Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Notes With Question Bank and Two Mark Question Answers

R.M.
K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL-601206
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY

III SEM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Regulation 2013
QUESTION BANK
PREPARED BY
R.ASHOK KUMAR M.E (CAD)
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
UNIT - I - FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Part - A
1.1) What is a fluid? How are fluids classified?
1.2) Define fluid. Give examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.3) How fluids are classified? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
1.4) Distinguish between solid and fluid. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.5) Differentiate between solids and liquids. [AU, May / June - 2007]
1.6) Discuss the importance of ideal fluid. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.7) What is a real fluid? [AU, April / May - 2003]
1.8) Define Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.9) What are Non Newtonian fluids? Give example. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.10) Differentiate between Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.11) What is the difference between an ideal and a real fluid?
1.12) Differentiate between liquids and gases.
1.13) Define Pascals law. [AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2008]
1.14) Define the term density.
1.15) Define mass density and weight density. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.16) Distinguish between the mass density and weight density.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.17) Define the term specific volume and express its units. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.18) Define specific weight.
1.19) Define specific weight and density. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.20) Define density and specific gravity of a fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.21) Define the term specific gravity.
1.22) What is specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.23) What is specific gravity? How is it related to density? [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.24) What do you mean by the term viscosity?
1.25) What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.26) Define Viscosity and give its unit. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.27) Define Newtons law of viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 2
1.28) State the Newton's law of viscosity.

[AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2007]
1.29) Define Newtons law of viscosity and write the relationship between shear stress
and velocity gradient? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.30) What is viscosity and give its units? [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.31) Define coefficient of viscosity. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.32) Define coefficient of volume of expansion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.33) Define relative or specific viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.34) Define kinematic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.35) Define kinematic and dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.36) What is the importance of kinematic viscosity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.37) Mention the significance of kinematic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.38) What is dynamic viscosity? What are its units?
1.39) Define dynamic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
1.40) Define the terms kinematic viscosity and give its dimensions.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.41) What is kinematic viscosity? State its units? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.42) Differentiate between kinematic viscosity of liquids and gases with respect to
pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
1.43) Write the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.44) What are the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity of a fluid?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006, 2012]
1.45) Differentiate between kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec 2008, 2011]
1.46) How does the dynamic viscosity of liquids and gases vary with temperature?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2008]
1.47) What are the variations of viscosity with temperature for fluids?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.48) What is the effect of temperature on viscosity of water and that of air?
1.49) Why is it necessary in winter to use lighter oil for automobiles than in summer?
To what property does the term lighter refer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.50) Define the term pressure. What are its units? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.51) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities
[AU, April / May - 2003]
a) Pressure b) surface tension
c) Dynamic viscosity d) kinematic viscosity
1.52) Define eddy viscosity. How it differs from molecular viscosity?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.53) Define surface tension. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.54) Define surface tension and expression its unit. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.55) Define capillarity. [ AU, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2006]
1.56) What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
1.57) Define the term vapour pressure.
1.58) What is meant by vapour pressure of a fluid? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.59) Brief on the significance of vapour pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.60) What are the types of pressure measuring devices?
1.61) What do you understand by terms:
i) Isothermal process ii) adiabatic process
1.62) What do you mean by capillarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.63) Explain the phenomenon of capillarity.
1.64) Define surface tension.
1.65) What is compressibility of fluid?
1.66) Define compressibility of the fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009]
1.67) Define compressibility and viscosity of a fluid. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.68) Define coefficient of compressibility. What is its value for ideal gases?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.69) List the components of total head in a steady, in compressible irrotational flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.70) Define the bulk modulus of fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.71) Define - compressibility and bulk modulus. [AU, Nov / Dec 2011]
1.72) Write short notes on thyxotropic fluid.
1.73) What is Thyxotrphic fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

1.74) One poises equal to __________Pa.s.
1.75) State the empirical pressure density relation for a liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.76) Give the types of fluid flow.
1.77) Define steady flow and give an example.
1.78) Define unsteady flow and give an example.
1.79) Differentiate between the steady and unsteady flow. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.80) When is the flow regarded as unsteady? Give an example for unsteady flow.
1.81) Define uniform flow and give an example.
1.82) Define non uniform flow and give an example.
1.83) Differentiate between steady flow and uniform flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.84) Define laminar and turbulent flow and give an example.
1.85) Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2008, April / May - 2015]
1.86) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.87) State the criteria for laminar flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.88) State the characteristics of laminar flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.89) What are the characteristics of laminar flow? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.90) Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.91) Define - Incompressible fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.92) Define compressible and incompressible flow and give an example.
1.93) Define rotational and irrotational flow and give an example.
1.94) Distinguish between rotation and circularity in fluid flow.
1.95) Define stream line. What do stream lines indicate? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.96) Define streamline and path line in fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.97) What is stream line and path line in fluid flow? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.98) What is a streamline? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.99) Define streak line. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.100) Define stream function. [AU, April / May 2010, May / June - 2012]
1.101) Define control volume. [AU, April / May - 2015]

1.102) What is the use of control volume? [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.103) What is meant by continuum? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.104) Define continuity equation.
1.105) Write down the equation of continuity. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2009, 2012]
1.106) State the continuity equation in one dimensional form?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.107) State the general continuity equation for a 3 - D incompressible fluid flow.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.108) State the continuity equation for the case of a general 3-D flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.109) State the equation of continuity in 3 dimensional incompressible flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.110) State the assumptions made in deriving continuity equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.111) Define Euler's equation of motion.
1.112) Write the Euler's equation. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.113) What is Eulers equation of motion? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.114) Define Bernoulli's equation.
1.115) Write the Bernoullis equation in terms of head. Explain each term.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.116) What are the basic assumptions made is deriving Bernoullis theorem?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2012]
1.117) List the assumptions which are made while deriving Bernoullis equation.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.118) State at least two assumptions of Bernoullis equation.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.119) What are the three major assumptions made in the derivation of the Bernoullis
equation? [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.120) State the assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli's equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.121) State Bernoullis theorem as applicable to fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.122) Give the assumptions made in deriving Bernoullis equation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.123) What are the applications of Bernoullis theorem? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.124) Give the application of Bernoullis equation.
1.125) List the types of flow measuring devices fitted in a pipe flow, which uses the
principle of Bernoullis equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.126) Mention the uses of manometer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.127) State the use of venturimeter. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.128) Define momentum principle.
1.129) Define impulse momentum equation.
1.130) Write the impulse momentum equation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
1.131) What do you understand by impulse momentum equation?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.132) State the momentum equation. When can it applied. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.133) State the usefulness of momentum equation as applicable to fluid flow
phenomenon. [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.134) Define discharge (or) rate of flow.
1.135) Discuss the momentum flux. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.136) Find the continuity equation, when the fluid is incompressible and densities are
equal.
1.137) What is the moment of momentum equation? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.138) Explain classification of fluids based on viscosity.
1.139) State and prove Euler's equation of motion. Obtain Bernoulli's equation from
Euler's equation.
1.140) State and prove Bernoulli's equation. What are the limitations of the Bernoulli's
equation?
1.141) State the momentum equation. How will you apply momentum equation for
determining the force exerted by a flowing liquid on a pipe bend?
1.142) Give the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation for
a three - dimensional flow.
1.143) Calculate the density of one litre petrol of specific gravity 0.7?
1.144) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes,
calculate its specific gravity. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.145) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which
weighs 7 N. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.146) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2above the
atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find the
diameter of the bubble formed. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.147) Determine the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter 0.25 cm and 6
cm at 22C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.148) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm
carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5
m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate in kg/sec.
1.149) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a 2mm
bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm.
1.150) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of Hg
at normal conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.151) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of50
m in diameter. What is the pressure inside these bubbles? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.152) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of specific
gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the interface of two
liquids and at the bottom of the tank. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.153) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is being
filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if the upper
plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. Define specific weight.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.154) Calculate the height of capillary rise for water in a glass tube of diameter 1mm.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
PART - B
1.155) What are the various classification of fluids? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.156) State and prove Pascal's law. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.157) What is Hydrostatic law? Derive an expression to show the same.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.158) Explain the properties of hydraulic fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.159) Discuss the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation
in three dimensional forms. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.160) Explain in detail the Newton's law of viscosity. Briefly classify the fluids based
on the density and viscosity. Give the limitations of applicability of Newton's law of
viscosity. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.161) Classify the fluids according to the nature of variation of viscosity. Give
examples [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.162) State the effect of temperature and pressure on viscosity.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.163) Explain the term specific gravity, density, compressibility and vapour pressure.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.164) Explain the terms Specific weight, Density, Absolute pressure and Gauge
pressure. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.165) Define Surface tension and also compressibility of a fluid?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.166) Explain the practical significance of the following liquid properties: surface
tension, capillarity and vapour pressure. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.167) Explain the phenomenon surface tension and capillarity.
1.168) Derive an expression for the capillary rise of a liquid having surface tension
and contact angle between two vertical parallel plates at a distance W apart. If the
plates are of glass, what will be the capillary rise of water? Assume = 0.773N / m,
= 0 Take W=l mm. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.169) What is compressibility of fluids? Give the relationship between compressibility
and bulk modulus [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.170) Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure inside the
droplet of liquid in excess of outside pressure is given by P = 4/d.
[AU, April / May 2010, 2011, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.171) Explain the following
Capillarity
Surface tension
Compressibility
Kinematic viscosity [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.172) Derive the energy equation and state the assumptions made while deriving the
equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.173) Derive Euler's equation of motion. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.174) Derive from the first principles, the Eulers equation of motion for a steady flow
along a stream line. Hence derive Bernoulli equation. State the various assumptions
involved in the above derivation. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.175) Derive from basic principle the Eulers equation of motion in 2D flow in X-Y
coordinate system and reduce the equation to get Bernoullis equation for
unidirectional stream lined flow. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.176) State Eulers equation of motion, in the differential form. Derive Bernoullis
equation from the above for the cases of an ideal fluid flow.
1.177) State the law of conservation of man and derive the equation of continuity in
Cartesian coordinates for an incompressible fluid. Would it alter if the flow were
unsteady, highly viscous and compressible? [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.178) Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow.
1.179) Derive the continuity equation for 3 dimensional flow in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, May / June - 2006]
1.180) Derive the general form of continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.181) Derive the continuity equation of differential form. Discuss weathers equation is
valid for a steady flow or unsteady flow, viscous or in viscid flow, compressible or
incompressible flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
1.182) Derive continuity equation from basic principles. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.183) Derive Bernoullis equation along with assumptions made.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
1.184) State Bernoullis theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2005, April / May 2010, May / June - 2013]
1.185) State Bernoullis theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid. Derive an
expression for Bernoulli equation and state the assumptions made.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.186) State the assumptions in the derivation of Bernoullis equation.
[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.187) Derive an expression for Bernoullis equation for a fluid flow.
1.188) Derive Bernoullis equation from the first principles? State the assumptions
made while deriving Bernoullis equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.189) Derive from basic principle the Eulers equation of motion in Cartesian co
ordinates system and deduce the equation to Bernoullis theorem steady irrotational
flow. [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.190) Derive the Eulers equation of motion and deduce the expression to Bernoullis
equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.191) Develop the Euler equation of motion and then derive the one dimensional form
of Bernoullis equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.192) Show that for a perfect gas the bulk modulus of elasticity equals its pressure for
An isothermal process
times the pressure for an isentropic process
1.193) State and derive impulse momentum equation. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.194) Derive momentum equation for a steady flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.195) Derive the linear momentum equation using the control volume approach and
determine the force exerted by the fluid flowing through a pipe bend.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.196) With a neat sketch, explain briefly an orifice meter and obtain an expression for
the discharge through it. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.197) Draw the sectional view of Pitots tube and write its concept to measure velocity
of fluid flow? [AU, April / May - 2005]
PROBLEMS
1.198) A soap bubble is 60mm in diameter. If the surface tension of the soap film is
0.012 N/m. Find the excess pressure inside the bubble and also derive the expression
used in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.199) A spherical water droplet of 5 mm in diameter splits up in the air into 16 smaller
droplets of equal size. Find the work involved in splitting up the droplet. The surface
tension of water may be assumed as 0.072 N/m [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.200) A liquid weighs 7.25N per litre. Calculate the specific weight, density and
specific gravity of the liquid.
1.201) One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6N. Calculate its specific weight, density and
specific gravity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.202) Determine the viscosity of a liquid having a kinematic viscosity 6 stokes and
specific gravity 1.9. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.203) Determine the mass density; specific volume and specific weight of liquid whose
specific gravity 0.85. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.204) If the volume of a balloon is to reach a sphere of 8m diameter at an altitude where
the pressure is 0.2 bar and temperature -40C. Determine the mass hydrogen to be
charged into the balloon and volume and diameter at ground level. Where the
pressure is 1bar and temperature is 25C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.205) A pipe of 30 cm diameter carrying 0.25 m3/s water. The pipe is bent by 135
from the horizontal anti-clockwise. The pressure of water flowing through the pipe
is 400 kN. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.206) A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.72. Find its density and specific weight. Find
also the weight per litre of the liquid.
1.207) A 1.9mm diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is
960kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid raise 5mm in the tube, making a contact
angle of 15. Determine the surface tension of the liquid. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.208) A hollow cylinder of 150 mm OD with its weight equal to the buoyant forces is
to be kept floating vertically in a liquid with a surface tension of 0.45 N/m2. The
contact angle is 60. Determine the additional force required due to surface tension.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.209) A 0.3m diameter pipe carrying oil at 1.5m/s velocity suddenly expands to 0.6m
diameter pipe. Determine the discharge and velocity in 0.6m diameter pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.210) Explain surface tension. Water at 20C ( = 0.0.73N/m, = 9.8kN/m3 and angle
of contact = 0) rises through a tube due to capillary action. Find the tube diameter
requires, if the capillary rise is less than 1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.211) A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft and a concentric
sleeve. The sleeve attains a speed of 50cm/s, when a force of 40N is applied to the
sleeve parallel to the shaft. Determine the speed of the shaft, if a force of 200N is
applied. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.212) An oil film thickness 10mm is used for lubrication between the square parallel
plate of size 0.9 m * 0.9 m, in which the upper plate moves at 2m/s requires a force
of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec 2003]
1.213) The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of
the plate is 60cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5mm. The upper plate, which
moves at 2.5 meter per sec, requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed.
Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.214) What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a
cylinder from a volume of 0.0125m3 at 80N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124m3
at pressure 150N/cm2 [AU, Nov / Dec - 2004]
1.215) Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure
of the liquid is increased from 7MN/m2 to 13MN/m2, the volume of liquid decreases
by 0.15%. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.216) The measuring instruments fitted inside an airplane indicate the pressure 1.032
*105Pa, temperature T0 = 288 K and density 0 = 1.285 kg/m3 at takeoff. If a standard
temperature lapse rate of 0.0065 K/m is assumed, at what elevation is the plane
when a pressure of 0.53*105 recorded? Neglect the variations of acceleration due

gravity with the altitude and take airport elevation as 600m.
1.217) A person must breathe a constant mass rate of air to maintain his metabolic
process. If he inhales 20 times per minute at the airport level of 600m, what would
you except his breathing rate at the calculated altitude of the plane?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.218) Two points (1) and (2) which are at the same level in the body of water in a
whirlpool are at radial distances of 1.2m and 0.6m respectively from the axis of
rotation. The pressure and then velocity of water at point (1) and 15KPa (gauge) and
2 m/s respectively. What are the pressure and velocity at point (2)? What is the
difference in water surface elevations above points (1) and (2)? What are the radial
distances of a point on the water surface which is at same level (1) and (2)?
1.219) The space between two square parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the
plate is 75 cm. The thickness of oil film is 10 mm. The upper plate which moves at
3 m/s requires a force of 100 N to maintain the speed. Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil
Kinematic viscosity of the oil, if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.9.
1.220) A rectangular plate of size 25cm* 50cm and weighing at 245.3 N slides down at
30 inclined surface with uniform velocity of 2m/s. If the uniform 2mm gap between
the plates is inclined surface filled with oil. Determine the viscosity of the oil.
[AU, April / May 2004, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.221) A space between two parallel plates 5mm apart, is filled with crude oil of specific
gravity 0.9. A force of 2N is require to drag the upper plate at a constant velocity of
0.8m/s. the lower plate is stationary. The area of upper plate is 0.09m2. Determine
the dynamic viscosity in poise and kinematic viscosity of oil in strokes.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.222) The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25mm apart is filled with
liquid of absolute viscosity 0.7 Pa.sec. Within this space a thin flat plate 250mm *
250mm is towed at a velocity of 150mm/s at a distance of 6mm from one wall, the
plate and its movement being parallel to the walls. Assuming linear variations of
velocity between the plates and the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid
on the plate. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.223) A jet issuing at a velocity of 25 m/s is directed at 35 to the horizontal. Calculate
the height cleared by the jet at 28 m from the discharge location? Also determine the
maximum height the jet will clear and the corresponding horizontal location.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.224) Determine the velocity of a jet directed at 35 to the horizontal to clear 8 m height
at a distance of 22 m. Also determine the maximum height this jet will clear and the
total horizontal travel. What will be the horizontal distance at which the jet will be
again at 8 m height? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.225) A flat plate of area 0.125m2 is pulled at 0.25 m/sec with respect to another
parallel plate 1mm distant from it, the space between the plates containing water of
viscosity 0.001Ns/ m2. Find the force necessary to maintain this velocity. Find also
the power required.
1.226) The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u = 2y y2 where u is
the velocity in m/sec at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity
gradient and shear stress at the boundary and 0.15m from it. Dynamic viscosity of
the fluid is 0.9Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.227) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (3/4) * y y2 where u is
velocity in m/s and at depth y in m above the plate. Determine the shear stress at a
distance of 0.3m from the top of plate. Assume dynamic viscosity of the fluid is taken
as 0.95 Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.228) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by a relation,
2
= ( )
3
1.229) Where y is the vertical distance above the plate in meters. Assuming a
viscosity of 0.9Pa.s, find the shear stress at y = 0 and y = 0.15m.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.230) If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by = 2 + +
with the vertex 0.2m from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2 m/s. calculate the
velocity gradients and shear stresses at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the
plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.85Ns/m2. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.231) Lateral stability of a long shaft 150 mm in diameter is obtained by means of a

250 mm stationary bearing having an internal diameter of 150.25 mm. If the space
between bearing and shaft is filled with a lubricant having a viscosity 0.245 N s/m2,
what power will be required to overcome the viscous resistance when the shaft is
rotated at a constant rate of 180 rpm? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.232) Find the kinematic viscosity of water whose specific gravity is 0.95 and viscosity
is0.0011Ns/m2.
1.233) The dynamic viscosity of oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve
is6poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power
lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90mm. The thickness of the oil film is
1.5mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]
1.234) A 200 mm diameter shaft slides through a sleeve, 200.5 mm in diameter and 400
mm long, at a velocity of 30 cm/s. The viscosity of the oil filling the annular space
is m = 0.1125 NS/ m2. Find resistance to the motion. [A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.235) A 0.5m shaft rotates in a sleeve under lubrication with viscosity 5 Poise at
200rpm. Calculate the power lost for a length of 100mm if the thickness of the oil is
1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.236) A 15 cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside another cylinder
of diameter 15.10 cm. Both cylinders are 25 cm high. The space between the
cylinders is filled with a liquid whose viscosity is unknown. If a torque of 12.0 Nm
is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100 rpm, determine the viscosity of the
fluid. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.237) Oil flows through a pipe 150mm in diameter and 650mm in length with a
velocity of 0.5m/s. If the kinematic viscosity of oil is 18.7 * 10-4 m2/s, find the power
lost in overcoming friction. Take the specific gravity of oil as 0.9.
1.238) A400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 r.p.m. in a bearing of length 120 mm.
If the thickness of film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 N.s/m2,
determine (i) Torque required to overcome friction in bearing (ii) Power utilized to
overcoming viscous friction. Assume linear velocity profile.
[AU, May / June - 2014]
1.239) The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two

80cm long concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner cylinder is 16 cm,
and the gap between the two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is rotated at
210 rpm, and the torque is measured to be 0.8 N m. Determine the viscosity of the
fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.240) Calculate the gauge pressure and absolute pressure within (i) a droplet of water
0.4cm in diameter (ii) a jet of water 0.4cm in diameter. Assume the surface tension
of water as 0.03N/m and the atmospheric pressure as 101.3kN/m2.
1.241) What do you mean by surface tension? If the pressure difference between the
inside and outside of air bubble of diameter, 0.01 mm is 29.2kPa, what will be the
surface tension at air water interface? Derive an expression for the surface tension in
the air bubble and from it, deduce the result for the given conditions.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.242) Determine the viscous drag torque and power absorbed on one surface of a
collar bearing of 0.2 m ID and 0.3 m OD with an oil film thickness of 1 mm and a
viscosity of 30 centi poise if it rotates at 500 rpm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.243) A 1.9-mm - diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is
960 kg/ m3, and it is observed that the liquid rises 5 mm in the tube, making a contact
angle of 15. Determine the surface tension of the liquid.
1.244) At the depth of 2km in ocean the pressure is 82401kN/m2. Assume the specific
weigth at the surface as 10055 N/m3 and the average bulk modulus of elasticity is
2.354 * 109 N/m2 for the pressure range. Determine the change in specific volume
between the surface and 2km depth and also determine the specific weight at the
depth? [AU, April / May 2004, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.245) At the depth of 8km from the surface of the ocean, the pressure is stated to be
82MN/m2. Determine the mass density, weight density and specific volume of water
at this depth. Take density at the surface = 1025kg/m3 and bulk modulus K =
2350MPa for indicated pressure range. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.246) Eight kilometers below the surface of ocean pressure is 81.75MPa. Determine
the density of sea water at this depth if the density at the surface is 1025 kg/m3 and
the average bulk modulus of elasticity is 2.34GPa. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.247) A cylinder of radius 0.65 m filled partially with a fluid and axially rotated at 18
rad/s is empty up to 0.3 m radius. The pressure at the extreme edge at the bottom was
0.3 bar gauge. Determine the density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.248) A liquid is compressed in a cylinder having a volume of 0.012 m3 at a pressure
of 690 N/cm2. What should be the new pressure in order to make its volume 0.0119
m3? Assume bulk modulus of elasticity (K) for the liquid = 6.9 x 104 N/cm2.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.249) Calculate the capillary rise in glass tube of 3 mm diameter when immersed in
mercury; take the surface tension and the angle of contact of mercury as 0.52 N/m
and 130 respectively. Also determine the minimum size of the glass tube, if it is
immersed in water, given that the surface tension of water is 0.0725 N/m and
capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 0.5mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.250) The capillary rise in a glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of water. Determine its
minimum size, given that the surface tension for water in contact with air =
0.0725N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]
1.251) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter
when immersed in(i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130. Take specific weight of water at 20C as equal to 9780 N/m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.252) Derive an expression for the capillary rise at a liquid in a capillary tube of radius
r having surface tension and contact angle . If the plates are of glass, what will
be the capillary rise of water having = 0.073 N/m, = 0? Take r = 1mm.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.253) A pipe containing water at 180kN/m2 pressure is connected to differential gauge
to another pipe 1.6m lower than the first pipe and containing water at high pressure.
If the difference in height of 2 mercury columns of the gauge is equal to 90mm, what
is the pressure in the lower pipe? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.254) Determine the minimum size of glass tubing that can be used to measure water
level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface tension
of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2012]
1.255) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter,
when immersed in (i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130. Take specific weight of water at 20C as equal to 9790N/ m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2007]
1.256) A Capillary tube having inside diameter 6 mm is dipped in CCl4at 20o C. Find
the rise of CCl4 in the tube if surface tension is 2.67 N/m and Specific gravity is
1.594 and contact angle u is 60 and specific weight of water at 20 C is 9981 N/m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.257) Two pipes A & B are connected to a U tube manometer containing mercury of
density 13,600kg/m3. Pipe A carries a liquid of density 1250kg/m3 and a liquid of
density 800kg/m3 flows through a pipe B, The center of pipe A is 80mm above the
pipe B. The difference of mercury level manometer is 200mm and the mercury
surface on pipe A side is 100mm below the center. Find the difference of pressure
between the two connected points of the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.258) A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the
difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N of the oils collected in a
tank in 25 seconds. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.259) A simple U tube manometer containing mercury is connected to a pipe in which
a fluid of specific gravity 0.8 and having vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end
of the manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if the
difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40cm and the height of the fluid in
the left from the center pipe is 15cm below. Draw the sketch for the above problem.
[AU, April / May - 2011, May / June - 2012]
1.260) A U-tube is made of two capillaries of diameter 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm respectively.
The tube is kept vertically and partially filled with water of surface tension 0.0736
N/m and zero contact angles. Calculate the difference in the levels of the mercury
caused by the capillary. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.261) Define the terms gauge pressure and absolute pressure. A U tube containing
mercury has its right limb open to atmosphere. The left limb is full of water and is
connected to a pipe containing water under pressure, the centre of which is in the
level with the free surface of mercury. If the difference in the levels of mercury in
the limbs id 5.1cm, calculate the water pressure in the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.262) The barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of mercury while that on a
mountain top is 735 mm. If the density of air is assumed constant at 1.2 kg/m3,
what is the elevation of the mountain top? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.263) The barometric pressure at the top and bottom of a mountain are 734mm and
760mm of mercury respectively. Assuming that the average density of air =
1.15kg/m3, calculate the height of the mountain. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.264) The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120
mmHg. If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm
of the person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density
of the blood to be 1050 kg/ m3. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.265) When a pressure of 20.7 MN/m2 is applied to 100 litres of a liquid, its volume
decreases by one litre. Find the bulk modulus of the liquid and identify this liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.266) The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The
tank is at sea level, and the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading
from the tank to the nozzle is a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the
water jet rises to a height of 27 m from the ground, determine the minimum pressure
rise supplied by the pump to the water line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.267) Determine the minimum size of the glass tubing that can be used to measure
water level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface
tension of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.268) A cylinder of 0.6m3 in volume contains air at 50oC and 0.3N/mm2 absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3m3. Find the (i) pressure inside the cylinder
assuming isothermal process and (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic
process. Take k = 1.4.
1.269) A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters
20cm and 15cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe is
2.5m/sec, find the discharge in this pipe. Also determine the velocity in the 15cm
diameter pipe if the average velocity in the 20cm diameter pipe is 2m/sec.
1.270) Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m diameter at 3m/second then passes through
a pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8m in diameter
and carries one - third of the flow in AB. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/sec.
Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and the
diameter of CE.
1.271) Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at sections 1
and 2 respectively. The rate of flow, through the pipe is 35litre/sec. The section 1 is
6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is
39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.272) A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at
the higher end to 300mm diameter at the lower end and carries 100 litres/sec of oil
having specific gravity 0.8. If the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60kN/m2,
determine the velocities at the two ends and also the pressure at the lower end.
Neglect all losses [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.273) Water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100m having diameters 600mm
at the upper end and 300mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/ sec. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2.
1.274) Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered
vertical pipe. The diameter at the bottom is 240 mm and at the top 200 mm and the
length is 5 m. The pressure at the bottom is 8 bar, and the pressure at the topside is
7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through the pipe. Express it as a function of exit
velocity head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.275) A pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/sec. The pressures
at the points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2 respectively, while
the datum head at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the loss of head between A and
B.
1.276) A drainage pipe is tapered in a section running with full of water. The pipe
diameters at the inlet and exit are 1000 mm and 50 mm respectively. The water
surface is 2 m above the center of the inlet and exit is 3 m above the free surface of
the water. The pressure at the exit is250 mm of Hg vacuum. The friction loss
between the inlet and exit of the pipe is 1/10 of the velocity head at the exit.
Determine the discharge through the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.277) A pipeline 60 cm in diameter bifurcates at a Y-junction into two branches 40 cm
and 30 cm in diameter. If the rate of flow in the main pipe is 1.5 m3/s, and the mean
velocity of flow in the 30 cm pipe is 7.5 m/s, determine the rate of flow in the 40 cm
pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.278) A pipeline of 175 mm diameter branches into two pipes which delivers the water
at atmospheric pressure. The diameter of the branch 1 which is at 35 counter-
clockwise to the pipe axis is 75mm. and the velocity at outlet is 15 m/s. The branch
2 is at 15 with the pipe center line in the clockwise direction has a diameter of 100
mm. The outlet velocity is 15 m/s. The pipes lie in a horizontal plane. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the forces on the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.279) A pipeline conveys 10 lit/s of water from an overhead tank to a building. The
pipe is 2km long and 15cm diameter, the friction factor is 0.03. It is planned to
increase the discharge by 30% by installing another pipeline in parallel with this over
half the length. Find the suitable diameter of pipe to be installed. Is there any upper
limit on discharge augmentation by this arrangement? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.280) The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having diameters 600
mm at the upper end and 300 mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/s. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.281) A 45 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and
outlet of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by
water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at the inlet to the bend is 8.829N/cm2
and rate of flow of water is600 litre / sec.
1.282) Gasoline (specific gravity = 0.8) is flowing upwards through a vertical pipe line
which tapers from300mm to 150mm diameter. A gasoline mercury differential
manometer is connected between 300 mm and 150 mm pipe sections to measure the
rate of flow. The distance between the manometer tappings is 1meter and the gauge
heading is 500 mm of mercury. Find the(i) differential gauge reading in terms of
gasoline head (ii) rate of flow. Assume frictional and other losses are negligible.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.283) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and
the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively,
calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.284) A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from 10 cm to 16 cm. The water
velocity in the smaller section is 12 m/s, and the flow is turbulent. The pressure in
the smaller section is 300 kPa. Determine the downstream pressure, and estimate the
error that would have occurred if Bernoullis equation had been used.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.285) Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 20 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of
diameters20 cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The
pressure difference between the two pipe sections is measured by a water
manometer. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the differential height of water
between the two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20 kg/m3.
air
200 L/s 20 cm
1.286) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100
mm is employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential
manometer connected to the inlet is 180 mm of mercury. If Cd = 0.98, determine

the rate of flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.287) A horizontal venturimeter of specification 200mm * 100mm is used to measure
the discharge of an oil of specific gravity 0.8. A mercury manometer is used for the
purpose. If the discharge is 100 litres per second and the coefficient of discharge of
meter is 0.98, find the manometer deflection. [AU, May / June - 2007]
1.288) Determine the pressure difference between inlet and throat of a vertical
venturimeter of size 150 mm x 75 mm carrying oil of S = 0.8 at flow rate of 40 lps.
The throat is 150 mm above the inlet.
1.289) A pipe of 300 mm diameter inclined at 30 to the horizontal is carrying gasoline
(specific gravity = 0.82). A venturimeter is fitted in the pipe to find out the flow rate
whose throat diameter is 150 mm. The throat is 1.2 m from the entrance along its
length. The pressure gauges fitted to the venturimeter read 140 kN/m2and
80kN/m2respectively. Find out the co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter if the
flow is 0.20 m3/s. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.290) A venturimeter of throat diameter 0.085m is fitted in a 0.17m diameter vertical
pipe in which liquid a relative density 0.85 flows downwards. Pressure gauges ate
fitted at the inlet and to the throat sections. The throat being 0.9m below the inlet.
Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.95 find the discharge when the pressure
gauges read the same and also when the inlet gauge reads 15000N/m2 higher than
the throat gauge. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.291) A Venturimeter having inlet and throat diameters 30 cm and 15 cm is fitted in a
horizontal diesel pipe line (Sp. Gr. = 0.92) to measure the discharge through the pipe.
The venturimeter is connected to a mercury manometer. It was found that the
discharge is 8 litres /sec. Find the reading of mercury manometer head in cm. Take
Cd =0.96. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.292) A venturimeter is inclined at 60 to the vertical and its 150 mm diameter throat
is 1.2 m from the entrance along its length. It is fitted to a pipe of diameter 300 mm.
The pipe conveys gasoline of S = 0.82 and flowing at 0.215 m3/s upwards. Pressure
gauges inserted at entrance and throat show the pressures of 0.141 N/mm2and 0.077
N/mm2respectively. Determine the co-efficient of discharge of the venturimeter.
Also determine the reading in mm of differential mercury column, if instead of
pressure gauges the entrance and the throat of the venturimeter are connected to the
limbs of a U tube mercury manometer. [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.293) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300mm and 100mm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is
130 kN/m2 while the vacuum pressure head at throat is 350 mm of mercury.
Assuming 3% head lost between the inlet and throat. Find the value of coefficient of
discharge for venturimeter and also determine the rate of flow.
1.294) A vertical venturimeter carries a liquid of relative density 0.8 and has inlet throat
diameters of 150mm and 75mm. The pressure connection at the throat is 150mm
above the inlet. If the actual rate of flow is 40litres/sec and C d = 0.96, find the
pressure difference between inlet and throat in N/m2. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.295) A 300 mm x 150 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil
of relative density 0.9, the flow being upwards. The differential U tube mercury
manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250 mm. Calculate the discharge of oil, if
the co-efficient of meter is 0.98. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.296) In a vertical pipe conveying oil of specific gravity 0.8, two pressure gauges have
been installed at A and B, where the diameters are 160mm a 80mm respectively. A
is 2m above B. The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B is
greater than at A by 0.981 N/cm2. Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate. If the
gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with the same liquid and connected to
a U tube containing mercury, calculate the difference in the level of mercury in the
two limbs of the U tube. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.297) Determine the flow rate of oil of S = 0.9 through an orifice meter of size 15 cm
diameter fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The mercury deflection of U tube
differential manometer connected on the two sides of the orifice is 50 cm. Assume
Cd of orifice meter as 0.64.
1.298) A submarine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 15 m below the surface
of water. A pitot static tube properly placed just in front of the submarine along its
axis and is connected to the two limbs of a U - tube containing mercury. The
difference of mercury level is found to be170 mm. Find the speed of submarine
knowing that the sp. gr of sea water is 1.026.
1.299) A submarine fitted with a Pitot tube move horizontally in sea. Its axis is 20m
below surface of water. The Pitot tube placed in front of the submarine along its axis
is connected to a differential mercury manometer showing the deflection of 20cm.
Determine the speed of the submarine. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.300) A pitot-static probe is used to measure the velocity of an aircraft flying at 3000
m. If the differential pressure reading is 3 kPa, determine the velocity of the aircraft.
1.301) A 15 cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10 cm diameter vertical pipe
with a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 1001/s. At point 1 in 15 cm pipe
gauge pressure is 250 kPa. At point 2 in the 10 cm pipe located 1.0 m below point 1
the gauge pressure is 175 kPa.
Find whether the flow is upwards / downwards.
Head loss between the two points.
1.302) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/sec and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge)
and the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 300 mm and 200 mm
respectively. Calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
UNIT - II - FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUCTS
PART - A
2.1) How are fluid flows classified? [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.2) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.3) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for viscous flow through a pipe.
2.4) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for laminar flow.
[AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.5) Write the Hagen Poiseuilles Equation and enumerate its importance.
2.6) State Hagen Poiseuilles formula for flow through circular tubes.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.7) Write down the Darcy - Weisbachs equation for friction loss through a pipe
2.8) What is the relationship between Darcy Friction factor, Fanning Friction Factor
and Friction coefficient? [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.9) Mention the types of minor losses. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.10) List the minor losses in flow through pipe.
2.11) What are minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.12) Distinguish between the major loss and minor losses with reference to flow
through pipes. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.13) List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.14) What are the losses experienced by a fluid when it is passing through a pipe?
2.15) What is a minor loss in pipe flows? Under what conditions does a minor loss
become a major loss?
2.16) What do you understand by minor energy losses in pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.17) List out the various minor losses in a pipeline
2.18) What are major and minor losses of flow through pipes?
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2007, 2012, April / May - 2010]
2.19) List the minor and major losses during the flow of liquid through a pipe.
2.20) Enlist the various minor losses involved in a pipe flow system.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.21) Write the expression for calculating the loss due to sudden expansion of the pipe.
2.22) What factors account in energy loss in laminar flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.23) Differentiate between pipes in series and pipes in parallel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.24) What is Darcy's equation? Identify various terms in the equation.
2.25) What is the relation between Dracy friction factor, Fanning friction factor and
friction coefficient? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.26) When is the pipe termed to be hydraulically rough? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.27) What is the physical significance of Reynold's number?
2.28) Define Reynolds Number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.29) Write the Navier's Stoke equations for unsteady 3 - dimensional, viscous,
incompressible and irrotational flow. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.30) Define Moodys diagram
2.31) What are the uses of Moodys diagram? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2012]
2.32) Mention the use of Moody diagram. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.33) State the importance of Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.34) Write down the formulae for loss of head due to
(i) sudden enlargement in pipe diameter
(ii) sudden contraction in pipe diameter and
(iii) Pipe fittings.
2.35) Define (i) relative roughness and (ii) absolute roughness of a pipe inner surface.
2.36) How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a pipe if the flow is
turbulent? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.37) A piping system involves two pipes of different diameters (but of identical length,
material, and roughness) connected in parallel. How would you compare the flow
rates and pressure drops in these two pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.38) What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes? [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.39) What is equivalent pipe?
2.40) What is the use of Dupuits equations?
2.41) What is the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line?
2.42) Give the expression for power transmission through pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.43) Write down the formula for friction factor of pipe having viscous flow.
2.44) Define boundary layer and boundary layer thickness.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
2.45) Define boundary layer thickness. [AU, May / June - 2006, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.46) What is boundary layer? Give its sketch of a boundary layer region over a flat
plate. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.47) What is boundary layer? Why is it significant? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.48) Define boundary layer and give its significance. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.49) What is boundary layer and write its types of thickness?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006]
2.50) What do you understand by the term boundary layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.51) Define the following (i) laminar boundary layer (ii) turbulent boundary layer
(iii) laminar sub layer.
2.52) What is a laminar sub layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.53) Define momentum thickness and energy thickness.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
2.54) Define the term boundary layer. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.55) Define the terms boundary layer, boundary thickness. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.56) What is boundary layer separation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.57) Give the classification of boundary layer flow based on the Reynolds number.
2.58) Define the following:
(i) Displacement thickness (ii) Momentum thickness
(iii)Energy thickness.
2.59) What do you mean by displacement thickness and momentum thickness?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.60) What do you understand by hydraulic diameter? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.61) What is hydraulic gradient line? [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.62) Define hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line.
2.63) Brief on HGL. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.64) Differentiate between Hydraulic gradient line and total energy line.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003, April / May - 2005, 2010, May / June2007, 2009]
2.65) What is T.E.L? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.66) Distinguish between hydraulic and energy gradients. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.67) Differentiate hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line.
[AU, May / June - 2014]
2.68) Differentiate between hydraulic grade line and energy grade line.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.69) What are stream lines, streak lines and path lines in fluid flow?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2006, 2009]
2.70) What do you mean by Prandtls mixing length?
2.71) Draw the typical boundary layer profile over a flat plate.
2.72) Define flow net. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.73) What is flow net and state its use? [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.74) Define lift. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.75) Define the terms: drag and lift. [AU, Nov / Dec 2007, May / June - 2009]
2.76) Define drag and lift co-efficient.
2.77) Give the expression for Drag coefficient and Lift coefficient.
2.78) What is meant by laminar flow instability? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.79) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, draw the shear stress and
velocity distribution across the pipe section. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.80) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, obtain an expression for the
velocity distribution. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.81) A circular and a square pipe are of equal sectional area. For the same flow rate,
determine which section will lead to a higher value of Reynolds number.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.82) A 20cm diameter pipe 30km long transport oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take the viscosity = 0.1
Nm/s2 and density = 900 kg/m3 for oil. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.83) Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200 mm is suddenly enlarged to a
diameter 0f 400 mm. Rate of flow of water through the pipe is 250 litres/s.
PART - B
2.84) What are the various types of fluid flows? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.85) Define minor losses. How they are different from major losses?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.86) Discuss on various minor losses in pipe flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.87) Discuss on minor losses in pipe flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.88) Which has a greater minor loss co-efficient during pipe flow: gradual expansion
or gradual contraction? Why? [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.89) Derive Chezys formula for loss of head due to friction in pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.90) What is the hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line?
Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid?
2.91) Write notes on the following:
Concept of boundary layer.
Hydraulic gradient
Moody diagram.
2.92) Briefly explain Moodys diagram regarding pipe friction
[AU, May / June - 2014]
2.93) Describe the Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.94) For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow
conditions, show that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the
average velocity is half of the maximum velocity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.95) For flow of viscous fluids through an annulus derive the following expressions:
Discharge through the annulus.
Shear stress distribution. [AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
2.96) For a laminar flow through a pipe line, show that the average velocity is half of
the maximum velocity.
2.97) Prove that the Hagen-Poiseuilles equation for the pressure difference between
two sections 1 and 2 in a pipe is given by with usual notations.
2.98) Derive Hagen Poiseuilles equation and state its assumptions made.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.99) Derive Hagen Poiseuilles equation [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.100) Obtain the expression for Hagen Poiseuilles flow. Deduce the condition of
maximum velocity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.101) Give a proof a Hagen Poiseuilles equation for a fully developed laminar
flow in a pipe and hence show that Darcy friction coefficient is equal to 16/R e, where
Re is Reynolds number. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.102) Derive an expression for head loss through pipes due to friction.
2.103) Explain Reynolds experiment to demonstrate the difference between laminar
flow and turbulent flow through a pipe line.
2.104) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in
a pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.105) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for head loss due to friction in flow through
pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.106) Obtain expression for Darcy Weisbach friction factor f for flow in pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.107) Explain the losses of energy in flow through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.108) Derive an expression for Darcy Weisbach formula to determine the head loss
due to friction. Give an expression for relation between friction factor f and
Reynoldss number Re for laminar and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.109) Prove that the head lost due to friction is equal to one third of the total head at
inlet for maximum power transmission through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.110) Show that for laminar flow, the frictional loss of head is given by
hf= 8 fLQ2/g2D5 [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.111) Derive Eulers equation of motion for flow along a stream line. What are the
assumptions involved. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.112) A uniform circular tube of bore radius R1 has a fixed co axial cylindrical solid
core of radius R2. An incompressible viscous fluid flows through the annular passage
under a pressure gradient (-p/x). Determine the radius at which shear stress in the
stream is zero, given that the flow is laminar and under steady state condition.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.113) If the diameter of the pipe is doubled, what effect does this have on the flow rate
for a given head loss for laminar flow and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.114) Derive an expression for the variation of jet radius r with distance y downwards
for a jet directed downwards. The initial radius is R and the head of fluid is H.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.115) Distinguish between pipes connected in series and parallel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.116) Discuss on hydraulic and energy gradient. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.117) Determine the equivalent pipe corresponding to 3 pipes in series with lengths
and diameters l1, l2, l3, d1, d2, d3 respectively. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.118) For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, work out the optimum ratio between the
diameter of before expansion and the diameter of the pipe after expansion so that the
pressure rise is maximum. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.119) Obtain the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line.
2.120) Explain stream lines, path lines and flow net. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.121) What are the uses and limitations of flow net? [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.122) Briefly explain about boundary layer separation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.123) Explain on boundary layer separation and its control.
2.124) Considering a flow over a flat plate, explain briefly the development of
hydrodynamic boundary layer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.125) Discuss in detail about boundary layer thickness and separation of boundary
layer. [AU, April / May - 2011]

2.127) Explain in detail
Drag and lift coefficients
Boundary layer thickness
Boundary layer separation
Naviers strokes equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.128) In a water reservoir flow is through a circular hole of diameter D at the side wall
at a vertical distance H from the free surface. The flow rate through an actual hole
with a sharp-edged entrance (kL = 0.5) will be considerably less than the flow rate
calculated assuming frictionless flow. Obtain a relation for the equivalent diameter
of the sharp-edged hole for use in frictionless flow relations.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.129) Define : Boundary layer thickness(); Displacement thickness( *); Momentum
thickness() and energy thickness(**). [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.130) Briefly explain the following terms
Displacement thickness
Momentum thickness
Energy thickness [AU, May / June - 2014]
2.131) Find the displacement thickness momentum thickness and energy thickness for
the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by (u/v) = (y/), where uis the
velocity at a distance y from the plate and u=U at y=, where = boundary layer
thickness. Also calculate (*/). [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010]
2.132) Explain the concept of boundary layer in pipes for both laminar and turbulent
flows with neat sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.133) What is hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line?
Under what conditions do both lines coincide with surface of the liquid?
2.134) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a
circular pipe. [AU, May / June - 2007]
2.135) Write a brief note on velocity potential function and stream function.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.136) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a
circular pipe. Also sketch the distribution of velocity cross a section of the pipe.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
PROBLEMS
2.137) A 20 cm diameter pipe 30 km long transports oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take viscosity and
density for oil.
2.138) A pipe line 20cm in diameter, 70m long, conveys oil of specific gravity 0.95 and
viscosity 0.23 N.s/m2. If the velocity of oil is 1.38m/s, find the difference in pressure
between the two ends of the pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.139) Oil of absolute viscosity 1.5 poise and density 848.3kg/m3 flows through a
300mm pipe. If the head loss in 3000 m, the length of pipe is 200m, assuming
laminar flow, find
(i) the average velocity,
(ii) Reynoldss number and
(iii) Friction factor. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.140) An oil of specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through the pipe diameter 30cm at the
rate of 500litres/sec. Find the head lost due to friction and power required to maintain
the flow for a length of 1000m. Take = 0.29 stokes.
2.141) A pipe line 10km, long delivers a power of 50kW at its outlet ends. The pressure
at inlet is 5000kN/m2 and pressure drop per km of pipeline is 50kN/m2. Find the size
of the pipe and efficiency of transmission. Take 4f = 0.02.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.142) A lubricating oil flows in a 10 cm diameter pipe at 1 m/s. Determine whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent.
2.143) An oil of specific gravity 0.80 and kinematic viscosity 15 x 10 6m2/s flows in a
smooth pipe of 12 cm diameter at a rate of 150 lit/min. Determine whether the flow
is laminar or turbulent. Also, calculate the velocity at the centre line and the velocity
at a radius of 4 cm. What is head loss for a length of 10 m? What will be the entry
length? Also determine the wall shear. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.144) For the lubricating oil 2 = 0.1Ns /m and = 930 kg/m3. Calculate also transition
and turbulent velocities. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.145) Oil of ,mass density 800kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.02 poise flows through
50mm diameter pipe of length 500m at the rate of 0.19 liters/ sec. Determine
Reynolds number of flow
Center line of velocity
Pressure gradient
Loss of pressure in 500m length
Wall shear stress
Power required to maintain the flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.146) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway
between the wall surface and the center line) is measured to be 6m/s. Determine the
velocity at the center of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.147) A pipe 85m long conveys a discharge of 25litres per second. If the loss of head
is 10.5m. Find the diameter of the pipe take friction factor as 0.0075.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.148) A smooth pipe carries 0.30m3/s of water discharge with a head loss of 3m per
100m length of pipe. If the water temperature is 20C, determine diameter of the
pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.149) Water is flowing through a pipe of 250 mm diameter and 60 m long at a rate of
0.3 m3/sec. Find the head loss due to friction. Assume kinematic viscosity of water
0.012 stokes.
2.150) Consider turbulent flow (f = 0.184 Re-0.2) of a fluid through a square channel
with smooth surfaces. Now the mean velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the
change in the head loss of the fluid. Assume the flow regime remains unchanged.
What will be the head loss for fully turbulent flow in a rough pipe?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.151) A pipe of 12cm diameter is carrying an oil ( = 2.2 Pa.s and = 1250 kg/m3)
with a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Determine the shear stress at the wall surface of the pipe,
head loss if the length of the pipe is 25 m and the power lost.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.152) Find the head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 30cm and length 50cm,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using Darcys formula.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.153) For a turbulent flow in a pipe of diameter 300 mm, find the discharge when the
center-line velocity is 2.0 m/s and the velocity at a point 100 mm from the center as
measured by pitot-tube is 1.6 m/s. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.154) A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter 20cm. The maximum
velocity is 1.5m/s. Find the mean velocity and radius at which this occurs. Also
calculate the velocity at 4cm from the wall pipe. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.155) Water is flowing through a rough pipe of diameter 60 cm at the rate of
600litres/second. The wall roughness is 3 mm. Find the power loss for 1 km length
of pipe.
2.156) Water flows in a 150 mm diameter pipe and at a sudden enlargement, the loss of
head is found to be one-half of the velocity head in 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine
the diameter of the enlarged portion.
2.157) A 150mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100mm diameter. If the
pipe carries water at 30 liters per second, calculate the pressure loss across the
contraction. The coefficient of contraction as 0.6. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.158) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.85, changes in diameter from
350mm at position 1 to 550mm diameter to a position 2, which is at 6m at a higher
level. If the pressure at position 1 and 2 are taken as 20N/cm2 and 15N/cm2
respectively and discharge through the pipe is 0.2m3/s. Determine the loss of head.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.159) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from
200mm at position A to 500mm diameter to a position B, which is at 4m at a higher
level. If the pressure at position A and B are taken as 9.81N/cm2 and 5.886N/cm2
respectively and discharge through the pipe is 200 litres/s. Determine the loss of head
and direction of flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.160) A 30cm diameter pipe of length 30cm is connected in series to a 20 cm diameter
pipe of length 20cm to convey discharge. Determine the equivalent length of pipe
diameter 25cm, assuming that the friction factor remains the same and the minor
losses are negligible. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.161) A pipe of 0.6m diameter is 1.5 km long. In order of augment the discharge,
another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half
of the length. Neglecting minor losses. Find the increase in discharge, if friction
factor f= 0.04. The head at inlet is 40m. [AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2005, 2012]
2.162) A pipe of 10 cm in diameter and 1000 m long is used to pump oil of viscosity
8.5 poise and specific gravity 0.92 at the rate of1200 lit./min. The first 30 m of the
pipe is laid along the ground sloping upwards at 10 to the horizontal and remaining
pipe is laid on the ground sloping upwards 15 to the horizontal. State whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent? Determine the pressure required to be developed by the
pump and the power required for the driving motor if the pump efficiency is 60%.
Assume suitable data for friction factor, if required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.163) Oil with a density of 900 kg/m3and kinematic viscosity of 6.2 10-4m2/s is being
discharged by a 6 mm diameter, 40 m long horizontal pipe from a storage tank open
to the atmosphere. The height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 3 m.
Neglecting the minor losses, determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.164) Oil at 27C ( = 900 kg/m3 and = 40 centi poise) is flowing steadily in a
1.25cm diameter 40m long During the flow, the pressure at the pipe inlet and exit is
measured to be 8.25 bar and 0.95 bar, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil
through the pipe assuming the pipe is [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Horizontal,
Inclined 20 upward, and
Inclined 20 downward.
2.165) The velocity of water in a pipe 200mm diameter is 5m/s. The length of the pipe
is 500m. Find the loss of head due to friction, if f = 0.008. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.166) A 200mm diameter (f = 0.032) 175m long discharges a 65mm diameter water jet
into the atmosphere at a point which is 75m below the water surface at intake. The
entrance to the pipe is reentrant with ke = 0.92 and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.06.
Find the flow rate and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle.
2.167) A pipe line 2000m long is used for power transmission 110kW is to be
transmitted through a pipe in which water is having a pressure of 5000kN/m2 at inlet
is flowing. If the pressure drop over a length of a pipe is 1000kN/m2 and coefficient
of friction is 0.0065, find the diameter of the pipe and efficiency of transmission.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.168) A horizontal pipe of 400 mm diameter is suddenly contracted to a diameter of
200 mm. The pressure intensities in the large and small pipe are given as 15 N/cm2
and 10 N/cm2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction, if C c = 0.62,
determine also the rate of flow of water.
2.169) A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and
discharges freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length
from the tank, the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to
300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe.
Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01
for both sections of the pipe. [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.170) A 15cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10cm diameter vertical pipe with
a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 100 l/s. At a point 1 in 15cm pipe gauge
pressure is 250kPa. At point 2 in the 10cm pipe located 1m below point 1 the gauge
pressure is 175kPa.
Find weather the flow is upwards /downwards
Head loss between the two points [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.171) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe, which is 20 cm, is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity
in the smaller pipe is 11.7 N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden
enlargement and pressure intensity in the larger pipe, power loss due to enlargement.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.172) In a city water supply systems, water is flowing through a pipe line 30cm in
diameter. The pipe diameter is suddenly reduced to 20cm. estimate the discharge
through the pipe if the difference across the sudden contraction is 5kPa.
2.173) A 45 reducing bend is connected to a pipe line. The inlet and outlet diameters
of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water
on the bend, if the intensity of pressure at inlet to bend is 8.829N/cm2 and the rate of
flow of water is 600 liters/s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.174) Horizontal pipe carrying water is gradually tapering. At one section the diameter
is 150mm and the flow velocity is 1.5m/s. If the drop pressure is 1.104bar is reduced
section, determine the diameter of that section. If the drop is 5kN/m2, what will be
the diameter Neglect the losses? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.175) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3m3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe, which is 25cm, is suddenly enlarged to 50 cm. The pressure intensity in
the smaller pipe is 14N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement,
pressure intensity in the larger pipe power lost due to enlargement.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
2.176) Water at 15C ( =999.1 kg/m3and = 1.138 x 10-3kg/m. s) is flowing steadily
in a30-m-long and 4 cm diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of
8 L/s. Determine (i) the pressure drop, (ii) the head loss, and (iii) the pumping power
requirement to overcome this pressure drop. Assume friction factor for the pipe as
0.015. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.177) The discharge of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m3/s. The diameter of
above pipe which is 200mm suddenly enlarges to 400mm at a point. If the pressure
of water in the smaller diameter of pipe is 120kN/m2, determine loss of head due to
sudden enlargement; pressure of water in the larger pipe and the power lost due to
sudden enlargement. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.178) A pipe of varying sections has a sectional area of 3000, 6000 and 1250 mm2 at
point A, B and C situated 16 m, 10 m and 2 m above the datum. If the beginning of
the pipe is connected to a tank which is filled with water to a height of 26 m above
the datum, find the discharge, velocity and pressure head at A, B and C. Neglect all
losses. Take atmospheric pressure as 10 m of water.
2.179) An existing 300mm diameter pipeline of 3200m length connects two reservoirs
having 13m difference in their water levels. Calculate the discharge Q1. If a parallel
pipe 300mm in diameter is attached to the last 1600m length of the above existing
pipe line, find the new discharge Q2. What is the change in discharge? Express it as
a % of Q1. Assume friction factor f = 0.14 in Darcy Weisbach formula.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.180) Two reservoirs with a difference in water surface elevation of 15 m are

connected by a pipe line ABCD that consists of three pipes AB, BC and CD joined
in series. Pipe AB is 10 cm in diameter, 20 m long and has f = 0.02. Pipe BC is of
16 cm diameter, 25 m long and has f = 0.018. Pipe CD is of 12 cm diameter, 15 m
long and has f = 0.02. The junctions with the reservoirs and between the pipes are
abrupt. (a) Calculate the discharge (b) What difference in reservoir elevation is
necessary to have a discharge of 20 litres/sec? Include all minor losses.
2.181) Two tanks of fluid ( = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/ms.) at 20C are connected
by a capillary tube 4 mm in diameter and 3.5 m long. The surface of tank 1 is 30 cm
higher than the surface of tank 2. Estimate the flow rate in m3/h. Is the flow laminar?
For what tube diameter will Reynolds number be 500?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.182) Three pipes of 400mm, 350mm and 300mm diameter connected in series
between two reservoirs. With difference in level of 12m. Friction factor is 0.024,
0.021 and 0.019 respectively. The lengths are 200m, 300m and 250m. Determine
flow rate neglecting the minor losses. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.183) Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths450 m, 255
m and 315 m respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface
levels in two tanks is 18 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of
friction are 0.0075, 0.0078and 0.0072 respectively considering: the minor losses and
by neglecting minor losses. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.184) Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths 300 m, 170
m and 210 m respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface
levels in two tanks is 12 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of
friction are 0.005, 0.0052 and 0.0048 respectively considering: the minor losses and
by neglecting minor losses [AU, May / June 2012]
2.185) Three pipes connected in series to make a compound pipe. The diameters and
lengths of pipes are respectively, 0.4m, 0.2m, 0.3m and 400m, 200m, 300m. The
ends of the compound pipe are connected to 2 reservoirs whose difference in water
levels is 16m. The friction factor for all the pipes is same and equal to 0.02. The
coefficient of contraction is 0.6. Find the discharge through the compound pipe if,
minor losses are negligible. Also find the discharge if minor losses are included.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.186) A compound piping system consists of 1800 m of 0.5 m, 1200 m of 0.4 m and
600 m of 0.3 m new cast-iron pipes connected in series. Convert the system to (i) an
equivalent length of0.4 m diameter pipe and (ii) an equivalent size of pipe of 3600
m length. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.187) A 100m long pipe line of 300mm in diameter contains two 90 elbows and two
gate valves (wide open). Calculate the equivalent pipe length and total loss of head
when the flow rate is 0.5m3/s, f = 0.005, and the pipe has a sharp entry and exit.
2.188) A pipe line of 600 mm diameter is 1.5 km long. To increase the discharge,
another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half
of the length. If f = 0.01 and head at inlet is 30 m, calculate the increase in discharge.
2.189) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another
line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length.
Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if 4f = 0.04. The head at
inlet is 30cm. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.190) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another
line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length.
Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if Darcys friction factor
0.04. The head at inlet is 300mm. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.191) Two pipes of 15cm and 30cm diameters are laid in parallel to pass a total
discharge of 100 litres per second. Each pipe is 250m long. Determine discharge
through each pipe. Now these pipes are connected in series to connect two tanks
500m apart, to carry same total discharge. Determine water level difference between
the tanks. Neglect the minor losses in both cases, f=0.02 fn both pipes.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.192) Two pipes of diameter 40 cm and 20 cm are each 300 m long. When the pipes
are connected in series and discharge through the pipe line is0.10 m3/sec, find the
loss of head incurred. What would be the loss of head in the system to pass the same
total discharge when the pipes are connected in parallel? Take f = 0.0075 for each
pipe. [AU, May / June 2007, 2012, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.193) A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes, which again forms one pipe. The
length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 1m respectively, while
the length and diameter of second parallel pipe are 200m and 0.8m respectively. Find
the rate of flow in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is 3m3/s. The coefficient
of friction for each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.194) The main pipe is divided into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe, the
first parallel pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.8 m. The second parallel
pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.6 m. The coefficient friction for each
parallel pipe is 0.005. If the total rate of flow in the main pipe is 2 m3 /sec, find the
rate of flow in each parallel pipe. [AU, May / June - 2014]
2.195) For a town water supply, a main pipe line of diameter 0.4 m is required. As pipes
more than 0.35m diameter are not readily available, two parallel pipes of same
diameter are used for water supply. If the total discharge in the parallel pipes is same
as in the single main pipe, find the diameter of parallel pipe. Assume co-efficient of
discharge to be the same for all the pipes. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.196) Two pipes of identical length and material are connected in parallel. The
diameter of pipe A is twice the diameter of pipe B. Assuming the friction factor to
be the same in both cases and disregarding minor losses, determine the ratio of the
flow rates in the two pipes. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.197) A pipe line 30cm in diameter and 3.2m long is used to pump up 50Kg per second
of oil whose density is 950 Kg/m3 and whose kinematic viscosity is 2.1 strokes, the
center of the pipe line at the upper end is 40m above than the lower end. The
discharge at the upper end is atmospheric. Find the pressure at the lower end and
draw the hydraulic gradient and total energy line. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.198) Two water reservoirs A and B are connected to each other through a 50 m long,
2.5 cm diameter cast iron pipe with a sharp-edged entrance. The pipe also involves
a swing check valve and a fully open gate valve. The water level in both reservoirs
is the same, but reservoir A is pressurized by compressed air while reservoir B is
open to the atmosphere. If the initial flow rate through the pipe is 1.5 l/s, determine
the absolute air pressure on top of reservoir A. Take the water temperature to be
25C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.199) When water is being pumped is a pumping plant through a 600mm diameter
main, the friction head was observed as 27m. In order to reduce the power
consumption, it is proposed to lay another main of appropriate diameter along the
side of existing one, so that the two pipes will work in parallel for the entire length
and reduce the friction head to 9.6m only. Find the diameter of the new main if with
the exception of diameter; it is similar to the existing one in all aspects.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.200) Kerosene (SG = 0.810) at a temperature of 22C flows in a 75-mm diameter
smooth brass pipeline at a rate of 0.90 lit/s. Find the friction head loss per meter, For
the same head loss, what would be the flow rate if the temperature of the kerosene
were raised to 40C? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.201) Determine the
Pressure gradient
The shear stress at the two horizontal parallel plates and
Discharge per meter width for the laminar flow of oil with maximum
velocity 2m/s between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are
10cm apart. Given = 2.4525 Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.202) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway
between the wall surface and the centerline) is measured to be 6 m/s. Determine the
velocity at the center of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.203) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/h.
If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of Rexequal to 3 x 105, find the
maximum distance up to which laminar boundary layer exists and find its maximum
thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49 x 10-5m2/sec.
2.204) Air is flowing over a flat plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. The length of the plate
is 2.5 m and width 1 m. The kinematic viscosity of air is given as 0.15 x 10 -4m2/s.
Find the
(i) boundary layer thickness at the end of plate
(ii) shear stress at 20 cm from the leading edge
(iii) shear stress at 175 cm from the leading edge
(iv) Drag force on one side of the plate.
3 1 3
(v) Take the velocity profile = ( ) ( ) over a plate as and the
2 2
density of air1.24 kg/m3.
2.205) A plate of 600mm length and 400mm wide is immersed in a fluid of specific
gravity 0.9 and kinematic viscosity of = 10-4 m2/s. The fluid is moving with velocity
of 6m/s. Determine
Boundary layer thickness
Shear stress at the end of the plate
Drag force on one side of the plate. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.206) Water at 20 C enters a pipe with a uniform velocity (U) of 3m/s. What is the
distance at which the transition (x) occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary
layer? If the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91(vx/U)
what is its thickness at the point of transition?(v kinematic viscosity).
2.207) A flat plate 1.5 m x 1.5 m moves at 50 km/h in stationary air of density 1.15
kg/m3. If the co-efficient of drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively, determine
the
(i) Lift force
(ii) Drag force
(iii) The resultant force and
(iv) The power required to set the plate in motion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.208) A jet plane which weighs 29430 N and has the wing area of 20m2 flies at the
velocity of 250km/hr. When the engine delivers 7357.5kW. 65% of power is used to
overcome the drag resistance of the wing. Calculate the coefficient of lift and
coefficient of drag for the wing. Take density of air = 1.21 kg/m3
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.209) For the velocity profile in laminar boundary layer as u/U = 3/2 (y/)-1/2(y/)3.
Find the thickness of the boundary layer and shear stress, 1.8m from the leading edge
of a plate. The plate is 2.5 m long and 1.5 m wide is placed in water, which is moving
with a velocity of 15 cm/sec. Find the drag on one side of the plate if the viscosity
of water is 0.01 poise. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
2.210) Consider flow of oil through a pipe of 0.3m diameter. The velocity distribution
is parabolic with maximum velocity of 3 m/s at the pipe centre. Estimate the shear
stress at the pipe wall and within the fluid 50mm from the pipe wall. The viscosity
of the oil is 1.7Pa.s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.211) The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by u/U = y/, where u is
the velocity at the distance y from the plate u = U at y = , being boundary layer
thickness. Find the displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy
thickness. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.212) If the velocity distribution in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate is given
by / = sin(/2 /), calculate the value of , , and shear stress.
2.213) Water at 20C flow through a 160mm diameter pipe with roughness of 0.016
mm. If the mean velocity is 6 m/s, what is the nominal thickness of the viscous sub-
layer? What will be the viscous sub -layer if the velocity is increased to 7.2 m/s?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.214) The flow rate in a 260mm diameter pipe is 220 litres/sec. The flow is turbulent,
and the centerline velocity is 4.85m/s. Plot the velocity profile, and determine the
head loss per meter of pipe. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.215) An oil of viscosity 0.9Pa.s and density 900kg/m3 flows through a pipe of 100mm
diameter. The rate of pressure drop for every meter length of pipe is 25kPa. Find the
oil flow arte, drag force per meter length, pumping power required to maintain the
flow over a distance of 1km, velocity and shear stress at 15, from the pipe wall.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.216) Consider the flow of a fluid with viscosity m through a circular pipe. The
velocity profile in the pipe is given as where is the maximum flow velocity, which
occurs at the centerline; r is the radial distance from the centerline; is the flow
velocity at any position r; and R is the Reynold's number. Develop a relation for the
drag force exerted on the pipe wall by the fluid in the flow direction per unit length
of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
u(r) = umax(1-rn / Rn )
R
r
o
umax
2.217) Velocity components in flow are given by U = 4x, V = -4y. Determine the stream
and potential functions. Plot these functions for 60, 120, 180, and 240 and 0, 60,
120, 180, +60, +120, +180. Check for continuity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.218) A fluid of specific gravity 0.9 flows along a surface with a velocity profile given
by v = 4y - 8y3m/s, where y is in m. What is the velocity gradient at the boundary?
If the kinematic viscosity is 0.36S, what is the shear stress at the boundary?
[A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.219) In a two dimensional incompressible flow the fluid velocities are given by u = x
ay and v = - y 4x. Show that the velocity potential exists and determine its form.
Find also the stream function. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.220) A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed along a free stream of
water flowing at 3m/s. Calculate the distance from the leading edge and the boundary
thickness where the transition from laminar to turbulent- flow may commence.
Assume the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity as 1centipoise.
2.221) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/hr.
If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of RN = 3 x105, find the maximum
distance up to which laminar boundary layer persists and find its maximum
thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49x10-5 m2/s.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.222) A power transmission pipe 10 cm diameter and 500 m long is fitted with a nozzle
at the exit, the inlet is from a river with water level 60 m above the discharge nozzle.
Assume f = 0.02, calculate the maximum power which can be transmitted and the
diameter of nozzle required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
UNIT - III - DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
PART - A
3.1) What do you understand by fundamental units and derived units?

3.2) Differentiate between fundamental units and derived units. Give examples.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.3) Define dimensional analysis.
3.4) What do you mean by dimensional analysis? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.5) Brief on dimensional variables with examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.6) Brief on Intuitive method. Give some examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.7) Define dimensional homogeneity.
3.8) What is dimensional homogeneity and write any one sample equation?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
3.9) Explain the term dimensional homogeneity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.10) Give the methods of dimensional analysis.
3.11) State a few applications, usefulness of dimensional analysis.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
3.12) What is a dimensionally homogenous equation? Give example.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.13) Cite examples for dimensionally homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
3.14) Check whether the following equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Q =Cd .a (2 gh) . [AU, April / May - 2011]
3.15) Define Rayleigh's method.
3.16) Give the Rayleigh method to determine dimensionless groups.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.17) State any two choices of selecting repeating variables in Buckingham theorem.
3.18) State Buckinghams theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2012, April / May - 2015]
3.19) What is Buckingham's theorem?
3.20) The excess pressure p inside a bubble is known to be a function of the surface
tension and the radius. By dimensional reasoning determine how the excess pressure.
Will vary if we double the surface tension and the radius.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.21) Distinguish between Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's - theorem.
3.22) Under what circumstances, will Buckinghams theorem yield incorrect number
of dimensionless group?
3.23) State a few applications / usefulness of dimensional analysis.
3.24) Define Euler's number. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.25) List out any four rules to select repeating variable.
3.26) Define similitude.
3.27) Give the three types of similarities.
3.28) What are the types of similarities? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.29) Define geometric similarity.
3.30) Define kinematic similarity.
3.31) What is meant by kinematic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.32) Define dynamic similarity.
3.33) What is meant by dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
3.34) What is dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.35) What is similarity in model study? [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.36) What is scale effect in physical model study?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006, May / June 2012]
3.37) If two systems (model and prototype) are dynamically similar, is it implied that
they are also kinematically and geometrically similar? [AU, May / June - 2012]
3.38) Distinguish between a control and differential control volume.
3.39) Mention the circumstances which necessitate the use of distorted models.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
3.40) Give the types of forces in a moving fluid.
3.41) Give the dimensions of power and specific weight. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.42) Define inertia force.
3.43) Define viscous force.

3.44) Define gravity and pressure force.
3.45) Define surface tension force.
3.46) Define dimensionless numbers.
3.47) Give the types of dimensionless numbers.
3.48) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities: surface tension and
dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
3.49) Write the dimensions of surface tension and vapour pressure in MLT system.
3.50) Define Reynolds number. What its significance? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
3.51) Define Reynolds number and state its significance? [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.52) Define Reynolds number and Froudes numbers. [AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2011]
3.53) Define the Froude's dimensionless number. [AU, May / June - 2014]
3.54) Define Froude's number.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2009, 2008, April / May 2010, May / June - 2012]
3.55) State Froude's model law. [AU, May / June - 2013]
3.56) Define Euler number and Mach number. [AU, May / June - 2007]
3.57) Define Reynolds number and Mach number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.58) Define Mach number. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.59) What is Mach number? Mention its field of use. [AU, April / May - 2003]
3.60) Define Mach's number and mention its field of use.
3.61) Define -Mach number and state its application. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.62) Write down the dimensionless number for pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.63) What are the similitudes that should exist between the model and its prototype?
PART - B
3.64) Discuss on Buckingham's theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.65) What is repeating variables? How are these selected? [AU, May / June - 2007]
3.66) Discuss on the applications of dimensionless parameters. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.67) State the similarity laws used in model analysis. [AU, April / May - 2010]
3.68) State and explain the various laws of similarities between model and its prototype.
3.69) What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities?

[AU, May / June 2007, 2014]
3.70) What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities? Are these
similarities truly attainable? If not, why? [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.71) Explain the different types of similarities exist between a proto type and its model.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.72) What is distorted model and also give suitable example?
3.73) What are distorted models? State merits and demerits. [AU, May / June - 2014]
3.74) Define dimensional homogeneity and also give example for homogenous
equation. [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.75) Classify Models with scale ratios. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.76) Derive on the basis of dimensional analysis suitable parameters to present the
thrust developed by a propeller. Assume that the thrust P depends upon the angular
velocity , speed of advance V, diameter D, dynamic viscosity , mass density ,
elasticity of the fluid medium which can be denoted by the speed of sound in the
medium C. [AU, Nov / Dec 2011, 2012]
3.77) Check the following equations are dimensionally homogenous
Drag force = ( Cd U2A) where Cd is coefficient of drag which is
constant
F = Q ( U1 U2) / g ( P1A1 P2A2)
Total energy per unit mass = v2/2 + gz + P/
Q = / 15Cd tan(/2) (2g) * (H)5/2where Cd is coefficient of discharge
constant [AU, April / May - 2004, 2010, Nov / Dec - 2005]
3.78) Define and explain Reynolds number, Froudes number, Eulers number and
Machs number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.79) What are the significance and the role of the following parameters?
Reynolds number
Froude number
Mach number
Weber number. [AU, April / May - 2011]
3.80) Define the following dimensionless numbers and state their significance for fluid
flow problems. [AU, May / June - 2014]
Reynolds number
Mach number
3.81) Explain the Reynolds model law and state its applications.
3.82) Use dimensionless analysis to arrange the following groups into dimensionless
parameters; p, V, , g and f, , L, V use MLT system. [AU, April / May - 2011]
3.83) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a
dimensionless number: L, , and a. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.84) Consider force F acting on the propeller of an aircraft, which depends upon the
variable U, , , D and N. Derive the non dimensional functional form F/(U2D2)
= f ((UD/),(ND/U)) [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.85) The frictional torque T of a disc diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of
viscosity and density in a turbulent flow is given by
T = D5 N2 [/D2N]. Prove this by Buckinghams theorem.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.86) Resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body is given by R =
v2l2(VL/), where and are the mass density and kinematic viscosity of the fluid;
v velocity of flow; l length of the body. If the resistance of a one eighth scale
air - ship model when tested in water at 12m/s is 22N, what will be the resistance of
the air ship at the corresponding aped, in air? Assume kinematic viscosity of air is
13times that of water and density of water is 810 times of air.
3.87) The resisting force R to a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as
dependent upon the length of the aircraft l, velocity V, air viscosity m, air density
and bulk modulus of air K. Express the functional relationship between these
variables and the resisting force.
3.88) The resisting force F of a plane during flight can be considered as dependent upon
the length of aircraft (l), velocity (v), air viscosity (), air density () and bulk
modulus of air (K). Express the functional relationship between these variables using
dimensional analysis. Explain the physical significance of the dimensionless groups
arrived. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
3.89) Derive an expression for the shear stress at the pipe wall when an incompressible
fluid flows through a pipe under pressure. Use dimensional analysis with the
following significant parameters: pipe diameter D, flow velocity V, and viscosity
and density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.90) The resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body depends upon
the length of the body (L), velocity of flow (V), mass density of fluid (), kinematic
viscosity (). Prove by dimensional analysis that
R = V2L2(VL/) [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.91) Obtain a relation using dimensional analysis, for the resistance to uniform motion
of a partially submerged body in a viscous compressible fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.92) Using Buckingham method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the
drag force R on a partially submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a
fluid; the other variables being the linear dimension L, height of surface roughness
K, Fluid density and the gravitational acceleration g. [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.93) The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on the head h,
flow rate Q, density , speed N, runner diameter D, and acceleration due to gravity
g. Obtain suitable dimensionless parameters to correlate experimental results.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2011, 2014]
3.94) Show that the power P developed in a water turbine can be expressed as:
Where, = Mass density of the liquid,

N = Speed in rpm,
D = Diameter of the runner,
B = Width of the runner and
= Dynamic viscosity [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.95) The capillary rise h is found to be influenced by the tube diameter D, density ,
gravitational acceleration g and surface tension . Determine the dimensionless
parameters for the correlation of experimental results. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.96) Using dimensional analysis, obtain a correlation for the frictional torque due to
rotation of a disc in a viscous fluid. The parameters influencing the torque can be
identified as the diameter, rotational speed, viscosity and density of the fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.97) The drag force on a smooth sphere is found to be affected by the velocity of flow,
u, the diameter D of the sphere and the fluid properties density and viscosity .
Find the dimensionless groups to correlate the parameters. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.98) State Buckingham's - theorem. What do you mean by repeating variables? How
are the repeating variables selected in dimensional analysis?
3.99) State Buckingham's - theorem. What are the considerations in the choice of
repeating variables? [AU, April / May - 2010]
3.100) Express efficiency in terms of dimensionless parameters using density,
viscosity, angular velocity, diameter of rotor and discharge using Buckingham
theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.101) State the Buckingham theorem. What are the criteria for selecting repeating
variable in this dimensional analysis? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.102) State Buckingham theorem. Mention the important principle for selecting
the repeating variables. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.103) State and prove Buckingham theorem.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2009, April / May - 2010]
3.104) Using Buckinghams - theorem show that the velocity through a circular orifice
is given by V = (2gH) [(D/H), (/VH)
Where H is the head causing the flow
D is the diameter of the orifice
is the coefficient of viscosity
is the mass density
g is the acceleration due to gravity [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
3.105) Using Buckingham's - theorem, show that the pressure difference P in a pipe
of diameter D and length l due to turbulent flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity
, density and roughness k.
3.106) The efficiency () of a fan depends on (density), (viscosity) of the fluid,
(angular velocity), d(diameter of rotor) and Q(discharge). Express in terms of non-
dimensional parameters. Use Buckingham's theorem.

[AU, April / May - 2010, 2011]
3.107) The efficiency () of a fan depends on (density), (viscosity) of the fluid,
(angular velocity), d(diameter of rotor) and Q(discharge). Express in terms of non-
dimensional parameters. Use Rayleighs method. [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.108) The pressure difference p in a pipe of diameter D and length L due to viscos
flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity and density . Using Buckingham's
theorem, obtain an expression for p. [AU, May / June 2014, April / May - 2015]
3.109) The power required by the pump is a function of discharge Q, head H,
acceleration due to gravity g, viscosity , mass density of the fluid , speed of
rotation N and impeller diameter D. Obtain the relevant dimensionless parameters.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
3.110) State Buckingham's -theorem. The discharge of a centrifugal pump (Q) is
dependent on N (speed of pump), d (diameter of impeller), g (acceleration due to
gravity), H (manometric head developed by pump) and and (density and dynamic
viscosity of the fluid). Using the dimensional analysis and Buckingham's -theorem,
prove that it is given by [AU, May / June - 2013]

= 3 ( , )
2 2 2
3.111) Consider viscous flow over a very small object. Analysis of the equations of
motion shows that the inertial terms are much smaller than viscous and pressure
terms. Fluid density drops out, and these are called creeping flows. The only
important parameters are velocity U, viscosity , and body length scale d. For three-
dimensional bodies,. Like spheres, creeping flow analysis yields very good results.
It is uncertain, however, if creeping flow applies to two-dimensional bodies, such as
cylinders, since even though the diameter may be very small, the length of the
cylinder is infinite. Let us see if dimensional analysis can help. (1) Apply the Pi
theorem to two-dimensional drag force F2-D, as a function of the other parameters.
Be careful: two-dimensional drag has dimensions of fake per unit length, not simply
force. (2) Is your analysis in part (1) physically plausible? If not, explain why not.
(3) It turns out that fluid density cannot be neglected in analysis of creeping flow
over two dimensional bodies. Repeat the dimensional analysis, this time including
as a variable, and find the resulting non dimensional relation between the parameters
in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.112) Oil is moved up in a lubricating system by a rope dipping in the sump containing
oil and moving up. The quantity of oil pumped Q, depends on the speed u of the
rope, the layer thickness 6, the density and viscosity of the oil and acceleration due
to gravity. Obtain the dimensionless parameters to correlate the flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.113) When fluid in a pipe is accelerated linearly from rest, it begins as laminar flow
and then undergoes transition to turbulence at a time t, which depends upon the pipe
diameter D, fluid acceleration a, density and viscosity . Arrange this into a
dimensionless relation between t and D. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.114) What are the similarities between model and prototype? Mention the
applications of model testing. [AU, May / June - 2013]
PROBLEMS
3.115) Find the discharge through a weir model by knowing the discharge over the
actual (proto type) weir is measured as 1.5m3/s. The horizontal dimension of the
model = 1/50 of the horizontal dimensions of the proto type and the vertical
dimension of the model = 1/10 of the vertical dimension of the proto type. (Hint:
Apply Froude model law) [AU, April / May - 2004]
3.116) Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10 kN/m2
over 10 m length. If the scale ratio is 1/50. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and density
of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Viscosity of water is 01.001 Ns/m2 and viscosity of air 0.00002
Ns/m2. Estimate corresponding drop in a 20m long air duct.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010]
3.117) A model of a hydroelectric power station tail race is proposed to build by
selecting vertical scale 1 in 50 and horizontal scale 1 in 100. If the design pipe has
flow rate of 600m3/s and allow the discharge of 800m3/s. Calculate the corresponding
flow rates for the model testing. [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.118) A pipe of diameter 1.5 m is required to transport an oil of specific gravity 0.90
and viscosity 3 * 10-2 poise at the rate 3000 litre / sec. Test where conducted on a
15cm diameter pipe using water at 20 C. Find the velocity and the rate of flow in
model. Viscosity of water at 20C = 0.01poise. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.119) In order to predict the pressure in a large air duct model is constructed with linear
dimensions (1/10)th that of the prototype and the water was used as the testing fluid.
If water is 1000 times denser than that of air and has 100 times the viscosity of air,
determine the pressure drop in the prototype, for the conditions corresponding to a
pressure drop of 70kPa, in the model. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.120) In an aero plane model of size 1/10 of its prototype, the pressure drop is
7.5kN/m2. The model is tested in water; find the corresponding drop in prototype.
Assume density of air = 1.24kg/m3; density of water = 1000kg/m3; viscosity of air =
0.00018 poise; viscosity of water = 0.01 poise. [AU, May / June - 2007]
3.121) A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built to 1/25 scale and tested with
water which is 50 times more viscous and 800 times denser than air. When tested
under dynamically similar conditions, the pressure drop is 200 kN/m2 in the model.
Find the corresponding pressure drop in the full scale prototype and express in cm
of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2010, May / June - 2014]
3.122) Model tests have conducted to study the energy losses in a pipe line of 1m
diameter required to transport kerosene of specific gravity 0.80 and dynamic
viscosity 0.02 poise at the rate of 2000 litre/sec. Tests were conducted on a 10cm
diameter pipe using water at 20C. What is the flow rate in the model? If the energy
head loss in 30m length of the model is measured as 44cm of water, what will be the
corresponding head loss in the prototype? What will be the friction factor for the
prototype pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
3.123) In a geometrically similar model of spillway the discharge per meter length is
0.2m3/sec. if the scale of the model is 1/36, find the discharge per meter run of the
prototype. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1
3.124) A spillway model is to be built to a geometrically similar scale of - across a
50
flume of 600 mm width. The prototype is 15 m high and maximum head on it is
expected to be 1.5 m.
What height of model and what head on the model should be used?
If the flow over the model at a particular head is 12 litres per second, what
flow per metre length of the prototype is expected?
If the negative pressure in the model is 200 mm, what is the negative
pressure in prototype? Is it practicable? [AU, May / June - 2013]
3.125) The characteristics of the spillway are to be studied by means of a geometrically
similar modal constructed to the scale ratio of 1:10.
If the maximum rate of flow in the prototype is 28.3m3, what will be the
corresponding flow in model?
If the measured velocity in the model at a point on the spillway is 2.4m/s,
what will be the corresponding velocity in prototype?
If the hydraulic jump at the foot of the model is 50mm high, what will be
the height of jump in prototype?
If the energy dissipated per second in the model is 3.5Nm, what energy is
dissipated per second in the prototype? [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.126) Vortex shedding at the rear of a structure of a given section can create harmful
periodic vibration. To predict the shedding frequency, a smaller model is to be tested
in a water tunnel. The air speed is expected to be about 75 kmph. If the geometric
scale is 1 : 6.5 and the water temperature is 25C determine the speed to be used in
the tunnel. Consider air temperature as 38C. If the shedding frequency of the model
was 60 Hz, determine the shedding frequency of the prototype. The dimensions of
the structure are diameter 0.12 m and height 0.36 m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.127) An agitator of diameter D rotates at a speed N in a liquid of density and
viscosity . Show that the power required to mix the liquid is expressed by a
functional form [AU, April / May - 2011]
UNIT IV PUMPS
PART - A
4.1) Define centrifugal pump.

4.2) Mention the main parts of the Centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.3) How centrifugal pumps are classified based on casing? [AU, May / June - 2006]
4.4) Define impeller.
4.5) Define casing.
4.6) List the commonly used casings in centrifugal pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.7) What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.8) What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal pump?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.9) Define priming of centrifugal pump.
4.10) What is priming? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.11) Why priming is necessary in a centrifugal pump?
[AU, May / June - 2007, April / May - 2010]
4.12) What is meant by priming of pumps? [AU, April / May - 2008]
4.13) What is priming? Why is it necessary? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.14) Define cavitation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.15) Define cavitation in a pump. [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.16) What is the effect of cavitation in pump? [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.17) What are the effects of cavitation? Give necessary precautions against
cavitations? [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.18) What is cavitation? What causes it? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.19) Define the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump.
4.20) List out the types of characteristic curves.
4.21) What are operating characteristics curves of centrifugal pump?
4.22) Define multistage centrifugal pump and give its function.
4.23) List the losses in centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.24) What are the advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pumps?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.25) Tabulate the causes and remedies for a centrifugal pump, when pump fails to
pump the fluid. [AU, April / May - 2015]
4.26) What is a delivery pipe?
4.27) Define manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump.
4.28) What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal pump?
4.29) Define suction head and manometric head of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.30) Define - manometric head and write its mathematical equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.31) Define Net Positive Suction Head [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.32) What do you mean by Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?
[AU, May / June - 2014]
4.33) What is meant by NPSH? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.34) How does the specific speed of a centrifugal pump differ from that of a turbine?
4.35) Write the equation for specific speed for pumps and also for turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.36) Define specific speed as applied to pumps. [AU, May / June - 2009]
4.37) Define specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.38) What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this
number? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.39) Give examples of machines handling gases with high pressure rise.
4.40) What do you mean by manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a
centrifugal pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.41) Define pump.
4.42) What is the principle of pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.43) Give the classification of pumps.
4.44) What is a positive displacement pump?
4.45) Define non - positive displacement pump (or) roto dynamic pump.
4.46) List the types of positive displacement pumps.

4.47) Under what conditions would you suggest use of double-suction pump and a
multistage pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.48) What are roto dynamic pumps? Give examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.49) List the types of roto dynamic pumps.
4.50) What is a reciprocating pump?
4.51) Why the reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump?
4.52) How are reciprocating pumps classified? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.53) What are the materials used for manufacturing reciprocating pumps?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.54) Define a single acting reciprocating pump.
4.55) Define a double acting reciprocating pump.
4.56) Brief the working of double acting reciprocating pump.
4.57) List the advantages of double acting reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.58) When will you select a reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.59) Draw the relationship between discharge and crank angle for a single acting
pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.60) What is the function of non return valve in a reciprocating pump?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.61) Distinguish between centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2012]
4.62) Mention the significance of 'back leakage'. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.63) Define slip of a reciprocating pump. What is negative slip? When does negative
slip occur?
4.64) Define slip of reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.65) When does negative slip occur? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.66) What is negative slip in a reciprocating pump? What are the causes for it?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
4.67) Define slip of a pump. When does negative slip occur? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
4.68) Define slip and percentage of slip of a reciprocating pump.

[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2010]
4.69) Define slip, negative slip in reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.70) Define slip and percentage slip. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.71) What is the % of slip in reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June 2012]
4.72) Discuss slip and volumetric efficiency. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.73) Define slip in reciprocating machines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.74) Distinguish between pumps in series and pumps in parallel.
4.75) What is percentage slip in reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
4.76) Can actual discharge be greater than theoretical discharge in a reciprocating
pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.77) Which factors determine the maximum speed of reciprocating pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.78) What factors govern the speed of reciprocating pump?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.79) Define co-efficient of discharge.
4.80) Brief on acceleration head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.81) Define rotary pump.
4.82) What are rotary pumps? Give examples [AU, April / May - 2003]
4.83) What is a rotary pump? Give its classification. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.84) Define gear pump.
4.85) What is an air vessel?
4.86) What is the function of air vessel?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.87) What is an air vessel in reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2006]
4.88) Mention the working principle of an Air-vessel. [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.89) What is an air vessel? List the objectives that would be fulfilled by the use of air
vessels. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.90) What is an air vessel? What are its uses? [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.91) What are the uses of air vessels? [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.92) What are the advantages of air vessel? [AU, May / June - 2013]
4.93) State the advantages of fitting air vessels in reciprocating pumps.

[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.94) Define indicator diagram. State its uses. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.95) What is indicator diagram? [AU, May / June - 2009]
4.96) Draw the ideal indicator diagram. [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.97) Write down the formula for discharge, work done and power required for a double
acting reciprocating pump.
4.98) What is the main difference between a single acting and double acting
reciprocating pump?
4.99) Give the types of rotary pumps.
4.100) What is the formula for work done by a reciprocating pump?
4.101) Give the formula for discharge through a double acting reciprocating pump.
4.102) A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 50rpm. The diameter of piston =
20cm and length = 40cm. Find the theoretical discharge of the pump.
4.103) A centrifugal pump delivers 20 litres/s of water against a head of 850 mm at 900
rpm. Find the specific speed of pump. [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.104) The following data refer to a centrifugal pump which is designed to run at 1500
rpm. D1 = 100 mm, D2 = 300 mm, B1 = 50 mm, B2 = 20 mm, Vf1= 3 m/s. Find the
velocity of flow at outlet. [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.105) A pump is to discharge 0.82 m3/s at a head of 42 m when running at 300 rpm.
What type of pump will be required? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
PART - B
4.106) Draw typical velocity triangles for fluid motion along a series of moving curve
vanes and derive Eulers equation of energy transfer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.107) Explain the construction and working of a centrifugal pump with a neat sketch.
4.108) Explain the operation of centrifugal pump with the help of a neat sketch. Write
short notes on different types of casing used in centrifugal pumps.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
4.109) What is the role of volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? Define manometric
head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.110) Sketch and briefly describe the volute diffusion type pumps. What function is
served by volute chamber in a centrifugal pump? [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.111) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal, submersible and jet
pumps. [AU, April / May - 2008]
4.112) What is priming in a centrifugal pump? Why is it necessary?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.113) Obtain the expression for work done by impeller of a centrifugal pump on water
per second per unit weight of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009]
4.114) Describe multi-stage pump with impeller in series and impellers in parallel.
[AU, May / June - 2014]
4.115) Define the manometric efficiency of a centrifugal pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
4.116) Define cavitation and discuss its causes, effects and prevention.
4.117) Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary
precaution against cavitation. [AU, May / June 2009, 2014]
4.118) Define cavitation and explain the various effects of cavitation.
4.119) Draw the velocity triangle for a centrifugal pump and obtain the expression for
the work done. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.120) What is specific speed of pump?
[AU, April / May 2004, May / June - 2009]
4.121) Define speed of a centrifugal pump. How does it differ from that of turbine?
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
4.122) State the expression for the specific speed of a pump. What is its use?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
4.123) What do you understand by characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump? Explain
them with neat sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.124) Explain in detail about the performance curves for pumps and turbines.
4.125) Determine the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.126) Explain briefly the following efficiencies of a centrifugal pump (i) Manometric
efficiency (ii) Volumetric efficiency [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.127) Discuss - characteristics of centrifugal pump at constant speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.128) Explain the characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.129) Discuss on the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.130) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.131) Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive expression for the same in
the terms of head H, discharge Q and speed N [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.132) Enumerate the losses that occur during the operation of the centrifugal pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.133) Distinguish between roto dynamic pump and positive displacement pump with
simple sketch. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.134) How rotary pumps are classified. Explain the working principles of any one type
of rotary pump with the aid of a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June 2012]
4.135) Discuss the working of rotary positive displacement pumps.
4.136) Discuss in detail about rotary positive displacement pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.137) With neat sketches, discuss about the rotary positive displacement pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.138) With an example, explain in detail the working principle and construction of
rotary pumps with neat diagram. [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.139) Classify pumps. Explain the working of double acting reciprocating pump with
a neat diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.140) Discuss on the cascade theory. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.141) Describe the working and principles of a reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, April / May - 2011]
4.142) What is a reciprocating pump? Describe the principle and working of a

reciprocating pump with a neat sketch.
4.143) Draw a neat sketch of reciprocating pumps. List the components and briefly
explain their functions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
4.144) Describe the principle and working of a reciprocating pump with a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.145) Explain the working principle of reciprocating pump with neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.146) Explain the working principle of a reciprocating pump with neat diagram in
detail and state its advantages and disadvantages over centrifugal pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.147) Explain with a neat sketch the working of single acting reciprocating pump.
Also obtain the expression for weight of water delivers by the pump per second.
4.148) With a neat sketch explain the working of double acting reciprocating pump with
its performance characteristics. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.149) Derive an expression for acceleration head developed in a reciprocating pump.
4.150) Explain the working principle of single and double acting reciprocating pumps
with neat diagram in detail. Also explain the effects of inertia pressure and friction
on the performance of the pump using indicator diagrams with and without air
vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.151) Sketch and describe the working principle of double acting reciprocating pump
with indicator diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.152) Differentiate between single acting and double acting pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.153) Discuss on the following: Working of double acting pump, indicator diagram,
acceleration head, friction head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.154) Define indicator diagram. Prove that the area of the indicator diagram is
proportional to the work done by the reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.155) Prove that work done by the pump is proportional to the area of the indicator
diagram. [AU, May / June - 2009]
4.156) Show that the work done by a reciprocating pump is equal to the area of the
indicator diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.157) Write briefly on the following.
Rotary pumps and their classifications.
Indicator diagram for reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.158) Define slip, percentage slip and negative slip of a reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.159) Define: slope, % of slip and negative slop with respect to reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.160) Define % of slip and indicator diagram, with respect to reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
4.161) What is % of slip in reciprocating pump? [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.162) What is an air vessel? Describe the function of the air vessel for reciprocating
pumps.
4.163) What is an air vessel? What are the uses/advantages of fitting air vessel in a
reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.164) What is air vessel and write the expression for work done by reciprocating pump
fitted with air vessel. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.165) What is an air vessel? Derive the expression for the percentage work saved by
using an air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.166) What is an air vessel? What are the advantages of fitting air vessel in a
reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.167) Calculate the work saved by fitting an air vessel for a double acting single
cylinder reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May 2008, May / June - 2013]
4.168) Describe the function of the air vessel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June 2012]
4.169) What are the functions of air vessel in a positive displacement pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.170) Explain in detail about the concept of pressure vessels with its characteristics.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.171) Determine the % of work saved in one cycle when air vessel is provided on the
delivery side of a single cylinder single acting reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.172) Explain the various types of rotary pumps with its construction details and its
applications. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.173) Explain the working principle of Gear pump with neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.174) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a gear pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.175) Explain the construction and working of the following rotary pumps with neat
sketches. (a) Gear pump (b) Vane pump
4.176) Explain in detail the working principle and construction of rotary pumps with
neat sketch. [AU, May / June - 2013]
4.177) Explain the working of the following pumps with the help of neat sketches and
mention two applications of each.
(i) External gear pump (ii) Lobe pump (iii) Vane pump (iv) Screw pump.
4.178) Write a short note on following types of rotary pumps:
(i) Internal gear pump (ii) External gear pump

(iii) Vane pump (iv) Root pump [AU, April / May - 2015]
4.179) Discuss the working of Lobe and vane pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.180) Explain in detail the working of a gear pump with a neat sketch.
[AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.181) Explain the working of vane pump with neat diagram.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.182) Discuss briefly the working principle of vane pump with a schematic diagram.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.183) Explain the working principle of screw pump and gear pump with neat diagram
in detail. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.184) Draw and explain the indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump including the
effect of friction and acceleration.
4.185) Derive an expression for the percentage work saved by using an air vessel with
(i) single acting and (ii) double acting reciprocating pump.
PROBLEMS
4.186) A centrifugal pump is provided at a height of 5m above the sump water level and
the outlet of the delivery pipe is 10m above the sump. The vane angle at outlet is
50. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 1.6m/s. Find :
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
The pressure head at inlet to the wheel
The pressure head at outlet of the wheel. Assume that the velocity of water
in the pipes is equal to the velocity of flow through the impeller. Ignore
losses
4.187) The following observations are made while conducting a performance test on
centrifugal pump. Determine the overall efficiency of the pump. Discharge of water
is 1.8m3/s. Diameter of suction and delivery pipe are 15cm and 10cm respectively.
The suction and delivery gauge readings are 25cm of mercury and 175 kN/m2
respectively. The height of delivery gauge over suction gauge is 0.5m. The output
of driving motor is 9.555kW. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.188) The head discharge characteristics of a centrifugal pump is given below.
The pump delivers fresh water through a 500 m long, 15 cm diameter pipe line having
friction coefficient of f = 0.025. The static lift is 15 m. Neglecting minor losses in
the pipe flow, find (i) the discharge of the pump under the above conditions (ii)
driving power of the pump motor. Assume a pump efficiency of 72%.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.189) The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are
200mm and 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles
of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20and 30 respectively. The water enters the
impeller radically and the velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by
the impeller per unit weight of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2012]
4.190) The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is
running at 1000 r.p.m, are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through
pump is 0.04 m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 d s . The
diameters of the suction and delivery pipes are 150mm and 100mm respectively and
suction and delivery heads are 6 m (abs.) and 30 m (abs.) of water respectively. If
the outlet vane angle is 45 and power required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW,
determine:
(i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet,

(ii) The overall efficiency of the pump, and
(iii) Manometric efficiency of the pump. [AU, May / June - 2013]
4.191) A centrifugal pump with backward-curved blades has the following measured
performance when tested with water at 20C :
Estimate the best efficiency point and the maximum efficiency. Also, estimate the most
efficient flow rate, and the resulting head and brake power, if the diameter is doubled
and the rotation speed is increased by 50%. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.192) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm outside diameter and 150mm
inside diameter. The impeller vane angles are 30 and 25 at the inner and outer
peripheries respectively and the speed is 1450rpm. The velocity of the flow through
the impeller is constant. Find the work done by the impeller per N of water.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.193) A centrifugal pump running at 800rpm is working against a total head of 20.2m.
The external diameter of impeller is 480mm and the outlet width is 60mm. If the
vane angle at outlet is 40 and manometric efficiency is 70%, determine
Flow velocity at outlet
Absolute velocity of water leaving the vane
Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with direction of motion
Rate of flow through the pump

4.194) A centrifugal pump running at 1440rpm has an impeller diameter of 0.42m. The
backward curved blade outlet angle is 35 to the tangent. The flow velocity at outlet
is 10m/s. Determine the static head through which water will be lifted. In case a
diffuser reduces the outlet velocity to 40% of the velocity at the impeller outlet, what
will increase in the static head? [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.195) The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 32
m. Flow rate is 50 1/s. The suction and delivery pipes are each of diameter 15 cm.
The friction factor is 0.02. Total length is 60 m other losses equal 4 times the velocity
head in the pipe. The vanes are forward curved at 120. The width is one tenth of the
diameter. There is a 7% reduction in flow area due to the blade thickness. The
manometric efficiency is 80%. Determine the impeller diameter if inlet is radial.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.196) A centrifugal pump running at 1200rpm has a discharge of 13m3/min. The pump
has manometric efficiency of 85% and working against a head of 22m. The impeller
has an outlet vane angle of 40. If the velocity of the flow at the outlet is 2.6m/s.
Determine the diameter of the impeller and width of the impeller at the outlet.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.197) A centrifugal pump running at 920 rpm and delivering 0.32 m3/s of water against
a head of 28 m, the flow velocity being 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 80%
determine the diameter and width of the impeller. The blade angle at outlet is 25.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.198) A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.12 m3/s at a speed of 1400rpm with a head
of 30m. The impeller diameter is 275mm, its width at outlet is 50mm. The
manometric efficiency is 78%. Calculate the vane angle at the outer periphery of the
impeller. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.199) A Centrifugal pump impeller runs at 80 rpm and has outlet vane angle of 60.
The velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s throughout and diameter of the impeller at exit is
twice that at inlet. If the manometric head is 20 m and the manometric efficiency is
75 percent, determine the diameter of the impeller at the exit and the inlet vane angle.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.200) A pump has to supply water which is at 70C water at 90 m3/min and 1800 rpm.
Find the type of pump needed, the power required, and the impeller diameter if the
required pressure rise for one stage is 200 kPa; and 1250 kPa.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.201) A centrifugal pump with an impeller diameter of 0.4 m runs at 1450 rpm. The
angle at outlet of the backward curved vane is 25 with tangent. The flow velocity
remains constant at 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 84% determine the
fraction of the kinetic energy at outlet recovered as static head.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.202) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm in diameter and having a width of
50mm at the periphery. It has blades whose tip angles are inclined backwards at 60
from the radius. The pump delivers 17m3/min of water and the impeller rotates at
1000rpm. Assuming that the pump is designed to admit liquid radially, calculate
Speed and direction of water as it leaves impeller
Torque exerted by the impeller on water
Shaft power required
Lift of the pump
Assume the mechanical efficiency = 95% and the hydraulic efficiency = 75%
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
4.203) A centrifugal pump discharges 2000 l/s of water per second developing a head
of 20m when running at 300rpm. The impeller diameter at the outlet ant the outflow
velocity is 1.5m and 3m/s respectively. It vanes are set back at an angle of 30 at the
outlet, determine
Manometric efficiency
Power required by the pump
If inner diameter is 750mm, find the minimum speed to start the pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.204) The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450mm and
internal diameter of 200mm and it runs at 1440rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow
through the impeller at 2.5m/s and the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25.
Determine
Inlet vane angle

The angle, absolute velocity of water at exit makes with the tangent
and
The work done per N of water. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
4.205) A centrifugal pump has 30 cm and 60 cm diameters at inlet and outlet. The inlet
and outlet vane angles are 30 and 45 respectively. Water enters at a velocity of
2.5 m/s radially. Find the speed of impeller in rpm and the power of the pump if the
flow is 0.2 m3/s. [AU, April / May - 2008]
4.206) A centrifugal pump has an impeller diameter 500mm in diameter running at 40
rpm. The discharge at the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at outlet is
1m/s. The vanes are curved backwards at outlet at 30 to the wheel tangent. If the
discharge of the pump is 0.14m3/s, calculate the impeller power and the torque on
the shaft. [AU, April / May - 2015]
4.207) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 meters and a design
speed of 1000 rpm. The vanes are curved back to an angle of 30 with the periphery.
The impeller diameter is 300 mm and outlet width 50 mm. Determine the discharge
of the pump if the manometric efficiency is 95%. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.208) A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter runs at 200rpm and discharge 1880
litres/s, against an average lift of 6m. The angle which the vanes make at exit with
the tangent to the impeller is 26 and the radial velocity of the flow is 2.5m/s. Find
the manometric efficiency and at least speed to start the pump against the head of
6m. Assume the inner diameter of the impeller as 0.6m. [AU, May / June - 2009]
4.209) A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 30cm rotates at
2000rpm and lifts 3m3 of water per second to a height of 30m with an efficiency of
75%. Find the number of stages and diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage
pump to lift 5m3 of water per second to a height of 300m when rotating at 1500rpm.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.210) A centrifugal pump having an outer diameter equal to two times the inner
diameter and running at 1000 rpm. Works against a total head of 40m. The velocity
of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5m/sec. The vanes are set
back at an angle of 40 at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500mm and
width at outlet is 50mm, determine the
i) Vane angle at inlet

ii) Manometric efficiency
iii) Work done by impeller on water per second.
4.211) The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 400mm and outlet
width is 50mm. The pump is running at 800rpm and working against a total head of
15m. The vanes angle at outlet is 40 and the manometric efficiency is 75%.
Determine the velocity of flow at inlet, velocity of water leaving the vane, angle
made by the absolute velocity at outlet with direction of motion at outlet, and the
discharge. [AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
4.212) The centrifugal pump has the following characteristic. Outer diameter of
impeller = 800mm; width of the impeller vane at outlet = 100mm; angle of the
impeller vanes at outlet = 40. The impeller runs at 550 rpm and delivers 0.98 m 3/s
under an effective head of 35m. A 500 kW motor is used to drive the pump.
Determine the manometric, mechanical and overall efficiencies of the pump.
Assume waters enter impeller vanes radially at inlet.
[AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
4.213) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5m and design speed
of 1000rpm. The vanes are curved back angle of 30 with the periphery. The
impeller diameter is 300mm and the outlet width 50mm. Determine the discharge of
the pump if manometric efficiency is 95%. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.214) A centrifugal pump, in which water enters radially, delivers water to a head of
165m. The impeller has a diameter of 360mm and width 180mm at inlet and the
corresponding dimensions at the outlet are 720mm and 90mm respectively. Its
rotational speed is 1200 rpm. The blades are curved backward at 30 to the tangent
at exit and discharge is 0.389 m3/s. Determine [AU, May / June - 2007]
Theoretical head developed
Manometric efficiency
Pressure rise across the impeller assuming losses equal to 12% of velocity
head at exit.
Pressure rise and the loss of head in the volute casing
The vane angle at inlet and
Power required to drive the pump assuming an overall efficiency of 70%.

What would be the corresponding mechanical efficiency?
4.215) Compute the overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump from the following test
data. Suction gauge reading = 27.5kPa(vac) and delivery gauge reading =
152(gauge) height of the delivery gauge over suction gauge is 0.4m, discharge is
2100mm. Diameter of the suction pipe is 15cm and diameter of delivery pipe is
10cm. the motor power = 12MHP and fluid water. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.216) A centrifugal pump id to discharge 0.118m3/s at a speed of 1450rpm against a
head of 25m. The impeller diameter is 25cm, its width at outlet is 5cm and
manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine the vane angle at the outer periphery of
the impeller and draw its velocity triangle. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.217) A centrifugal pump delivers 0.18 m3/s of water against a head of 12 m and runs
at 620 rpm. The outer and inner diameters of impeller are 0.4 m and 0.2 m
respectively and the vanes are bent back at 38 C to the tangent at exit. If the area of
flow remains at 0.1 m2 from inlet to outlet, calculate manometric efficiency, vane
angle at inlet and loss of head at inlet to impeller when the discharge is reduced by
40% without changing the speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.218) A centrifugal pump delivers 400 litres/s of water to a height of 20m through a
pipe diameter 15cm and length 100m. The pump has an overall efficiency of 70%
and the friction coefficient is 0.15. Determine the power required to drive the pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.219) A radial flow impeller has a diameter 25 cm and width 7.5 cm at exit. It delivers
120 lps of water against a head of 24 m at 1440 rpm. Assuming that the vanes block
the flow area by5 percent and the hydraulic efficiency as 0.8, estimate the vane angle
at exit. Also calculate the torque exerted on the driving shaft if the mechanical
efficiency is 95 percent.
4.220) A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 50rpm, delivers 0.01m3/sec of
water. The diameter of the piston is 200mm and stroke length 400mm. Determine
the
theoretical discharge of the pump
co-efficient of discharge
slip and the percentage slip of the pump

4.221) For a single acting reciprocating pump, piston diameter is 150 mm, stroke length
is 300 mm, and rotational speed is 50 r.p.m. The pump is required to lift water to a
height of 18 m. Determine the theoretical discharge. If the actual discharge is 4.0
lit/sec, and the mechanical efficiency is 80% determine the volumetric efficiency,
slip, theoretical power and the actual power required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.222) A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger diameter of 250mm and
stroke of 450mm. It is driven at 60rpm and undergoes SHM. The length and
diameter of the delivery pipe are 60m and 100mm respectively. Determine the power
saved in overcoming the friction in the delivery pipe, due to fitting of an air vessel
on the delivery side of the pump. Assume the friction factor f = 0.01 the pipe friction
formula hf=(flv2/2gd ) [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.223) A single acting reciprocating pump is to raise a liquid of density 1200kg/m3
through a vertical height of 11.5m, from 2.5m below pump axis to 9m above it. The
plunger which moves in SHM, has diameter 125mm and stroke 225mm. The suction
and delivery side pipes are 75mm diameter and 3.5 and 13.5m long, respectively.
There is a large air vessel fitted on the delivery pipe near to the pump axis. But there
is no air vessel on the suction pipe. If separation takes place at 8.829 N/cm2 below
atmospheric pressure, find the maximum speed at which the pump can run without
separation taking place and the power required to drive the pump. Assume there is
no slip in the pump and f = 0.08 the pipe friction formula hf=(flv2/2gd)
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.224) A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 30 cm and stroke
of 20 cm. If the speed of the pumps is 30 rpm and it delivers to6.5 lit/s of water, find
the coefficient of discharge and the percentage slip of the pump.
4.225) The piston area of a single acting reciprocating pump 0.15 m2 and stroke is 30
cm. The water is lifted through a total head of 15 m. The area of delivery pipe is
0.03 m2. If the pump is running at 50rpm, find the percentage slip, coefficient of
discharge and the power required to drive the pump. The actual discharge is 35 litres
per second. Take mechanical efficiency is 0.85. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.226) A single acting reciprocating pump has a diameter (piston) of 150mm and stroke
length 350 mm. The center of the pump is 3.5 m above the water surface in the sump
and 22 m below the delivery water level. Both the suction and delivery pipes have
the same diameter of 100 mm and are 5 m and 30 m long respectively. If the pump
is working at 30 rpm determine the pressure heads on the piston at the beginning,
middle and end of both suction and delivery strokes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.227) Calculate the rate of flow in and out of the air vessel on the delivery side in a
single acting reciprocating pump of 220 mm bore and 330 mm stroke running at 50
rpm. Also find the angle of crank rotation at which there is no flow into or out of the
air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.228) In a single acting reciprocating pump the bore and stroke are 100 and 150 mm.
respectively. The static head requirements are 4 m suction and 18 m delivery. If the
pressure at the end of delivery is atmospheric calculate the operating speed. The
diameter of the delivery pipe is 75 mm and the length of the delivery pipe is 24 m.
Determine the acceleration head at = 33 from the start of delivery.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.229) A double - acting reciprocating pump, running at 40rpm is discharging 1m3 of
water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400mm. The diameter of the piston is
200mm. The delivery and suction heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the slip
of the pump and the power required to drive the pump.
4.230) The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is150mm and
its stroke length is 300mm. The pump runs at 50 rpm and lifts water through a height
of 25m. The delivery pipe is 22m long and 100mm in diameter. Find the theoretical
discharge and the theoretical power required to run the pump. If the actual discharge
is 4.2 litres/s. Find the percentage of slip.
[AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2012]
4.231) The diameter and stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 120 mm and
300 mm respectively. The water is lifted by a pump through a total head of 25 m.
The diameter and length of delivery pipe are 100 mm and 20 m. respectively. find
out:
(i) Theoretical discharge and theoretical power required to run the pump
if its speed is60 rpm.
(ii) Percentage slip, if the actual discharge is 2.95 1/s and
(iii) The acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke.
4.232) The length and diameter of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 5 m and 10 cm respectively. The pump has a plunger of diameter 150 mm and
a stroke length of 300 mm. The center of the pump is 4 m above the water surface
in the sump. The atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and the pump runs
at 40 rpm. Determine the
i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of the suction stroke.
ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration.
iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke.
4.233) Consider a double acting reciprocating pump running at 40rpm. The pump
delivers 1m3/min of water. The piston diameter is 20cm and the stroke length is
40cm. The delivery and the suctions heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Calculate
the % slip and the power required to drive the pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.234) The diameter and the stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 200mm
and 400mm respectively, the pump runs at 60 rpm and lifts 12 litres of water per
second through a height of 25m. The delivery pipe is 20m long and 150mm in
diameter. Find (i) theoretical power required to run the pump (ii) % of slip and (iii)
acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
4.235) The diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 75 mm
and 150 mm respectively. Supply of water to the pump is from a sump 3 m below
the pump through a pipe of 5 m long and 40 mm in diameter. The pump delivers
water to a tank located at 12 m above the pump through a pipe 30 mm in diameter
and 15 m long. Assuming that a separation of flow occurs at 75 kN/m2 (below the
atmospheric pressure), find the maximum speed at which the pump may be operated
without any separation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.236) The cylinder of a single- acting reciprocating pump is 15 cm in diameter and 30

cm in stroke. The pump is running at 30 r.p.m. and discharge water to a height of 12
m. The diameter and length of the delivery pipe are 10 cm and 30 m respectively. If
a large air vessel is fitted in the delivery pipe at a distance of 2 m from the centre of
the pump, find the pressure head in the cylinder.
(i) At the beginning of the delivery stroke, and
(ii) In the middle of the delivery stroke. Take f = 0.01.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
4.237) A double acting pump with 35 cm bore and 40 cm stroke runs at 60 strokes per
minute. The suction pipe is 10m long and delivery pipe is 200m long. The diameter
of the delivery pipe is 15 cm. The pump is situated at a height of 2.5 m above the
sump; the outlet of the delivery pipe is 70 m above the pump. Calculate the diameter
of the suction pipe for the condition that separation is avoided. Assume separation
to occur at an absolute pressure head is 2.5m of water. Find the Horsepower required
to drive the pump neglecting all losses other than friction in the pipes assuming
friction factor f as 0.02. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.238) A double acting reciprocating pump is running at 30rpm. Its bore and stroke are
250mm and 400mm respectively. The pump lift water from sump 3.8m below and
delivers it to a tank located at 65m above the axis of the pump. The lengths of suction
and delivery pipes are 6m and 150m respectively. The diameter of the delivery pipe
is 100mm. if an air vessel of adequate capacity has been fitted on the delivery side
of the pump, determine
The minimum diameter of the suction pipe to prevent separation of flow,
assuming the minimum head to prevent occurrence of separation is 2.5m
4.239) The maximum gross head against which the pump has to work and the
corresponding power of motor. Assume the mechanical efficiency = 78% and slip =
1.5%; Hatm = 10m; F=0.012. [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.240) The plunger diameter and the stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 300mm and 500mm respectively. The speed of the pumps is 60rpm. The
diameter and length of the delivery pipe are 150mm and 60m respectively. If the
pump is equipped with an air vessel at delivery side at the center line of the pump,
find the power saved in overcoming friction in delivery pipe. Assume Darcys
friction factor as 0.04, and plunger undergoes a simple harmonic motion.

[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.241) The plunger diameter and the stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 300mm and 500mm respectively. The speed of the pumps is 50rpm. The
diameter and length of the delivery pipe are 150mm and 55m respectively. If the
pump is equipped with an air vessel at delivery side at the center line of the pump,
find the power saved in overcoming friction in delivery pipe. Assume Darcys
friction factor as 0.01. [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.242) Determine the maximum speed in rpm at which a single acting reciprocating
pump without an air vessel of the following details can be operated without causing
separation at any stage during the operation of the pump. Compute the discharge at
this speed. What would be the speed and discharge if air vessel is fitted near the
pump on the suction side? The fluid is water. Assume f= 0.01 for the pipes. Diameter
of plunger = 15cm, stroke = 22.5cm, Suction pipe diameter = 10cm, length = 50m,
static suction head = 4m, static delivery head = 25m, atmospheric pressure = 101kPa
and vapor pressure of water = 25.5kPa(abs) [AU, April / May - 2015]
4.243) The diameter and length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 100mm and
200mm respectively. The pump is used to deliver water to the tank 14m above the
pump through a pipe of 30mm in diameter and 18m long by taking its supply from
the sump 2m below the pump, through a pipe 40mm in diameter and 6m long. If
separation occurs at 78.48kN/m2, below the atmospheric pressure find the maximum
speed at which the pump can be operated without separation. Assume 1 atm pressure
= 10.3m of water column and the plunger undergoes simple harmonic motion.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.244) Determine the maximum operating speed in rpm and the maximum capacity in
lps of a single acting reciprocating pump with the following details. Plunger
diameter = 25cm, stroke = 50cm, suction pipe diameter = 15cm, length = 9cm,
delivery pipe diameter = 10cm, length = 36cm, static suction head = 3m, static
delivery head = 20m, atmospheric pressure = 76cm of mercury, vapour pressure of
water = 25kPa. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.245) A reciprocating pump handling water with a bore of 110mm and stroke of
205mm runs at 38rpm. The delivery pipe is of 90mm diameter and 30m long. An air
vessel of sufficient volume is added at a distance of 2.5m from the pump. Determine
the acceleration head with and without air vessel. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.246) A single cylinder double acting reciprocating pump has a piston diameter of
300mm and stroke length of 400mm. When the pump runs at 45rpm, it discharges
0.039m3/s under a total head of 15m. What will be the volumetric efficiency, work
done per second and power required if the mechanical efficiency of the pump is
75%. [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.247) The indicator diagram of a single acting reciprocating pump gives effective
delivery head of 5m and 23m with crank at inner and outer dead center respectively.
What is the static delivery head of reciprocating pump? [AU, April / May - 2005]
UNIT V TURBINES
PART - A
5.1) Define turbo machines.

5.2) Define turbine.
5.3) What is a pump turbine? Is it the same as turbine pump? [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.4) Classify fluid machines. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.5) Give the classification of turbines.
5.6) How are hydraulic turbines classified
[AU, May / June - 2009, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2009 April / May - 2011]
5.7) What are high head turbines? Give example. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.8) State the principles on which turbo-machines are based. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
5.9) Explain specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.11) Define specific speed of a turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec 2003,
2008, 2009, May / June2007, 2009, April / May 2010, 2011]
5.12) Define specific speed of a turbine. What is its usefulness?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.13) How is specific speed of a turbine defined? [AU, May / June - 2006]
5.14) What is meant by specific speed of a turbine? [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.15) Why not the specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is calculated using watts, instead
of metric horse power? [AU, April / May - 2015]
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.17) Define specific speed and unit speed of a turbine. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.18) List the range of head for various turbines. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.19) What is hydraulic turbine? [AU, May / June - 2006]
5.20) State and concise on Euler turbine equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.21) Classify turbines according to flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.22) Define impulse turbine and give examples.
5.23) Explain the working of impulse turbine. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.24) Define reaction turbine and give examples.
5.25) What is reaction turbine? Give examples [AU, April / May - 2003]
5.26) Differentiate between reaction turbine and impulse turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003, April / May - 2008, 2015, May / June - 2012]
5.27) What is a breaking jet in Pelton wheel/turbine?
5.28) Draw velocity triangle diagram for Pelton wheel turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2014]
5.29) Define tangential flow turbine.
5.30) Define radial flow - turbine.
5.31) Define axial flow turbine.
5.32) Define mixed flow turbine.
5.33) Define the flow ratio of reaction radial flow turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.34) Draw a sketch of a Francis turbine and name its components.
5.35) List the main parts of Kaplan turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.36) What is draft tube? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.37) What is a draft tube? Explain why it is necessary in reaction turbine.
5.38) What is draft tube? In which type of turbine is mostly used?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
5.39) Write the function of draft tube in turbine outlet?
[AU, April / May - 2005, 2008, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.40) What is the function of draft tube?
5.41) What are the different types of draft tubes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.42) Why does a Pelton wheel not possess any draft tube? [AU, May / June - 2012]
5.43) Mention the importance of Euler turbine equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.44) What are the different efficiencies of turbine to determine the characteristics of
turbine? [AU, May / June 2012]
5.45) Define hydraulic efficiency of turbine
5.46) Define hydraulic efficiency and jet ratio of a Pelton wheel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
5.47) Define hydraulic efficiency and axial thrust of a roto-dynamic hydraulic machine.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
5.48) What is meant by hydraulic efficiency of turbine?

[AU, Nov / Dec 2012, 2013]
5.49) Define hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency of a turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.50) Define -volumetric efficiency of turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.51) What are the different efficiencies of turbine to determine the characteristics of
turbine? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.52) Define overall efficiency and plant efficiency of turbines.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
5.53) Draw the characteristics curves of a turbine with head variation.
5.54) What is the difference between a turbine and a pump?
5.55) Differentiate between pumps and turbines.
[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec 2007, 2008]
5.56) A shaft transmits 150 Kw at 600 rpm. What is the torque in Newton meters?
5.57) The mean velocity of the buckets of the Pelton wheel is 10 m/s. The jet supplies
water at 0.7 m3/s at a head of 30 m. The jet is deflected through an angle of 160 by
the bucket. Find the hydraulic efficiency. Take CV = 0.98.
5.58) A water turbine has a velocity of 8.5m/s at the entrance of draft tube and velocity
of 2.2m/s at exit. The frictional loss is 0.15m and the tail race water is 4m below the
entrance of draft tube. Calculate the pressure head at entrance.
PART B
5.59) Derive the general equation of turbo machines and draw the inlet and outlet
triangles. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.60) How will you classify the turbines? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.61) Enumerate the differences between an impulse turbine and reaction turbine.
5.62) Describe briefly the function of the various main components of a Pelton wheel
turbine with neat sketches.
5.63) Describe briefly the functions of various components of Pelton turbine with neat
sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.64) Explain the component parts and working of a Pelton wheel turbine.
5.65) Define and derive an expression for specific speed of a turbine.
5.66) Explain the terms unit power, unit speed and unit discharge with reference to a
turbine.
5.67) Explain the hydraulic efficiency of a turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.68) Sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of a Pelton wheel.
5.69) Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and indicate the
direction of various velocity components. Also obtain the expression for the work
done per second by water on the runner of the Pelton wheel. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.70) What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
[AU, April / May 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June 2012]
5.71) Differentiate Pelton wheel turbine with Francis turbine.
5.72) Distinguish between reaction turbine and impulse turbine.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
5.73) Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.74) With the help of neat diagram explain the construction and working of a Pelton
wheel turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.75) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel.
5.76) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel. Also obtain the
expression of the work done. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.77) Obtain an expression for power developed in a reaction turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.78) What is the condition for hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel to be maximum?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.79) Explain the construction and working of the following turbines with neat
sketches.
(i) Pelton wheel turbine (ii) Francis turbine (iii) Kaplan turbine
5.80) Compare radial flow and axial flow turbo machines.

5.81) Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for an inward flow reaction turbine
indicating the various components. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.82) Derive an expression for the maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine.
5.83) Obtain an expression for the work done per second by water on the runner of a
Pelton wheel. Hence derive an expression for maximum efficiency of the Pelton
wheel giving the relationship between the jet speed and bucket speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.84) Obtain the expression for the work done per second by water on the runner of a
Pelton wheel and draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and
indicates the direction of various velocities. [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.85) Derive the velocity triangle for Pelton wheel and obtain the expression for the
work done. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010, April / May - 2011]
5.86) Sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of Pelton wheel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.87) Derive the expression for efficiency and work done for a Pelton wheel and draw
the velocity triangles. [AU, May / June - 2012]
5.88) Explain how the net head on the reaction turbine is increased with the use of draft
tube. [AU, April / May - 2008]
5.89) Derive Eulers equation of motion for turbines and obtain the components of
energy transfer with a construction of velocity triangles. [AU, May / June - 2012]
5.90) An inward flow reaction turbine has inlet and outlet vane angles and are both
equal to 90. If H = head of the machine, = guide vane angle and C = ratio of
velocity of flow at outlet and inlet, show that the peripheral velocity and hydraulic
efficiency are given by [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.91) Show that the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine having velocity flow
through runner as constant given by relation. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.92) An inward flow reaction turbine discharges radially and the velocity of flow is
constant, show that the hydraulic efficiency can be expressed by
Where and are the guide and vane angles at inlet. [AU, May / June - 2012]
5.93) Write a short note on Governing of Turbines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.94) Classify hydraulic machines and give one example for each.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.95) Explain the working principle of Kaplan turbine and derive the working
proportion of its design. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.96) Draw a neat sketch of Kaplan turbine, name the parts and briefly explain the
working. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.97) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain its construction and
Working. [AU, May / June - 2014]
5.98) Explain with help of a diagram, the essential features of Kaplan turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.99) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain briefly its construction
and working. Obtain an expression for work done by the runner.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.100) Discuss about construction details of Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.101) What is function draft tube in Francis turbine?
[AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
5.102) Discuss about draft tube and its types. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.103) Derive an expression for the efficiency of draft tube. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.104) Derive an expression for specific speed. What is the significance of specific
speed of turbine? [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.105) How is a specific speed of the turbine, defined? [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.106) Write a note on performance curves of turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.107) Show that the overall efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is the product of
volumetric, hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.108) Define: Hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency with respect to turbines.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.109) Explain the different types of the efficiency of a turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.110) Explain the load efficiency characteristics of hydraulic turbines with a diagram.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
5.111) Mention three to four most striking characteristics of Pelton wheel, Francis
turbine and Kaplan turbine. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.112) Discuss the performance characteristics of reaction turbine in detail.
5.113) Discuss briefly the characteristics curves of hydraulic turbines.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
PROBLEMS
5.114) A turbine develops 9000kW when running at speed of 140rpm and under a head
of 30m. Determine the specific speed of the turbine. Derive the expression used in
above problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.115) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications :
a. Shaft power =11,772 KW ; head = 380 metres; speed = 750 rpm,
b. Overall efficiency=86%. Jet diameter is not to exceed one-sixth of the wheel
diameter. Determine the
i) Wheel diameter ii) Number of jets required
iii) Diameter of the jet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.116) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60m when running at 200 rpm.
The Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets is
equal to 0.45 times the velocity of the jet. Overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient
of velocity is equal to 0.98.
5.117) A Pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data. Power to be developed
= 6000kW; Net head available = 300m; Speed = 550rpm; Ratio of jet diameter to
wheel diameter = 1/10 and overall efficiency = 85%. Find the no of jets, diameter of
jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.118) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications:
Shaft power = 11,772 kW
Head (H) = 380m
Speed = 750rpm
Overall efficiency (0) = 86%
Jet diameter > 1/6 wheel diameter.
Determine: The wheel diameter, the number of jets required and diameter of the
jet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.119) A single jet Pelton wheel runs at 300 rpm under a head of 510 m. The jet
diameter is 200 mm and its deflection inside the bucket is 165. Assuming that its
relative velocity is reduced by 15% due to friction, determine (i) water power (ii)
resultant force on bucket and (iii) overall efficiency.
[AU, May / June - 2007, 2012]
5.120) Determine the rpm, work done per second, power and overall efficiency of a
Pelton wheel from the following data. Head = 150m, Wheel diameter = 0.75m, Jet
diameter =4cm, Deflection angle of buckets = 172, Cv of nozzle = 0.98, Speed ratio
= 0.42 and surface roughness factor of vanes = 0.97. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.121) A Pelton wheel supplied water from reservoir under a gross head of 112m and
the friction losses in pen stock amounts to 20m of head. The water from pen stock is
discharged through a single nozzle of diameter of 100mm at the rate of 0.30m 3/s.
Mechanical losses due to friction amounts to 4.3kW of power and the shaft power
available is 208kW. Determine velocity of jet, water power at inlet to runner, power
losses in nozzles, power lost in runner due to hydraulic resistance.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
5.122) A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at 1000
rpm. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700 m. If the side clearance angle is 15and
the discharge through the nozzle is 0.1m3/sec, find the i) power available at the
nozzle and ii) hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Take CV=1.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.123) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and supplied with water at
the rate of 0.7 m3/s under a head of 300 m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160, find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
5.124) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of water flowing at
the rate of0.7 m3/s under a head of 30m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle
of 160. Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assuming the coefficient of velocity as 0.98
[AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2010, 2012, May / June - 2009]
5.125) A Pelton wheel which is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of
510m. One - third of Gross head is lost in the penstock. The rate of flow through the
nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.2 m3/sec. The angle of deflection of the
jet is 165. Determine (1) The power given by the water to the runner (2) Hydraulic
efficiency of the Pelton wheel. Take Cv=1 and speed ratio =0.45
[AU, May / June - 2014]
5.126) A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working under a head of
300m the impeller may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and overall
efficiency of 85% calculate [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
(i) Quantity of water required
(ii) Diameter of the wheel
(iii) Number of jets
(iv) Number and size of the bucket vanes on the runner
5.127) The nozzle of a Pelton wheel gives a jet of 9cm diameter and velocity 75m/s.
Coefficient of velocity is 0.978. The pitch circle diameter is 1.5m and the deflection
angle of the buckets is 170. The wheel velocity is 0.46 times the jet velocity.
Estimate the speed of the Pelton wheel turbine in rpm, theoretical power developed
and also the efficiency of the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.128) A Pelton turbine having 1.6m bucket diameter develops a power of 3600kW at
400rpm, under a net head of 275m. If the overall efficiency is 88%, and the
coefficient of velocity is 0.97, find speed ratio, discharge, diameter of the nozzle and
specific speed. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.129) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12m/s and supplied with water at
the rate of 0.7m3/s under a head of 300m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160 find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
5.130) A Pelton turbine is to produce 18MW under a head of 450 m when running at
480 rpm. If D/d ratio is 10, determine the number of jets required.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.131) Consider an impulse wheel with a pitch diameter of 2.75m and a bucket angle
of 170. If the velocity is 58m/s, the jet diameter is 100mm, and the rotational speed
is 320rpm, find the force on the buckets, the torque on the runner, and the power
transferred to the runner. Assume v2 = 0.9v1. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.132) A gas turbine operates between 1000k and 650 k temperature limits taking in air
20 kg/s at 125 m/s and discharging at 300 m3/s. Estimate the power developed by
the turbine. Given Cp=995 J / Kg.K. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.133) A reaction turbine at 450rpm, head 120m, diameter at inlet 120cm flow area
0.4m2 has angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet 20 and 60
respectively. Find volume flow rate, H.P and efficiency. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.134) An inward flow reaction turbine has internal and external diameter as 0.85m and
1m respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of turbine is 0.92 under a head of 60m.
The velocity of flow at outlet is 3m/s and discharge at outlet is radial. The vane angle
at the outlet is 18 and width of the wheel is 75mm. Calculate the guide blade angle,
turbine speed, vane angle at inlet and power developed by the turbine.
5.135) An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 0.9m and
0.45m respectively. The turbine is running at 200 rpm and width of the turbine at
inlet is 200mm. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to
1.8m/sec. The guide blades make an angle of 10 to the tangent of the wheel and the
discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Determine the
i) Absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner
ii) Velocity of whirl at inlet
iii) Relative velocity at inlet

iv) Runner blade angles
v) Width of the runner at outlet
vi) Mass of water flowing through the runner per second
vii) Head at the inlet of the turbine
viii) Power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
5.136) An inward flow reaction turbine having an overall efficiency of 80% is required
to deliver 136 kW. The head H is 16 m and the peripheral velocity is 3.3 H. The
radial velocity of flow at inlet is 1.1H. The runner rotates at 120 rpm. The hydraulic
losses in the turbine are 15% of the flow available energy. Determine (i) diameter of
the runner, (ii) guide vane angle, (iii) the runner blade angle at inlet and (iv) the
discharge through the turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
5.137) In an outward flow reaction turbine, the internal and external diameters are 2m
and 2.7m respectively. The turbine speed is 275rpm and the water flow rate is
5.5m3/s. The width of the runner is constant at the inlet and outlet and equal to
250mm. The head acting on the turbine is 160m. The vanes have negligible thickness
and the discharge at the outlet is radial. Determine the vane angles and velocity of
the flow at inlet and outlet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.138) In a hydroelectric station, water is available at the rate of 175m3/s under head of
18m. The turbine run at a speed of 150 rpm, with overall efficiency of 82%. Find the
number of turbines required, if they have the maximum specific speed of 460.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.139) A radial flow impeller has a diameter 25 cm and width 7.5 cm at exit. It delivers
120 liters of water per second against a head of 24 m at 1440 rpm. Assuming the
vanes block the flow area by 5% and hydraulic efficiency 0.8, estimate the vane
angle at exit. Also calculate the torque exerted on the driving shaft in the mechanical
efficiency is 95% [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
5.140) A 50m/s velocity jet of water strikes without shock, a series of vanes moving at
15m/s. The jet is inclined at an angle of 20 to the direction of motion of vanes. The
relative velocity of jet at outlet is 0.9 times of the values at inlet and the absolute
velocity of water exit is to be normal to the motion of vanes. Determine the vane
angle at entrance and exit. Also determine work done on vanes per second N of water
supplied by the jet. [AU, April / May - 2005]
5.141) In an inward radial flow turbine, water enters at an angle of 22 to the wheel
tangent to the outer rim and leaves at 3 m/s. The flow velocity is constant through
the runner. The inner and outer diameters are 300 mm and 600 mm respectively.
The speed of the runner is 300 rpm. The discharge through the runner is radial. Find
the
(i)Inlet and outlet blade angles.
(ii) Taking inlet width as 150 mm and neglecting the thickness of the blades,
find the power developed by the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.142) The velocity of the whirl at the inlet to the runner of an inward flow reaction
turbine is 3.15H m/s and the velocity of flow at inlet is 1.05H m/s. The velocity
of whirl at exist is 0.22H m/s in the same direction as at inlet and the flow at exist
is 0.83H m/s, where H is head of water 30m. The inner diameter of the runner is
0.6 times the outer diameter. Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 80%. Compute angles
of the runner vanes at inlet and exist. [AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
5.143) Design a Francis Turbine runner with the following data: Net head = 70m speed
N = 800 rpm. Output power 400 Kw Hydraulic efficiency = 95% Overall efficiency
= 85% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/3 outer diameter.
Assume 6% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the
vanes. The flow is radial at exit and remains constant throughout.
[AU Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.144) A Francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260 m runs at 600 rpm.
The runner outside diameter is 1500 mm and the width is 135 mm. The flow rate is
7 m3/s. The exit velocity at the draft tube outlet is 16 m/s. Assuming zero whirl
velocity at exit and neglecting blade thickness determine the overall and hydraulic
efficiency and rotor blade angle at inlet. Also find the guide vane outlet angle.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.145) Calculate guide blade angles, vane angles, runner diameters at inlet and outlet
and width of the wheel at outlet for a Francis turbine with the following data: Net
head: 70 m; Speed: 720 rpm; Shaft Power: 310 kW; Overall efficiency: 0.85;
Hydraulic efficiency: 0.9; Flow ratio: 0.2; Breadth ratio: 0.1; OD/ID ratio: 1.8; The
thickness of vanes occupy 7.5% of circumferential area of runner velocity of flow is
Constant and discharge is radial at outlet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.146) The following data is given for a Francis Turbine Net head = 60m speed N =
700 rpm. Shaft power 294.3 kW Hydraulic efficiency = 93% Overall efficiency =
84% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/2 outer diameter.
Assume 5% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the
vanes. Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial outlet.
Determine [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Guide blade angle
Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet
Diameter of the runner at inlet and outlet
Width of the wheel at inlet
5.147) The inner and outer diameters of an inward flow reaction turbine are 50 cm and
100 cm respectively. The vanes are radial at inlet and discharge is also radial. The
inlet guide vanes angle is 10. Assuming the velocity of flow as constant and equal
to 3 m/s, find the speed of the runner and the vane angle at the outlet.
5.148) A reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120metres. Its diameter at
inlet is 120cm and the flow area is 0.4m2. The angles made by absolute and relative
velocities at inlet are 20 and 60 respectively with the tangential velocity.
Determine the
Volume flow rate

Power developed
Hydraulic efficiency. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.149) A turbine is to operate under a head of 25m at 200rpm. The discharge is 9cumec.
If the efficiency is 90%, determine the
i) Specific speed of the turbine
ii) Power generated
iii) Type of turbine
5.150) A Francis turbine with overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce

149.26kN. It is working against a head of 7.62m. The peripheral velocity is
0.26(2gH) and the radial velocity of flow at inlet is 0.96(2gH). The wheel runs at
150rpm and the hydraulic losses in the turbine account for 22% of the available
energy. Assume radial discharge; determine the guide blade angle, the wheel vane
angle at inlet, diameter of the wheel at inlet and width of the wheel at inlet.
[AU, May / June 2009, 2013]
5.151) A Francis turbine with overall efficiency of 76% and hydraulic efficiency of
80% is required to produce 150kW. It is working against a head of 8m. The
peripheral velocity is 0.25(2gH) and the radial velocity of flow at inlet is
0.95(2gH). The wheel runs at 150rpm. Assume radial discharge; determine the
guide blade angle, the wheel vane angle at inlet, diameter of the wheel at inlet and
width of the wheel at inlet. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009, April / May - 2010]
5.152) A dam on a river is being sited for a hydraulic turbine. The flow rate is 1600
m3/h, the available head is 25 m, and the turbine speed is to be 460 rpm. Discuss the
estimated turbine size and feasibility for a Francis turbine; and a Pelton wheel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.153) A turbine is to operate under a head of 25m at 200rpm. The discharge is 9 cumec.
If the efficiency is 90%, determine the performance of the turbine under a head of
20 meters. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.154) A reaction turbine works at 450 rpm under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet
is 120 cm and the flow area is 0.4 m2. The angles made by the absolute and relative
velocity at inlet are 20 and 60 respectively, with the tangential velocity. Determine
the volume flow rate, the power developed and the hydraulic efficiency.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.155) Calculate the diameter and speed of the runner of a Kaplan turbine
developing6000 kW under an effective head of 5 m. Overall efficiency of the turbine
is 90% and the diameter of the boss is 0.4 times the external diameter of the runner.
The turbine speed ratiois 2.0. And flow ratio is 0.6. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.156) A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7357.5kW shaft power.
The net available head is 5.50m. Assume that the speed ratio is 2.09 and flow ratio
is 0.68, and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is 1/3 rd of the
diameter of the runner, its specific speed. [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.157) A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7360kW. The net available
head is 5.5m. Assuming the speed ratio is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.68 and the
overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is one third of the diameter of the
runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and its specific speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.158) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 15 MV brake power.
The hub diameter and runner diameter of the turbine are 1.5 m and 4 m respectively.
The guide blade angle at the inlet is 30. The discharge is radial. Find the runner
vane angles and turbine speed. Take hydraulic and overall efficiency as 90% and 80
% [AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.159) A Kaplan turbine is to be designed to develop 9100kW. The net available head
is 5.6m/ If the speed ratio is 2 and flow ratio is 0.68, overall efficiency 86% and the
diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner,
its speed and specific speed of turbine. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.160) A Kaplan turbine delivers 10 MW under a head of 25 m. The hub and tip
diameters are 1.2 m and 3 m. Hydraulic and overall efficiencies are 0.90 and 0.85. If
both velocity triangles are right angled triangles, determine the speed, guide blade-
outlet angle and blade outlet angle. [AU, Nov / Dec 2013, 2014]
5.161) The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine working under a head of 12m, is 0.35
times the diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle
of the extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 15 and the flow ratio is 0.6, find the
diameter of the runner, diameter of the boss and the discharge through the runner.
The velocity at the whirl at outlet is given as zero. [AU, April / May - 2015]
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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL-601206
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY
III SEM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Regulation 2013
ANNA UNIVERSITY
2 MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PREPARED BY
R.ASHOK KUMAR M.E (CAD)
UNIT - I - FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
1.1) Define fluid. Give examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape.
1.2) How fluids are classified? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
Ideal and Real fluids
Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids.
1.3) Distinguish between solid and fluid. [AU, May / June - 2006]
Solid Fluid
Solids have their own shape Fluids not have their own shape
Solids are compressible Fluids are incompressible
They offer resistance to change They do not offer resistance to
in shape change in shape
1.4) Differentiate between solids and liquids. [AU, May / June - 2007]
Solid Liquid
Solids have their own shape Fluids not have their own shape
Solids are compressible Fluids are incompressible
They offer resistance to change They do not offer resistance to
in shape change in shape
1.5) Discuss the importance of ideal fluid. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Ideal fluid: a fluid with no friction
Also referred to as an inviscid (zero viscosity) fluid
Internal forces at any section within are normal (pressure forces)
Practical applications: many flows approximate frictionless flow away from
solid boundaries.
Do not confuse ideal fluid with a perfect (ideal) gas.
1.6) What is a real fluid? [AU, April / May - 2003]
The fluid which posses viscosity is known as real fluid
1.7) Define Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of
shear strain (or velocity), is known as Newtonian fluid
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity gradient), is known as Non Newtonian fluid
1.8) What are Non Newtonian fluids? Give example. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity gradient), is known as Non Newtonian fluid
Examples Paint, Toothpaste and Printers Ink
1.9) Differentiate between Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Newtonian fluid Non Newtonian fluid
A real fluid, in which the shear
A real fluid, in which the shear
stress is not proportional to the
stress is directly proportional to
rate of shear strain (or velocity
the rate of shear strain (or
gradient)
velocity gradient)
Examples Paint, Toothpaste
Examples Water & Kerosene
and Printers Ink
1.10) What is Thyxotrphic fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

The fluid which possess a definite yield stress but then the relationship
between shear stress and angular deformation is non linear are called as
thixotrophic fluid. Example printer ink and lipstick
1.11) Define - Incompressible fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
A liquid is considered to be incompressible only when there is a change in
volume of a liquid that occurs under smaller pressure variation.
1.12) Define Pascals law. [AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2008]
The normal stress acting at a point in a fluid id independent of the orientation
of the surface on which it acts.
1.13) Define mass density and weight density. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Mass density of the fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its
volume.
Weight density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
volume
1.14) Distinguish between the mass density and weight density.

[AU, May / June - 2009]
Mass Density Weight Density
Mass density of the fluid is Weight density of a fluid is the
defined as the ratio of the mass ratio between the weight of a
of a fluid to its volume. fluid to its volume
The unit of mass density kg/m3 The unit of mass density N/m3
1.15) Define the term specific volume and express its units.
Specific volume is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass
or volume per unit mass of the fluid. The unit of specific volume is m3/kg.
1.16) Define specific weight and density. [AU, May / June - 2012]
Density of the fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Specific Weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
volume
1.17) Define density and specific gravity of a fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Density of the fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the
weight density of the standard fluid.
1.18) What is specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid?
Specific Weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
volume
1.19) What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?
The density of a liquid = Specific gravity of the liquid * weight density of

water
1.20) What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the

movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid.
Viscosity increases with increase in temperature in case of gases whereas it

decrease in case of liquid
1.21) Define Viscosity and give its unit. [AU, Nov / Dec 2003]
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit for

viscosity is

1.22) Define Newtons law of viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The shear force acting between two layers of fluid is proportional to the
difference in their velocities and the area is inversely proportional to the distance
between two plates.
1.23) State the Newton's law of viscosity.

[AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2007]
between two plates.
1.24) Define Newtons law of viscosity and write the relationship between shear
stress and velocity gradient? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
between two plates.

=

1.25) What is viscosity and give its units? [AU, April / May - 2011]
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit for

viscosity is

1.26) Define coefficient of viscosity. [AU, April / May - 2005]
The Newtons law of viscosity states theta the shear stress on a fluid element
layer is directly proportional to the rate of the shear strain. The constant of
proportionality is called the coefficient of viscosity

=

1.27) Define coefficient of volume of expansion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Coefficient of volume of expansion is defined as the amount of expansion
(or contraction) per unit length of a material resulting from one degree change in
temperature
1.28) Define relative or specific viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity of fluid to dynamic viscosity of water at
20 C.
1.29) Define kinematic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The kinematic viscosity is defined ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid.
1.30) Define kinematic and dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2006]
The Kinematic Viscosity is defined ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid.
The Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the shear stress required to produce
unit rate of shear deformation.
1.31) Define dynamic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
The Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the shear stress required to produce
unit rate of shear deformation.
1.32) What is kinematic viscosity? State its units? [AU, May / June - 2014]
density of the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as
stoke.
1.33) Define the terms kinematic viscosity and give its dimensions.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
density of the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as
stoke.
1.34) Differentiate between kinematic viscosity of liquids and gases with respect to
pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
For liquids, the kinematic viscosity is practically independent of pressure.
For gases, the kinematic viscosity is inversely proportional to density and thus
pressure since the density of a gas is proportional to its pressure.
1.35) What is the importance of kinematic viscosity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Kinematic viscosity is the only fluid property will relate density and absolute
viscosity. As the Gases are compressible, viscosity of gases should be specified
through kinematic viscosity rather than Absolute viscosity. Also the kinematic
viscosity value of any fluid will be for a standard temperature & pressure (STP) not
like absolute viscosity. Hence Kinematic viscosity is an important property of any
fluid
1.36) Write the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as stoke.

The Unit for dynamic viscosity is

1.37) What are the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity of a
fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006, 2012]
The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as stoke.

The Unit for dynamic viscosity is

1.38) Differentiate between kinematic and dynamic viscosity.

Kinematic Viscosity Dynamic viscosity
The Kinematic Viscosity is The Dynamic Viscosity is
defined ratio between the defined as the shear stress
dynamic viscosity and density of required to produce unit rate of
the fluid. shear deformation.
The unit of kinematic viscosity The Unit for dynamic viscosity is
is m2/sec and also known as
stoke.
It is concerned with length and It is not concerned with length
time only and time only
1.39) How does the dynamic viscosity of liquids and gases vary with temperature?
Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the
fluid.
Dynamic Viscosity increases with increase in temperature in case of gases

whereas it decrease in case of liquid
1.40) What are the variations of viscosity with temperature for fluids?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Viscosity decrease when there is increase in temperature of a fluid.
1.41) Why is it necessary in winter to use lighter oil for automobiles than in
summer? To what property does the term lighter refer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Oil will congeal in the winter by making the engine and transmission system
stiff during winter. This will lead to consume more power from battery. It will be
difficult to start the car with less battery power. The use of lighter will remain more
fluid than heavy oil during winter. The term lighter refers to specific gravity of oil
which indirectly relates with density. The lighter oil has specific gravity less than
unity.
1.42) Define the term pressure. What are its units? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
Pressure is an expression of force exerted on a surface per unit area. The
standard unit of pressure is the Pascal.
1.43) Define eddy viscosity. How it differs from molecular viscosity?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Eddy viscosity is defined as the turbulent transfer of momentum by eddies
giving rise to an internal fluid friction with respect to the action of molecular
viscosity in laminar flow much large scale.
But molecular viscosity is transfer of mass motion momentum alone by
random motion of individual molecules.
1.44) Define surface tension. [AU, May / June - 2006]
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid
in contact with gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the
contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension.
1.45) Define surface tension and expression its unit. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid
in contact with gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the
contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension. The unit is N/m.
1.46) Define capillarity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2006]
Capillarity is defined as phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in the
small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held
vertically in the liquid.
1.47) What is meant by vapour pressure of a fluid? [AU, April / May - 2010]
The vapour molecules get accumulated in the space between the free liquid
surface and top of the vessel. These accumulated vapour exerts a pressure on the
liquid surface. This pressure is known as vapour pressure.
1.48) Brief on the significance of vapour pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Vapour pressure is the only property of a liquid responsible for cavitation
phenomena. For any temperature there should be a vapour pressure, so, during the
fluid motion at ambient temperature, if any obstructions are there results to sudden
increase in pressure. This leads to achieve the vapour pressure and convert the
portion of liquid into high intensity gas bubbles causes to cavitation.
1.49) What do you mean by capillarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

Capillarity is phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in the small tube
relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the
liquid.
1.50) Define compressibility of the fluid.
Compressibility is the property by virtue of fluid undergoes a change in
volume under the action of external pressure. It is the reciprocal of bulk modulus.
1.51) Define compressibility and viscosity of a fluid. [AU, April / May - 2005]
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid.
1.52) Define coefficient of compressibility. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Coefficient of compressibility is defined the decrease in volume per unit
volume of a substance resulting from a unit increase in pressure
1.53) List the components of total head in a steady, in compressible irrotational
flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Pressure Head (Dynamic Head)
Kinetic Head
Potential Head
1.54) Define the bulk modulus of fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Bulk modulus is defined as ratio of change in pressure to rate of change in
volume due do change in pressure.
1.55) Define - compressibility and bulk modulus. [AU, Nov / Dec 2011]
Bulk modulus is defined as ratio of change in pressure to rate of change in
volume due do change in pressure.
1.56) Differentiate between the steady and unsteady flow.

[AU, May / June - 2006]
Steady flow Unsteady flow
Steady flow is defined as that type Unsteady flow is defined as that
of flow which the fluid type of flow which the fluid
characteristics like velocity, characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density at a point do not pressure, density at a point
change with time changes with respect to time
1.57) When is the flow regarded as unsteady? Give an example for unsteady flow.
Unsteady flow is defined as that type of flow which the fluid characteristics
like velocity, pressure, density at a point changes with respect to time. Water flowing
from dam.
1.58) Differentiate between steady flow and uniform flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Steady flow Uniform flow
Steady flow is defined as that type
Uniform flow is defined as that
of flow which the fluid
type of flow which velocity at
characteristics like velocity,
any given time does not change
pressure, density at a point do not
with respect to space.
change with time.
1.59) Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.

Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Laminar flow is defined as that Turbulent flow is defines as that
type of flow in which the fluid type of flow in which the fluid
particles move along well particles move in a zig zag way.
denied path or stream line.
The stream lines are straight and The stream lines are not straight
parallel to each other to each other
1.60) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.61) State the criteria for laminar flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well denied path or stream line. The stream lines are straight and parallel to
each other.
1.62) State the characteristics of laminar flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
each other. The particles move smoothly over the adjacent layer.
1.63) What are the characteristics of laminar flow? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.64) Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow.[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.65) Define stream line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
In Eulers approach, the velocity vector is defines as a function of time and
space coordinates. If for a fixed instance time a space curve is drawn so that it is
tangent everywhere to the velocity vector, then the curve is called as stream line.
1.66) Define streamline and path line in fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
Path line are the outcome of the Lagrange method in describing fluid flow
and show the paths of different fluid particles as a function of time.
1.67) What is stream line and path line in fluid flow? [AU, April / May - 2010]
In Eulers approach, the velocity vector is defines as a function of time
and space coordinates. If for a fixed instance time a space curve is drawn so that it
is tangent everywhere to the velocity vector, then the curve is called as stream line.
1.68) What is a streamline? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.69) Define streak line. [AU, April / May - 2008]
A streak line at any instant of time is the locus of the temporary location of
all particles that have passed through a fixed point in the flow field.
1.70) Define stream function. [AU, April / May 2010, May / June - 2012]
Stream function is defined as the scalar function of space and time, such that
its partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity component at
right angles to that direction
1.71) Define control volume. [AU, April / May - 2015]
The region in which the mass crosses the system boundary is called control
volume. A control volume is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process
of creating mathematical models of physical processes.
1.72) What is the use of control volume? [AU, April / May - 2015]
When the fluid is in motion, it is convenient to consider a certain control
volume and study the quantity of the fluid entering and leaving the control volume
in a definite period of time. It is an imaginary volume bounded by the control surface.
1.73) Distinguish between a control and differential control volume.
The region in which the mass crosses the system boundary is called control
volume. A control volume is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of

creating mathematical models of physical processes.
The control volume in which the conservation of mass equation is applied is
called a differential control volume.
1.74) What is meant by continuum? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
A continuous distribution of matter with no void or empty spaces is called
as continuum. For mechanical analysis, a fluid is consider to be continuum. Example
water flowing in a pipe.
1.75) Write down the equation of continuity. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2009, 2012]

() + () + () = 0

1.76) State the continuity equation in one dimensional form?
[AU, May / June - 2012]

() = 0

1.77) State the general continuity equation for a 3 - D incompressible fluid flow.

+ + =0

1.78) State the continuity equation for the case of a general 3-D flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

() + () + () = 0

1.79) State the equation of continuity in 3dimensional incompressible flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

+ + =0

1.80) State the assumptions made in deriving continuity equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
The liquid is ideal and incompressible
The flow is steady and continuous
The velocity is uniform over the cross section and equal to mean velocity
The force only acting on the fluids are the gravity force and the pressure force
All the frictional losses are negligible
1.81) Write the Euler's equation. [AU, April / May - 2011]

+ + . = 0

1.82) What is Eulers equation of motion? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

+ + . = 0

1.83) State the empirical pressure density relation for a liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.84) Write the Bernoullis equation in terms of head. Explain each term.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2
+ + =
2

=

2
=
2
=
1.85) What are the basic assumptions made is deriving Bernoullis theorem?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2012]
The force only acting on the fluids are the gravity force and the pressure
force
1.86) List the assumptions which are made while deriving Bernoullis equation.
[AU, May / June 2009, 2012]
force
1.87) State the assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli's equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
force
1.88) What are the applications of Bernoullis theorem? [AU, April / May - 2010]
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Pitot tube
1.89) List the types of flow measuring devices fitted in a pipe flow, which uses the
principle of Bernoullis equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Pitot tube
1.90) Mention the uses of manometer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
It used to measure pressure of the fluid
1.91) State the use of venturimeter. [AU, May / June - 2006]
Venturimeter is a device used to measure the rate of flow fluid through the
pipelines.
1.92) Write the impulse momentum equation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
F = ma
Where = /
Let m be constant

=


= ()

1.93) What do you understand by impulse momentum equation?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
Impulse momentum equation states that the impulse of force acting on the
fluid mass in a short interval of time is equal to the change in momentum in the
direction of the force.
1.94) State the momentum equation. When can it applied.[AU, May / June - 2009]
It states that The force F acting on a fluid of mass m in a short interval of
time dt is equal to change in momentum d(mv) in the direction of force.
F = ma
Where = /
Let m be constant

=

= ()

1.95) State the usefulness of momentum equation as applicable to fluid flow
phenomenon. [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The momentum equation is used to determine the resultant force exerted on
the force boundary of the flow passage by a stream of flowing fluid as the flow
changes its direction.
The practical applications are
Flow through bend pipes
Jet propulsions and propellers
Hydraulic jump in open channels
Fluid flow through stationary and moving plates
Non uniform flow through sudden enlarged pipes
1.96) What is the moment of momentum equation? [AU, May / June - 2014]
Moment of momentum equation is derived from moment of momentum

principle which states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is equal to
rate of change of moment of momentum.
Moment of moment equation
= (2 2 1 1 )
V1 & V2 = Velocity of fluid at section 1 & 2
r1 & r2 = Radius of curvature of fluid at section 1 & 2
= Density of fluid
Q = Flow rate of the fluid
1.97) Calculate the density of one litre petrol of specific gravity 0.7?
Given:
Volume of petrol = 1 litre = 1 *10-3m3
Specific gravity S = 0.7
Solution:

=

=
= 0.7 * 1000
= 700 kg/m3
1.98) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes,
calculate its specific gravity. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Given:
0.051
Viscosity = 0.051 poise =
10

= 0.0051

Kinematic viscosity = 0.7 stokes
=0.7 104 2 /
Solution:
0.0051
0.7 104 =

= 728.57 kg/m3

=

728.57
=
1000
= .
1.99) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which
weighs 7 N. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Given:
7
Mass m = 7N = = 0.7135 kg
9.81
Volume V = 1 litre = 1*10-3 m3
Solution:

=

0.7135
=
1 103

= .

1
=

1
=
713.557

= .
1.100) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2above the
atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find
the diameter of the bubble formed. [AU, April / May - 2010]
Given:
p = 5 N/m2 = 0.0125 N/m
Solution:

=

8 0 .0125
5=

d = 0.02m
1.101) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm
carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5
m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate.
Given:
D1 = 200 mm D2 = 150mm S = 0.8 V1 = 2.5m/s
Solution:
Discharge Q = A1V1
2
= 0.2 2.5
4
Q = 0.0785 m3/sec
According to continuity equation
A1V1 = A2V2

0.22 2.5 = 0.152 2
4 4
2 = 4.44/
1.102) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a
2mm bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm.
Given:
d = 0.2cm = 0.75*10-3 kg/cm
Solution:
4
() =

=
= 1000 * 9.81
= 9810 kg/m3
=0.00981kg/cm3
4
=

4 0.75 103
=
0.00981 0.2
h = 1.52cm
1.103) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of
Hg at normal conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Given:
h = 730mm of Hg = 0.73m
Solution:
Specific weight () =
w = 13.6 * 9.81
= 133.416 kg/m3

Height of the mountain =

133.416 0.73
H =
1000 9.81
H = 9.93m
1.104) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of
50 m in diameter with surface tension 0.0125 N/m. What is the pressure inside
these bubbles? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Given:
d = 50 * 10-3m = 0.0125 N/m
Solution:

=

8 0 .0125
=
50 103
p = 2.05 N/m2
1.105) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of
specific gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the
interface of two liquids and at the bottom of the tank. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Given:
Height of water Z1 = 2.85m
Height of oil Z2 = 2.1m
Specific gravity of oil S0 = 0.92
Density of water 1 = 100 kg/m3
Density of oil 2 = 0.92 * 1000 = 920 kg/m3
Solution:
Pressure intensity at interface of liquid:
p=*g*z
p = 2 * g * z2
= 920 * 9.81 * 2.1
p = 18952.92 N/m2
Pressure intensity at bottom of the tank
p = 1 * g1 * z1 + 2 * g2 * z2
= 1000 * 9.81 * 2.85 + 920 * 9.81 * 2.1
p = 46911.42 N/m2
1.106) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is
being filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if
the upper plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. [AU, May / June - 2012]
Given:
dy = 0.0125 m = 14 poise = 1.4 Ns/m2 u = 2.5m/s
Solution:

=

du = change in velocity between plates = u 0 = 2.5m/sec
2.5.
= 1.4
0.125
= /
UNIT - II - FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUCTS
2.1) How are fluid flows classified? [AU, May / June - 2012]
Steady and Unsteady flow
Uniform and Non uniform flow
Laminar and Turbulent
Compressible flow and Incompressible flow
Rotational and Irrotational flow
One, Two and Three dimensional flow
2.2) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.3) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for laminar flow.

1 2 32
=
2
Where p1 and p2 pressure at inlet and outlet of the pipe
= Dynamic viscosity
u = Velocity of the fluid
L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of the pipe
2.4) Write the Hagen Poiseuilles Equation and enumerate its importance.
1 2 32
=
2
Dynamic viscosity
u Velocity of the fluid
L Length of the pipe
D Diameter of the pipe
2.5) State Hagen Poiseuilles formula for flow through circular tubes.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1 2 32
=
2
Dynamic viscosity
u Velocity of the fluid
L Length of the pipe
D Diameter of the pipe
2.6) Write down the Darcy - Weisbachs equation for friction loss through a pipe
4 2
=
2
f = coefficient of friction
L = length of the pipe
V =velocity of the fluid
D = diameter of the pipe
g = acceleration due to gravity
2.7) What is the relationship between Darcy Friction factor, Fanning Friction
Factor and Friction coefficient? [AU, Nov / Dec 2010, May / June - 2012]
Darcy Friction factor Fanning Friction Factor Friction coefficient
Dimensionless number Dimensionless number Friction factor is the factor
used in fluid flow used in fluid flow equating the
calculations. Darcy- calculations. It is related to proportionality for the
Weisbach equation relates the shear stress at the wall above two head loss
losses hl to length of pipe as: friction equation. Darcy-
L, diameter D, and velocity Weisbach friction factor, is
V by a dimensionless four times the size of the

friction factor1 f Fanning friction factor,
also called f.
2.8) Mention the types of minor losses. [AU, April / May - 2010]
The losses due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor losses.
Loss due to sudden enlargement
Loss due to sudden contraction
Loss due to entrance
Loss due to exit
Loss due to bends or pipe fittings
Head loss due to an obstacle in a pipe
2.9) List the minor losses in flow through pipe.
Loss due to exit
2.10) What are minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
The losses due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor losses. In
case of long pipe, it does not makes any serious effect.
2.11) Distinguish between the major loss and minor losses with reference to flow
through pipes. [AU, May / June - 2009]
Major loss Minor loss
The major loss of energy is due to The losses due to disturbance in
friction the flow pattern is called as major
loss
It depends on roughness of pipe, It occurs due to sudden expansion

length, velocity and diameter of or contraction, valves, fittings,
pipe bends and at entrance and exit of
pipe
Dracy formula is used as major
Dracy formula is not used for
formula
minor losses
Major losses cannot be neglected
Minor losses is neglected in case
of large pipe
2.12) List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Loss due to exit
2.13) What do you understand by minor energy losses in pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
The losses due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor losses. It
occurs due to sudden expansion or contraction, valves, fittings, bends and at entrance
and exit of pipe
2.14) What are major and minor losses of flow through pipes?
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2007, 2012, April / May - 2010]
The major loss of energy is due to friction. It depends on roughness of pipe,
length, velocity and diameter of pipe.
The minor loss due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor
losses. It occurs due to sudden expansion or contraction, valves, fittings, bends and
at entrance and exit of pipe
2.15) List the minor and major losses during the flow of liquid through a pipe.
The major loss of energy is due to friction. It depends on roughness of pipe,
length, velocity and diameter of pipe.
The minor loss due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor
losses. It occurs due to sudden expansion or contraction, valves, fittings, bends and
at entrance and exit of pipe
2.16) Enlist the various minor losses involved in a pipe flow system.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Loss due to exit
2.17) Write the expression for calculating the loss due to sudden expansion of the
pipe. [AU, April / May - 2015]
( )
=

V1 = Velocity at inlet
V2 = Velocity at outlet
g = Acceleration due to gravity
2.18) What factors account in energy loss in laminar flow.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
Due to friction between the inner circumference of a pipe and fluid flow
Due to viscosity of a fluid (friction between the internal molecules of a fluid)
2.19) What is meant by laminar flow instability? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Stability of laminar flow is disturbed by infinitesimal particles (Small
change in pressure, Temperature, viscosity, density & other fluid and flow
properties) are leads to converting the laminar flow into turbulent flow, even though
the Reynolds no is with in laminar flow range. The above phenomena is called
laminar flow instability.
2.20) Differentiate between pipes in series and pipes in parallel.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
Pipe in series Pipe in parallel
When the pipe of different length When a pipeline divides into two
and diameters are connected to or more parallel pipes which
each other to form a pipe line the again join together at downstream
such a pipeline is called as pipe in then that pipe is said to parallel
series Discharge in the main pipe is
Discharge in each pipe will be equal to sum of discharge in each
same Q = Q1 = Q2 of the parallel pipes Q = Q1 + Q2
2.21) What is Darcy's equation? Identify various terms in the equation.

4 2
=
2
f = coefficient of friction
L = length of the pipe
V =velocity of the fluid
D = diameter of the pipe
g = acceleration due to gravity
2.22) When is the pipe termed to be hydraulically rough? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The pipe which has poor internal surface finish.
The pipe should have very high friction factor
The pipe should have rough surface.
2.23) What is the physical significance of Reynold's number?
Motion of air planes
Flow is incompressible fluid in close pipes
Motion of submarines
Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids
2.24) Define Reynolds Number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid and viscous force
of the fluid.
2.25) What are the uses of Moodys diagram? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2012]
It is used for determining friction factor for any turbulent flow problem
It can be used for non-circular conduits and also for open channels.
2.26) Mention the use of Moody diagram. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.27) State the importance of Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
The Moodys chart is a graph plotted to find Darcy Weisbach
friction factor for commercial pipe. The diagram is plotted in the form of
frictional factor verses Reynolds number for various values of relative
roughness (R/k). The curve is plotted using the following equation
1
2 10 ( ) = 1.74 2 10 (1 + 18.71 )

2.28) How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a pipe if the flow is
turbulent? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
In turbulent flow, the tubes with rough surface have much higher friction
factors than the tubes with smooth surface, and thus much larger pressure drop.
2.29) A piping system involves two pipes of different diameters (but of identical
length, material, and roughness) connected in parallel. How would you compare
the flow rates and pressure drops in these two pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
For a piping system that involves two different pipes of different diameters
connected in parallel. The flow rate through the larger diameter pipe is larger and the
pressure drop through both pipes is the same.
2.30) What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes? [AU, May / June 2013
When the pipe divides into two or more branches and again join together
downstream to form a single pipe then it is called as pipes in parallel. The governing
equations are:
Q = Q1 + Q2
hf1 = hf2
2.31) Give the expression for power transmission through pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Power available at the outlet of the pipe
=
2
4 2
= ( )
4 2
Maximum power transmission

=
3
The power transmitted through the pipe is maximum when head lost due to
friction in the pipe is equal to 1/3 of the total head supplied.
2.32) Define boundary layer and boundary layer thickness.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2008, 2012]
The variation of velocity from zero to free stream velocity in the direction
normal to the boundary takes place in a narrow region in the vicinity of solid
boundary. This narrow region of the fluid is called as boundary layer.
Boundary layer thickness as the distance from the boundary of the solid
body measured in y direction to the point, where the velocity of the fluid is
approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity of the fluid.
2.33) Define boundary layer thickness. [AU, May / June - 2006, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Boundary layer thickness as the distance from the boundary of the solid
body measured in y direction to the point, where the velocity of the fluid is
approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity of the fluid.
2.34) What is boundary layer? Give its sketch of a boundary layer region over a
flat plate. [AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
2.35) What is boundary layer? Why is it significant? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.36) Give the classification of boundary layer flow based on the Reynolds number.
Laminar boundary layer
Transition boundary layer
Turbulent boundary layer

[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006]
Types of boundary layer
Displacement thickness
Momentum thickness
Energy thickness
2.38) What do you understand by the term boundary layer?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.39) What is a laminar sub layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Within a turbulent boundary layer zone, if the boundary is smooth, a thin
layer adjacent to the plate surface over which the flow is assumed to be laminar is
called laminar sub layer. The velocity distribution in the laminar sub layer is
assumed to be linear.
2.40) Define momentum thickness and energy thickness.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
Momentum thickness is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to
the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of
boundary layer formation.
Energy thickness is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the
boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of
2.41) Define the term boundary layer. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.42) What is boundary layer separation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The boundary layer is formed on the flat plate when it is held immersed in a
flowing liquid. If the immersed plate or body is curved or angular one, the boundary
layer does not stick to the whole surface and gets separated from it. This phenomenon
is known as boundary layer separation.
2.43) What do you mean by displacement thickness and momentum thickness?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Displacement thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular
to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation.
Momentum thickness is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to
the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of
2.44) What do you understand by hydraulic diameter? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Hydraulic diameter is the effective diameter of wetted surface when the flow
takes through the system. It is the ratio of wetted area to the wetted perimeter.
2.45) What is hydraulic gradient line? [AU, May / June - 2009]
Hydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure
head and datum head of the flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference
line or it is the line which is obtained by joining top of all vertical ordinates, showing
the pressure head of a flowing fluid in a pipe from the center pipe.
2.46) Define hydraulic gradient and energy gradient. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Hydraulic gradient is the piezometric head which is the sum of potential
head and datum head.
Energy gradient is the sum of hydraulic gradient and kinetic head.
2.47) Brief on HGL. [AU, April / May - 2011]

Hydraulic Gradient Line is defined as the line which gives the sum of
pressure head and datum head of the flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some
reference line or it is the line which is obtained by joining top of all vertical ordinates,
showing the pressure head of a flowing fluid in a pipe from the center pipe.
2.48) Differentiate between Hydraulic gradient line and total energy line.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003, April / May - 2005, 2010, May / June2007, 2009]
Hydraulic Gradient Line Total Energy Line
It is the sum of pressure head and Total energy line is the sum of
datum head with respect to datum velocity head, pressure head and
line. datum head.
Hydraulic grade line less below Total energy line has above
2 2
total energy line by hydraulic grade line by
2 2
2.49) Differentiate hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line.

[AU, May / June - 2014]
Hydraulic Gradient Line Energy Gradient Line
The total energy plotted along the
Pressure Energy alone plotted
flow to some specified scale gives
along the flow to some specified
the energy line.
scale gives the energy line.
Energy line is the plot of +

The plot of + along the flow

2
is called the hydraulic gradient + 2 along the flow. It is
line.
constant along the flow when
The hydraulic gradient line
losses are negligible
provides useful information about
pressure variations (static head)
in a flow.
total head variations in a flow.
2.50) Differentiate between hydraulic grade line and energy grade line.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Hydraulic Grade Line Energy Grade Line
The total energy plotted along the
Pressure Energy alone plotted
flow to some specified scale gives
along the flow to some specified
the energy line.
scale gives the energy line.
Energy line is the plot of +

The plot of + along the flow

2
is called the hydraulic gradient + 2 along the flow. It is
line.
constant along the flow when
losses are negligible
pressure variations (static head)
in a flow.
total head variations in a flow.
2.51) What is T.E.L? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

Total Energy Line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure
head, datum head and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to
reference line. It is also defined as the line which is obtained by joining the tops of
all vertical ordinates showing the sum of pressure head and kinetic head from the
center of the pipe.
2.52) Distinguish between hydraulic and energy gradients. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Hydraulic gradient is the piezometric head which is the sum of potential
head and datum head.
Energy gradient is the sum of hydraulic gradient and kinetic head.
2.53) What are stream lines, streak lines and path lines in fluid flow?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2006, 2009]
A streak line at any instant of time is the locus of the temporary location of
all particles that have passed through a fixed point in the flow field.
2.54) Define flow net. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipment lines and steam lines is
called a flow net. The flow net is an important tool is analysis two dimensional
irrotational flow problems.
2.55) What is flow net and state its use? [AU, April / May - 2011]
A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipment lines and steam lines is
called a flow net. The flow net is an important tool is analysis two dimensional
irrotational flow problems.
2.56) Define lift. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
The component of total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction
of flow is known as lift.
2.57) Define the terms: drag and lift. [AU, Nov / Dec 2007, May / June - 2009]
The component of total force in the direction of flow of fluid is known as
drag.
The component of total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction
of flow is known as lift.
2.58) Give the expression for Drag coefficient and Lift coefficient.
Drag coefficient Cd is defined by
1
= 2
2
FD = The drag force, which is by definition the force component in the
direction of the flow velocity
= The mass density of the fluid
V = The velocity of the object relative to the fluid
A = The reference area
Cd = the drag coefficient a dimensionless coefficient related to the
object's geometry and taking into account both skin friction and form
drag
The lift coefficient CL is defined by

=

Where
L = The lift force
S = Plan form area and
q = The fluid dynamic pressure.
2.59) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, draw the shear stress and
velocity distribution across the pipe section. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.60) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, obtain an expression for
the velocity distribution. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1
= ( 2 )
2
In the above equation , p/x and t are constant.
2.61) A circular and a square pipe are of equal sectional area. For the same flow
rate, determine which section will lead to a higher value of Reynolds number.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Area of square section AS = Area of circular section AC
2
2 =
4
Where L is the side of a square and D be the diameter of a
circular section.
L = 0.886 D
Reynolds number for circular section

=

Reynolds number for square section

=

= 0.886
2.62) A 20cm diameter pipe 30km long transport oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take the viscosity =
0.1 Nm/s2 and density = 900 kg/m3 for oil. [AU, April / May - 2003]
Given:
D = 0.2m L = 30 * 103m Q = 0.01m3/s = 0.1 Nm/s2
= 900 kg/m3
Solution:
Cross sectional area:
2
=
4

= 0.22
4
= 0.031412
Velocity of the flow

=

0.01
=
0.03141
= 0.318 /

=

900 0.318 0.2

=
0.1
= 572.95 < 2000
The flow is laminar
2.63) Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200 mm is suddenly enlarged
to a diameter 0f 400 mm. Rate of flow of water through the pipe is 250 litres/s.
Given:
D1 = 200mm D2 = 400mm Q = 0.250m3/s
Solution:
From continuity equation:
= 1 1

. 250 = 0.22 1
4
1 = 7.95 /
From continuity equation:
= 2 2

. 250 = 0.42 2
4
2 = 1.98 /
Head loss due to enlargement
(1 2 )2
=
2
(7.95 1.98)2
=
2 9.81
= 1.81
UNIT - III - DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
3.1) What do you understand by fundamental units and derived units?

The physical parameters are independent of each other called fundamental
or primary quantities / parameters. Example: Mass, length and time
The parameters which are expressed in terms of primary quantities are called
secondary or derived quantities. Example: velocity, force and power.
3.2) Differentiate between fundamental units and derived units. Give examples.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Fundamental Units Derived Units
The parameters which are
The physical parameters are
expressed in terms of primary
independent of each other called
quantities are called secondary or
fundamental or primary quantities
derived quantities.
/ parameters.
Example: velocity, force and
Example: Mass, length and time
power.
3.3) What do you mean by dimensional analysis? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical technique which deals with the
dimensions of the physical quantities involved in the phenomenon. Some complex
problems in nature and very difficult to solve. This type of problem can be simplified
by using dimensional analysis.
3.4) Brief on dimensional variables with examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Dimensional variables are the quantities that actually vary during a given
case and would be plotted against each other to show the data.
In the above equation dimensional variables are S and t
In the above equation dimensional variables are p, V, and z.
3.5) Brief on Intuitive method. Give some examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Most Dimensional analysis methods are called as Intuitive method, with the
help of units and dimensions they are able to form a physical relationship among
several variables. Examples Buckingham Theorem & Rayleigh's method of
dimensional analysis
3.6) What is dimensional homogeneity and write any one sample equation?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
Dimensional analysis is based on the principle that the variables in a physical
phenomenon is arranged properly to give an equation which is dimensionally
homogenous.
To check the dimensional homogeneity of the Dracys Equation.
2
=
2
Dimension of L.H.S = hf =L
2 1(/)2
Dimension of R.H.S = = =L
2 2( 2 )

Where f constant is taken as 1 and number 2 is neglected

Dimension of L.H.S = Dimension of R.H.S
3.7) Explain the term dimensional homogeneity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
The law of Fourier principle of dimensional homogeneity states an equation
which expresses a physical phenomenon of fluid flow should be algebraically correct
and dimensionally homogenous
homogenous.
2
=
2
2 1(/)2
2 2( 2 )


3.8) State a few applications, usefulness of dimensional analysis.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
It is used to change the theoretical equation into a simple dimensionless
form.
By dimensional analysis, any complex fluid flow phenomenon can be
easily solved.
It helps to convert the units of quantities from one system to another
system.
3.9) What is a dimensionally homogenous equation? Give example.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
homogenous.
2
=
2
2 1(/)2
2 2( 2 )


3.10) Cite examples for dimensionally homogeneous and non-homogeneous
equations. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Dimensionally homogeneous equation
Head loss in flow through pipes
Reynolds number
Bernoullis equation
Non homogenous equation
Equation of simple harmonic motion
The second order linear equation of both free and forced damped
oscillation
3.11) Check whether the following equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Q =Cd .a (2 gh) . [AU, April / May - 2011]
= 2
Dimension of each parameter
Q = Discharge = L3T-1
Cd = Coefficient of discharge = 1
a = Area = L2
g = Acceleration = LT-2
h = Height =L
3 1 = 2 ( 2 )1/2
3 1 = 2 (2 2 )1/2
3 1 = 3 1
Since both the sides are identical. The given equation is dimensionally
homogenous
3.12) Write the dimensions of surface tension and vapour pressure in MLT
system. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Surface tension = MT-2
Vapour pressure = ML-1T-2
3.13) Give the Rayleigh method to determine dimensionless groups.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
First the functional relationship is written with the given data.

Consider X as a variable which depends on X1, X2, X3 Xn. So, the
functional equation is written as X = f (X1, X2, X3 Xn)
Then the equation is expressed in the terms of a constant with

exponents like powers of a, b, c Therefore the equation is again
written as X = (X1a, X2b, X3c Xnz). Here = constant. a ,b,
cz are arbitrary constants.
The values of a, b, c z are determined with the help of dimensional

homogeneity. It means, the powers of the fundamental dimensions on
both sides are compared to obtain the values of exponents.
Finally, the exponents power values are substituted in the functional

equation and simplified to obtain the suitable form.
3.14) State any two choices of selecting repeating variables in Buckingham
theorem. [AU, April / May - 2011]
No repeating variable should be dimensionless
The selected two repeating variables should not have the same
dimensions.
The selected repeating variables should be independent as far as
possible.
3.15) State Buckinghams theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2012]
It states that if there are n variables in a dimensionally homogenous
equation and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (M, L, T) then
they are grouped into (n m), dimensionless independent terms.
3.16) The excess pressure p inside a bubble is known to be a function of the
surface tension and the radius. By dimensional reasoning determine how the
excess pressure. Will vary if we double the surface tension and the radius.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
= ( , ) = ( )

( 2 ) = ( ) ()

F: a =1 L: -a+b = -2
b = -1

=

If is doubled p is doubled
If r is doubled p is half
3.17) Distinguish between Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's - theorem.
Rayleigh's method Buckingham's - theorem

The expression is determined for It is easy for the number of
a variable depending upon independent variables being more
maximum three or four variables than three or four
only
This method is difficult for more In this method n variables can
than four variables be used without any difficulties
3.18) What are the similitudes that should exist between the model and its
prototype? [AU, April / May - 2015]
Geometric similitude
Kinematic similitude
Dynamic similitude
3.19) What are the types of similarities? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Geometric similarity
Kinematic similarity
Dynamic similarity
3.20) What is meant by dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces between the model and
prototype. Thus the dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and the
prototype if the ratios of the corresponding forces acting at the corresponding points
are equal.
Let (Fi)p = Inertia force at a point in prototype
(Fv)p = Viscous force at a point in prototype
(Fg)p = Gravity force at a point in prototype
(Fi)m = Inertia force at a point in model
(Fv)m = Viscous force at a point in model
(Fg)m = Gravity force at a point in model
Fr = Force ratio
( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
3.21) What is dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces between the model and
prototype. Thus the dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and the
prototype if the ratios of the corresponding forces acting at the corresponding points
are equal.
Let (Fi)p = Inertia force at a point in prototype
(Fv)p = Viscous force at a point in prototype
(Fg)p = Gravity force at a point in prototype
(Fi)m = Inertia force at a point in model
(Fv)m = Viscous force at a point in model
(Fg)m = Gravity force at a point in model
Fr = Force ratio
( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
3.22) What is meant by kinematic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

Kinematic similarity means similarity of motion between model and
prototype. Thus the similarity is said to exist between the model and prototype
if the ratios of the velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in the
model and the corresponding points in the prototype are the same.
Let Vp1 = Velocity of fluid at a point 1 in prototype
Vp2 = Velocity of fluid at a point 2 in prototype
ap1 = Acceleration of fluid at a point 1 in prototype
ap2 = Acceleration of fluid at a point 2 in prototype
Vm1 = Velocity of fluid at a point 1 in model
Vm2 = Velocity of fluid at a point 2 in model
am1 = Acceleration of fluid at a point 1 in model
am2 = Acceleration of fluid at a point 2 in model
1 2
= =
2 2
1 2
= =
2 2
3.23) What is similarity in model study? [AU, April / May - 2005]

Similitude is defined as the similarity between the model and its prototype
in every respect, which means that the model and prototype have similar properties
or model and prototype are completely similar. There are three types of similarities
exists between the model and prototype
Geometric Similarity
Kinematic Similarity
Dynamic Similarity
3.24) What is scale effect in physical model study?
It is impossible to product the exact behavior of the prototype by model
testing alone. The two models of same prototype behavior will be different. Scale
ratios will not be same. So discrepancy between models and prototype will always
occur. It is known as scale effect.
3.25) Mention the circumstances which necessitate the use of distorted models.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
To maintain accuracy
To maintain turbulent flow
To accommodate available facilities
To obtain suitable bed materials
To obtain required roughness condition.
3.26) Write down the dimensionless number for pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Pressure P = ML-1T-2
3.27) Give the dimensions of power and specific weight. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Power P = ML2T-2
Specific weight w = ML-2T-2
3.28) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities: surface tension and
dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
Surface tension = MT-2
Dynamic viscosity = ML-1T-1
3.29) Define Reynolds number. What its significance? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
of the fluid.
3.30) Define Reynolds number and state its significance? [AU, April / May - 2015]
of the fluid.
3.31) Define Reynolds number and Froudes numbers.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2011]
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid
and viscous force of the fluid.
Froudes number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force of
a slowing fluid to the gravity force.
3.32) Define Froude's number.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2009, 2008, April / May 2010, May / June - 2012]
3.33) Define the Froude's dimensionless number. [AU, May / June - 2014]
3.34) State Froude's model law. [AU, May / June - 2013]
Froude model law is the law in which the models are based on Froude
number which means for dynamic similarity between the model and prototype, the
Froude number for both model and prototype must be equal. Froude model law is
applicable when the gravity force is only predominant force which controls the flow
in addition to the force of inertia.
3.35) Define Euler's number. [AU, May / June - 2009]

Eulers number is the ratio of the square root of inertia force and pressure
force.
3.36) Define Euler number and Mach number. [AU, May / June - 2007]
Eulers number is the ratio of the square root of inertia force and pressure
force.
Machs number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force
of a flowing fluid to the elastic force.
3.37) Define Reynolds number and Mach number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid
and viscous force of the fluid.
3.38) Define Mach number. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.39) Define -Mach number and state its application. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
of a flowing fluid to the elastic force. Its applications are
Aerodynamic testing
Under water testing of torpedoes
Water hammer problems
3.40) What is Mach number? Mention its field of use. [AU, April / May - 2003]
of a flowing fluid to the elastic force. It is used in
Aerodynamic testing
Under water testing of torpedoes
Water hammer problems
UNIT IV PUMPS
4.1) Mention the main parts of the Centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Impeller
Casing
Suction pipe
Delivery pipe
Strainer and foot valve
Delivery valve
4.2) How centrifugal pumps are classified based on casing?
[AU, May / June - 2006]
Volute pump or constant velocity pump
Vortex pump or variable velocity pump
Diffuser or turbine pump
4.3) List the commonly used casings in centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Volute casing
Vortex casing
Volute casing with guide blades
4.4) What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
To guide water to and from the impeller
To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy
4.5) What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal
pump? [AU, May / June - 2012]
While starting the pump. The delivery valve is closed. Priming of the
pump is carried out.
Before stopping the pump, it is necessary to close the delivery pipe
otherwise the back flow of liquid may take place from the high head
reservoir.
4.6) What is priming? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

Priming of a centrifugal pump is defined as the operation in which the
suction pipe, casing of the pump and a portion of the delivery pipe up to the delivery
valve is completely filled up from outside source with the liquid to be raised by the
pump before starting the pump. Thus the air from these parts of the pump is removed
and these parts are filled with the liquid to be pumped.
4.7) Why priming is necessary in a centrifugal pump?
[AU, May / June - 2007, April / May - 2010]
If the pump is started with air pockets inside the impeller may give rise to
vortices and causes the discontinuity of flow. Under these conditions, the flow of
fluid does no commence and the pump runs dry. It causes the rubbing and seizing
of the wearing rings, increases noise level and vibrations and finally may cause
series damage to pump.
4.8) What is meant by priming of pumps? [AU, April / May - 2008]
4.9) What is priming? Why is it necessary? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
If the pump is started with air pockets inside the impeller may give rise to
vortices and causes the discontinuity of flow. Under these conditions, the flow of
fluid does no commence and the pump runs dry. It causes the rubbing and seizing
of the wearing rings, increases noise level and vibrations and finally may cause
series damage to pump.
4.10) Define cavitation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of
a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below the vapour
pressure and the sudden collapsing on these vapour in a region of high pressure.
4.11) Define cavitation in a pump. [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.12) What is the effect of cavitation in pump? [AU, April / May - 2011]
The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the
surfaces.
Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, considerable noise and
vibrations are produced.
The efficiency of a pump decreases due to cavitation.
Due to pitting action, the surface on the impeller becomes rough.
4.13) What are the effects of cavitation? Give necessary precautions against
cavitation? [AU, May / June - 2012]
The effects of cavitation are
The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the
surfaces.
Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, considerable noise and
vibrations are produced.
The efficiency of a pump decreases due to cavitation.
Due to pitting action, the surface on the impeller becomes rough.
Precautions against cavitation
The pressure of the flowing liquid in any part of the hydraulic system
should not allowed to fall below its vapour pressure. If the flowing liquid
is water, then the absolute pressure head should not be below 2.5m of
water.
The special materials or coatings such as aluminum bronze and stainless

steel, which are cavitation resistant materials, should be used.
4.14) What is cavitation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.15) List the losses in centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Mechanical friction losses between the fixed and rotating parts in the
bearings and gland and packing.
Disc friction loss between the impeller surfaces and the fluid.
Leakage and recirculation losses. The recirculation is along the
clearance between the impeller and the casing due to the pressure
difference between the hub and tip of the impeller
4.16) What are the advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pumps?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
Its discharge capacity is much higher
It can also be used for highly viscous fluids like oils, muddy and sewage
water, chemicals, paper pulp less
Being high speed machine it can be directly coupled to the prime mover
It is compact, smaller in size and has low weight for the same discharge
capacity
Maintenance cost is comparatively very low.
4.17) What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal
pump? [AU, April / May - 2008]
2
=
2
hs = = Height of inlet of pump from datum line

Ha = = Atmospheric pressure head (meter of liquid)

Hv = = Vapour pressure head (meter of liquid)
vs = = Velocity of liquid through suction pipe
hfs = = Loss of head in foot valve, strainer and suction pipe
4.18) Tabulate the causes and remedies for a centrifugal pump, when pump fails
to pump the fluid. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Other
S.No Fault Cause Remedies
Symptoms
Stop and
reprime.
Pump has lost its water Remake pipe
due to air lock in suction joints.
Suction and
pipe, air leaks in suction Tighten
delivery
pipe, air leaks in glands or
gauges read
stuffing boxes, or level repack
zero
of water dropped below lengthen
1 No Output strainers suction pipe
to lower
strainer
Suction
Increase
gauge reads Speed too low to
speed.
zero but overcome the total head,
Clear choke
delivery or choke in delivery
in delivery
gauge pipe
pipe.
normal
Poor Output Increase
Surging in
: it should Air leak in suction pipe speed.
delivery
be note that or stuffing boxes or air Clear choke
pressure
unless a entering strainer in delivery
gauge
2 flow meter pipe.
is provided, Suction Chocked strainer, foot Clean
the pump gauge shows valve or suction pipe. strainer, foot
attendant high Vibration and noise due valve or
has very vacuum, to cavitation suction pipe
little to vibration and

inform him noise
that the
output of Clean
the pump is Suction Impeller partly chocked. impeller.
not normal gauge shows Partial choke in delivery Clean choke

low vacuum pipe in delivery
pipe
Replace or
Pump not Motor defective overhaul
running upto Voltage low Check and
speed Belt slipping rectify
Tighten belt
4.19) Define suction head and manometric head of a centrifugal pump.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Suction head (hs) is the vertical height of the center line of the centrifugal
pump above the water surface in the tank or pump from which water is lifted. This
height is also called suction lift.
The Manometric head (Hm) is defines as the head against which a
centrifugal pump has to work.
4.20) Define - manometric head and write its mathematical equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
The Manometric head (Hm) is defines as the head against which a
centrifugal pump has to work.
Hm = Head imparted by the impeller to the water loss of head in the pump
2
= + + + +
2
= Suction head
= Delivery head
= Frictional head loss in suction pipe
= Frictional head loss in delivery pipe

= Velocity of water in delivery pipe
4.21) What do you mean by Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?
[AU, May / June - 2014]
The Negative Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is defined as the absolute
pressure head at the inlet to pump, minus the vapour pressure head (in absolute units)
plus the velocity head.
NPSH = Absolute pressure head at inlet of the pump vapour pressure head
(absolute units) + velocity head
4.22) Define Net Positive Suction Head [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.23) What is meant by NPSH? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
Specific speed of pump

=
3/4
N = Speed of the pump
Q = Discharge of the pump
Hm = Manometric head
Specific speed of turbine

=
5/4
N = Speed of the turbine
P = Power developed
H = Head
4.25) Define specific speed as applied to pumps. [AU, May / June - 2009]
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump which would deliver one cubic meter of liquid per
second against a head of one meter.
4.27) What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this
number? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Pump Speed N Specific speed
Slow 10 30
Radial flow Medium 30 50
High 50 80
Mixed flow - 80 160
Axial flow - 100 450
4.28) Define manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal

pump. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Manometric efficiency is the ratio of the manometric head to the head
imparted by the impeller to the water

=

Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the power available at the impeller to

the power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump

=

4.29) What do you mean by manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a
centrifugal pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Manometric efficiency is the ratio of the manometric head to the head
imparted by the impeller to the water

=

Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the power available at the impeller to
the power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump

=

4.30) What are operating characteristics curves of centrifugal pump?
The curves which are plotted while the pump is running at a constant design
speed. These curves show the relation between efficiency, brake power, head and
discharge.
4.31) What is meant by pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy are called as pump
4.32) Under what conditions would you suggest use of double-suction pump and a
multistage pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
If the need of continuous delivery of fluid
If uniform discharge of fluid is needed
If the required discharge of the fluid is more
If the space is limited to use single suction pump for the higher capacity.
4.33) What are roto dynamic pumps? Give examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The centrifugal pump is the common type roto dynamic pump in which the
rotating impeller of a pump impresses a centrifugal head or pressure on the liquid
which leaves the impeller at a high velocity. This pressure enables the liquid to raise
to higher level.
4.34) Why the reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump?

It discharges a definite quantity of a liquid during the displacement of its
piston, therefore it is called as positive displacement pump.
4.35) How are reciprocating pumps classified? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
According to fluid being contact with piston
Single acting pump
Double acting pump
According to number of cylinders
Single cylinder pump

Double cylinder pump
Triple cylinder pump
Duplex double acting pump
Quantiplex pump
4.36) What are the materials used for manufacturing reciprocating pumps?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Stainless steel
Aluminum
Brass
Bronze
Nickel alloy
4.37) When will you select a reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
For obtaining high pressure or head and low discharge, a reciprocating pump
is selected.
4.38) List the advantages of double acting reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Both suction and delivery strikes takes place simultaneously
Discharge is continuous and more uniform
Rate of discharge is almost twice that of single acting pump
4.39) Draw the relationship between discharge and crank angle for a single acting
pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.40) What is the function of non return valve in a reciprocating pump?

[AU, May / June - 2012]
The function of non return valve in reciprocating pump to allow the water
to flow only in one direction, the suction non return valve allows water from sump
to cylinder and the delivery non return valve allows water from cylinder to delivery
pipe.
4.41) Distinguish between centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2012]
Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump
The discharge is continuous and The discharge is fluctuating and

smooth. pulsating.
Starting torque is more Staring torque is less
Action on fluid is dynamic Action on fluid by the pump is
due to positive displacement.
Used for lower heads and large Used for high heads and low
discharge discharge
Efficiency is high Efficiency is low
It is compact It is comparatively large
Smooth operation without noise Not smooth in operation and
noisy
Maintenance cost is low Maintenance cost is high
Priming is necessary Priming is not necessary
4.42) Mention the significance of 'back leakage'. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
As the rotor of rotary positive displacement pump rotates the trapped oil is
carried to the pressure side through the clearance which is known as back leakage.
The maximum operating pressure is controlled by the back leakage
4.43) Define slip of reciprocating pump.
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual
discharge of the pump.
4.44) When does negative slip occur? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Negative slip occurs when the delivery pipe is short and suction pipe is long
and the pump is running at high speed
4.45) What is negative slip in a reciprocating pump? What are the causes for it?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
discharge of the pump. If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the
slip of the pump is negative. In that case the slip of the pump is known as negative
slip.
4.46) Define slip, negative slip in reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2014]
If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the slip of the pump
is negative. In that case the slip of the pump is known as negative slip.
4.47) Define slip of a pump. When does negative slip occur?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
and the pump is running at high speed.
4.48) Define slip and percentage of slip of a reciprocating pump.

[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2010]
The ratio between slip and theoretical discharge is called as percentage of
slip.

= 100

4.49) Define slip and percentage slip. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
slip.

= 100

4.50) What is the % of slip in reciprocating pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2006, May / June 2012]
slip.

= 100

4.51) Discuss slip. [AU, April / May - 2011]
discharge of the pump. If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the
slip of the pump is negative. In that case the slip of the pump is known as negative
slip.
4.52) Define slip in reciprocating machines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.53) Distinguish between pumps in series and pumps in parallel.
Pumps In Series Pumps In Parallel
When two (or more) pumps are When two or more pumps are
arranged in serial their resulting arranged in parallel their
pump performance curve is resulting performance curve is
obtained by adding their heads at obtained by adding their flow
the same flow rate as indicated in rates at the same head as
the figure below. indicated in the figure below.
Centrifugal pumps in parallel are

Centrifugal pumps in parallel
used to overcome larger volume
are used to overcome larger
flows than one pump can handle
volume flows than one pump
alone.
can handle alone.
4.54) Can actual discharge be greater than theoretical discharge in a reciprocating

pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Sometimes the actual discharge of a reciprocating pump is more than the
theoretical discharge. It happens when the delivery pipe is short and suction pipe is
long and the pump is running at high speed. It cause the delivery valve to open even
before the suction stroke is completed. It results into pushing some quantity of water
into the delivery pipe before the commencement of delivery stroke. Thus the actual
discharge become more than the theoretical discharge.
4.55) Which factors determine the maximum speed of reciprocating pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The maximum speed of the reciprocating pump is governed by the maximum
allowable vacuum pressure or minimum absolute pressure so that the separation of
flow does not takes place.
Maximum vacuum pressure of the head which occurs at = 0

It also depends on atmospheric head, acceleration head, suction head and
delivery head.
4.56) What factors govern the speed of reciprocating pump?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
The maximum speed of the reciprocating pump is governed by the
maximum allowable vacuum pressure or minimum absolute pressure so that the
separation of flow does not takes place.
Maximum vacuum pressure of the head which occurs at = 0
It also depends on atmospheric head, acceleration head, suction head and
delivery head.
4.57) Brief on acceleration head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
When the piston moves outward at the beginning of the stroke, a negative
pressure is created which is equal to the suction head (hs). In addition to this, the
fluid or liquid will also be accelerated in the suction stroke. Due to acceleration head
(has), the total negative pressure head at the beginning of the stroke is equal to hs +
has denoted by the ordinate EA' shown in Figure. So, the absolute pressure at the
ordinate A' is equal to A'S. At the same time, the absolute pressure should not fall
below the vapour or vacuum pressure and the separation should not take place. At
the beginning of delivery pipe, the liquid is accelerated but it is decelerated or
retarded while at the end of delivery pipe. Here also, the absolute pressure should
not fall below the vacuum pressure to avoid separation.
4.58) What are rotary pumps? Give examples [AU, April / May - 2003]
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But, the
working method differs. Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be
obtained by using these rotary pumps. So, we can clearly say, it has the combined
advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. The examples for rotary
pumps are
External pump.
Internal gear pump.
Lobe pump.
Vane pump.
4.59) What is a rotary pump? Give its classification. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But, the
working method differs. Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be
obtained by using these rotary pumps. So, we can clearly say, it has the combined
advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. The various types of rotary
pumps are
External pump.
Internal gear pump.
Lobe pump.
Vane pump.
4.60) What is the function of air vessel?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009, April / May - 2010]
The main functions of air vessels are
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
4.61) What is an air vessel in reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2006]
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the portion
and liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an
opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel or out from the vessel.
When the liquid enters the vessel the air gets compressed and when leaves the vessel
the air will expand in the chamber.
4.62) Mention the working principle of an Air-vessel. [AU, April / May - 2010]
the air will expand in the chamber. Pump has two air vessel each fitted to suction
pipe and delivery pipe
4.63) What is an air vessel? List the objectives that would be fulfilled by the use of
air vessels. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
The main objectives of air vessels are
4.64) What is an air vessel? What are its uses? [AU, May / June - 2012]
The uses of air vessels are
4.65) What are the advantages of air vessel? [AU, May / June - 2013]
4.66) State the advantages of fitting air vessels in reciprocating pumps.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.67) What are the uses of air vessels? [AU, May / June - 2014]
The uses of air vessels are
4.68) Define indicator diagram. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head in the cylinder and
distance travelled by piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of
the crank.
4.69) What is indicator diagram? [AU, May / June - 2009]
Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head in the cylinder and
distance travelled by piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of
the crank.
4.70) Draw the ideal indicator diagram. [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.71) A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 50rpm. The diameter of

piston = 20cm and length = 40cm. Find the theoretical discharge of the pump.
Given:
N = 50 rpm D = 0.2m L = 0.4m
Solution:

=
60
2
=
4 60
0.22 0.4 50
=
4 60
= 0.0104 3 /
4.72) A centrifugal pump delivers 20 litres/s of water against a manometric head
of 850 mm at 900 rpm. Find the specific speed of pump.
Given:
Q = 20*10-3 m3/s Hm = 0.850m N = 900rpm
Solution:

=
3/4
90020 103
=
0.8503/4
= 143.778
4.73) The following data refer to a centrifugal pump which is designed to run at
1500 rpm. D1 = 100 mm, D2 = 300 mm, B1 = 50 mm, B2 = 20 mm, Vf1= 3 m/s.
Find the velocity of flow at outlet. [AU, April / May - 2010]
Given:
N = 1500 rpm D1 = 0.1m D2 = 0.3m B1 = 0.05m
B2 = 0.02m Vf1= 3 m/s
Solution:
Discharge
= 1 1 1
= 0.1 0.05 3
= 0.0471 3 /
Velocity of flow at outlet
= 2 2 2
0.0471 = 0.3 0.02 2
2 = 2.5 /
4.74) A pump is to discharge 0.82 m3/s at a head of 42 m when running at 300 rpm.
What type of pump will be required? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Given:
Q = 0.82 m3/s Hm = 42m N = 300rpm
Solution:

=
3/4
3000.82
=
423/4
= 16.466
Specific speed lies between 10 to 30, so slow speed radial flow pump is
recommended
UNIT V TURBINES
PART - A
5.1) Classify Hydrodynamic machines. [AU, April / May - 2010]

Power producing machines (Hydraulic turbines)
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
Power absorbing machines (Hydrodynamic pumps)
Mixed flow pumps
Axial flow pumps
5.2) How are hydraulic turbines classified
[AU, May / June - 2009, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2009 April / May - 2011]
According to the type of energy at inlet
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
According to the direction of flow through runner
Tangential flow turbine

Radial flow turbine
Axial flow turbine
Mixed flow turbine
According to the head at the inlet of the turbine
High head turbine

Medium head turbine
Low head turbine
According to the specific speed of the turbine
Low specific speed turbine

Medium specific speed turbine
High specific speed turbine
5.3) What is a pump turbine? Is it the same as turbine pump?

There are applications in which the same turbo machine is used as both a
pump and turbine; these devices appropriately called as Pump Turbine. Pump turbine
is not as the same as turbine pump, turbine pump is meant only for pumping of
liquids.
5.4) What are high head turbines? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The turbines operating head is above 250m then the turbines are called as
high head turbines.
5.5) List the range of head for various turbines. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Head based
S.No Head (m) Discharge Type of Turbine
Turbine
1 Low head 25 High Kaplan or Propeller
2 Medium head 16 70 High or Medium Kaplan or Francis
3 High head 71 500 Medium or Low Francis or Pelton
4 Very High head > 500 Low Pelton
5.6) State and concise on Euler turbine equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
The Euler turbine equation relates the power added to or removed from the
flow, to characteristics of a rotating blade row. The equation is based on the concepts
of conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy.
The above Equation is called the Euler Turbine Equation. It relates the
temperature ratio (and hence the pressure ratio) across a turbine or compressor to the
rotational speed and the change in momentum per unit mass. Note that the velocities
used in this equation are what we will later call absolute frame velocities (as opposed
to relative frame velocities).
If angular momentum increases across a blade row, then > and work
was done on the fluid (a compressor).
If angular momentum decreases across a blade row, then < and
work was done by the fluid (a turbine).
5.7) State the principles on which turbo-machines are based.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Turbo machines are based on the principle of fluid momentum. The fluid
momentum is gradually changed into rotation motion of the mechanical member.
5.8) Explain specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical
dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size
that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. The specific speed of
the turbine is used in comparing the different types of turbines as every type of
turbine has different specific speed.
that it will develop unit power when working under unit head.
5.10) Define specific speed of a turbine. [AU,
Nov / Dec 2003, 2008, 2009, May / June2007, 2009, April / May 2010, 2011]
5.11) Define specific speed of a turbine. What is its usefulness?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. The specific speed of
the turbine is used in comparing the different types of turbines as every type of
turbine has different specific speed.
5.12) How is specific speed of a turbine defined? [AU, May / June - 2006]
5.13) What is meant by specific speed of a turbine? [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.14) Define specific speed and unit speed of a turbine. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Specific speed is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape,
geometrical dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but
of such a size that it will develop unit power when working under unit head.
Unit speed is the speed of the turbine under unit head.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Specific speed of pump

=
3/4
N = Speed of the pump
Q = Discharge of the pump
Hm = Manometric head
Specific speed of turbine

= 5/4

N = Speed of the turbine
P = Power developed
H = Head
5.16) Why not the specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is calculated using watts,
instead of metric horse power? [AU, April / May - 2015]
A metric horsepower-hour (hph) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in
the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed
capable of delivering during an hour. 1 metric hph = 2.65 MJ.
5.17) What is hydraulic turbine? [AU, May / June - 2006]
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the energy of flowing
water into mechanical energy
5.18) Classify turbines according to flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
According to the direction of flow through runner
Tangential flow turbine

Radial flow turbine
Axial flow turbine
Mixed flow turbine
5.19) Explain the working of impulse turbine. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Impulse turbine works on the principle of impulse. In these turbines, the head
or pressure energy of water is first converted into kinetic energy by means of a nozzle
or set of nozzles kept close to the runner. This high velocity jet produced by nozzle
is allowed to impinge on the set of buckets fixed on the outer periphery of the wheel
or runner. The direction of the jet is changed by buckets. The change of momentum
of water causes the wheel to rotate, thus the mechanical energy is produced. It should
be noted that the pressure of water is atmospheric and remains constant while passing
over the runner.
Examples: Pelton wheel, Girard turbine, Turgo turbine
5.20) What is reaction turbine? Give examples [AU, April / May - 2003]
In reaction turbines, a part of pressure energy is first converted into kinetic
energy before supplied to the runner. Therefore, the water enters the runner having
partly the pressure energy and partly the kinetic energy and both these energies are
reduced simultaneously while passing over the runner and produce mechanical
energy. Hence, these turbines work on the principle of impulse reaction. The runner
of these being under pressure above atmospheric, it requires the blades of turbine to
run in closed passages which are completely filled with water in all conditions.
Examples: Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbines

5.21) Differentiate between reaction turbine and impulse turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003, April / May - 2008, 2015, May / June - 2012]
Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
All the potential energies are Only a portion of fluid energy are
converted into kinetic energy by converted into kinetic energy
nozzle before entering to turbine before entering to turbine runner
runner
Blades are only action when they Blades are action at all time
are i.e in front of nozzle
Water may be allowed to enter a Water is admitted over the
part or whole of the wheel circumference of the wheel
circumference.
Wheel does not run full and air Water completely fills the vane
has free access to the buckets passage throughout the operation
of the turbine
Unit is installed above the tail Unit is kept entirely submerged
race in water below the tail race.
Flow regulation is possible with
Flow regulation is possible
loss
without loss
Flow is regulated by means of
Flow is regulated by needle valve
guide vane assembly.
fitted into the nozzle
5.22) What is a breaking jet in Pelton wheel/turbine?

When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward
direction the amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due
to inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a
small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This
jet of water is called breaking jet.
5.23) Draw velocity triangle diagram for Pelton wheel turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.24) Define the flow ratio of reaction radial flow turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The ratio of the velocity of flow at inlet (Vf1) to the velocity given 2 is
known as flow ratio.
1
=
2
5.25) List the main parts of Kaplan turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Scroll casing
Guide vanes mechanism
Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine
Draft tube
5.26) What is draft tube? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of
runner to the tail race. It is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to
tail race.
5.27) What is draft tube? In which type of turbine is mostly used?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of
runner to the tail race. It is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to
tail race. It is mostly used in reaction turbine.
5.28) Write the function of draft tube in turbine outlet?

[AU, April / May - 2005, 2008, Nov / Dec - 2011]
It permits a negative head to be established at the outlet of the runner and
thereby increase the net head on the turbine. The turbine may be placed
above the tail race without any loss of net head and hence turbine may be
inspected properly.
It converts a large proportion of the kinetic energy (V2/2g) rejected at the
outlet of the turbine into useful pressure energy. Without the draft tube, the
kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine will go waste to the tail
race.
Hence by using draft-tube, the net head on the turbine increases. The
turbine develops more power and also the efficiency of the turbine
increases.
5.29) What is the function of draft tube?
It permits a negative head to be established at the outlet of the runner and
thereby increase the net head on the turbine. The turbine may be placed
above the tail race without any loss of net head and hence turbine may be
inspected properly.
It converts a large proportion of the kinetic energy (V2/2g) rejected at the
outlet of the turbine into useful pressure energy. Without the draft tube, the
kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine will go waste to the tail
race.
Hence by using draft-tube, the net head on the turbine increases. The
turbine develops more power and also the efficiency of the turbine
increases.
5.30) What are the different types of draft tubes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Conical draft tube
Simple elbow tubes
Moody spreading tubes
Elbow draft tubes with circular inlet and rectangular outlet
5.31) Why does a Pelton wheel not possess any draft tube?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
In case of Pelton wheel the available head is converted into kinetic energy
before entry to runner buckets and the turbine operate under atmospheric pressure
conditions. The velocity of the water leaving at the turbine exit is small, therefore
the exit of the runner is above the tail race level and there is no need for draft tube.
5.32) Mention the importance of Euler turbine equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Eulers turbine equation plays a central role in turbo machinery as it connects
the specific work and geometry and velocities in the impeller
5.33) What are the different efficiencies of turbine to determine the characteristics
of turbine? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006 May / June 2012]
Power at the shaft of the turbine

Mechanical Efficiency =
Power delivered by water to the runner
Volume of Water or steam actually striking the runner

Volumetric Efficiency =
Volume of water supplied to the turbine
Shaft Power at turbine

Overall Efficiency =
Power supplied at the inlet of the turbine
5.34) Define -volumetric efficiency of turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

Volume of Water or steam actually striking the runner
Volumetric Efficiency =
Volume of water supplied to the turbine
5.35) Define hydraulic efficiency and jet ratio of a Pelton wheel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Hydraulic efficiency is the ratio between work done per second to kinetic
energy of jet per second.

=

5.36) Define hydraulic efficiency and axial thrust of a roto-dynamic hydraulic
machine. [AU, May / June - 2013]
5.37) What is meant by hydraulic efficiency of turbine?

[AU, Nov / Dec 2012, 2013]
Hydraulic efficiency is the ratio of the power produced by the turbine runner
and the power supplied by the water at the turbine inlet.
5.38) Define hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency of a turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Hydraulic efficiency is the ratio of the power produced by the turbine runner
and the power supplied by the water at the turbine inlet.
Overall efficiency is the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the
power available from the water jet
5.39) Define overall efficiency and plant efficiency of turbines.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
Overall efficiency is the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the
power available from the water jet
Plant Efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a
power plant's fuel that is converted into electricity.
5.40) What is the difference between a turbine and a pump?
Turbine Pump
Turbines convert hydraulic Pump convert mechanical energy

energy into mechanical entry into hydraulic entry
It is energy producing machine It is energy absorbing machine
Flow takes place from high Flow takes place from low
pressure side to low pressure side pressure side to high pressure side
Flow is decelerated Flow is accelerated
5.41) Differentiate between pumps and turbines.

[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec 2007, 2008]
Turbine Pump
Turbines convert hydraulic Pump convert mechanical energy

energy into mechanical entry into hydraulic entry
It is energy producing machine It is energy absorbing machine

Flow takes place from high Flow takes place from low
pressure side to low pressure side pressure side to high pressure side
Flow is decelerated Flow is accelerated
5.42) A shaft transmits 150 Kw at 600 rpm. What is the torque in Newton
meters? [AU, April / May - 2011]
Given:
P = 150 *103 W N = 600rpm
Solution:
Power
2
=
60
2 600
150 103 =
60
= 1989.436
5.43) The mean velocity of the buckets of the Pelton wheel is 10 m/s. The jet
supplies water at 0.7 m3/s at a head of 30 m. The jet is deflected through an
angle of 160 by the bucket. Find the hydraulic efficiency. Take CV = 0.98.
Given:
u = 10m/s Q = 0.7 m3/s H = 30m
jet is deflected through an angle of 160
Solution:
Assume speed ratio
= 0.45
Velocity of jet
12
1 = =
0.45
1 = 26.67 /
Blade angel
= 180 160 = 20
Hydraulic efficiency
2 (1 )(1 + )
=
1 2
2 12 (26.67 12 )(1 + 20)
=
26.672
= 0.96 = 96 %
5.44) A water turbine has a velocity of 8.5m/s at the entrance of draft tube and
velocity of 2.2m/s at exit. The frictional loss is 0.15m and the tail race water is
4m below the entrance of draft tube. Calculate the pressure head at entrance.
Given:
Velocity at inlet, V1 = 8.5 m/s
Velocity at outlet, V2 = 2.2 m/s
Frictional Loss hf = 0.1 m/s
Vertical Height Between tail race and inlet of draft tube = 4m

Let y = Vertical Height Between tailrace and outlet of draft tube
Applying Bernoullis Equation at the inlet and outlet of draft-tube and taking
reference line passing through section 2- 2, we get
1 1 2 2 2 2
+ + 1 = + + 2 +
2 2
Where
Z1 = 4 + y
2
= Atmospheric pressure head + y = +

Z2 = 0
1 8.52 2.22
+ + (4 + ) = ( + ) + + 0 + 0.1
2 9.81 2 9.81
Taking the atmospheric pressure head as zero
1 8.52 2.22
+ + (4 + ) = (0 + ) + + 0 + 0.1
2 9.81 2 9.81
1
= 7.3357

The negative sign means vacuum pressure head

Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Notes With Question Bank and Two Mark Question Answers

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R.M.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY

UNIT - I - FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

1.28) State the Newton's law of viscosity.

c) Dynamic viscosity d) kinematic viscosity

1.52) Define eddy viscosity. How it differs from molecular viscosity?

1.73) What is Thyxotrphic fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

1.101) Define control volume. [AU, April / May - 2015]

1.122) Give the assumptions made in deriving Bernoullis equation.

1.157) What is Hydrostatic law? Derive an expression to show the same.

1.184) State Bernoullis theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid.

when a pressure of 0.53*105 recorded? Neglect the variations of acceleration due

1.231) Lateral stability of a long shaft 150 mm in diameter is obtained by means of a

1.239) The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two

manometer connected to the inlet is 180 mm of mercury. If Cd = 0.98, determine

UNIT - II - FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUCTS

2.59) What do you mean by displacement thickness and momentum thickness?

2.126) What is boundary layer and write its types of thickness?

2.180) Two reservoirs with a difference in water surface elevation of 15 m are

(ii) Drag force

(iii) The resultant force and

UNIT - III - DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

3.1) What do you understand by fundamental units and derived units?

3.16) Give the Rayleigh method to determine dimensionless groups.

3.43) Define viscous force.

3.69) What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities?

Where, = Mass density of the liquid,

dimensional parameters. Use Buckingham's theorem.

4.1) Define centrifugal pump.

4.46) List the types of positive displacement pumps.

4.68) Define slip and percentage of slip of a reciprocating pump.

4.93) State the advantages of fitting air vessels in reciprocating pumps.

4.142) What is a reciprocating pump? Describe the principle and working of a

(i) Internal gear pump (ii) External gear pump

(i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet,

Rate of flow through the pump

Inlet vane angle

i) Vane angle at inlet

Power required to drive the pump assuming an overall efficiency of 70%.

slip and the percentage slip of the pump

(ii) Percentage slip, if the actual discharge is 2.95 1/s and

4.236) The cylinder of a single- acting reciprocating pump is 15 cm in diameter and 30

friction factor as 0.04, and plunger undergoes a simple harmonic motion.

5.1) Define turbo machines.

5.26) Differentiate between reaction turbine and impulse turbine.

5.48) What is meant by hydraulic efficiency of turbine?

5.80) Compare radial flow and axial flow turbo machines.

iii) Relative velocity at inlet

(i)Inlet and outlet blade angles.

Volume flow rate

5.150) A Francis turbine with overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce

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