Reproduction
Meiosis & Fertilization
Error in chromosome segregation
Such a mistake called Non-Disjunction
result in genetic abnormalities that range
from mild severe fatal.
Reason the members of a chromosome
pair fail to separate at anaphase, during
meiosis I or II, producing gametes with
abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
Figure 8.20
NONDISJUNCTION IN MEIOSIS I
Meiosis I
Homologous
chromosomes
fail to separate.
Meiosis II
Gametes
n+1 n+1 n1 n1
Abnormal
Figure 8.20
NONDISJUNCTION IN MEIOSIS II
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Sister
chromatids
fail to
separate.
Gametes
n+1 n1 n n
Abnormal Normal
How Accidents during Meiosis Can
Alter Chromosome Number
When an abnormal gamete produced by
nondisjunction unites with a normal
gamete during fertilization Trisomy &
Monosomy
When a normal sperm fertilizes an egg cell
with an extra chromosome, the result is a
zygote with a total of 2n + 1 chromosomes.
Abnormal egg
cell with extra
chromosome
n+1
Normal
sperm cell
Video
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis - method of
reproduction without meiosis
through mitotic oogenesis.
The production of offspring
by a female without
involvement of a male.
Runner
Cell Cycle Check Points
Abnormalities during cell cycle
Mutation in genome over- / under-
expression of some proteins
Epigenetic changes
Damage of regulatory proteins
Excessive use of mitogens
Exposure to mutagens/ radiations
Viral Infections
Abnormal cell Division/
CANCER
ABNORMAL CELL DIVISION
Cells cannot stop dividing and go through
uncontrolled cell division becoming cancerous
cells or tumors.
Uncontrolled cell division in white blood cells
causes leukemia.
Skin cancer
17
What Is Cancer?
Cancer is an anomaly/ disease of the cell
cycle.
Cancer cells
do not respond normally to the cell cycle
control system,
divide excessively, and
may invade other tissues of the body.