Jasonchan 1394424 Stat337 Lab1

Jason Chan
1394424
STAT 337
LAB ASSIGNMENT 1
Oct. 2, 2017
STAT 337 Lab Assignment 1 Jason Chan 1394424
1.
a. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there are significant differences
between lung-to-liver signal intensity ratio (LLSIR) readings for normal and hypostatic
lungs of fetuses in pregnant patients. This would help to diagnose patients with
pulmonary hypoplasia.
b. Misdiagnosis of hypoplasia among the 50 fetuses will affect the outcome of the study by
changing the mean and standard error of the samples for normal fetuses versus fetuses
with hypoplasia. This will affect the conclusion on whether there is a difference between
LLSIR readings for normal and hypostatic lungs of fetuses in pregnant patients.
c. This study is an example of an observational study, as the researcher has no control
over, and cannot manipulate whether a fetus has normal lungs or hypostatic lungs. As a
result, the researcher can only claim association between the LLSIR readings and
pulmonary hypoplasia. The researcher cannot claim a cause-and-effect conclusion. Since
the statistical results can only claim association, the researcher cannot generalize to the
results to the entire population of fetuses with pulmonary hypoplasia. Statistical
inferences can only be drawn from randomized experiments, not from observational
studies.
2.
Descriptives
Statistic Std. Error
LEFT Mean 2.1168 .08000
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 1.9517
Mean Upper Bound 2.2819
5% Trimmed Mean 2.1077
Median 1.9600
Variance .160
Std. Deviation .39999
Minimum 1.57
Maximum 2.83
Range 1.26
Interquartile Range .73
Skewness .451 .464
Kurtosis -1.264 .902
RIGHT Mean 2.2016 .09367
Median 2.2000
Variance .219
1
Minimum 1.52
Maximum 3.02
Range 1.50
Skewness .201 .464
Table 1. Descriptives of the left and right lung data

The mean of the left normal lungs is 2.1168, while the mean of the right normal lungs is slightly
higher at 2.2016. The percent difference of the means is calculated below:
2.1168 2.2016
% = | | 100% = 3.9%
2.1168 + 2.2016
2
The percent difference is 3.9%, which indicates a very slight difference between the mean for
the right and left lungs.
The standard deviation of the left normal lungs is 0.39999, while the standard deviation of the
right normal lungs is 0.46839. The percent difference of the standard deviations is calculated
below:
0.39999 0.46839
% = | | 100% = 15.7%
0.399996 + 0.46839
2
The percent difference is 15.7%, which indicates that the spread of the right normal lungs data is
slightly greater.
2
3.
Figure 1. Boxplot of difference between Left and Right Lung
Based on the boxplot of DIFF = LEFT RIGHT, the shape of the distribution is slightly skewed to
the right. This is shown by the median of the data being slightly below the middle of the box.
There are no data points beyond the upper and lower whiskers. Therefore there are no outliers.
4. A t-test is used to conclude whether the mean LLSIR for left normal lungs is different from the
mean for right normal lungs. It is assumed that the data is approximately normal. The
parameters of the test are defined as follows:
= mean LLSIR for left normal lungs
= mean LLSIR for right normal lungs
The null and alternative hypotheses may then be defined as:
0 : = 0
: 0
The null hypothesis is that there is no difference for the mean LLSIR between left and right
normal lungs. The alternative hypothesis is that there is a difference in mean LLSIR between left
3
and right normal lungs. As the alternative hypothesis is claiming that there is a difference (i.e., it
can either be negative or positive), this is a two-tailed test.
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 LEFT - RIGHT -.08480 .23286 .04657 -.18092 .01132 -1.821 24 .081
Table 2. SPSS output for a paired samples test between left and right normal lungs
The value of the test statistic is -1.821, the test statistic follows a t-distribution with 24 degrees
of freedom under the null hypothesis, and the p-value of the two-sided test is 0.081. Since this
p-value is greater than the usual level of significance of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is
suggestive but inconclusive evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it can be said that
there is no difference in LLSIR between left and right normal lungs.
5.
Figure 2. Q-Q plot of the difference in LLSIR readings between left and right normal lungs
4
The points in the plot are reasonably close to a straight line, meaning the data approximately follows a
normal distribution. Therefore the assumption that the data follows a normal distribution in Question 4
is justified.
6.
a)
Descriptives
TYPE Statistic Std. Error
LLSIR 1.00 Mean 2.1592 .08393
Median 2.0850
Variance .176
Minimum 1.55
Maximum 2.93
Range 1.38
Skewness .303 .464
2.00 Mean 1.4768 .03432
Median 1.4700
Variance .029
Minimum 1.16
Maximum 1.86
Range .70
Skewness .275 .464
Kurtosis -.125 .902
Table 3. Descriptives of LLSIR readings for normal (Type 1) and hypostatic lungs (Type 2)
The mean of the LLSIR of normal lungs is 2.1592, while the mean of LLSIR of hypostatic lungs is lower at
1.4768. The percent difference of the means is calculated below:
5
(2.1592 1.4768)
% = | | 100 = 37.5%
(2.1592 + 1.4768)
2
The percent difference is 37.5%, which indicates a very large difference between the mean LLSIRs for
normal and hypostatic lungs.
The standard deviation of the LLSIR of normal lungs is 0.41967, while the standard deviation of the LLSIR
of hypostatic lungs is 0.17160. The percent difference of the standard deviations is calculated below:
(0.41967 0.17160)
% = | | 100 = 83.9%
(0.41967 + 0.17160)
2
The percent difference is 83.9%, which indicates that the spread of the LLSIR of normal lungs data is
significantly larger.
b)
Figure 3. Side-by-side boxplots of normal and hypostatic lung LLSIRs
The center for LLSIR of normal lungs is around 2.1, while the center for LLSIR of hypostatic lungs is
around 1.5.
The spread of LLSIRs for normal lungs is much greater than the spread of LLSIR of hypostatic lungs. This
is indicated by the much taller boxplot for normal lungs.
6
The boxplot for LLSIR of normal lungs is slightly skewed to the right, as indicated by the median being
slightly below the center of the box. The boxplot of the LLSIR of hypostatic lungs is symmetric. Neither
have any points beyond the whiskers, meaning that neither dataset contains outliers.
c)
Figure 4. Q-Q plot of LLSIR readings of normal lungs
normal distribution. Therefore the assumption of normality necessary to apply the t-tools for normal
lungs is not seriously violated.
7
Figure 5. Q-Q plot of LLSIR readings of hypostatic lungs
The points in the plot fit very closely to a straight line, meaning the data approximately follows a normal
distribution. Therefore the assumption of normality necessary to apply the t-tools for hypostatic lungs is
also not seriously violated.
7.
a)
Descriptives
TYPE Statistic Std. Error
LNLLSIR 1.00 Mean .7517 .03875
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound .6717
Mean Upper Bound .8317
5% Trimmed Mean .7515
Median .7348
Variance .038
Minimum .44
8
Maximum 1.07
Range .64
Skewness .087 .464
2.00 Mean .3834 .02321
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound .3355
Mean Upper Bound .4313
5% Trimmed Mean .3832
Median .3853
Variance .013
Minimum .15
Maximum .62
Range .47
Skewness -.008 .464
Kurtosis -.286 .902
Table 4. Descriptives of the natural logarithm of LLSIR readings for normal (Type 1) and hypostatic lungs
(Type 2)
The mean of the LLSIR of normal lungs is 0.7517, while the mean of LLSIR of hypostatic lungs is lower at
0.3834. The percent difference of the means is calculated below:
(0.7517 0.3834)
% = | | 100 = 64.9%
(0.7517 + 0.3834)
2
The percent difference is 64.9%, which indicates a very large difference between the mean LLSIRs for
normal and hypostatic lungs. This difference is larger than the data without the natural logarithm.
The standard deviation of the LLSIR of normal lungs is 0.19373, while the standard deviation of the LLSIR
of hypostatic lungs is 0.11607. The percent difference of the standard deviations is calculated below:
(0.19373 0.11607)
% = | | 100 = 50.1%
(0.19373 + 0.11607)
2
The percent difference is 50.1%, which indicates that the spread of the LLSIR of normal lungs data is
significantly larger. This difference is smaller than the data without the natural logarithm.
9
b)
Figure 3. Side-by-side boxplots of the normal and hypostatic lung LLSIRs after applying the natural
logarithm
The center for LLSIR of normal lungs is around 0.7, while the center for LLSIR of hypostatic lungs is
around 0.4.
The spread of LLSIRs for normal lungs is much greater than the spread of LLSIR of hypostatic lungs. This
is indicated by the much taller boxplot for normal lungs.
The boxplot for LLSIR of normal lungs is slightly skewed to the right, as indicated by the median being
slightly below the center of the box. The boxplot of the LLSIR of hypostatic lungs is symmetric. Neither
have any points beyond the whiskers, meaning that neither dataset contains outliers.
10
c)
Figure 6. Q-Q plot of the natural logarithm of LLSIR readings of normal lungs
normal distribution. Therefore the assumption of normality necessary to apply the t-tools for normal
lungs is not seriously violated.
11
Figure 7. Q-Q plot of the natural logarithm of LLSIR readings of hypostatic lungs
The points in the plot fit very closely to a straight line, meaning the data approximately follows a normal
distribution. Therefore the assumption of normality necessary to apply the t-tools for hypostatic lungs is
also not seriously violated.
8.
a)
Mean LNLLSIR for normal lungs: 1 = 0.7517
Mean LNLLSIR for hypostatic lungs: 2 = 0.3834
Difference between LNLLSIR readings:

1 2 = 0.7517 0.3834 = 0.3683
The difference between LNLLSIR for normal and hypostatic lungs is 0.3683.
The ratio of medians can be calculated by taking the antilog:
12
( )
= exp(1 2 ) = exp(0.3683) = 1.44528
( )
The ratio of medians of LLSIR of normal lungs to that of hypostatic lungs is 1.44.
b)
A t-test is used to conclude whether the mean LLSIR for normal lungs is different from the mean for
hypostatic lungs. It is assumed that the data is approximately normal. The parameters of the test are
defined as follows:
= mean LLSIR for normal lungs
= mean LLSIR for hypostatic lungs
The null and alternative hypotheses may then be defined as:
0 : =0
: 0
The null hypothesis is that there is no difference for the mean LLSIR between normal and hypostatic
lungs. The alternative hypothesis is that there is a difference in mean LLSIR normal and hypostatic lungs.
As the alternative hypothesis is claiming that there is a difference (i.e., it can either be negative or
positive), this is a two-tailed test.
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
LNLLS Equal variances 11.918 .001 8.154 48 .000 .36828 .04517 .27747 .45910
IR assumed
Equal variances 8.154 39.264 .000 .36828 .04517 .27694 .45962
not assumed
Table 5. Independent t-test output from SPSS for LNLLSIR for normal and hypostatic lungs
It is first necessary to determine whether equal variances can be assumed. This can be checked by
reading the significance value of Levenes test. In this case, the value is 0.001. This very small value
indicates that equal variances cannot be assumed.
The value of the test statistic is 8.154, the test statistic follows a t-distribution with 39.264 degrees of
freedom under the null hypothesis, and the p-value of the two-sided test is 0.000. Since this p-value is
much smaller than the usual level of significance of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is strong
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it can be said that there is indeed difference in LLSIR
between normal and hypostatic lungs.
The 95% confidence interval for the differences in LNLLSIR between normal and hypostatic lungs is
[0.27694, 045962].
13
c)
The 95% confidence interval for the differences in LNLLSIR between normal and hypostatic lungs is
[0.27694, 0.45962].
Taking the antilogarithms:
[ 0.27694 , 0.45962 ]
= [1.319, 1.583]
The 95% confidence interval for the ratio of LLSIR between normal and hypoplastic lungs is
[1.319, 1.583], and the ratio of median LLSIRs of 1.44 falls within this interval.
14

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Table 1. Descriptives of the left and right lung data

Figure 1. Boxplot of difference between Left and Right Lung

Paired Samples Test

Figure 3. Side-by-side boxplots of normal and hypostatic lung LLSIRs

Figure 4. Q-Q plot of LLSIR readings of normal lungs

Figure 5. Q-Q plot of LLSIR readings of hypostatic lungs

Difference between LNLLSIR readings:

The ratio of medians can be calculated by taking the antilog:

Independent Samples Test

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