Abstract

In this experiment, continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in series is used. The reactor consist
of three agitated glass reactor vessels arranged in series. The flow rate of the deionized water is
kept constant which is 150 ml/min throughout the experiment. This experiment is carried out
to determine the effect of the step-change input. The readings are continuously taken for every
3 minutes until to the point where the conductivity values of reactor 1 and reactor 3 is the
same. Then, the graph of conductivity versus time is plotted.
Extensive abstract which includes short theory, meeting objectives and conclusion of
experimental (significance of result

Introduction

In a series of CSTR, each of equal volume, V in which reaction occurs in steady state. The extent
of back-mixing inside a CSTR ideally is infinite therefore ideally fractions of the flow entering the
reactor immediately reach the outlet and have a residence time of zero inside the unit. This
type of model can be pictured as a perfectly mixed rapid mix chamber.

Tracer tests most commonly used in water treatment plants are pulse and step inputs. Both of
these tests result in data can be graphed in terms of the concentration of the tracer versus
time, and the shape of the curve can indicate which reactor model most closely approximates
the environmental reactor being tested. In this way, the expected chemical or disinfection
efficiencies can be predicted. (Teefy, 1996)

A pulse input tracer test is performed by adding a known mass of tracer chemical immediately
upstream from reactor inlet while a step-input tracer test is performed by adding a tracer
chemical at a constant dosage immediately upstream from a reactor inlet.

Introduction includes detailed background information on theoretical principles, terms, techniques

and a clearly stated hypothesis

Objectives

To study the effect of step-change input to the concentration

Theory

A Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is a well-mixed vessel that operates at steady-state

(Qin=Qout=Q). The main assumption in this case is that the concentration of the incoming fluid will
become instantaneously equal to the outgoing upon entering the vessel.
Apparatus

SOLTEQ

Procedure

General Start-up Procedure

1. The two 20-L feed tanks (T1 and T2) with deionized water is filled up.
2. 300 g of sodium chloride in tank 1 is dissolved. The salts is make sure to dissolve entirely and the
solutions is homogenous.
3. The power for the control panel is turned on.
4. The stirrer assembly is make sure to be secured properly to avoid damage to the mechanical
seal.
5. The three way valve (V3) is set to Position 2 so that deionized water from tank 2 will flow into
reactor 1.
6. Pump 2 is switched on to fill up all the three reactors with deionized water.
7. The flow rate (FI1) is set to 150 ml/min by adjusting the needle valve (V4)
8.

Results

Experiment 1: To study the effect of step-change input

Flow rate: 150 ml/min Temperature: 24.40C

POSITION 2 (After 10 minutes)

Reading QT1(S) QT2(S) QT3(S)

1

POSITION 1 (After POSITION 2 reading)

Time (min) QT1(S) QT2(S) QT3(S)

3 35.1 13.52 4.38
6 34.5 17.70 7.12
9 32.9 22.80 10.57
12 30.7 25.70 14.79
 15 29.5 26.80 17.18
18 28.6 27.20 19.18
21 27.8 27.60 22.60
24 27.4 27.60 23.90
27 26.4 26.7 25.20
30 25.8 26.5 25.30
33 26.5 27.2 26.50
36 25.8 26.5 26.40
39 25.0 26.2 26.70
42 25.3 26.0 26.50
45 24.8 25.8 26.40

Calculations

Discussion

Conclusion

Recommendations

Reference

Appendix