First of all, we want to present our bottomless gratitude and honor to our
almighty God. All our works are done and come to an end because of his
kindness and help. Each and every of our movement, steps and plan during
this project work is succeed not because of our effort, but by his great
miracle.
Secondly, we are eager to express our heartfelt admiration to our advisor Mr.
AHEMED MEHAMUD for his incredible advice and guidance. Even if he is
very busy, he pays a great attention to our work and gives us a priceless
guidance. While we are doing this project work, he was with us in every
moment. Without his significant advice and contribution this thesis work
may not end in such a beautiful manner.
Lastly, we are now on a position to say thank you to our families and friends
who are our strength in every challenges. Our success is a fruit of their great
contribution. Devoid of their precious contribution in fulfilling our basic
needs and appreciated advice from the very beginning to this destination, we
may not be the owner of this honor.
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
This final year Project document entitled "Wetty Micro Earth Dam
Irrigation project" consists nine main chapters. All data used to design this
project, procedures we followed to design or methodologies, results obtained
and discussions are included in every particular topics.
The first chapter of this document consists about introduction to the potential
of Ethiopia for Irrigation and Hydropower. General objective of the project
and particular objective of this thesis is included. Description of the project
area and general geological setup of dam site is described in this chapter.
The second chapter gives general description about hydrology. Availability
of both hydrological and Hydro-metrological data for design, their selection
criteria, data quality check, selection of best methods for estimation of
design flood is discussed in detail in this chapter. Project risk and reliability
is also part of this chapter.
In the third chapter all water demand assessments are discussed. Crop
selection, land allocation, cropping patterns is also included here. Irrigation
water requirement is calculated by using CROPWAT8 software and the
result is presented briefly in this chapter. Hydropower and downstream
water demand is assessed based on the concept that the available flow is
enough to satisfy all demands simultaneously. In the fourth chapter reservoir
site selection and planning is done. Reservoir capacity, loss and
sedimentation effects are determined in this chapter. The main storage levels
of reservoir are also determined in this chapter.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ....................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4
1.1. Back ground ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. General ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3. Irrigation Potential of Ethiopia ................................................................................... 5
1.4. General Objective of the Project ................................................................................. 5
1.4.1. Specific Objective ................................................................................................ 5
1.5. Description of Project Area ............................................................................................ 6
1.5.1. Location ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2. Accessibility ................................................................................................................ 6
1.5.3. Watershed characteristics ............................................................................................ 6
2. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 8
2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Availability of Data ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Hydro-metrological data ........................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Hydrological data ...................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Estimating missing rainfall data ..................................................................................... 9
2.4. Rainfall data Consistency ............................................................................................... 9
2.5 Testing For the Outliers ................................................................................................. 11
2.5.1. Check for lower Outlier............................................................................................. 12
2.6. Selection of Dependable Rainfall ................................................................................. 12
2.6.1. Catchments Yield Determination .............................................................................. 13
2.7. Design Flood Estimation Methods ............................................................................... 13
2.8 Flood Frequency Analysis ............................................................................................. 14
2.8.1 Selection of Return Period ...................................................................................... 14
2.8.2. Design Rain Fall Computation .................................................................................. 14
2.8.3. Design rainfall and peak flood estimation ................................................................ 15
Computation of design rainfall ............................................................................................ 15
2.9. Design Storm Analysis ................................................................................................. 20
2.9.1 Time of Concentration (Tc)........................................................................................ 20
2.10. Empirical formula....................................................................................................... 26
2.10.1. SCS Curve Number Method ................................................................................ 27
Risk and reliability of The Project ...................................................................................... 43
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground
In Ethiopia, under the prevalent rain-fed agricultural production system, the
progressive degradation of the natural resource base, especially in highly
vulnerable areas of the highlands coupled with climate variability have
aggravated the incidence of poverty and food insecurity. The major source
of growth for Ethiopia is still conceived to be the agriculture sector. Hence,
this sector has to be insulated from drought shocks through enhanced
utilization of the water resource potential of the country through
development of small-scale irrigation.
In line with the above, in the area of irrigation efforts have been made by the
government to improve the situation in the country. Amhara Water,
irrigation and energy Bureau is playing its role in the development of small
scale irrigation projects in the region.
Accordingly, as part of the water sector development program, the bureau
has initiated the study and design of a small scale irrigation scheme on
Wetty River and signed an agreement with Amhara Design & Supervision
Works Enterprise (ADSWE) for the study and design of the project.
The feasibility study and design of Wetty Micro Earth Dam irrigation project
has been investigated and proposed for dam in 2009 G.C. Initially basic
geographical, geological, environmental data has been collected during
study phase and deep material investigation and test is done at office the site
is feasible for the construction of this dam:: the Wetty M.E.D has a great
potential for irrigation and the dam has greater volume as compared to the
fill volume. It is planned to irrigate 200 ha of land in the woreda.
1.2. General
Irrigation is a science of artificial application of water to crops to aid the rain
water. The practice of Irrigation ensures that crop production is possible in
all seasons i.e. in dry and wet seasons if enough amount of water is
available. But water may not be available at a required quantity all the
seasons. Therefore a proper hydraulic structure must be designed and
constructed to store enough amount of water and deliver it for the intended
use during low flow time. One of the most common structure which is used
for this purpose is Dam.
In Ethiopia, even if there is suitable and considerable amount of irrigable
land in all seasons, most practice of food production is still depending on
rainfall. Even though there is a huge quantity of irrigable land and plenty of
water resources in it, the country is still now under a problem of food self-
sufficiency. Ethiopia is a place where a population growth rate is very rapid.
This growing rate of population may increase the problem of food self-
sufficiency. To hinder this problem, and enhance sustainable development in
this country Irrigation is a primary choice.
1.5.1. Location
Wetty Earthen Dam is located in two bordering kebeles named03 kebele and
02 kebele Berkato, in Menz Mama Midir Woreda, North Shewa Zone of the
Amhara .The proposed irrigation project is to be undertaken on Wetty River
and the headwork structures are specifically located at an altitude of about
2967 masl and geographical coordinates of 571548.000 E (UTM )
&1119412.000 N (UTM). From (BM-1)
1.5.2. Accessibility
The project area is located in Menz Mama Midir Woreda,, 03 and 02
Kebele in a specific location of Wetty River It can be accessed along 1.5km
from wereda town molale and 100 km from main road addis abeba to
Mekele at tarmaber kebele
N 23
Sum 929 929 274 1088.1583 36.795225 0.13346471 -0.00530756
Mean 40.3913 40.39130435 11.91 47.311229 1.5997924 0.00580281 -0.00023076
St. Dev. 7.0329 92.023374 0.0778882 0.01028949 0.002044539
Cs -0.559198
Max 60.2
Min 26.1
YL = 1.409121995
Depth=10YH 25.6520451 26.1 Ok
Therefore, the data is within the higher and lower outliers.
From these methods listed above the first three are dependent on rainfall
data. The fourth one is directly estimate peak flood from recorded stream
flow. In our case, since we are going to use stream flow data the best method
to forecast design flood is the statistical or probability method.
2.8 Flood Frequency Analysis
Future events such as floods cannot be predicted with exact confidence. But,
their magnitude and frequency can be forecasted using the concepts of
probability. To do this, a sample of flood magnitudes at a site of interest
must be obtained and analyzed, in order to estimate a possible future
outcome following past and present history.
Before performing a frequency analysis, we selected the fittest frequency
function to our flow data, and we determine the required frequency time
(return period).
2.8.1 Selection of Return Period
The return period is the time interval at which an event has repeats itself.
Our concern here is to obtain a re-occurrence period for peak flood for
design of the dam. Many structures have their own recommended return
period, depending on the safety margin required and intended life span of the
structure.
Barrage and minor dams with storage less than 60Mm3 with Return period
(years) 100
Source: (Novack, 1972)
Design Rainfall
Input Data
Skewness, Cs 0.5591976
Standard deviation y
0.0778882
n 1
7.032904
Mean Ym 1.5997924
Xm 40.391304
Retern period (T) 100
P =1/T 0.01
Interpolation
N Sn= n N Yn
20 1.062 20 0.524
23 1.077 1 0.502
30 1.112 30 0.536
Normal
Design Period, T 100.0
0
Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) 0.093
W=(Ln(1/P2))0.5 3.03
2 2
KT=(w((2.515517+0.802853*w+0.010328*w )/(1+1.432788*w+0.189269*w +0.00130 2.33
8*w3)))
X50=Xmean + KT*x 56.76
D-indexs
Take at least above Xmean for the value of XI.
Normal
Rank XI PR w KT XI' XI-'XI'
1 60.2 0.042 2.5211 1.732 52.57 7.627
2 46.2 0.083 2.2293 1.383 50.12 3.919
3 45.7 0.125 2.0393 1.150 48.48 2.782
4 45.6 0.167 1.8930 0.967 47.19 1.595
5 43.9 0.208 1.7712 0.812 46.10 2.202
6 43.8 0.250 1.6651 0.674 45.13 1.333
7 43.6 0.292 1.5698 0.548 44.25 0.646
8 43.5 0.333 1.4823 0.430 43.42 0.082
9 43.1 0.375 1.4006 0.318 42.63 0.471
10 43.1 0.417 1.3232 0.210 41.87 1.231
11 41.2 0.458 1.2491 0.104 41.13 0.075
12 41.1 0.500 1.1774 0.000 40.39 0.709
13 40.6 0.542 1.1073 -0.104 39.66 0.942
Sum 19.459
Sum/Xm 0.48176
Log Normal
PR w KT Y XI' XI-'XI'
0.042 2.521132 1.73205 1.734699 54.28736 5.913
0.083 2.229308 1.383233 2.290773 195.3319 149.132
0.125 2.039334 1.150436 1.918346 82.86028 37.160
0.167 1.893018 0.967363 1.625468 42.21516 3.385
0.208 1.771223 0.812028 1.376965 23.82129 20.079
0.250 1.665109 0.674189 1.156451 14.33676 29.463
0.292 1.569805 0.548137 0.954793 9.01142 34.589
0.333 1.482304 0.430292 0.766266 5.838022 37.662
0.375 1.400592 0.3182 0.586942 3.863153 39.237
0.417 1.32323 0.210046 0.413918 2.593688 40.506
0.458 1.249127 0.104388 0.244888 1.757469 39.443
0.500 1.17741 -1E-07 0.077888 1.196432 39.904
0.542 1.107343 -0.10424 -0.08888 0.814932 39.785
245.132
6.06892
Gumbel
PR YT KT XI' XI-'XI'
0.067 2.675 1.982697 54.34 5.865
0.028 3.553 2.794078 60.04 13.842
0.023 3.740 2.966505 61.25 15.554
0.020 3.915 3.128324 62.39 16.793
0.017 4.092 3.291458 63.54 19.640
0.014 4.279 3.464568 64.76 20.957
0.021 3.849 3.067044 61.96 18.362
0.009 4.731 3.881582 67.69 24.190
0.006 5.034 4.161342 69.66 26.558
0.004 5.450 4.545946 72.36 29.263
0.002 6.150 5.192662 76.91 35.711
0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
-0.002 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
92.650
2.29382
Log
Pearson
Normal Type III Log Normal Pearson Type III Gumbel EVI Gumbel
Rank XI XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI'
1 60.2 7.627 54.320 5.913 7.447 5.663 5.865
2 46.2 3.919 51.009 149.132 4.001 64.024 13.842
3 45.7 2.782 48.915 37.160 2.810 37.814 15.554
4 45.6 1.595 47.329 3.385 1.587 39.432 16.793
5 43.9 2.202 46.025 20.079 2.169 39.092 19.640
6 43.8 1.333 44.899 29.463 1.282 40.133 20.957
7 43.6 0.646 43.893 34.589 0.581 40.927 18.362
8 43.5 0.082 42.974 37.662 0.158 41.715 24.190
9 43.1 0.471 42.117 39.237 0.554 42.125 26.558
10 43.1 1.231 41.307 40.506 1.319 42.876 29.263
11 41.2 0.075 40.532 39.443 0.165 41.682 35.711
12 41.1 0.709 39.780 39.904 0.800 42.255 #NUM!
13 40.6 0.942 39.043 39.785 1.032 42.404 #NUM!
Sum 581.6 23.6 582.1 516.3 23.9 520.1 226.7
Sum/Mean 14.399139 0.5846524 14.412566 12.78137813 0.591803144 12.87759983 5.61341
Point Rainfall 56.76 64.94 64.94 59.6 62.45 66.84
Design Point Rainfal = 66.84
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Duration Daily Rainfall Profile Areal Areal Incremental Descending Descendin
point to rainfall rainfall order order
rainfall point
rainfall
ratio
hr mm % mm % mm Mm No.
0.00 0.50 66.84 30.30 20.25 0.93 18.79 18.79 18.79 1
0.50 1.00 39.97 26.72 0.93 24.78 6.00 6.00 2
1.00 1.50 47.12 31.50 0.93 29.21 4.43 4.43 3
1.50 2.00 53.51 35.77 0.93 33.18 3.96 3.96 4
2.00 2.50 57.10 38.16 0.93 35.40 2.22 2.22 5
2.50 3.00 61.06 40.81 0.93 37.86 2.46 2.46 6
3.00 3.50 64.20 42.91 0.93 39.81 1.95 1.95 7
3.00 61.1
3.50 64.2
4.00 66.5
4.50 69.1
5.00 71.2
5.50 73.1
6.00 73.8
The maximum 22.09 (p-
potential difference 2
3.2) /(p+13)
b/n Rainfall (p) and
direct runoff (Q), S = mm
(25400/CN) - 254, p Q (mm)
CN=Value (mm)
corresponding to 0.42 0.000
AMC III
2.62 0.000
5.50 0.065
No. 1 2 3 4 5
Duration Cumulative Incremental Peak run Time of Time Time
run off run off off for beginning to to
increment peak end
complex hydrograph
70
60 H1
H2
50 H3
H4
discharge(m3/s
40 H5
H6
30 H7
H8
20 H9
H10
10 H11
H12
HT
0
0.0 0.77 1.58 1.93 2.32 2.70 3.09 3.48 3.86 4.25 4.64 5.03 5.42 5.81 6.20 6.98 7.76 8.54
Time(hr)
Qp=Q(1+k*cv )
Qp=0.87*A.7 3.092041
Kt 3.14
Qp 483.3161232 m3/s
Ia/p 0.1
22.08696
46.10818 mm
Ia/p is a F(CN,P )=0.1
Coefficients,c0, c1,c2 from F(Ia/p,RF type)
C0=2.55323
C1=-0.61512
C2=-0.16403
Peak flow using equation
Tc=2.32
Qu =0.000431*(10co+c1*logtc+C2(logtc)2
0.27192 m3/s/km2/mm
Qp=qu*A*Qd 76.7309 m3/s
Area-Elevation-Storage Curve
3500000 0
3000000 50000
100000
2500000
150000
2000000
storage
200000
abs
1500000
250000 Series2
1000000
300000
500000 350000
0 400000
2965 2970 2975 2980 2985 2990
elevation
Reservoir Losses
Losses in the reservoir occur because of evaporation, absorption and percolation (seepage).
Because of these losses, some of the stored water is lost, and is not available for useful
purpose. There may be several loss types from the reservoir. The common ones are:
Absorption Loss
Percolation Loss and
Evaporation Loss.
While planning our reservoir we considered the most significant loss i.e. Evaporation Loss
only.
4.5.1 Evaporation Loss
Evaporation depends upon a number of factors such as temperature wind velocity, and
relative humidity. The greater the surface area of the reservoir, the greater will be the
evaporation loss. Evaporation loss is usually expressed as depth of water lost in cm (m).
The methods available to estimate evaporation losses are:
Measurements using evaporation pans.
Empirical equation.
Water balance method.
Energy budget method.
Mass transfer method.
From the above methods we selected an Empirical formula, specifically Penman Equation.
Our selection criteria depend on the availability of climatic data and degree of accuracy. The
nearest station to our reservoir site is wetty and all climatic data used to calculate
Evaporation in U.S geological survey method are taken from this station.
4.5.1 Evaporation Loss
Evaporation depends upon a number of factors such as temperature wind velocity, and
relative humidity. The greater the surface area of the reservoir, the greater will be the
evaporation loss. Evaporation loss is usually expressed as depth of water lost in cm (m).
The methods available to estimate evaporation losses are:
Measurements using evaporation pans.
Empirical equation.
Water balance method.
Energy budget method.
Mass transfer method.
The evaporation loss from the reservoir water is estimated using U.S geological survey
method as shown below.
. + .
=
U.S geological survey method
Where E = Monthly evaporation loss in m, T = Mean annual temp. (00) (DEBRE
BIRHAN)
C C
January 5 19.4 12.2 0.082545
February 6.9 19.4 13.15 0.086162917
March 8 20.7 14.35 0.090732917
April 8.9 21.9 15.4 0.094731667
May 10.6 23.4 17 0.100825
June 10.6 23.2 16.9 0.100444167
July 9.4 19.6 14.5 0.091304167
August 11.2 20.2 15.7 0.095874167
September 9.9 20.8 15.35 0.09454125
October 7.4 19.3 13.35 0.086924583
November 7.3 18.8 13.05 0.085782083
December 5.1 18.7 11.9 0.0814025
sum 1.091270417
Annual evaporation
Reservoir Sedimentation
When the sediment loaded water of the river approaches the reservoir, velocity and
turbulence are greatly reduced because bed loads are deposited as dead storage in the
reservoir. This deposition of the sediment in the reservoir is known as reservoir
sedimentation or reservoir silting. The sediment load carried by a river may be divided in to
suspended load and bed load In order to allow for such deposition of sediment certain
percentage of the total storage is usually left unutilized which is defined as dead storage. The
dead storage generally varies between 10-25% of total capacity. Then we consider the
reservoir silting capacity 10% of total capacity.
Dead storage=10% of 2415982.127
= 241598.2127
2S/t+Q(m3/sec)
Elevation elev diff Outflow,Q=2.2LH^(3/2) Storage t
(m3)
2966.5 0 0 0 0 0.975 0
2966.8 0.3 0.3 3.61496888 184.855 0.975 3.720299364
2967.1 0.3 0.6 10.22467603 733.35 0.975 10.64253928
2967.4 0.3 0.9 18.7839293 1789.595 0.975 19.80364155
2967.7 0.3 1.2 28.91975104 3401.27 0.975 30.85779662
2968 0.3 1.5 40.41658076 5639.7525 0.975 43.63011494
2968.3 0.3 1.8 53.12897515 9229.6375 0.975 58.38802785
2968.6 0.3 2.1 66.95016057 14640.6775 0.975 75.29242695
2968.9 0.3 2.4 81.79740827 21740.55 0.975 94.18518605
2969.2 0.3 2.7 97.60415975 30688.3 0.975 115.0903706
2969.5 0.3 3 114.3153533 41864.5725 0.975 138.1698106
2969.8 0.3 3.3 131.8844494 55979.4225 0.975 163.7815563
2970.1 0.3 3.6 150.2714344 73502.585 0.975 192.1532492
2970.4 0.3 3.9 169.4414235 94490.5175 0.975 223.2821742
2970.7 0.3 4.2 189.3636502 119108.473 0.975 257.2317257
2971 0.3 4.5 210.010714 147751.73 0.975 294.199734
2971.3 0.3 4.8 231.3580083 180749.313 0.975 334.3490695
2971.6 0.3 5.1 253.3832749 218643.745 0.975 377.9666054
2971.9 0.3 5.4 276.0662529 261835.113 0.975 425.2600492
2972.2 0.3 5.7 299.3883966 310431.065 0.975 476.2721943
2972.5 0.3 6 323.332646 364670.675 0.975 531.1222045
2972.8 0.3 6.3 347.883239 424852.073 0.975 589.964192
2973.1 0.3 6.6 373.0255541 490865.255 0.975 652.7208561
2973.4 0.3 6.9 398.7459793 562455.815 0.975 719.2336232
2973.7 0.3 7.2 425.0318012 639617.573 0.975 789.4862584
2974 0.3 7.5 451.8711099 721946.308 0.975 863.2365273
2974.3 0.3 7.8 479.2527183 808955.91 0.975 940.1962568
2974.6 0.3 8.1 507.1660911 900561.945 0.975 1020.306801
2974.9 0.3 8.4 535.6012845 996862.953 0.975 1103.614363
2975.2 0.3 8.7 564.5488925 1097923.6 0.975 1190.146384
2975.5 0.3 9 594 1203680.18 0.975 1279.857654
2975.8 0.3 9.3 623.9461419 1313953.77 0.975 1372.637747
2976.1 0.3 9.6 654.3792662 1428663.77 0.975 1468.432698
2976.4 0.3 9.9 685.2917014 1547900.92 0.975 1567.286526
2976.7 0.3 10.2 716.6761277 1671913.6 0.975 1669.333451
Using the above table and rigorous interpolation principles the routing table has been done as
shown in the following case. The interpolated inflows for the given routing period increment
of 0.975hr are the following.
time Inflow(m3/s) I1+I2 S1/ t-O1 S2/ t+O2 out flow Head(m) Spillway Elevation
depth
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2966.5
0.975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2966.8
1.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2967.1
2.925 0.0122443 0.012244 0 0.012244 0.011897 2966.09 0.41 2967.4
3.9 0.0255931 0.037837 0.000347 0.037837 0.036766 2966.503 0.003 2967.7
4.875 0.0244885 0.050082 0.001072 0.050082 0.048664 2966.504 0.004 2968
5.85 7.7570495 7.781538 0.001418 7.781538 7.492846 2966.976 0.476 2968.3
6.825 8.7884005 16.54545 0.288692 16.54545 15.73979 2967.293 0.793304 2968.6
7.8 19.14646 27.93486 0.805662 27.93486 26.23964 2967.621 1.120674 2968.9
8.775 20.197649 39.34411 1.695222 39.34411 36.55859 2967.893 1.393329 2969.2
9.75 33.556854 53.7545 2.785519 53.7545 49.13767 2968.206 1.705809 2969.5
10.725 34.849477 68.40633 4.616832 68.40633 61.32003 2968.478 1.977795 2969.8
11.7 47.432983 82.28246 7.086304 82.28246 72.4434 2968.711 2.210995 2970.1
12.675 48.858949 96.29193 9.83906 96.29193 83.39035 2968.93 2.430233 2970.4
13.65 59.851919 108.7109 12.90158 108.7109 92.7805 2969.108 2.608451 2970.7
14.625 61.228724 121.0806 15.93037 121.0806 101.9415 2969.278 2.777864 2971
15.6 62.273974 123.5027 19.13914 123.5027 103.6953 2969.309 2.809348 2971.3
16.575 62.387134 124.6611 19.80738 124.6611 104.5341 2969.324 2.824407 2971.6
17.55 59.744254 122.1314 20.12701 122.1314 102.7024 2969.292 2.791524 2971.9
18.525 59.450325 119.1946 19.42899 119.1946 100.5759 2969.253 2.753349 2972.2
19.5 54.920757 114.3711 18.61868 114.3711 97.0603 2969.19 2.689678 2972.5
20.475 54.523059 109.4438 17.31078 109.4438 93.3347 2969.119 2.618969 2972.8
21.45 48.018603 102.5417 16.10912 102.5417 88.1159 2969.02 2.51992 2973.1
22.425 47.460229 95.47883 14.42576 95.47883 82.7755 2968.919 2.418563 2973.4
23.4 39.420605 86.88083 12.70333 86.88083 76.0571 2968.784 2.284013 2973.7
24.375 38.954625 78.37523 10.82373 78.37523 69.3728 2968.649 2.148951 2974
25.35 29.498487 68.45311 9.00243 68.45311 61.3583 2968.479 1.978624 2974.3
26.325 28.972175 58.47066 7.094811 58.47066 53.1965 2968.301 1.801466 2974.6
27.3 19.645626 48.6178 5.274162 48.6178 44.7129 2968.101 1.601389 2974.9
28.275 10.342979 29.98861 3.904901 29.98861 28.1228 2967.676 1.176412 2975.2
29.25 5.4179047 15.76088 1.865805 15.76088 15.0067 2967.268 0.767609 2975.5
30.225 2.1077146 7.525619 0.754184 7.525619 7.2485 2966.965 0.464918 2975.8
31.2 0.6362841 2.743999 0.277119 2.743999 2.6663 2966.721 0.221272 2976.1
32.175 0 0.636284 0.077699 0.636284 0.61826 2966.551 0.0508 2976.4
33.15 0 0 0.018024 0 0 0 0 2976.7
2.824407
Considering safety on one hand and economical construction of the spillway on the other
side, a spillway crest length of 8.0m has been adopted for a design overflow/outflow flood of
104.5341m3/sec which gives the depth at the spillway control point is 2.824407m. The
spillway top bank level is found by adding 2.5m from NPL.
Dam height = 2986.922866+2.824407=2989.747m.
WATER DEMAND ASSESMENT
3.1 Water Demand Assessment for Irrigation
In a context of Irrigation water is one of the most crucial resource for
obtaining maximum production of a particular crop. This basic resource
must be applied artificially to the soil on which crops are growing to refill
the soil moisture content. Each crop has its own tolerance limits of soil
moisture variation that do not influence its yield. The moisture availability in
the crop root zone could be maintained within the crop tolerance limits by
adopting proper water management practice.
Thus to promote optimum utilization of water and maximize the production
per unit volume of water used, a proper method of crop water demand
assessment should be carried out. Crop Water requirement is the depth
needed to meet the water loss through evapotranspiration of a disease free
crop growing in large fields under restricting soil condition including soil
water and fertility achieving full production potential under the given
growing environment. (FAO, 1994)
There are several factors that affect crop water requirement. The most
common factors are:
Type of soil
Type of plant
Metrological variants such as sunshine hour, temperature, humidity,
rainfall and wind.
Taking the above variables into consideration, the following crop types were
selected to be grown by Irrigation.
Maize, Wheat, onion Barley, Potato, Tomato
For our case the dependable rainfall method yields a minimum effective
rainfall as compared to the other methods. Depending on the above general
point of view, we selected the dependable rainfall method to calculate
effective rainfall.
Irrigated area 50 50 33 0 17 17 0 0 34 67 50 50
(% of total area)
Irr.req. for actual 0.31 0.26 0.08 0 0.08 0.15 0 0 0 0.14 0.17 0.28
area
(l/s/h)
Re=1R=(11T)n
Where, R=Risk of failure
Re= Reliability
P=probability of event (X>XT) =YT)
T= return period, 1000years
n= expected life of the structure, Assume (100years).
The hydrologic risk of failure of this particular project is calculated as:
R=1(11T)n R=1(111000)100 R=0.0952 =.2%
In practice, the acceptable risk is governed by economy, policy
considerations and possible damage caused on downstream property and life.
In our project we assumed a risk of less than 10% as an acceptable level.
Since the calculated risk of the project for the assumed useful life lies within
the acceptable level, our project is safe.
Finally the reliability of the project is: Re=1R Re=10.095
Re=0.9047=.47%
We assumed an acceptable risk of 10%. In other words the reliability of 90%
and above is expected. Thus the calculated reliability of the project satisfies
our assumption.
Generally from the above calculation we conclude that our project has a risk
of failure of 9.52% within assumed life span of 100years and a reliability of
90.47% for this specific life span.
TIME DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL RATIO AS % OF
110
DAILY RAINFALL
100
90
80
RAIN FALL RATIO AS % OF DAILY RAINFALL
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hr)
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