All the numbers written with a positive or negative sign ( i.e. with a direction)
are called directed numbers.
You have learned before that the positive and negative whole numbers including
zero, are known as integers. Do the following exercise using the knowledge you
have gained in Grade 7 about the addition of integers.
Exercise 4.1
- (+2) = (+7)
(+9)
(+7) + (+2) = (+9)
- (+7) = (+2)
(+9)
- (+5) = (+1)
(+6)
(+1) + (+5) = (+6)
(+6)
- (+1) = (+5)
(+7) =
(a) (+5) + (+2) = (+7)
= (+2)
(+6) =
(b) (+5) + (+1) = (+6)
(+6) (+5) = (+1)
(+5) 0 = (+5)
(c) (+5) + 0 = (+5)
(+5) =0
(2) = (+5)
(e) (+5) + (2) =
(+3) =
It is shown below that the answers of the above subtractions can be obtained by
considering them as additions. See also the differences that happen with signs.
(+6) (+5) = (+1) As a difference (a subtraction)
(+6) + (5) = (+1) As total (an addition)
(+4) (1) = (+5) (+5) 0 = (+5) (+5) (+5) = 0
(+4) + (+1) = (+5) (+5) + 0 = (+5) (+5) + (5) = 0
Example 1
Examine how the answers of the following subtractions have been obtained
by arranging them as additions.
1. (+5) (+2) 2. (+3) (+7)
(+5) + (2) = (+3) (+3) + (7) = (4)
3. (2) (3) 4. (8) (5)
(2) + (+3) = (+1) (8) + (+5) = (3)
Positive direction
3 2 1 0 +1 +2 +3
Example 2
(+5) (+2)
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
From the number (+2) which is the number to be subtracted, 3 units have to
be moved to the positive direction to go to (+5).
Accordingly, (+5) (+2) = (+3)
Example 3
(+3) (+7)
-1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
Example 4
( 2) ( 3)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 +1 +2
One unit has to be moved to the positive direction from (3) to reach (2).
Accordingly, (2) (3) = (+1)
For Free Distribution only 25
Exercise 4.3
(1) Obtain the answers using the number line.
(i) (+2) (+5) (ii) (1) (5) (iii) (+2) (3)
(iv) (3) (+3) (v) 0 (4) (vi) (6) (4)
(2) From the followings, select the pairs with the diffrence of (-3).
(i) (+1) (+4) (ii) (1) (2) (iii) (2) (+1) (iv) (7) (4)
(v) (+2) (4) (vi) 0 (+3) (vii) (3) 0 (viii) (5) (+2)
(3) Obtain the answers for the boxes using the number line.
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+3)
(+2)
(+1)
(0)
By studying the above pattern it can be understood that when a positive number
is multiplied by a negative number you get a negative number as the result.
By studying the above pattern it can be understood that when a negative number
is multiplied by a negative number you get a positive number as the result.
Activity 4.2
Fill in the cage A rst. Then by considering the pattern of the results ll in the
empty cages of B,C,D.
X 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
+3
+2 A
D
+1 What is the sign of the answers you
got for cages A and C ?
0 What is the sign of the answers you
got for cages B and D ?
1
2 B
C
3
Accordingly, when two numbers with the same sign are multiplied you
get a positive number as the result and when two numbers with different
signs are multiplied you get a negative number as the result.
when one number is divided by another with the same sign, you get a
positive number as the result.
when one number is divided by another with a different sign, you get a
negative number as the result.
Exercise 4.5
(1) Do the following divisions.
(5)
(i) (+15) (+3) (ii) (12) (+4) (iii) (+12) (3) (iv)
(+5)
(v) (24) (6) (vi) (14) (vii) (3) (4) (viii) (6) (+3)
(+2) (+2) (2)
(5) (+2) (+8) (5) (4)
(ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (+9) (8)
(10) (2) (+2) (2) (+2) (4) (+3)
(iii) = 1 (iv) =6
3 (12)
(10) (4)
(v) = = (5) (vi) = (2)
(2) (+14)
(40) (7) 28
(vii) = 1 (viii) = = (+7)
(+8) (2)
(2) Simplify.
1
(v) (3) (7.2) (10) (vi) (+5) 3
2
1 4 1 1
(vii) + (viii) 3 7
5 5 2 2
1 1 1
(ix) (4) 8 (x) (+5) +3
4 2 2
Summary
All the numbers written with a positive sign or a negative sign are directed
numbers.
Positive and negative whole numbers including zero are called integers.
Subtraction of integers can be done easily by arranging them as additions.
Terms with equal signs when multiplied or divided, the answers will be
positive numbers and terms with different signs when multiplied or divided,
the answers will be negative numbers.