1.

Explain the process of cortisol and aldosterone being released

2. Explain the process of T4 and T3 being released




3. What is the main contributor to blood hormone concentration? Pg 7




4. What classifies steroid hormones, and how to they affect DNA? How do they get in cell
nuclei?




5. What branch of the autonomic nervous system is active all the time?





6. What are the two chains of signaling of the sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine system? (2
signaling pathways beginning at the hypothalamus)




7. Explain the pathway of how hormone sensitive lipase gets activated to begin lipolysis




8. What is the relationship between metabolic rate and the sympathetic nervous system?
What happens when B-adrenergic receptors are blunted?




9. How does age affect the activity of the SNS?



10. Hormone changes of insulin and others during acute exercise. Why does insulin
decrease? What blood sugar level do we need to maintain? Pg 15




11. How do the magnitude of hormonal changes differ between an athlete and a non athlete
exercising at the same relative intensity vs. the same absolute intensity?




12. How, then, does our body get enough glucose in the blood to use for energy?





13. What happens to the amount of glucose in the arteries as we utilize more muscle?




14. How is insulin released from B-cells? (series of events)




15. How does insulin get glucose to enter the cell?




16. Insulin will affect all skeletal muscle. Why is this a bad thing during exercise especially?
What system/hormones cause insulin to decrease?




17. How does the SNS (exercise) regulate glucagon and insulin the pancreas? Pg 19




18. How does the SNS regulate blood glucose and FFAs during submaximal exercise?




19. 19. How do we replenish muscle with glucose and energy if the GLUT4 door isnt open?
Pg 20.




20. How does glucose uptake in an in-vitro muscle change with:

- AICAR

- Electrically stimulated contractions

- Insulin alone

- Nothing added/changed (basal state)

21. How do all of the above change with wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor)?




22. What are free-radicals and where do they come from?




23. What happens to percent change of hormones as exercise intensity increases vs as
training/fitness increases?




24. Explain the series of events in the renin angiotensin system




25. What all can angiotensin 2 do?




26. What is the series of events of cortisol being released?




27. How does cortisol affect metabolism? What is unique about it?




28. How does stress cause the release of T3 and T4?




29. What can T3 do after acute exercise and chronic?




30. What does growth hormone do and how does it change with exercise intensity? Where
is it released? What happens to it as you become more fit/trained?




31. Does testosterone and growth hormone affect muscle size?




32. What type of exercise produces the largest increase in testosterone? What happens to it
if you remain inactive?




33. What number of sets/reps should you do to maximize muscle growth?


Hormone Site of secretion Function

Growth Hormone Anterior lobe of the - Breakdown AAs Increases with

pituitary gland and glycerol in liver to exercise intensity
make glucose
(gluconeogenesis)
- Lipolysis
(Triglycerides to
FFAs)
- Inhibit glucose
uptake in some tissue
that dont need it

Throid - releasing Hypothalamus Causes anterior lobe

hormone of the pituitary gland
to release thyroid-
stimulating hormone

Thyroid-stimulating Anterior lobe of the Causes thyroid gland Increases under

hormone pituitary gland to release T3 and T4 stress

Adrenocorticotropic Anterior lobe of the Binds on adrenal

hormone (ACTH) pituitary gland cortex to release
cortisol and
aldosterone

Follicle-stimulating Anterior lobe of the

hormone pituitary gland

Luteinizing hormone Anterior lobe of the

pituitary gland

Prolactin Anterior lobe of the

pituitary gland

Endorphins Anterior lobe of the

pituitary gland

Thyrotropin Anterior lobe of the Binds on thyroid to

pituitary gland release Thyroxine
(T4) and
Triiodothyronine (T3)

Antidiuretic Hormone Posterior lobe of the - Conserves water to Increases during

(ADH) pituitary gland maintain plasma vol exercise (to
compensate for
sweating)
Oxytocin Posterior lobe of the Involved in positive
pituitary gland feedback- helps
increase uterine
contractions

Epinephrine The medulla of the

(Catecholamine) adrenal gland

Norepinephrine The medulla of the

(Catecholamine) adrenal gland

Cortisol Cortex of the adrenal

gland

Adiponectin Adipose tissue Increases B-cell

sensitivity to insulin

AMPK - Increase glucose

uptake in liver
- Increases fat
oxidation
- Helps open GLUT4
in absence of insulin

Amines (as a group) - Derived from single

source
- End in ine
- Make up
peptides/proteins

Triiodothyronine (T3) Released from After acute exercise: -Water soluble

And T4 thyroid Increase metabolism -Extra and
and body intracellular targets
temperature Chronic - Have secondary
exercise: induce messangers
genetic changes,
determine fiber type,
regulate SR,
upregulate OX-phos
genes

Type 1 and 2 Converts inactive T4

iodothyronine to T3
deiodinases (D1 and
D2)

Hormone sensitive lipolysis

lipase

AICAR Stimulates AMPK

PI 3-kinase Opens GLUT 4 door
(phosphatidylinositol)

Wortmannin PI 3-K inhibitor

Nitric Oxide Vasodilator

NOS (nitric oxide Makes NO L-Arginine + O2 --->

synthase) NO

L-NMMA or L-NAME Inhibits NO synthase,

Decreases
vasodilation

NAC Antioxidant - inhibits

GLUT 4 doors from
opening

Angiotensin Converts angiotensin

converting enzyme 1 to angiotensin 2 in
(ACE) lungs

Cortisol Adrenal cortex - Mobilizes tissue

AAs
- Mobilizes FFAs
- Stimulates
gluconeogenesis
- Blocks glucose
entry into non-active
tissue