Network Analysis
Lab Manual
TABLE OF LAB EXPERIMENTS
To design a band pass filter with pass band (130 Hz -2 kHz) and
9. observe its amplitude response. 41
With the name Almighty Allah who made it possible for me to revise this manual. The
laboratory of every subject taught in the degree of Bachelors in Electrical Engineering is of
significance importance in every university. Fully equipped laboratories meeting the industrial
demands under the supervision of qualified, talented and practically motivated lab assistants
and lab engineers are also a basic criterion of the Pakistan Engineering Council for accrediting
an engineering program. Laboratory of network analysis course is very important as many
physical systems can be modeled in the form of electrical networks. Once model is correctly
designed, one can implement the physical system with actual components. The experiments
covered in this lab will help students in testing the actual response of network models. Some
computer aided techniques of network analysis are also covered in the manual.
The revision of lab manuals is a constant process as technologies keep on changing. All
suggestions and criticisms for the improvement of lab experiments and their conduction will
be warmly welcomed.
With Regards
May 2012
The recorded data and observations from the lab manual need to be approved and signed by
the lab instructor upon completion of each experiment.
Before beginning connecting up, it is essential to check that all sources of supply at the bench
are switched off.
Start connecting up the experiment circuit by wiring up the main circuit path, then adds the
parallel branches as indicated in the circuit diagram.
After the circuit has been connected correctly, remove all unused leads from the
experiment area, set the voltage supplies at
the minimum value, and check the meters
are set for the intended mode of operation.
The students may ask the lab instructor to check the correctness of their circuit before
switching on.
When the experiment has been satisfactory completed and the results approved by the
instructor, the students may disconnect the circuit and return the components and
instruments to the locker tidily. Chairs are to be slid in properly.
OBJECTIVE
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
To observe effect of source and load resistance on efficiency.
THEORY
The maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a
source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must be equal to the
resistance of the source as viewed from the output terminals. The maximum amount of power
will be dissipated in the load resistance if it is equal in value to the Thevenin or Norton source
resistance of the network supplying the power. The theorem results in maximum power
transfer, and not maximum efficiency. If the resistance of the load is made larger than the
resistance of the source, then efficiency is higher, since a higher percentage of the source
power is transferred to the load, but the magnitude of the load power is lower since the total
circuit resistance goes up. If the load resistance is smaller than the source resistance, then
most of the power ends up being dissipated in the source, and although the total power
dissipated is higher, due to a lower total resistance, it turns out that the amount dissipated in
the load is reduced.
The theorem states how to choose (so as to maximize power transfer) the load resistance, once
the source resistance is given, not the opposite. It does not say how to choose the source
resistance, once the load resistance is given. Given a certain load resistance, the source
resistance that maximizes power transfer is always zero, regardless of the value of the load
resistance. The theorem can be extended to AC circuits that include reactance, and states that
maximum power transfer occurs when the load impedance is equal to the complex conjugate
of the source impedance.
The theorem was originally misunderstood (notably by Joule) to imply that a system
consisting of an electric motor driven by a battery could not be more than 50% efficient since,
when the impedances were matched, the power lost as heat in the battery would always be
equal to the power delivered to the motor. To achieve maximum efficiency, the resistance of
the source (whether a battery or a dynamo) could be made close to zero. Using this new
understanding, they obtained an efficiency of about 90%, and proved that the electric motor
was a practical alternative to the heat engine.
As in Figure 2, condition of maximum power transfer does not result in maximum efficiency.
If we define the efficiency as the ratio of power dissipated by the load to power developed
by the source, then it is straightforward to calculate from the above circuit diagram that
The efficiency is only 50% when maximum power transfer is achieved, but approaches 100%
as the load resistance approaches infinity, though the total power level tends towards zero.
Efficiency also approaches 100% if the source resistance can be made close to zero. When the
load resistance is zero, all the power is consumed inside the source (the power dissipated in a
short circuit is zero) so the efficiency is zero.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
2. Measure VL, load voltage and IL, load current, across each resistor.
3. Put these observed value in Table 1.
4. Calculate PL, load power using PL=I 2RL or PL=VL*IL
5. Draw a graph between RL and PL.
6. Observe the pair that has maximum power output.
Results
Measured data
RL (k )
VL (V)
IL (mA)
PL (mW)
1. How will you relate maximum power transfer theorem with impedance matching
principle?
2. If circuit is reactive not resistive, how will you implement maximum power transfer?
OBJECTIVE
To verify Thevenin theorem.
To draw Thevenin equivalent of a passive resistive network.
THEORY
Any two terminal, bilateral, linear networks can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source in
series with an equivalent resistance connected across the load. The load current is given by
IL = VTH / (RTH+RL)
EQUIPMENT
Power supply Variable resistor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components as shown in Figure 1.
2. Measure the voltage (VL1) and current (IL1) in 1 k resistance and note these values.
3. Remove 1 k resistor as shown in Figure 2 and find VTH across the open circuit terminals
from where 1 k was removed.
4. Connect the circuit according to Figure 3 and measure the current I to find RTH.
5. Now connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4 by changing resistance of variable resistor
equal to RTH and voltage of power supply adjusted to VTH.
6. With this Thevenin equivalent circuit, measure the voltage (VL2) and current (IL2) in 1 k
resistance and note these values.
7. Compare VL2 and IL2 with VL1 and current IL1. If these values are same, Thevenin
theorem is verified.
RESULTS
VL1=
IL1=
VTH=
RTH=
VL2=
IL2=
To analyze response of 1st order RC differentiator network for different inputs and
at different frequencies.
THEORY
The voltage (Vc) and current (Ic) relationship for capacitor is by
Ic(t)=C.dVC/dt
Figure 1: RC Diffrentiator
KVL equation for the network will be,
VIN=VR+ VC
VR = RI = RC . dVC/dt
Since VIN VC ,Therefore VR RC . dVIN/dt
Thus the output voltage is somehow derivative of input voltage.
EQUIPMENT
Function generator Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components as shown in Figure.
2. Apply a square waveform of 6 V peak to peak from function.
3. Observe the input waveform and response simultaneously on oscilloscope when T<<RC
where T is the period of input waveform.
4. Save this waveform in USB from oscilloscope and insert in results after taking the print
out.
5. Observe the input waveform and response simultaneously on oscilloscope when T=RC
where T is the period of input waveform.
6. Save this waveform in USB from oscilloscope and insert in results after taking the print
out.
7. Observe the input waveform and response simultaneously on oscilloscope when T>>RC
where T is the period of input waveform.
8. Save this waveform in USB from oscilloscope and insert in results after taking the
printout.
9. Repeat the same steps for a triangular waveform.
10. Repeat same steps for sinusoidal waveform.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
1. If the following input is given to differentiator circuit, what will be the output waveform?
Draw the ideal and practical waveforms.
2. An electronics technician needs a simple circuit that outputs brief pulses of voltage every
time a switch is actuated, so that a computer receives a single pulse signal every time the
switch is actuated, rather than a continuous on signal for as long as the switch is
actuated. He tells you it is perfectly okay if the circuit generates negative voltage pulses
when the switch is de-actuated: all he cares about is a single positive voltage pulse to the
computer each time the switch actuates. Also, the pulse needs to be very short: no longer
than 2 milliseconds in duration. Given this information, draw a schematic diagram for a
practical passive differentiator circuit within the dotted lines, complete with component
values.
3. Plot the output waveform of a passive differentiator circuit, assuming the input is a
symmetrical square wave and the circuits RC time constant is about one-fifth of the
square waves pulse width.
As the robotic arm rotates up and down, the potentiometer wire moves along the resistive strip
inside, producing a voltage directly proportional to the arms position. A voltmeter connected
between the potentiometer wiper and ground will then indicate arm position. A computer with
an analog input port connected to the same points will be able to measure, record, and (if also
connected to the arms motor drive circuits) control the arms position.
6. An LR differentiator circuit is used to convert a triangle wave into a square wave. One day
after years of proper operation, the circuit fails. Instead of outputting a square wave, it
outputs a triangle wave, just the same as the waveform measured at the circuits input.
Determine what the most likely component failure is in the circuit.
To analyze response of 1st order RC integrator network for different inputs and at
different frequencies.
THEORY
The voltage (Vc) and current (Ic) relationship for capacitor is by
Vc(t)=1/C. Ic dt
Figure 1: RC Integrator
Thus the output voltage across capacitor is somehow integration of the input voltage.
Probes Resistor: 1k
Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components as shown in Figure.
2. Apply a square waveform of 6 V peak to peak from function.
3. Observe the input waveform and response simultaneously on oscilloscope when T>>RC
where T is the period of input waveform.
4. Save this waveform in USB from oscilloscope and insert in results after taking the print
out.
5. Observe the input waveform and response simultaneously on oscilloscope when T=RC
where T is the period of input waveform.
6. Save this waveform in USB from oscilloscope and insert in results after taking the print
out.
7. Observe the input waveform and response simultaneously on oscilloscope when T<<RC
where T is the period of input waveform.
8. Save this waveform in USB from oscilloscope and insert in results after taking the
printout.
9. Repeat the same steps for a triangular waveform.
10. Repeat same steps for sinusoidal waveform.
RESULTS
Graphs of Input and Output for Square Input
(i) T>>RC
(ii) T=RC
DISCUSSION
1. Design a passive integrator circuit using a resistor and inductor rather than a resistor and
capacitor. In addition to completing the inductor circuit schematic, qualitatively state the
preferred values of L and R to achieve an output waveform most resembling a true
triangle wave. In other words, are we looking for a large or small inductor; a large or
small resistor?
2. Determine what the response will be to a constant DC voltage applied at the input of these
(ideal) circuits.
4. Draw the intermediate response shown by the oscilloscope for following figure.
OBJECTIVE
To study the transient response of a series RC circuit.
To differentiate between steady state and transient response.
To understand time constant concept using step input.
To find actual value of a capacitor.
THEORY
For the RC network of Figure 1, voltage VC(t) across the capacitor is given by
where, V is the applied source voltage to the circuit for t 0. RC = is the time constant. The
response curve is increasing and is shown in Figure 2.
Stop watch
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
i(t)
i(t)
RESULTS
For Capacitor Charging
DISCUSSION
1. Differentiate between natural and forced response.
OBJECTIVE
To study the characteristics and frequency response of passive low pass filter.
THEORY
Filters, like most things, arent perfect. They dont absolutely pass some frequencies and
absolutely reject others. A frequency is considered passed if its magnitude (voltage amplitude)
is within 70% (or 1/2) of the maximum amplitude passed and rejected otherwise. The 70%
frequency is called corner frequency, roll-off frequency, break frequency, cutoff frequency or
half-power frequency. The corner frequency for the RC filter is given as:
fC = 1 / 2RC
At cut off frequency, R=XC i.e. voltage VR=VC and phase angle between input and output
voltage will be 450.
EQUIPMENT
Function generator Jumper wires
Probes Capacitor: 1F
Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1.2 kohm
AC Voltage Source
1 micro farad
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
2. Apply sinusoidal input voltage of 5 V peak to peak with 20 Hz frequency from function
generator and note the peak to peak voltage across capacitor from oscilloscope.
3. Also measure the phase difference () between input and output voltage by oscilloscope.
4. Increase the frequency at regular steps and fill the table shown below.
5. Draw the graph between output voltage and frequency.
6. Mark the cut off frequency on the graph.
7. Draw the graph between and frequency.
8. Mark the value of at cut off frequency.
DISCUSSION
1. Differentiate between passive and active filters?
2. What is the ratio of output and input voltage levels in db at cutoff frequency?
4. Write some real applications in which low pass filter is used?
5. Your viewpoint regarding the results.
OBJECTIVE
To study the characteristics and frequency response of passive high pass filter.
THEORY
If a filter allows signals of higher frequencies to pass from input to the output while blocking
the lower frequencies, this filter is called a high pass filter. The minimum frequency it allows
to pass is called cutoff frequency fC. A high pass filter may be RL or RC as shown in Figures
below.
At fc, R=Xc and the phase angle between Vo and Vi is +45 as shown in Figure 1(c).It can be
seen that high pass filter can be obtained merely by interchanging the positions of R and C in
low pass RC filter. In high pass filter, all the frequencies above fc are passed and below are
attenuated.
EQUIPMENT
Function generator Jumper wires
Probes Capacitor: 1F
Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1.2 kohm
AC Voltage Source
1 micro farad
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
2. Apply sinusoidal input voltage of 5 V peak to peak with 20 Hz frequency from function
generator and note the peak to peak voltage across resistor from oscilloscope.
3. Also measure the phase difference () between input and resistor output voltage by
oscilloscope.
4. Increase the frequency at regular steps and fill the table shown below.
5. Draw the graph between output voltage and frequency.
6. Mark the cut off frequency on the graph.
7. Draw the graph between and frequency.
8. Mark the value of at cut off frequency.
DISCUSSION
1. Your comments regarding the results.
OBJECTIVE
To observe resonance phenomenon in electrical networks and study its effects.
To determine the resonant frequency and bandwidth of the given network using a
sinusoidal input.
THEORY
A resonant circuit, also called a tuned circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor together
with a voltage or current source. It is one of the most important circuits used in electronics.
For example, a resonant circuit, in one of its many forms, allows us to select a desired radio or
television signal from the vast number of signals that are around us at any time.
A network is in resonance when the voltage and current at the network input terminals are in
phase and the input impedance of the network is purely resistive.
Consider the Parallel RLC circuit of Figure 1. The steady-state admittance offered by
the circuit is:
Y = 1/R + j( C 1/L)
Resonance occurs when the voltage and current at the input terminals are in phase. This
corresponds to a purely real admittance, so that the necessary condition is given by
C 1/L = 0
The two additional frequencies 1 and 2 are also indicated which are called half-power
frequencies. These frequencies locate those points on the curve at which the voltage response
is 1/2 or 0.707 times the maximum value. They are used to measure the band-width of the
response curve. This is called the half-power bandwidth of the resonant circuit and is defined
as:
= 2 - 1
EQUIPMENT
Function generator Resistors: 120 , 1
Oscilloscope Inductor: 10 mH
Jumper wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
120 ohm
120
1
AC Voltage Source Series10mHRLC Branch1
100 F
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
2. Find the theoretical value of resonant frequency.
3. Apply sinusoidal voltage of 10 V peak to peak from function generator with frequency
less than the resonant frequency.
4. Observe the waveforms of input voltage and current on the oscilloscope simultaneously.
5. Note down value of rms current at oscilloscope.
6. Increase the frequency gradually until the current becomes in phase with the input voltage.
This frequency is the resonant frequency.
7. Increase the frequency further and see the phase difference between current and voltage
waveforms.
RESULTS
Graph between current (I) and frequency (f) from the observed values
DISCUSSION
1. What is the purpose if 1 resistor?
2. What is the quality factor of network shown in circuit diagram?
3. What do you mean by the term selectivity?
4. Actual results in frequency dependent networks may vary from the theoretical
ones? Comment.
OBJECTIVE
To design a band pass filter with pass band (130 Hz -2 kHz) and observe
its amplitude response.
THEORY
It is a filter that allows a certain band of frequencies to pass through and attenuates all other
frequencies below and above the band. This pass band is known as the bandwidth of the filter.
A passive band pass filter can be obtained by cascading a high pass RC filter to a low pass RC
filter as shown in Figure 1.
Bread board
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
2. Apply sinusoidal input voltage of 5 V peak to peak with 10 Hz frequency from function
generator and note the peak to peak output voltage from oscilloscope.
3. Increase the frequency of input waveform gradually from the function generator and fill
the table shown below.
4. Draw the graph between output voltage and frequency.
5. Mark the cut off frequencies on the graph.
6. Determine the bandwidth of the filter.
RESULTS
1 5 Vp-p 10
2 5 Vp-p 50
3 5 Vp-p 100
4 5 Vp-p 150
5 5 Vp-p 200
6 5 Vp-p 300
7 5 Vp-p 500
8 5 Vp-p 600
9 5 Vp-p 800
10 5 Vp-p 1000
11 5 Vp-p 1200
DISCUSSION
1. Your comments regarding the results.
THEORY
It is a filter that attenuates a certain band of frequencies and allows all other frequencies to
pass. This stop band is known as the bandwidth of the filter. The series resonance circuit can
also be used as a band stop filter. The center frequency of the circuit is given by
EQUIPMENT
Function generator Jumper wires
Probes Capacitor:10nF
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
RESULTS
Sr. RMS value of Frequency of input RMS value of output 20.log [Vout]
No. input voltage voltage voltage from db
(Hz) oscilloscope
1 1V
2 1V
3 1V
4 1V
5 1V
6 1V
7 1V
8 1V
9 1V
10 1V
11 1V
12 1V
13 1V fc=..
14 1V
15 1V
16 1V
17 1V
18 1V
19 1V
20 1V
21 1V
22 1V
23 1V
f1= f2=..
DISCUSSION
1. Your comments regarding the results.
OBJECTIVE
To observe sinusoidal steady state response of an electrical network.
To determine complex impedance, and power factor of a network.
To grasp the concept of active, reactive and apparent power.
THEORY
If a sinusoidal source is connected to a network of linear passive elements, then every voltage
and current in that network will be sinusoidal in the steady state, differing from the source
waveform in amplitude and phase angle. The input and steady state output of a physical
circuit is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 2: RC Network
If waveforms of the VIN and IIN are simultaneously observed on the oscilloscope as shown in
Figure 3, then phase difference between VIN and IIN can be found as
Oscilloscope Resistor: 1k
Probes Capacitor: 1F
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram.
2. Apply sinusoidal input voltage of 3 V rms with 50 Hz frequency from function generator.
Take VIN as refrence i.e. VIN= (2)(3) 00.
3. Measure the peak values of input voltage and current from the oscilloscope. Also measure
the phase difference between the said waveforms.
4. Note the readings in the table.
5. Save the waveforms displayed on the oscilloscopes in your flash RAM (USB) and insert
in your manual after taking the printout.
6. Now see waveforms of voltage across 1 k resistor (VR) and its current (IR)
simultaneously on oscilloscope and save in your USB to insert in manual.
7. Now see waveforms of voltage across 1 F capacitor (VC) and its current (IC)
simultaneously on oscilloscope and save in your USB to insert in manual.
8. Note the readings in the table.
9. Repeat the same procedure at 200 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 kHz.
RESULTS
At 50 Hz frequency
Graph between input voltage and current saved from oscilloscope
Vector representation of input voltage and input current
Graph between 1 k resistor (VR) and its current (IR) saved from oscilloscope
Vector Representation of VR and IR (Take VR at horizontal axis)
Graph between 1 F capacitor (VC) and its current (IC)) saved from
oscilloscope Vector Representation of VC and IC (Take VC at horizontal axis)
At 200 Hz frequency
Graph between input voltage and current saved from oscilloscope
Vector representation of input voltage and input current
Graph between 1 k resistor (VR) and its current (IR) saved from oscilloscope
Vector Representation of VR and IR (Take VR at horizontal axis)
Graph between 1 F capacitor (VC) and its current (IC)) saved from
oscilloscope Vector Representation of VC and IC (Take VC at horizontal axis)
At 500 Hz frequency
Graph between input voltage and current saved from oscilloscope
Vector representation of input voltage and input current
Graph between 1 k resistor (VR) and its current (IR) saved from oscilloscope
Vector Representation of VR and IR (Take VR at horizontal axis)
Graph between 1 F capacitor (VC) and its current (IC)) saved from
oscilloscope Vector Representation of VC and IC (Take VC at horizontal axis)
At 1 kHz frequency
Graph between input voltage and current saved from oscilloscope
Vector representation of input voltage and input current
Graph between 1 k resistor (VR) and its current (IR) saved from oscilloscope
Vector Representation of VR and IR (Take VR at horizontal axis)
Graph between 1 F capacitor (VC) and its current (IC)) saved from
oscilloscope Vector Representation of VC and IC (Take VC at horizontal axis)
1. Define susceptance?
2. Suppose an electrical network draws 1A rms current. Write this current in polar form if
p.f. is (i) 0.8, lagging (ii) 0.8, leading (iii) unity
3. Suppose an inductive network draws 1 kW and 2 kVA. What will be power factor
and reactive power drawn by the network? Also write apparent power in P jQ form.
THEORY
Any network composed of linear, bilateral elements (such as R, L and C) is reciprocal. The
reciprocity theorem states that if an emf E in one branch of a reciprocal network produces a
current I in another, then if the emf E is moved from the first to the second branch, it will
cause the same current in the first branch, where the emf has been replaced by a short circuit.
The ratio E/I is known as transfer resistance or impedance (Z) in AC networks. The
reciprocity theorem is applicable only to single-source networks containing no time varying
elements.
When applying reciprocity theorem for a voltage source, following steps must be taken:-
Voltage source is replaced by a short circuit in original location.
Polarity of
source in new location is such that the current direction in that branch remains
unchanged.
EQUIPMENT
Function generator Bread board
Figure 2: T-Network
Figure 3: T- Network
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram shown in Figure 2.
2. Apply the 5V dc supply and measure the current I1.
3. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram shown in Figure 3.
4. Apply the 5V dc supply and measure the current I2.
5. Compare the readings of I1 and I2 .
6. If I1=I2, reciprocity theorem is satisfied.
RESULTS
Measured values for Network of Figure 2 Measured values for Network of Figure 3
E E
I1 I2
E/I1 E/I2
DISCUSSION
1. Differentiate between unilateral and bilateral elements.
2. Does transformer networks with linear elements are reciprocal? If yes give a supporting
example. If no, give a contradictory example.
OBJECTIVE
BACKGROUND
1. SPICE stands for Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis
2. SPICE was originally developed at the Electronics Research Laboratory of the
University of California, Berkeley (1975). As the name implies, SPICE was originally
developed for designing integrated circuits. However, it can be used to analyze
discrete circuits as well.
3. PSpice is a PC version of SPICE (Cadence) and HSpice is a version that runs on
workstations and larger computers.
4. PSpice is case insensitive i.e. typing r or R will not be any different in PSpice.
5. All analysis can be done at different temperatures. The default temperature is 27c.
6. PSpice can do several types of circuit analysis. Here are a few:
DC analysis: Calculates the DC transfer curve.
AC analysis:
Calculates the output as a function of frequency. A bode plot is
generated.
Transient analysis: Calculates
the voltage and current as a function of time when a
large signal is applied.
Noise analysis: Analyzes noise at the input or output of the circuit.
Fourier analysis: Calculates and plots the frequency spectrum.
AC & DC voltage and current sources
Resistors and Variable Resistors
Capacitors and Variable Capacitors
Inductors and Variable Inductors
Operational amplifiers
Switches
Diodes
Bipolar transistors
Go to Start Menu, then Programs, then PSpice Student and then Schematics
Upon selecting your parts, click on the Place button. Then click where you want it to
be placed on the schematics workspace. Don't worry about putting it in exactly the
right place, it can always be moved later.
Get Recent Part Bin: PSpice keeps track of the most recent parts used and lists them in
the Get Recent Part bin. You can save time by selecting items from this bin. Simply double
click the item then place as described above.
B. Libraries in PSpice
including the concerned libraries before you actually select Parts because PSpice
The parts in PSpice are arranged in the form of libraries. You do not have to worry about
Schematics Version 9.1 automatically includes all the libraries, when the Get Part
button is pressed.
Few common libraries are:
analog.slb: Contains
resistors (R), capacitors (C), inductors (L), dependent sources (E, F,
G and H) etc.
source.slb: Contains various independent voltage and current sources.
port.slb: contains elements such as ground etc.
Hands on Exercise 1
Get all the parts you need to draw the circuit given, on your Schematics workspace?
Find out what specific libraries contain those parts?
have most of the parts available in your schematics workspace that you need at this
You should
point.
To put them in the places that make the most sense (usually a rectangle works well for simple
circuits), just select the part and drag it where you want it.
To rotate parts so that
they will fit in your circuit nicely, click on the part and click Edit "Rotate" or
simply click "Ctrl+R"
To flip them, click Edit "Flip" or "Ctrl+F".
If any parts are left over, just select them and press "Delete".
Hands on Exercise 2
that you have selected in Exercise 1 in a proper order on the Schematics
Place the parts
workspace?
Hands on Exercise 3
Connect the parts using the wire that you have placed in Exercise 2.
Please note that if you double click on the part or its value, a different box will appear.
Hands on Exercise 4
Change the names for the parts in your circuit to the names that were shown in the original
figure of the circuit given.
To change the value of the part (e.g. by default the value of all the resistors is 1K
ohms), you can double click on the present value and a box called "Set Attribute
Value" will appear. Type in the new value and press OK.
If you double click on the part itself, you can select VALUE and change it in this box.
Change the values for the parts in your circuit to the values that were shown in the
original circuit given.
G. Saving
If you have not done so, now is a good time to save your schematic. Choose a name
on the save
that will help you identify which problem this is. To save the circuit, click
button on the tool bar (or any other way you normally save files).
Perform an electrical rules check to be sure your circuit schematic will simulate properly.
(Analysis menu, Electrical Rule Check). If all goes well, you will see a small window flash
This is very important. You cannot do any simulation on the circuit if you don't have a
ground. If you aren't sure where to put it, place it near the negative side of your
voltage source.
Select View in this window, and examine Output File. Scroll down towards
the bottom of
the file until you come to a series of headings that say Node Voltage.
The voltage at each circuit node should be reported. Identify
which node voltages are
associated with which circuit elements and note them down.
Scroll further down the output file. Note that the source current and total power
dissipation for the circuit is also reported.
The voltage source current is reported as -2.500E-04 A.
methods you have
Find out the value of the current in the circuit manually by using the analytical
learned in the BEE class so far. Check if the answer agrees with PSpices?
L. Netlists
A netlist is the original way we interacted with SPICE.
with which they are connected.
The netlist contains description of the circuit that describes the parts of the circuit and the nodes
When PSpice creates a circuit description from your schematic, it numbers nodes, and for
each lists the nodes to which it is connected as well as the value of the
component,
component.
For example, Node 1 is designated $N001, node 2 as $N002, etc.
These designations do not appear on your schematic screen but instead they reside in a file as a
netlist.
To view the netlist, click Analysis, then Examine Netlist.
In the netlist, the 1 end of a component is connected to the first indicated node.
Hands on Exercise 8
Examine theNetlist for your circuit and compare these node numbers with the circuit you
have drawn.
M. PSpice File Extensions
PSpice file
Description
extension
.SCH Schematics diagram file.
.CIR Control file generated by Schematics. ASCII.
Netlist (circuit description) generated by Schematics.
.NET
ASCII.
Alias file generated by Schematics. Needed for PSpice
.ALS
simulation.
Control file for Probe plots. Contains settings from last
.PRB
run, scaling, etc.
Complete output file generated by PSpice; input to
.DAT
Probe. Not readable; Normally a large file
.OUT Readable ASCII output file from PSpice simulation.
You can use the Enable Bias Voltage Display or Enable bias current display
buttons on the Schematics workspace toolbar to find out the Bias Voltage and
Currents directly instead of reading them down from the output file.
Hands on Exercise 9
Find out the bias voltages and currents for
the circuit you have drawn using the above said
buttons on the Schematic Window Toolbar.
O. Printing
To print your schematic circuit, you must first use your mouse to make a rectangle
around your circuit; this is the area of the page that will be printed. Then select print as
usual. (You can select ).
These are general purpose metering components that you can use to measure voltage and
current. To determine their readings, you must examine the output file. (Click Analysis,
Examine Output, then scroll until you find them.) Note that IPRINT and VPRINT1 have a
terminal marked with a sign that corresponds to the COM terminal on a real physical
meter. You must wire them into your circuit as you would a real meter, taking into account
where you want the COM terminal. In addition, you must configure them for the type of
measurement (dc or ac) that you wish to make.
Place the above mentioned metering elements in the circuit below and show the results.
Q. Dependent Sources
The circuit shown in Figure below has a current controlled voltage source with the gain of 3.
This circuit can be constructed in PSpice using part H as shown in figure below:
Click the part and enter gain =3. Save and simulate it.
Bias Point Detail writes the detailed bias information to the simulation output
file. The information reported to the output file includes:
(i) Node voltages
(ii) Current through Voltage sources
(iii) Total power
DC Sweep
The DC analysis causes a dc sweep to beperformed. The dc sweep analysis calculates the
circuits bias point over a range of values.
The DC sweep allows you to do various different sweeps of your circuit to see how it responds
to various conditions.
For all the possible sweeps,
o voltage,
o current,
o temperature, and
o model and global parameter
You need to specify a start value, an end value, and the number of points you wish to
calculate.
The main two
For example you can sweep your circuit over a voltage range from 0 to 12 volts.
sweeps that will be most important to us at this stage are the voltage sweep
and the current sweep. For these two, you need to indicate to PSpice the component
name you wish to sweep, for example V1 or V2.
Voltage and Current Markers
These are important
if you want to trace the voltage at a point or the current going through
that point.
To add voltage or current Marker, go to the top tool bar and select Voltage/Level
Marker or Current Marker or press Ctrl+M. Also you can go to
Markers on tool bar and select either Mark Voltage Level or Mark current into pin.
You should make sure that all parts have the values that you want.
Click OK
You can move this around on your graph by single clicking and dragging.
Example 1
For the following circuit we will dc sweep the voltage source from 0V to 10V and
observe the trace of VR1 and VR2.
Draw the circuit in your schematic workspace.
Label the nodes a and b as shown in the diagram above.
Go to Analysis, then setup and select DC Sweep from the dialog box.
Sweep var. Type is set to voltage source
by default. We are providing dc sweep to
voltage source so we will not change it.
Write the name of voltage source i.e. V1 in place of Name.
Enter start and end values i.e. 0 and 10 and give any convenient value of increment e.g. 1.
Leave the Sweep Type set to its default value i.e. linear.
Place a voltage level marker at node b.
Save and simulate your circuit.
A new probe window will open with the trace of voltage across R2.
To add the trace of voltage across R1, go to Trace menu and click Add Trace.
Enter trace expression V (a) - V (b) and enter.
You can observe that at each point sum of both voltages is equal to the value of V1.
Hence Kirchhoffs voltage law is proved.
Example 2
Prove maximum power transfer theorem using global variable dc sweep
This circuit models a source (VS, RS) and a load RL. The problem is that the source is
given, and we want to determine the value of RL for which the power absorbed by the
load PL = (VL)2/RL is a maximum.
We will simulate and obtain a graph of PL versus RL, and determine the value of RL at
maximum value of PL
Draw the circuit on your schematics workspace.
From Get New Part place PARAM anywhere on your workspace.
Double click on the part PARAM after placing on the schematic workspace and set
NAME1 to RL_val and VALUE 1 to be equal to1.
Go to ANALYSIS and then SETUP and click on DC SWEEP.
In the SWEPT VARIABLE TYPE select GLOBAL PARAMETER.
Write the NAME as RL_val. This will be the swept variable.
Set the SWEEP TYPE to OCTAVE.
Set START VALUE to 10, END VALUE to 100k and INCREMENT to 10.
Save and simulate.
Do not forget to change the attribute value of RL to RL_val enclosed in curly brackets.
On the display window, go to TRACE and then ADD TRACE.
In the ADD TRACE window, enter the following expression (-VL x I(RL)).
power is maximum. Also find out the value of
Find out the value of RL for which the
the maximum PL that is transferred.
This must verify the maximum power transfer theorem,
which states that maximum power
is transferred from source to load when RL = RS
Exercise
For the given circuit trace the voltage across R2 by sweeping dc current source from 0
to 10 Amp. Also on the probe mark points at VR2 for I1=5 Amp.
for the capacitor and set IC=0. Dont forget to save the attributes
Open the attribute window
after changing them.
Place a Voltage Marker at node vout to find out the voltage across it.
Run the probe.
Add the trace for Vout i.e. the voltage across the capacitor.
Above results can be achieved by using VPULSE in place of VDC as shown:
Exercise
Trace the current through the capacitor in the above circuit.
Observe the behavior of inductors for dc circuits by setting the IC for inductor equal to 0A.
The DC attribute is the dc value of the source for dc analyses. The ACMAG and
ACPHASE attributes set the magnitude and phase of the phasor representing Vin for ac
analysis.
the frequency for simulation, select Setup from the Analysis menu and go to AC
To specify
sweep.
Since simulation is performed at only on frequency, 60 Hz, graphing the simulation
results is not a very attractive option. So to write the magnitude and phase of the
phasor Vout to output file, use VPRINT1 part from SPECIAL library as shown below:
After placing VPRINT1 part and set its attributes. The VPRINT1 part can be
configured to meter the node voltage in any kind of simulation: dc, ac, or transient.
Since an ac analysis is specified in the setup, the values of AC, MAG, and PHASE
attributes are set to Y, where Y stands for yes.
When an AC sweep is performed, PSpice, unless instructed otherwise will attempt to
feature, select Probe
plot the results using the probe plotting program. To turn off this
Setup in the Analysis menu and select Do Not Auto-Run Probe.
Simulate the circuit and select Examine Output from the Analysis menu to view the data. At
the bottom of the file we will find the desired results.
Exercise
Simulate the above circuit at a frequency of 50 Hz to find the current through the circuit using
IPRINT part and display the results in the output file.
Variable Frequency Ac Simulation
To sweep the frequency over a range, 1 Hz to 10 MHz, for example, return to AC
SWEEP AND NOISE ANALYSIS box. Change the fields to the desired values as
shown below:
E) Parametric Sweep
One of the more useful aspects of SPICE is the ability to run a number of variations on a
basic circuit and compare the results by plotting them on the same graph.
For our example it might be interesting to see how changing the resistor
value affects the
frequency response and make comparison with the first simulation.
A hard-nosed way of doing that might be to select the circuit, make a copy, start a new
project with all of the same settings, paste the circuit into the new project, make the
desiredparameter changes, run the simulation, and then add the new trace to the old
graph.
This might seem like a lot of goofing around, but indeed there is a simpler approach.
Instead, you can use the parameter sweep feature of spice. A parameter sweep allows
you to specify a number of values for a particular parameter and then perform a
complete analysis for each value.
Example
Draw the following circuit:
Set the AC sweep settings over a range of frequencies 10 Hz to 100 kHz and
10pts/decade
(Dont forget to select decade in the ac sweep type). Now Simulate your
circuit.
1. What are the powers of PSpice those you have explored in this lab?
TOOLBOX
OBJECTIVE
To learn modeling of electrical networks in frequency domain using Matlab symbolic
toolbox.
THEORY
Consult MATLAB documentation to get help for each of the following command(s) if you
dont understand.
EQUIPMENT
Computer with Matlab & Simulink installation
PRACTICE
The following example illustrates the difference the between a standard MATLAB data type,
such as, double and the corresponding symbolic object.
Example 1:- Enter the following commands and observe the difference.
>> clear
>> sqrt(7)
>> a = sqrt ( sym(7))
>> 3/8
>> sym (3)/sym (8)
>> 1/5+2/3
>> sym (1)/sym (5) +sym (2)/sym (3)
Example 2:- sym command lets us construct the symbolic variables and expressions as
below; >>clear
>> x = sym('x')
>> a = sym('a')
>> f = x^2 x -1
>> simplify(f)
Example 3:- This example describes another way to declare the symbolic objects.
>> clear
>> syms a b c x
>> subs ( f, 2)
>>subs(f, a, 2)
or more efficiently
>>syms x y real
>>z = x + i*y
>> diff(h,2)
or
>> diff (diff (h))
Example 6: - Let us find derivative of functions having more than one variable.
>>clear
>>syms x y
>> f = exp(x*y)
You have studied command for differentiation. Is there any command for integration? If
yes, find the following and write those commands beside.
3
5tdt
1
Example 7:- Following example shows power of symbolic toolbox to calculate Laplace
transform. (Make an M-file and having finished delete it).
>> clear
>> f =2*exp(-t) 2*exp(-2*t)
>> pretty(f)
>> F = laplace(f)
>> pretty(F)
>> clear
>> syms s
>> F = 2 / [(s+1)*(s+2)];
>>pretty(F)
>> f = ilaplace (F)
>> pretty (f)
Example 9:- In the following example, we use Cramer Rule to solve following circuit
in Symbolic toolbox.
I1 I2
Ls R R V
1 I1 in
R R I2 0
sC
RESULTS
For the above network the time domain solution for the loop currents will be
i1(t)=..
i2(t)=..
DISCUSSION
1. Find Laplace transform of the following time functions manually and by using Matlab
commands;
a) f 5t 2 cos(3t 45)
b) f 5t e 2t sin(4t 60)
4. Plot the following functions using Matlab commands. Draw the sketches and write
commands in space below. (See Matlab help..)
a) i(t) 5cos(3t) b)
i(t) 3e 2t sin t
OBJECTIVE
To determine two port network z parameters.
To determine two port network y parameters.
THEORY
A general two port network is shown in Figure 1. The Z parameters are also known as open
circuit impedance parameters. The Z parameters of a two port network are Z11, Z12, Z21 and
Z22 and these are given by
The Y parameters are also known as short circuit admittance parameters. The Y parameters
of a two port network are Y11, Y12, Y21 and Y22 and these are given by
EQUIPMENT
DC power supply Digital multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram of Figure 2.
2. Observe and note values of V1, V2 and I1 by using oscilloscope or multimeter.
3. Find Z11 and Z21.
4. Now connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram of Figure 3.
5. Observe and note values of V1, V2 and I2 by using oscilloscope or multimeter.
6. Find Z12 and Z22.
7. Connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram of Figure 4.
8. Observe and note values of V1, I2 and I1 by using oscilloscope or multimeter.
9. Find Y11 and Y21.
10. Now connect the components on bread board according the circuit diagram of Figure 5.
11. Observe and note values of I1, V2 and I2 by using oscilloscope or multimeter.
12. Find Y12 and Y22.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
1. Find impedance and admittance parameters theoretically and compare the values with
practical results.