INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU MALAYSIA

KAMPUS RAJA MELEWAR

SEREMBAN

BASIC MATHEMATICS
( STATISTICS )

NAME : MANGALAM A/P ILANGKOVAN

(900611-14-6468 )
UNIT : MT/BI/BT

LECTURER : MISS. LOW LEE KIM

DUE DATE : 09 September 2009

ACKNOWLADGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

DATA ORGANIZATION

RECORDING AND ORGANIZING DATA

REPRESENTATION OF DATA USING VISUAL

ILLUSTRATIONS

INTEPRETING INFORMATION

PREDECTING EVENT

CONCLUSION

REFLECTION

REFRENCES

APPENDIX
 We, Mangalam A/P Ilangkovan, Thangarani A/P Munusamy and
Vidhya A/P Subrahim would like to thank everyone who helped us to
complete this Basic Mathematics Short Coursework. First of all, we thank
to God because we have successfully finished this coursework within the
given period. We also want to thank to our lecturer, Miss. Low who guided
us from the beginning until the end of this coursework. Our classmates
also have helped us a lot to do this assignment. At this time, we would like
to thank them too. So, thank you everyone..
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Statistics can be said as mathematical science which is related to the collection,

analysis, interpretation or explanation an presentation. Quality of Data improved
by design of experiments and survey sampling. Prediction and forecasting using
data and statistical models are the facilities provided by the statistics. Statistics is
also can be used to a variety of academic disciplines: Natural and social
sciences, Government and business.

Statistical Methods are useful in summarizing or explaining a collection of data,

and this can be said as Descriptive Statistics. This method can be used while
communicating certain experiments results. In the way of the accounts for
Randomness and the uncertainty in observation the pattern in data has been
modeled. Then, it used to draw inferences about the process being studied:
named as Inferential Statistics. Vital element of scientific advance is called
inference and provides a prediction for the theory logically leads.

We could operate the data as well construct to represent data by learning

statistics. We talented in interpreting information and also in making inferences
from the statistical methods. Finally we concluded that statistics is an important
topic that every single person must learn on it.
2.0 DATA ORGANIZATION

We one group prefer to use the observation method in our assignment because
this will be the suitable method that we can use compared to other method.
Observation can be concluded as pay attention or concentrate on certain
activities to get an accurate result that we get from that particular activity. We
are in one group worked together to observe the vehicles passed by IPGM
Campus Raja Melewar, Seremban in Morning and at Night. We carried out a
traffic survey on type of vehicles that passed by in front of main entrance of our
Campus.

WE did this Observation on Tuesday, 28th of July 2009 which is considered as

working day. We did this survey between 7.00 a.m. to 7.30 a.m. and 8.00p.m. to
8.30p.m. on the same day. We did our observation at that time because we can
see a lot of vehicles on the road at that particular time. So, it is easy in
comparing the data between the vehicles in morning and at night.

The location that we did our survey would be the main entrance of IPGM
Campus Raja Melewar, Seremban that is our Maktab. We did the survey based
on the title or task that given by our lecturer of basic Mathematic. This location is
suitable location for us because it is easier to do our survey at the place which is
situated near by our hostel.

We three persons from the same group, did our survey on both sides of the road
that is the vehicles from Desaru and also the vehicles from Seremban Town. We
discussed in our group and also separated the works that we have to do while
doing survey. And we collect the data, number of vehicles by arranging the data
in tally chart.
At last we should have to arrange the data in table and also make visual
representation regarding the survey. we also have to do summary on the report
and also prepare on prediction with brief explanation according to the data.
3.0 RECORDING AND ORGANIZING DATA

TABLE 1: Types of vehicles passing by the entrance of IPGM Kampus Raja

Melewar in the morning.

Type of vehicles Frequency Percentage ( % )

Private cars 512 46.50

Taxis 12 1.09

Lorries 8 0.73

Bicycles 4 0.36

Vans 15 1.36

Buses 9 0.82

Motorcycles 541 49.14

Total 1101 100.00

TABLE 1: Types of vehicles passing by the entrance of IPGM Kampus Raja
Melewar at night

Type of vehicles Frequency Percentage ( % )

Private cars 628 62.30

Taxis 29 2.88

Lorries 16 29.17

Bicycles 4 `0.40

Vans 33 3.27

Buses 4 0.40

Motorcycles 294 29.17

Total 1008 100.00

4.0REPRESENTATION OF DATA USING VISUAL ILLUSTRATIONS

4.1BAR CHART
The bar chart is chosen because it can help us to compare the
differences between the amount of vehicles in morning and at
night.

4.2 PIE CHART TO REPRESENT DATA

The pie chart is chosen because it can show the ratio of the amounts
of different types of vehicles in a period.
5.0 INTERPRETING INFORMATION
Based on the bar chart in Diagram 1, the total number of vehicles that
pass by the entrance of IPGM KRM from 7.00 a.m. to 7.30 a.m. is 1101 and
from 8.00 p.m. to 8.30 p.m. is 1008.

From 7.00 a.m. to 7.30 a.m.

The number of cars at the entrance of IPGM Kampus Raja Melewar

in the morning was 512(46.50 % ),while motors was 541(49.14 % ),bus
was 1 ( 0.09 % ) , vans was 15 ( 1.36 % ) , school bus was 8 ( 0.73 % ),
taxi was 12 ( 1.09 %) , lorries was 8 ( 0.73 %) and bicycles was 4 ( 0.36 % ).
The type vehicle that was most people used is motors with the amount of
541. The second highest vehicle that was used is cars. The total number
of motors and cars at the particular period was 1054 ( 95.64 %).The type
of vehicle that was least used is bicycles.

From 8.00 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.

The amount of cars at night was 628 ( 62.80 %), while motors was
294

( 29.17 % ) , bus was 4 ( 0.4 % ) , vans was 33 ( 3.27 % ) , taxi 29 ( 2.88

% ) , lorries was 16 ( 1.59 % ) and bicycles was 4 ( 0.4 % ) . The type
vehicle that was used by most people is cars with the amount of 628. The
second highest type of vehicle that was used at night is motors. The type
of vehicle that was least used is bicycles. The total number of vehicles
that was mostly used at the particular period of time is 922 ( 91.47 %).
Comparing two sets of data (morning and night)

The amount of vehicles in the morning is 1101 while at night is

1008. In the morning the type of vehicle that was used most was motors
while at night was cars. The similarity between the type of vehicles in the
morning and at night is that the first two vehicles that were mostly used
are motors and cars. Lorries, bicycles and bus are the vehicles are the
type of vehicles that was used the least.

6.0 PREDICTING EVENT

From our group discussion, we predict that around 550 cars might be on
the road in front of our campus between 1.00 2.00 pm on Monday which
is not a public or school holiday. We did this prediction after take in a few
factors that might give effect to the number cars that might be on the
road. The first factor is Monday is first working day in every week. This
means that all government offices will start operate again after two days
holiday. So, people will go to bank, post office, courts, or any other
official places to settle up their payments. There might be a question:
why everyone must go at the period of 1.00 2.00 pm? This is because
this is rest time for many workers. So, they will use their rest time to do
their outside works. This is school finishing time too. Most probably
parents will come and fetch their children. Teachers also might go back at
this period of time. Since this is rest time, workers may come back to
their home to have their lunch at home. This is because there are many
residential areas around our campus area. So, the number of people who
wanted to do payments, fetch their children, have lunch and going back
will increase the number of cars on the road of our campus compared to
morning.

7.0 CONCLUSION

We can make different inferences on the result that we have collected. The
higher number of motorcycles were passed in front of our Campus at morning
compared to the night. In morning, a lot of vehicles passed by because a lot
 of workers will go for their work and also the school will start at 7.00a.m. to
7.30a.m. A lot of people were using motors to avoid traffic jam.

At night almost the same vehicles were passed by our Campus. But at that
time the number of car was higher compared to motorcycles. Normally, the
worker will return to their home at 8.00p.m. to 8.30p.m. The people prefer to
come out at night using cars because it is safe to drive car at night.

The other vehicles are in moderate range. Less number of vans, taxi, lorry,
bicycle and bus have been showed in our survey.

8.0 REFLECTION

A very good wishes to Miss Low Lee Kim, our lecturer of basic mathematics . I am
Mangalam Ilangkovan from Unit of Mathematics / English / Tamil would like to share my
experiences and also activities that my group members and I did based on this
assignment; assignment of Basic mathematics. First of all, I would like to thank Miss Low
Lee Kim , who gave this assignment to us. This assignment and the lesson we learned
from this assignment is really useful and also valuable for us.

Through this assignment, I have covered all the important statistical methods of
mathematic that we should have to cover by this semester during our Basic Mathematic
lesson from my lecture. In line with its objective, its features are orientated towards
helping us, students who taking mathematic as major subject to score in our exam.
Numerous worked examples with the strategies outlined are shown to help me to
understand statistical concepts. In addition, helpful features are given; such as the
correct way of interpreting and expressing inferences by using statistical method. I have
searched for the extra details regarding statistics from variety of sources. From this
lesson, I could find the good mathematic books that written by the famous mathematic
lectures. This assignment also helps us to get know about the books which was written
by the famous mathematician. The information was explained well and they gave us the
good details regarding the topic that we choose. We got the other information about
mathematics other than this topic. Since, we are taking mathematic as our major subject,
we can use the information that we collected in our mathematics.

This may help us to do well in our major subject.

And last but not least, this assignment teaches us what is the co-operation actually.
We learned how be co-operative in our group. And the co-operation also can give a nice
relationship between our group members.

It is my hope that this assignment really helpful; benefit us in better understanding

and grasping the mathematical concepts and problem solving skills in mathematics.

Your faithfully,
 Mangalam Ilangkovan

9.0 REFERENCES

http://www.answers.com/topic/pie-chart
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart

http://www.netmba.com/statistics/histogram/

http://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c010527c.asp

http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/scatterp.htm

http://www.answers.com/topic/bar-chart

http://www.icoachhttp://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/math.com/Site
map/ScatterPlot.html

http://oolong.co.uk/trig.htm

10.0 APPENDICES

Bar chart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Example of a bar chart

A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the
values that they represent. Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values that
were taken over time or on different conditions, usually on small data sets. The bars can
be horizontally oriented (also called bar chart) or vertically oriented (also called column
chart). Sometimes a stretched graphic is used instead of a solid bar. It is a visual display
used to compare the amount or frequency of occurrence of different characteristics of
data and it is used to compare groups of data.

Example
The following table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group in European
elections in 1999 and 2004. The results of 1999 have been multiplied by 1.16933, to
compensate for the change in number of seats between those years.
This bar chart shows both the results of 2004, and those of 1999:

Scatter Plot

Scatter plots show the relationship between two variables by displaying data points on a
two-dimensional graph. The variable that might be considered an explanatory variable is
plotted on the x axis, and the response variable is plotted on the y axis.

Scatter plots are especially useful when there is a large number of data points. They
provide the following information about the relationship between two variables:

Strength
Shape - linear, curved, etc.

Direction - positive or negative

Presence of outliers

A correlation between the variables results in the clustering of data points along a line.
The following is an example of a scatter plot suggestive of a positive linear relationship.
 Example Scatterplot

Scatterplot Smoothing

Scatter plots may be "smoothed" by fitting a line to the data. This line attempts to show
the non-random component of the association between the variables.

Smoothing may be accomplished using:

A straight line
A quadratic or polynomial line

Smoothing splines - allow greater flexibility in nonlinear associations.

The curve is fitted in a way that provides the best fit, often defined as the fit that results in
the minimum sum of the squared errors (least squares criterion).

The use of smoothing to separate the non-random from the random variations allows one
to make predictions of the response based on the value of the explanatory variable.

Cause and Effect

When a scatter plot shows an association between two variables, there is not necessarily a
cause and effect relationship. Both variables could be related to some third variable that
explains their variation or there could be some other cause. Alternatively, an apparent
association simply could be the result of chance.

Use of the Scatterplot

The scatter plot provides a graphical display of the relationship between two variables. It
is useful in the early stages of analysis when exploring data before actually calculating a
 correlation coefficient or fitting a regression curve. For example, a scatter plot can help
one to determine whether a linear regression model is appropriate.

Graphing Resources
Line Graphs and Scatter Plots
Table of Contents

One Independent and One Dependent Variable

1. Scatter Plot

2. Line Graph

Two (or More) Independent Variables and One Dependent Variable

1. Multiple Line Graph

Excel Tips

Introduction

Line graphs provide an excellent way to map independent and dependent variables that
are both quantitative. When both variables are quantitative, the line segment that connects
two points on the graph expresses a slope, which can be interpreted visually relative to
the slope of other lines or expressed as a precise mathematical formula. Scatter plots are
similar to line graphs in that they start with mapping quantitative data points. The
difference is that with a scatter plot, the decision is made that the individual points should
not be connected directly together with a line but, instead express a trend. This trend can
be seen directly through the distribution of points or with the addition of a regression line.
A statistical tool used to mathematically express a trend in the data.

One Independent and One Dependent Variable

1. Scatter Plot
With a scatter plot a mark, usually a dot or small circle, represents a single data
point. With one mark (point) for every data point a visual distribution of the data
can be seen. Depending on how tightly the points cluster together, you may be
able to discern a clear trend in the data.
Because the data points represent real data collected in a laboratory setting rather
than theoretically calculated values, they will represent all of the error inherent in
such a collection process. A regression line can be used to statistically describe the
 trend of the points in the scatter plot to help tie the data back to a theoretical ideal.
This regression line expresses a mathematical relationship between the
independent and dependent variable. Depending on the software used to generate
the regression line, you may also be given a constant that expresses the 'goodness
of fit' of the curve. That is to say, to what degree of certainty can we say this line
truly describes the trend in the data. The correlational constant is usually
expressed as R2 (R-squared). Whether this regression line should be linear or
curved depends on what your hypothesis predicts the relationship is. When a
curved line is used, it is typically expressed as either a second order (cubic) or
third order (quadratic) curve. Higher order curves may follow the actual data
points more closely, but rarely provide a better mathematical description of the
relationship.
Return to Top

2. Line Graph

Line graphs are like scatter plots in that they record individual data values as
marks on the graph. The difference is that a line is created connecting each data
point together. In this way, the local change from point to point can be seen. This
is done when it is important to be able to see the local change between any to pairs
of points. An overall trend can still be seen, but this trend is joined by the local
trend between individual or small groups of points. Unlike scatter plots, the
independent variable can be either scalar or ordinal. In the example above, Month
could be thought of as either scalar or ordinal. The slope of the line segments are
of interest, but we would probably not be generating mathematical formulas for
 individual segments.

The above example could have also been produced as a bar graph. You would use
a line graph when you want to be able to more clearly see the rate of change
(slope) between individual data points. If the independent variable was nominal,
you would almost certainly use a bar graph instead of a line graph.
Return to Top

Two (or more) Independent and One Dependent Variable

1. Multiple Line Graph

Here, we have taken the same graph seen above and added a second independent
variable, year. Both the independent variables, month and year, can be treated as
being either as ordinal or scalar. This is often the case with larger units of time,
such as weeks, months, and years. Since we have a second independent variable,
some sort of coding is needed to indicate which level (year) each line is. Though
we could label each bar with text indicating the year, it is more efficient to use
color and/or a different symbol on the data points. We will need a legend to
explain the coding scheme.

Multiple line graphs have space-saving characteristics over a comparable grouped

bar graph. Because the data values are marked by small marks (points) and not
bars, they do not have to be offset from each other (only when data values are
 very dense does this become a problem). Another advantage is that the lines can
easily dual coded. With the lines, they can both be color coded (for computer and
color print display) or shape coded with symbols (for black & white
reproduction). With bars, shape coding cannot be used, and pattern coding has to
be substituted. Pattern coding tends to be much more limiting.

Notice that there is a break in the 1996 data line (green/triangle) between August
and October. Because the data point for September is missing, the line should not
be connected between August and October since this would give an erroneous
local slope. This is particularly important if you display the line without symbols
at individual data points.

Histogram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the histograms used in digital image processing, see Image histogram and Color
histogram.

An example histogram of the heights of 31 Black Cherry trees.

In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies, shown as bars. It

shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several categories: it is a form of data
binning. The categories are usually specified as non-overlapping intervals of some
variable. The categories (bars) must be adjacent. The intervals (or bands, or bins) are
generally of the same size.[1]
Histograms are used to plot density of data, and often for density estimation: estimating
the probability density function of the underlying variable. The total area of a histogram
used for probability density is always normalized to 1. If the length of the intervals on the
x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot.

An alternative to the histogram is kernel density estimation, which uses a kernel to

smooth samples. This will construct a smooth probability density function, which will in
general more accurately reflect the underlying variable.

The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also include the
Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter
diagram.

Examples
As an example we consider data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau on time to travel to
work (2000 census, [1], Table 2). The census found that there were 124 million people
who work outside of their homes. This rounding is a common phenomenon when
collecting data from people.
Histogram of travel time, US 2000 census. Area under the curve equals the total number
of cases. This diagram uses Q/width from the table.

Data by absolute numbers

Interval Width Quantity Quantity/width
0 5 4180 836
5 5 13687 2737
10 5 18618 3723
15 5 19634 3926
20 5 17981 3596
25 5 7190 1438
30 5 16369 3273
35 5 3212 642
40 5 4122 824
45 15 9200 613
60 30 6461 215
90 60 3435 57

This histogram shows the number of cases per unit interval so that the height of each bar
is equal to the proportion of total people in the survey who fall into that category. The
area under the curve represents the total number of cases (124 million). This type of
histogram shows absolute numbers.

Histogram of travel time, US 2000 census. Area under the curve equals 1. This diagram
uses Q/total/width from the table.

Data by proportion
Interval Width Quantity (Q) Q/total/width
0 5 4180 0.0067
5 5 13687 0.0221
10 5 18618 0.0300
15 5 19634 0.0316
20 5 17981 0.0290
25 5 7190 0.0116
30 5 16369 0.0264
35 5 3212 0.0052
40 5 4122 0.0066
45 15 9200 0.0049
60 30 6461 0.0017
90 60 3435 0.0005

This histogram differs from the first only in the vertical scale. The height of each bar is
the decimal percentage of the total that each category represents, and the total area of all
the bars is equal to 1, the decimal equivalent of 100%. The curve displayed is a simple
density estimate. This version shows proportions, and is also known as a unit area
histogram.

In other words a histogram represents a frequency distribution by means of rectangles

whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the
corresponding frequencies. They only place the bars together to make it easier to compare
data.

Activities and demonstrations

The SOCR resource pages contain a number of hands-on interactive activities
demonstrating the concept of a histogram, histogram construction and manipulation using
Java applets and charts.

Mathematical definition
An ordinary and a cumulative histogram of the same data. The data shown is a random
sample of 10,000 points from a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.

In a more general mathematical sense, a histogram is a mapping mi that counts the

number of observations that fall into various disjoint categories (known as bins), whereas
the graph of a histogram is merely one way to represent a histogram. Thus, if we let n be
the total number of observations and k be the total number of bins, the histogram mi
meets the following conditions:

Cumulative histogram

A cumulative histogram is a mapping that counts the cumulative number of observations

in all of the bins up to the specified bin. That is, the cumulative histogram Mi of a
histogram mi is defined as:

Number of bins and width

There is no "best" number of bins, and different bin sizes can reveal different features of
the data. Some theoreticians have attempted to determine an optimal number of bins, but
these methods generally make strong assumptions about the shape of the distribution. You
should always experiment with bin widths before choosing one (or more) that illustrate
the salient features in your data.

The number of bins k can be calculated directly, or from a suggested bin width h:
The braces indicate the ceiling function.

Sturges' formula[3]
,

which implicitly bases the bin sizes on the range of the data, and can perform poorly if n
< 30.

Scott's choice[4]

where is the sample standard deviation.

Freedman-Diaconis' choice[5]

which is based on the interquartile range.

Continuous data
The idea of a histogram can be generalized to continuous data. Let (see
Lebesgue space), then the cumulative histogram operator H can be defined by:

H(f)(y) = with only finitely many intervals of monotony this can be rewritten as

h(f)(y) is undefined if y is the value of a stationary point.

INSTRUMENT ( TALLY CHART)

 i) MORNING TALLY RESULT ( 7.00 am 7.30 am)

VEHICLES TALLY

CARS

MOTORS

VANS

SCHOOL BUS

TAXI

LORRY
BICYCLE

BUS

ii) NIGHT TALLY RESULT ( 7.30 pm 8.00 pm)

VEHICLES TALLY

CARS

MOTORS

VANS
 TAXI

LORRY

BICYCLE

BUS