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SCR iaccsea.com

What is Selective Catalytic Reduction?

SCR is a simple, cost-effective NOx reduction solution. SCR technology uses a simple chemical reaction to
neutralise the NOx in the exhaust. The catalyst promotes the reaction between NOx and a reducing agent
such as ammonia at the relatively low temperatures of an exhaust stream. This process produces harmless
nitrogen and water. Highly efficient, SCR is capable of removing up to 99% of the NOx. The technology has
found widespread application in reducing NOx from power plants and it is also the industry standard from
removing NOx emissions from truck engines. SCR has also been used for marine applications since the
1990s and is now an established technology.

How does SCR work?

SCR has the capabilities of reducing the concentration of polluting nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases of
diesel engines, to below the emission limits set by IMO Tier III (3.4 g/kWh). A reducing agent (gaseous
ammonia, aqueous ammonia or aqueous urea solution) is added into the stream of a flue or exhaust gas.
The exhaust gases and reducing agent are then absorbed onto a catalyst, upon which the nitrogen oxides
are transformed on the catalytic surface into nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O).

The most important chemical equation for this process is:

4 NO + 4 NH3 + O24 N2 + 6 H2O

What are the NOx limits SCR can achieve?

SCR meets IMO Tier III standards and beyond by consistently removing 95% or more of NOx in the
exhaust gas of a marine engine. Consequently, a NOx limit of less than 0.5 g/kWh can easily be achieved.

What is the status of development of marine SCR technology?

SCR is a proven, commercially available technology. Over 500 marine SCR systems have been installed
over the last 20 years. SCR has been successfully applied to a wide range of engine types, utilizing
different fuels (of differing sulphur content) and operating over a range of engine conditions. The industry is
supported by well-developed, competitive supply chains. Experience of marine SCR has been gathered in
all major market segments including emission control of slow speed engines. Whilst specific segments are
at different levels of technology development, it is anticipated that all will be served with commercially
available SCR solutions by 2014.

What are the main components of an SCR system?

The typical main components of SCR Systems are:

Reducing agent storage tanks (typically between 5 to 50 m)

Reducing agent pump or pump station
Reducing agent dosing unit
Mixing unit with injection nozzle
Catalyst housing (reactor) including SCR catalysts
Control unit

Is 1there
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Is there a requirement for official certification for a SCR system?

At present there are no official requirements from Classification Societies for SCR systems (e.g. DNV, GL,
Lloyds Register). Therefore no certificates are available. Official certificates in relation to TIER III
compliance are expected, at the earliest, in January 2016.

What is the best place to install an SCR system?

For the highest efficiencies it is recommended to install an SCR as close to the engine as possible, so to
avoid loss of exhaust gas temperature. After the mixer/injector it is advised that a straight duct of approx. 3
- 4 pipe diameter should be installed.

Are there any restrictions concerning engine size?

No, there is no limitation. The catalysts are modularly arranged and every SCR unit can be up-sized.

At what temperature range of an exhaust gas can an SCR system function?

Depending on the type of SCR catalyst and concentration of sulfur in the fuel, the reaction temperature
range will be between 280 and 510C.

Why do I need a catalyst for NOx reduction?

Without a catalyst the reaction of NOx with the reducing agent takes place at temperatures above 800C.
The catalyst lowers the reaction temperature down to the temperature range of the exhaust gas. Therefore,
no additional heating is required.

What is the lifetime of an SCR catalyst?

The lifetime of the catalysts depends on various parameters such as temperature, fuel and lube oil quality.
Typically, a lifetime of 4 - 5 years can be assumed. After this period, it is not necessary to exchange the
entire catalytic material. This is because the catalysts are arranged in a layered system, which allows for
damaged catalysts to be identified, removed and exchanged.

Are SCR catalysts sulphur resistant?

Yes. For SCR catalysts sulphur is not a catalyst poison. The sulphur content of the fuel only influences the
minimum exhaust gas temperature required for a reliable SCR operation.

Why do I need a reducing agent?

The reducing agent reacts with NOx on the catalyst, forming harmless nitrogen and exhaust humidity.

What types of reducing agents can be used?

Besides aqueous urea solution, gaseous or aqueous ammonia can be used as reducing agents. Aqueous
urea solution with a concentration of 40 % (Maritime Grade Urea Solution) is the typical reducing agent for
marine applications. This is because it is easy to handle and non-hazardous. The freezing point of this
Marine Grade Urea Solution is 0C.

Are there any quality requirements for the reducing agent?

Maritime
Page 2 of 3 Grade Urea Solution should be used. A commonly agreed standard has been
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04, 2017by a
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Maritime Grade Urea Solution should be used. A commonly agreed standard has been defined by a
working group organized by The European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC). This standard can be
downloaded here.

Are there any requirements for storage tanks for the reducing agent?

The hull tank of a ship can easily be converted into a urea solution tank, by surface coating with an epoxy
painting.

Is there comprehensive global availability of aqueous urea solution?

SCR Grade Urea is already a global business with well-developed competitive supply chains for all
relevant industry segments. The supply of Marine Grade Urea will be a part of this market with similar
requirements for product quality. It is anticipated that for the first few years after implementation of IMO
Tier III, relatively small volumes of Marine Grade SCR will be required (a very small percentage of total
amount of SCR grade urea). In the event of an increased demand, IACCSEA can confirm that the
supporting industries e.g. ammonia manufacture, are well placed to cope with additional requirement.

Are there any restrictions concerning fuel or lube oil quality?

Not particularly. However, depending on the quality of fuel and lube oil the lifetime of the catalysts may
vary.

What are the investment costs for an SCR system?

The investment costs are between 15 and 70 per kW engine power. This is dependent upon engine
size and the number of engines per ship.

What are the running costs of an SCR system?

The running costs are mainly driven by the cost for the urea solution. In general, running and maintenance
costs are between 5 and 7 per MWh engine power.

2014, IACCSEA - The International Association for Catalytic Control of Ship Emissions to Air

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