NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER

ANALOG ELECTRONICS

PRACTICE NO.1

DIODES FEATURES

Name: Vladimir Cruz Sergio Garcia

Teacher: JOSE LUIS AGUILAR HERNANDEZ

Group: 2CV3 Semester: 2015 - 2015/2

Date: October 28, 2015

Objective

-Analyze the union of some voltage diodes

-Analyze the characteristic curve of several diodes

Material

1 tablet of experimentation
Two diodes 1N4003
Two diodes 1N4148
2 LEDs Reds
2 green LEDs
2 orange LEDs
2 Infrared LEDs
1 Potentiometer 10 k Ohm
1 1 k Ohm resistor

Equipment:
2 Digital multimeters

Background

A diode is an electric device that permits the flow of current only in one direction and
restricts the flow in the opposite direction. The most ordinary sort of diode in current circuit
design is the semi-conductor diode, even though additional diode technologies are
present. The word diode is traditionally aloof for tiny signal appliances, I 1 A. When a
diode is positioned in a simple battery lamp circuit, then the diode will either permit or stop
flow of current through the lamp, all this depend on the polarization of the volts applied.
There are various sorts of diode but their fundamental role is identical. The most ordinary
kind of diode is silicon diode; it is placed in a glass cylinder.

A diode starts its operations when a voltage signal applies across its terminals. A DC volt is
applied so that diode starts its operation in a circuit and this is known as Biasing. Diode is
similar to a switch which is one way, hence it can be either in conduction more or non-
conduction mode. ON mode of the diode, is attained by forward biasing, which simply
means that higher or positive potential is applied on the anode and on the cathode, negative
or lower potential is applied of a diode. Whereas the OFF mode of the diode is attained
with the aid of reverse biasing which simply means that higher or positive potential is applied
on the cathode and on the anode, negative or lower potential is applied of a diode.

In the ON situation the practical diode provides forward resistance. A diode needs forward
bias voltage to get in the ON mode this is known as cut-in-voltage. Whereas the diode
initiates conducting in reverse biased manner when reverse bias voltage goes beyond its
limit and this is known as breakdown voltage. The diode rests in OFF mode when no voltage
is applicable across it.

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Types of Diodes:
P-N Junction Diode:

The simplest semi-conductor appliance is named as p-n junction diode. It is a 2 terminal,

one-sided, bipolar repairing device that conducts just in 1 direction. The common diodes are
employed in the following areas:

Modification in power supplying circuits

Mining of modulation from broadcasting signals in a radio recipient and in security
circuits where big transient currents may emerge on ICs or low current transistors in
interfacing with relays or other soaring power appliances.
Light Emitting Diode or LED:

LED is a semiconductor appliance that produces visible light beams or infrared light beams
when an electric current is passed through it. Visible LEDs can be seen in several electronic
devices such as microwaves number display light, brake lights, and even cameras to make
use of Infrared LEDs. In LEDs (light emitting diodes) light is created by a solid situation
procedure which is named as electroluminescence.

Light emitting diodes are available in various colors like- orange, red, yellow, amber, green,
white & blue. Blue & white LEDs are more costly in comparison to other LEDs. The color of
a Light emitting diodes is decided by the semi-conductor substance, not by the coloring the
plastic of the body

Results

-Diode junction voltage

Forward bias voltage

Diode type Diode voltage

1N4003 0.51 mV

1N4148 0.65 mV

Red LED 1.73 mV

Green LED 1.88 mV

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 Orange LED 1.91 mV

Infrared LED 1.08 mV

Reverse bias voltage

Diode type diode voltage

1N4003 0.09 mV

1N4148 0.02 mV

Red LED -1.74 mV

Green LED -1.81 mV

Orange LED -1.69 mV

Infrared LED -1.04 mV

-Diode characteristic curve

Voltaje(Va) Diode current (mA)

1N4003 1N4148 Red LED Green Orange Infrared

LED LED LED

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2 0 0.4 0 0 0 0
0.4 21.4 15.2 0 0 0 0
0.6 114.2 96.1 0 0 0 0
0.8 204.1 184.2 0 0 0 0
1 279.3 256.3 0 0 0 0
1.2 340.2 321.5 0 0 0 0.31
1.4 397.5 382.5 0.19 0 0 0.72
1.6 446 430 0.5 0 0.11 27
1.8 503 485 25 0.22 0.6 89.3

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 2 552 543 90.1 1.78 31 148.2
2.2 617 602 150.9 12.88 94 217.1
2.4 683 667 218.6 57.63 148.3 281.9
2.6 760 712 291.8 105.21 227.2 353.4
2.8 838 815 362.8 172.63 301.12 471.3
3 966 934 487 229.77 371.3 543.1
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

1N4003 1N4148 RED LED

GREEN LED ORANGE LED INFRARED LED

-Simulation

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 Voltaje(Va) Diode current (mA)

1N4003 1N4148 Red LED Green Orange Infrared

LED LED LED

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2 0.02 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 43.41 0.72 0 0 0 0
0.6 137.77 59.5 0 0 0 0
0.8 237.2 177.41 0 0 0 0
1 299.3 265.8 0 0 0 0
1.2 481.5 324 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
1.4 413 376.4 1.77 1.77 1.77 5.1
1.6 459.13 425.5 12.87 12.87 12.87 37.52
1.8 517.5 487.2 56.62 56.62 56.62 103.9
2 505.96 550.6 105.2 105.2 105.2 174.74
2.2 631.27 604.8 171.6 171.6 171.6 232.4
2.4 689.11 663.6 228.6 228.6 228.6 291.9
2.6 753.6 746.6 287.7 287.7 287.7 354.6
2.8 846.8 822.89 369.26 369.26 369.26 439.8
3 934.69 935.36 441.86 441.86 441.86 516.47

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

1N4003 1N4148 RED LED

GREEN LED ORANGE LED INFRARED LED

Questionnaire

1. What is the operating principle of the diode?

When the diode is forward biased it is equivalent to a closed switch in series with a small
equivalent voltage source equal to the barrier potential with the positive side towards the
anode. When the diode is reverse biased, it is equivalent to an open switch just as in the
ideal model.

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When forward biased volts appears across the diode and current flows. During reverse
bias, when the voltage applied across the diode is less than Vg, there will be no current
flowing.
2. What does the diode voltage?
In order to turn on and conduct current in the forward direction, a diode requires a certain
amount of positive voltage to be applied across it. The typical voltage required to turn the
diode on is called the forward voltage
3. List the most important applications of the diode.
Diodes are employed in a variety of applications such as clipper, rectification, clamper,
comparator, voltage multiplier, filters, sampling gates, etc.
1. Rectification: Rectification symbolizes the alteration of AC volt into DC volt. Some
of the common examples of rectification circuits are- FWR (full wave rectifier),
bridge rectifier & HWR (half wave rectifier).
2. 2. Clipper: Diode can be employed to trim down some fraction of pulse devoid of
deforming the left over fraction of the waveform.
3. 3. Clamper: A clamping circuit limits the level of voltage to go beyond a limit by
changing the DC level. The crest to crest is not influenced by clamping. Capacitors,
resistors & diodes all are used to create clamping circuits.
4. Mention the difference between a 1N4003, 1N4148 and LED
Diodes 1N4003, 1N4148 and LEDs have a similar behavior but vary the value of some
features such as voltage, characteristic curve, reverse voltage. All these differences can
be found in the diode datasheet.

Conclusions

Cruz Garcia Vladimir Sergio

After comparing the laboratory results with the results of simulations at the classroom and
you can see that the results are similar with a variation of some mA. This is because the
devices that were used in the laboratory have unique values depending on the
manufacturing process. Furthermore the devices used for the measurement also have a
slight margin of error. Finally environmental factors such as temperature also influence the
results.

Bibliography
Electronic Devices, Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition, 2002

Boylestad, Robert L., & Nashelsky, Louis, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Pearson
Education, 2002.

http://blog.csdn.net/cinmyheart/article/details/13006243