D. James, the creator of the best-selling series featuring
poetry-writing sleuth Adam Dalgliesh, died at the age of 94.

Nov 30: Mark Strand, whose spare, deceptively simple investigations of rootlessness, alienation
and ineffable strangeness of life made him one of America's most hauntingly meditative poets,
died at 80.

Dec 2: Veteran Indian movie comedian Deven Verma passed away. He was 77.

Economy

Nov 17: China and Australia sealed a landmark free trade agreement more than a decade in the
making, significantly expanding ties between the two countries.
Nov 27: The European Parliament approved overwhelmingly a resolution calling on the EU to
consider ordering search engines to separate their commercial services from their businesses.

Dec 1: Turkey assumed the presidency of the G20 group of major economies for the first time in
its history.

Dec 2: Iraq's government and the autonomous Kurdish region announced an agreement resolving
their longstanding disputes over the budget and oil exports.

People in Places

Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

Nov 19: A Christian named Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was inaugurated as governor of the
Indonesian capital for the first time in 50 years. He is the first person from the country's tiny
ethnic Chinese minority to become leader of Jakarta.

Katy Perry

Nov 24: Pop star Katy Perry and British boy band One Direction were big winners at the
American Music Awards (AMA's), with both winning three top honours.

Denis Mukwege

Nov 26: Congolese doctor Denis Mukwege received the European Parliament's Sakharov rights
prize for helping thousands of gang rape victims. The 59-year-old Mukwege is often dubbed
"Doctor Miracle" for his work with victims in the DR Congo.

Gergely Barki

Nov 27: A long-lost avant-garde painting returned home to Hungary after nine decades thanks to
a sharp-eyed art historian. Gergely Barki, a researcher at Hungary's national gallery in Budapest,
noticed Sleeping Lady with Black Vase by Rbert Berny in the Hollywood film Stuart Little.

Lord Harries of Pentregarth

Nov 29: The former Bishop of Oxford, Lord Harries of Pentregarth suggested that readings from
the Quran should feature in the next Coronation when Prince Charles succeeds to the Throne.

Mahesh Savani

Dec 1: Mahesh Savani, an Indian diamond trader, threw a mass wedding ceremony for 111
fatherless women and gave each one gifts worth thousands of dollars.

Fidel Castro
Dec 11: Fidel Castro was awarded China's version of the Nobel Peace Prize, with a paper close
to the ruling Communist Party hailing the former Cuban leader's important contributions to
world peace.

Asha Bhosle

Dec 13: Noted Indian playback singer Asha Bhosle was honoured with the Lifetime
Achievement Award at the 11th Dubai International Film Festival (DIFF).

Places in News

Ljubljana, Slovenia

Nov 21: China's Vice Premier Wang Yang paid a visit to Slovenia in what is being described as
crucial for attracting Chinese investments in the tiny eurozone country. He also addresses a
Slovenia-China Business Forum held in Ljubljana, Slovenia's capital.

London, UK

Nov 24: The World Scrabble Champion concluded in London where Britain's Craig Beevers
lifted the trophy with Chris Lipe of the US stood the runner-up.

Pakistan's Waseem Khatri won the prize for the biggest win of the tournament when he
pulverized Catalin Caba of Romania 684-253.

Kathmandu, Nepal

Nov 27: South Asian leaders signed an agreement to improve the cross-border energy trade in
the power-starved region, as the Saarc summit overshadowed by Pakistan-India rivalry ended
with little progress towards regional integration.

Bariyapur, Nepal

Nov 28: Hordes of Hindu worshippers slaughtered thousands of animals in a remote corner of
Nepal to honour their goddess of power. Sword-wielding devotees poured into Bariyapur making
this remote village the world's largest abattoir, with animals ranging from buffaloes to rats
butchered.

London, UK

Dec 5: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif reiterated Pakistan's commitment to forging cooperative
relations with the Afghan national unity government. He was speaking at a meeting with British
Prime Minister David Cameron. They discussed Pakistan-UK relations, the regional situation
and other issues of mutual interest.

London, UK
Dec 9: New Scotland Yard, the headquarters of London's Metropolitan Police, was sold to
investors from the UAE, for $580 million.

Beijing, China

Dec 12: A multi-billion-dollar man-made river to divert water from China's south to its parched
north was opened. The central route of the SouthNorth Water Diversion Project, one of the most
ambitious engineering projects in Chinese history, will carry water from central China to quench
the thirst of Beijing and other areas.

Lima, Peru

Dec 13: The UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC), known also as Conference of the
Parties (COP 20), concluded its 12-day meeting at Lima, Peru. About 190 nations agreed to the
building blocks of a new-style global deal due in 2015 to combat climate change.

Weird News

Nov 25: A 22-year-old Pakistani, Asim Abbasi, was declared an alleged Jewish terrorist in the
country. Asim, accused of taking an alleged rifle to Belgium, was actually a cricket fan and was
taking along with him a bat hidden in a jersey.

Nov 26: In other countries, you may be asked to give a push to a car stuck in the mud. In Russia,
passengers in the Arctic came out of an airliner in sub-zero temperatures to help it move to the
runway.

A Russian-made Tu-134 with 74 oil workers and seven crew members aboard was due to fly
from the town of Igarka to Krasnoyarsk, about 1,300km to the south, when the plane froze to the
ground. It was -52C outside and the passengers seemed desperate to get home.

Dec 4: In the first case of its kind, a New York appeals court rejected an animal rights advocate's
bid to extend legal personhood to chimpanzees, saying the primates are incapable of bearing
the responsibilities that come with having legal rights.

Dec 6: A feline named Frank and Louie after he was born with two faces, two mouths, two noses
and three blue eyes died at the age of 15.

Dec 15: A Chinese teenager executed after being convicted of murder and rape 18 years ago was
declared innocent by a court, in a rare overturning of a wrongful conviction.

The 18-year-old, named Hugjiltu and also known as Qoysiletu, was found guilty and put to death
in Inner Mongolia in 1996, but doubt was cast on the verdict when another man confessed to the
crime in 2005.
Importance of Zakat
According to the Islamic Shariah, an Islamic State cannot impose any taxes upon
its Muslim citizens, besides Zakat. As far as the non-Muslims living in an Islamic
state are concerned, they become citizens of an Islamic state through an
agreement between them and the Islamic state. Taxes upon these non-Muslims
shall be governed by the agreement that was mutually agreed upon between
them and the Islamic state. The taxes proposed on the non-Muslim citizens in the
agreement may or may not be equal to or related with the rates specified for
Zakat.

In view of the above explanation, imposition of Income tax, wealth tax and all other direct or
indirect taxes, by an Islamic state upon its Muslim citizens, is not in accordance with the
directives of the Islamic Shariah. The word 'tax' first appeared in the English language only in
the 14th century. It derives from the Latin taxare which means 'to assess'. Before that, English
used the related word 'task', derived from Old French. For a while, 'task' and 'tax' were both in
common use, the first requiring labour, the second money. 'Tax' then developed its meaning to
imply something wearisome or challenging. So words like 'duty' were used to suggest a more
appealing purpose. Political spin has just as long a history as taxation, and neither has been
detained unduly by the meaning of words.

The history of Zakat is the same as that of Salat. It is evident from the Holy Qur'an that like Salat
its directive always existed in the Shariah of the previous Prophets. When the Almighty asked
the Muslims to pay it, it was not something unknown to them. All the followers of the religion of
Ibrahim (AS) were fully aware of it. For this very reason Surah Al-Ma'arij (70:25) describes it as
A specified right.
Thus it was a pre-existing Sunnah which the Holy Prophet (PBUH), with necessary reformations,
upheld at the behest of the Almighty. There is a clear difference between Zakat and Taxation.
Zakat is the only tax an Islamic government can impose upon its Muslim citizens. It is not
merely a charity fund but can be spent on the collective needs of the people as well: The Zakat
money can be used to pay the salaries of all government officials including that of the head of
state, to build all works of public interest, to cater for defence requirements and to establish an
Islamic system of Insurance. In short, the system of Zakat envisaged by the Holy Qur'n and
Sunnah totally meets the requirements of running a welfare state.

Elimination of interest in the economy and the imposition of the true concept of Zakat will not
only generate enough money to meet the running expenses of the state but a considerable amount
for development as well. However, a major part of the revenue for development would be
obtained by means of all state owned enterprises whose management would be transferred to the
private sector through either or both of the two modes: (i) selling a certain quantity of shares to
the private sector, (ii) imposing kharaaj (tribute) on the party of the private sector which is
entrusted with the job of management.

One of the major objectives of Zakat is poverty alleviation. The issue is can Zakat be spent on
Non-Muslims for this purpose. Though a number of Jurists have viewed that Zakat can be spent
on non-Muslims, the majurity view is that for poverty alleviation of Non-Muslims non-Zakat
resources should be spent. There is no disagreement on the point that poverty alleviation and
welfare of non-Muslims is an important concern for an Islamic state. Zakat and tax are not same.
Zakat is very small part of yearly income while tax is a huge share of monthly income one earns.
Zakat eradicates poverty while tax increases in many folds. Hence, people pay taxes happily but
they avoid paying Zakat which is lesser than taxes and better in use than the taxes.
Economic Challenges for Ummah
Islamic teachings consider Indebtedness as a detestable phenomenon, which
should not be resorted to except in cases of extreme necessity. The Holy Prophet
(PBUH) even refused to offer the funeral prayer for a person who died before
paying back his loan. Islamic principles require that the Muslims should avoid
incurring foreign debts, even if they face some hardships. But our present
indebtedness was not created by lack of resources.

The nineteenth century was a century of political oppression whereby the powerful Western
nations enslaved most of the Asian and African nations including a large number of Muslim
countries. The present century, which is nearing its end, has witnessed the gradual independence
of these countries from Western imperialism. However, despite our apparent success in
achieving the goal of political liberty, we could not succeed in acquiring independence on
intellectual, economic and strategic levels. That is why Muslim Ummah could not yet reap the
fruits of its political freedom.

Now the Muslim world is looking toward the coming century with hope that it will bring for it
total independence in the real sense so the Muslims may find their due place among the nations
of the world and may be free to live according to the Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH).

However, this hope cannot be realized through wishful dreams. We will have to work hard for
our total freedom even more than we did for our political freedom. We need a total revision of
our strategy, a well-considered plan, a collective resolution, and a revolutionary approach.
It is common knowledge that Ummah's basic economic problem is the dependence of the
Muslim countries on others. Most of the them are borrowing huge amounts from the rich
Western countries. Some countries are incurring these heavy interest-bearing loans not only for
the development projects, but also for their day-to-day expenses, and what is more serious, for
the payment of interest accrued on their previous loans which keeps the size of their
indebtedness ever-increasing through a vicious circle. Dependency on foreign loans is the basic
disease of our economy that has not only shattered our economic life, but has also devastated our
self-determination and has forced us to submit to the demands of our creditors, sometimes, at the
price of our collective interests. It is no secret that the creditors impose their own conditions
before they advance a loan. These conditions keep us under a constant foreign pressure, often
stop us from pursuing our own objectives and force us to follow the policies dictated by oth
ers. The evil consequences of dependence on foreign loans are too obvious to need any further
elaboration.

Islamic teachings consider Indebtedness as a detestable phenomenon, which should not be

resorted to except in cases of extreme necessity. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) even refused to offer
the funeral prayer for a person who died before paying back his loan. Islamic principles require
that the Muslims should avoid incurring foreign debts, even if they face some hardships. But our
present indebtedness was not created by lack of resources.

Our dependence on foreign loans is self-imposed for which we cannot blame anyone but
ourselves. We did never probe in to the factors underlying the flight of our capital. We did never
try to remove those factors and instill confidence in our own people. We could not deliver
ourselves from the corrupt and oppressive system of taxation. We were not able to create a
peaceful atmosphere for investment. We could not provide our countries with stable political
system. We did not bother to create opportunities for the sound utilization of capital and, above
all, we failed to mobilize the spirit of Islamic unity and to activate the strength of the Muslim
Ummah as a whole.
8 Most Expensive Substances
1. Antimatter, 2. Californium 252, 3. Painite, 4. Diamonds, 5. Tritium, 6.
Taaffeite, 7. Plutonium, 8. LSD

1. Antimatter
Cost: $100 trillion per gram
Antimatter could possibly fuel spaceships to the planets, and maybe the stars, in the years to
come.

2. Californium 252
Cost: $27 million per gram
The Californium isotope is used in devices that find layers of oil and water in oil wells.

3. Painite
Cost: $300,000 per gram or up to $60,000 per carat
Thought to be the rarest gem mineral, it can be used in crystal healing or just make a pretty
collectible.

4. Diamonds
Cost: A colourless, 1-carat can cost more than $65,000 per gram, or $13,000 per carat
Diamonds are a special jewellery item.

5. Tritium
Cost: $30,000 per gram
Tritium is used in self-luminating EXIT signs found in theatres, schools and office buildings.
There are more than two million tritium EXIT signs in the United States.

6. Taaffeite
Cost: Anywhere between $2,500 to $20,000 per gram or $2,400 per carat
The mauve-coloured gem is thought to be more than a million times scarcer than diamonds. And
while it's a bit too durable to use often in jewellery, if you're lucky enough to find one, don't let
your hands off it.

7. Plutonium
Cost: Roughly $4,000 per gram
It makes things nuclear. There are two kinds of plutonium that can be used, for either military
purposes or nuclear reactors.

8. LSD
Cost: The crystal form of LSD costs about $3,000 per gram
Popular in the 1960s, this substance is known to cause hallucinations.