BAB III

KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

BAGAN ALIR BAHASAN

POKOK
BAHASAN
GAYA ANGKAT DISTRIBUSI
DIBAWAH TEGANGAN
(8) A. Umum
BANGUNAN AIR
(6) B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
PEMAMPATAN Tanah
TEGANGAN
EFEKTIF TANAH C. Jenis Pengujian
(7) (9) Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
REMBESAN AIR 2. Analisa
DALAM TANAH Hidrometer
(5) 3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
Tanah
(3)
TANAH PEMADATAN
(1) (4)
KOMPOSISI
TANAH
(2)
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

BEBERAPA SISTIM KLASIFIKASI TANAH: POKOK

Geologic Soil Classification System BAHASAN
Agronomic Soil Classification System
A. Umum
Textural Soil Classification System (USDA) B. Tujuan
American Association of State Highway Klasifikasi
Transportation Officials System (AASHTO) Tanah
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
American Society for Testing and Materials 1. Analisa Ayakan
System (ASTM) 2. Analisa
Hidrometer
Federal Aviation Agency System (FAA) 3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
1. KLASIFIKSAI TANAH DIDASARKAN PADA : BAHASAN
- PLASTISITAS TANAH
- UKURAN BUTIRAN. A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
2. TUJUAN KLASIFIKASI TANAH : Tanah
- MENGELOMPOKKAN TANAH YANG BERBEDA-BEDA TAPI C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
MEMPUNYAI SIFAT SERUPA KEDALAM GROUP-GROUP
1. Analisa Ayakan
DAN SUB GROUP UNTUK MENDAPATKAN GAMBARAN 2. Analisa
UMUM MENGENAI PERILAKU SUATU TANAH. Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
3. JENIS TEST UNTUK MENDAPATKAN UKURAN BUTIRAN : Klasifikasi
- ANALISA/TEST AYAKAN (GAMBAR 1). Tanah
- ANALISA/TEST HYDROMETER (GAMBAR 2)

4. ANALISA AYAKAN :
- AYAKAN YANG DIKAPAI : AYAKAN US-STANDARD.
- UKURAN LUBANG AYAKAN.
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
5. ANALISA HYDROMETER
DASAR : PRINSIP SEDIMENTASI DARI BUTIRAN TANAH DIDALAM AIR
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KECEPATAN MENGENDAP :
BENTUK, UKURAN, BERAT BUTIRAN TANAH
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN

A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 Grading curves
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)
W Well graded
 Grading curves
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)
W Well graded
U Uniform
 Grading curves
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)
W Well graded
U Uniform
P Poorly graded
 Grading curves
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)
W Well graded
U Uniform
P Poorly graded
C Well graded with some clay
 Grading curves
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)
W Well graded
U Uniform
P Poorly graded
C Well graded with some clay
F Well graded with an excess of fines
D10: Maximum size of the smallest 10%
D30: Maximum size of the smallest 30%
D50: Maximum size of the smallest 50%
D60: Maximum size of the smallest 60%
D10: Effective size (eg for permeability)
Cu: Coefficient of Uniformity = D60/D10
Cc: Coefficient of Curvature = (D30)2/(D60D10)
(also called Cg: Coefficient of Gradation
Permeability, k= Ck (D10)2 cm/sec (Hazen)
5. ANALISA HYDROMETER
DASAR : PRINSIP SEDIMENTASI DARI BUTIRAN TANAH
DIDALAM AIR.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KECEPATAN

MENGENDAP : BENTUK, UKURAN, BERAT BUTIRAN TANAH.

6. KURVA DISTRIBUSI UKURAN BUTIRAN (GRAIN SIZE

DISTRIBUTION) ADA 3 (TIGA) KELOMPOK BENTUK GRAFIK :
- GAP GRADED (CURVA A) :
TANAH DIMANA 1 ATAU LEBIH UKURAN BUTIR TIDAK
ADA.
- WELL GRADED (CURVA B) :
TANAH DIMANA UKURAN BUTIRANNYA TERBAGI
MERATA DALAM SUATU BATASAN YANG LUAS.
- UNIFORM GRADED (CURVA C) :
TANAH YANG UKURAN BUTIRANNYA HAMPIR SAMA.
Sistem klasifikasi yang di pakai :

1. USCS ( Unified Soil Classification System)

Uscs
2. AASHTO ( American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials)

1. Persamaan
2. Perbedaan
Persamaan :

1.Kedua system tsb. didasarkan pada

ukuran butir dan plastisitas tanah
Persamaan
2.Kedua system memisahkan tanah
kedalam 2 kategori :
- tanah berbutir kasar ( coarse grained)
- tanah berbutir halus ( fine grained)
Klasifikasi Tanah menggunakan 2 simbol huruf:

Huruf pertama menggambarkan komponen utama dari tanah,

terdiri dari :

1) coarse grained soils (gravel(G) and sand(S));

2) fine grained soils (silt(M) and clay(C));
3) organic soils (O); and
4) Peat (Pt).

Huruf kedua menggambarkan hubungan tanah dgn :

1) whether a coarse-grained soil is Well(W) or poorly(P) graded;

2) whether a coarse-grained soil contains appreciable silt(M) or
clay(C); and
3) whether a fine-grained soil plasticity is high(H) or low(L).
2. Perbedaan

Uraian Perbedaan AASHTO USCS

yg lewat ayakan yg lewat ayakan

Tanah dikatakan berbutir kasar apabila
Perbedaan
no. 200 < 35% no. 200 < 50%
Ayakan yang dipakai untuk memisahkan
ayakan no. 10 ayakan no. 4
pasir dan kerikil
Perbedaan tanah-tanah gravelly dan Dibedakan secara
Tidak diberikan
sandy soil jelas
OL,OH dan Pt
Tidak diberikan
Klasifikasi untuk tanah organik ( Gambut)
 1. USCS ( Unified Soil Classification System)

Laboratory Criteria
Group
Major Divisions Typical Names Fines
Symbol Grading P
(%)
Well-graded gravels and Cu > 4
Gravels GW gravel-sand mixtures, little or
Clean no fines 0-5 1 < Cc < 3
50% or more of Gravels Poorly graded gravels and Not satisfying GW
Course-
Grained Soils course GP gravel-sand mixtures, little or 0-5 requirements
fraction retained no fines
More than 50% on
the 4.75 mm Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt
retained GM >12 Below A
(No. 4) sieve Gravels mixtures
on the 0.075 with Fines Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-
mm GC >12 Above A
clay mixtures
(No. 200) sieve
Well-graded sands and Cu > 6
SW gravelly sands, little or no
Sands
Clean fines 0-5 1 < Cc < 3
Sands
50% or more of Poorly graded sands and
Not satisfying SW
course SP gravelly sands, little or no 0-5
requirements
fraction passes fines
the 4.75
SM Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures >12 Below A
(No. 4) sieve Sands
with Fines Clayey sands, sand-clay
SC >12 Above
mixtures
Inorganic silts, very fine
ML sands, rock four, silty or Use plasticity chart
clayey fine sands
Silts and Clays Inorganic clays of low to
 KLASIFIKASI USCS
(Unified Soil Classification System)
Run sieve analysis

< 50% pass #200 > 50% pass #200

> 50% of coarse < 50% of coarse Use plasticity

fraction retained fraction retained chart (Fig. 3.14)
on #4 on #4
Silt, organic, or
Gravel Sand clay
Persamaan garis A : PI = 0.73 (LL 20)
 G

<5% pass #200 5-12% pass #200 > 12 % pass #200

GW GW-GC GC
GP GW-GM GM
GP-GC GC-GM
GP-GM

Use gradation curve Use gradation curve Use gradation curve

to designate to designate and plasticity chart
to designate
Gravel Gravel/Kerikil
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is
coarse. If more than 50% of the coarse material is retained on the #4 sieve, then the
soil is gravel.
% passing
Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
#200 sieve
Less than Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 GW Well graded gravel
5% Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 GP Poorly graded gravel
Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded gravel
GW - GC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded gravel
GW - GM
Between classify as ML or MH with silt
5 % & 12% Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded gravel
GP - GC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded gravel
GP - GM
classify as ML or MH with silt
Fines classify as CL or CH ( LL
GC
and PL above A-line) Clayey gravel
More than Fines classify as ML or MH ( LL
GM
12% and PL below A-line) Silty gravel
Fines classify as CL - ML ( LL
GC - GM
and PL in shaded area) Silty, clayey gravel
7. TIGA PARAMETER DAPAT DITENTUKAN DARI KURVA
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION :
- UKURAN EFEKTIF (EFFECTIVE SIZE)
D10 : DIAMETER BUTIRAN DIMANA 10% DARI
TOTAL BUTIRAN LOLOS/LEBIH KECIL
DARI DIAMETER TERSEBUT.
- KOEFISIEN KESERAGAMAN (UNIFORMITY COEF.) = Cu.
D60
Cu
D10
- KOEFISIEN GRADASI (GRADATION COEF.) = Cc.
2
D30
Cc
D60 x D10
D30 = DIAMETER BUTIRAN DIMANA 30% DARI
TOTAL BUTIRAN LOLOS/LEBIH KECIL DARI
DIAMETER TERSEBUT
D60 = IDEM, 60% < DIAMETER TERSEBUT
 S

<5% pass #200 5-12% pass #200 > 12 % pass #200

SW SW-SC SC
SP SW-SM SM
SP-SC
SC-SM
SP-SM

Use gradation curve Use gradation curve Use gradation curve

to designate to designate and plasticity chart
to designate
 Sand/Pasir
Sand
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is
coarse. If less than 50% of the coarse material is retained on the #4 sieve, then the soil
is sand
% passing
Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
#200 sieve
Less than Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 SW Well graded sand
5% Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 SP Poorly graded sand
Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded sand
SW - SC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded sand
SW - SM
Between classify as ML or MH with silt
5 % & 12% Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded sand
SP - SC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded sand
SP - SM
classify as ML or MH with silt
Fines classify as CL or CH ( LL
SC
and PL above A-line) Clayey sand
More than Fines classify as ML or MH ( LL
SM
12% and PL below A-line) Silty sand
Fines classify as CL - ML ( LL
SC - SM
and PL in shaded area) Silty, clayey sand
 Silt, organic, or clay

LL<50% LL>50%

LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75

LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI

plot below plot in plot above plot below plot above
A-line shaded A-line A-line A-line
area

OL ML CL-ML CL OH MH CH
 Silt, organic, or clay

LL<50% LL>50%

LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75

LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI

plot below plot in plot above plot below plot above
A-line shaded A-line A-line A-line
area

OL ML CL-ML CL OH MH CH
SILT OR CLAY
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is fine.Run
liquid limit and plastic limit tests on materials passing #40 sieve. Note that ASTM requires
that the liquid limit be determined using oven dried and undried samples . The ratio of the
dried to the undried value is called the liquid limit ratio LLR.
Liquid Limit Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
LLR < 0.75 OL Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI < 4 or plots
below A-line in Fig. ML Inorganic silt
Less than
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 or plots
50% CL
above A-line in Fig. Lean clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 and LL and
CL-ML
PI in shaded area of Fig. Silty clay
LLR < 0.75 OH Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots below A-
More than MH
line in Fig. Elastic silt
50%
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots on or
CH
above A-line in Fig. Fat clay

PEAT
Highly organic soils. Normally more than 20% by weight is organic
Primary organic matter, dark in
Pt Peat
color and organic odor
14. KUALITAS TANAH SUB-GRADE SEBANDING DENGAN
KEBALIKAN DARI HARGA GI

15. CATATAN :
LLR = LIQUID LIMIT RATIO

PEAT = TANAH GAMBUT

= TANAH ORGANIK DENGAN KANDUNGAN
ORGANIK 75%.
 GROUP OL dan OH :

LANAU ORGANIK atau

LEMPUNG ORGANIK
PLASTISITAS RENDAH UNTUK OL (SEPERTI ML)
PLASTISITAS TINGGI UNTUK OH (SEPERTI MH)
PERILAKUNYA DITENTUKAN OLEH KANDUNGAN
ORGANIK

Pt = Peat = TANAH DENGAN KANDUNGAN ORGANIK TINGGI

:
PEAT.= Tanah GAMBUT
HUMUS dan Bahan Organik yang telah membusuk/terurai
TANAH RAWA
DAYA DUKUNG RENDAH
KEMAMPUMAMPATAN TINGGI
Example Passing No.200 sieve 30 % LL= 33
Passing No.4 sieve 70 % PI= 12

LL= 33
PI= 12
PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line
PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49
SC
(15% gravel)
Clayey sand with Highly
gravel
(Santamarina et al., 2001)
Example Passing No.200 sieve 60 % LL= 65
Passing No.4 sieve 40 % PI= 35

LL= 65
PI= 35
PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line
PI=0.73(65-20)=32.85

(Santamarina et al., 2001)

 AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION
AASHTO ( American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)
CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY SUBGRADE MATERIALS
(With suggested subgroups)

Silt-Clay Materials (More than 35%

General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No. 200)
passing #200)

A-1 A-2 A-7

Group Classification A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 Lempung dgn
A-7-5 plastisitas
A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
A-7-6

Sieve Analysis, Dominan Dominan Lanau dgn

Percent Passing: kerikil pasir Lanau dgn plastisitas
plastisitas Lempung dgn
No. 10 0-50
plastisitas
No. 40 0-30 0-50 51-100
No. 200 0-15 0-25 0-10 0-35 0-35 0-35 0-35 36-100 36-100 36-100 36-100

Characteristics of
fraction passing # 40:

Liquid Limit 0-40 41+ 0-40 41+ 0-40 41+ 0-40 41+
Plasticity Index 0-6 N.P. 0-10 0-10 11+ 11+ 0-10 0-10 11+ 11+
Group Index 0 0 0 0-4 0-8 0-12 0-16 0-20
Usual Types of
Stone Fragments, Fine
Significicant Constituent Silty or Clayey Gravel and Sand Silty Soils Clayey Soils
Gravel and Sand Sand
Materials

General Rating as
Excellent to Good Fair to Poor
Subgrade

A-1 (well graded)

A-7-5 IP < (LL-30)
A-7-6 IP > (LL-30)
 REVIEW
JENIS TANAH UNTUK SOIL-CEMENT DAN CEMENT-MODIFIED SOIL

AASHTO Classification of Soils

General Granular Materials Silt-Clay Materials
classification (35 % or less passing No. 200) (more than 35 % passing No. 200
Group A-1 A-3 A2 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7
classification A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7 A-7-5, A-7-6
Sieve analysis,
Percent passing :
No. 10 50 max - - - - - - - - - -
No. 40 30 max 30 max 30 max - - - - - - - -
No. 200 15 max 15 max 15 max 35 max 15 max 15 max 15 max 36 min 36 min 36 min 36 min
Characteristics of
fraction passing
No. 40 :
Liquid limit - - 40 max 40 min 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity index 6 max N.P. 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min*)
Usual types of
significant stone fragments fine silty or clayey gravel and sand silty soils clayey soils
constituent gravel and sand sand
materials
General rating as excellent to good fair to poor
subgrade

* ) Plasticity index of A-7-5 is equal to or less than L.L. minus 30. Plasticity index of A-7-6 subgroup is greater L.L. minus 30.
 <15% pass #200
<30% pass # 40 A-1-a
<50% pass #10
<50% PI is less than 6
Pass
#40 <25% pass #200
<50% pass # 40 A-1-b
Run LL and
<25% PL on PI is less than 6
material
#200
passing # 40
35% >51%
pass <10% pass #200 A-3
Pass
#200 #40
implies
granular LL<40 A-2-4
PI<10
Run LL and LL>41 A-2-5
Run sieve 35%
PL on
analysis pass
material LL<40 A-2-6
#200
passing # 40
PI>11
LL>41 A-2-7

LL<40 A-4
> 36% PI<10
Run LL and
pass LL>41 A-5
PL on
#200
material
implies
passing # 40 LL<40 A-6
silt-clay
PI>11

PI LL-30 or PL
30 A-7-5
LL>41
PI > LL-30 or PL
A-7-6
< 30

Figure 3.20. Flow chart showing the AASHTO classification system

 Passing No.200 86%
Example LL=70, PI=32
LL-30=40 > PI=32
Passing No.200 86% GI (F200 35)0.2 0.005(LL 40)
LL=70, PI=32 0.01(F200 15)(PI 10)
LL-30=40 > PI=32 33.47 33 Round off A-7-5(33)
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

POKOK
BAHASAN
b. BATAS CAIR ( LIQUID LIMIT = LL)
LL = kadar air tanah dimana apabila dibuat goresan pada A. Umum
tanah tersebut dengan spatula standard akan menutup B. Tujuan
pada 25 kali pukulan. Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah

Groove closed over 12.5

Apparatus and grooving Groove cut in sample mm soil at wL if this
tool prior to the test requires 25 blows
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

c. BATAS PLASTIS ( PLASTIC LIMIT = PL)

PL = Kadar air tanah dimana apabila tanah POKOK
tersebut digulung sampai dengan diameter BAHASAN
3.2 mm mulai terjadi retak-retak. A. Umum
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
Tanah
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

d. INDEKS PLASTIS (PLASTICITY INDEX = IP) POKOK

PI = IP = LL - PL BAHASAN

e. INDEKS KECAIRAN (LIQUIDITY INDEX= LI) A. Umum

B. Tujuan
wC PL Klasifikasi
LI Tanah
IP C. Jenis Pengujian
Tanah
0 < LI < 1 Tanah berada dalam daerah plastis 1. Analisa Ayakan
LI > 1 Tanah dalam keadaan cair/hampir cair 2. Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
0 SL PL LL D. Sistim
SOLID SEMI SOLID PLASTIS CAIR Klasifikasi
Tanah

LI 0 1
 BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH

C. STRUKTUR TANAH POKOK

BAHASAN

1. STRUKTUR TANAH :
A. Umum
- Susunan geometrik partikel tanah B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
- Gaya antar partikel
Tanah
C. Jenis Pengujian
2. TANAH BERBUTIR KASAR ( GRANULAR SOIL) Tanah
Gaya antar partikel sangat kecil diabaikan , 1. Analisa Ayakan
2. Analisa
jadi : Hidrometer
3. Kurva Distribusi
struktur tanah = susunan geometrik partikel
D. Sistim
Klasifikasi
3. TANAH BERBUTIR HALUS YANG KOHESIVE Tanah
(COHESIVE SOIL; MIS. LEMPUNG)
Gaya antar partikel sangat dominan
Jadi : struktur tanah kohesive = susunan geometrik
partikel tanah + gaya antar partikel