EGCH 403

Sira Srinives
 MOMENTUM TRANSPORT

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/ http://drjudywood.com/articles/BBE
86/Billard.JPG /BBEpics/momentum.jpg
Fluid dynamics in transport phenomena

Newtons law of viscosity

- Define a system as two parallel plates. Each

plate has a surface area of A, located at a
distant of from one another.
- Fill the empty space between these two
plates with fluid and pull the lower plate at a
constant velocity V in +x direction.
 Fluid dynamics in transport phenomena

Fig 1.1-1
 Fluid dynamics in transport phenomena

- As soon as the fluid flow reaches steady

state (constant velocity, V), constant force (F)
required to maintain the steady motion can
be presented as
F V

A

, whereas : fluid viscosity

- F/A was defined as yx that represented the

force in x direction exerted on a unit area
perpendicular to the y direction.
 Newtons law of viscosity
- Then, the shear force in x direction that
exerts on the unit area perpendicular to y
direction is proportional to the negative value
of velocity change in x direction with respect
to y direction.

dv x This is known as
yx
dy Newtons law of
viscosity
 Newtons law of viscosity
- The Newtons law of viscosity can be
interpreted as momentum transfer from one
liquid layer to another.
dv x
yx
dy
1

- The momentum moves the liquid in x

direction and transfer through liquid layers in
y direction.
- Then the yx is the flux of x-momentum in y
direction.
1 http://topicstock.pantip.com/food/topicstock/2011/11/D11390983/D11390983-21.jpg
 Newtons law of viscosity
- It was found experimentally that a fluid with a
molecular weight of less than 5000 g/mol is in
accordant with Newtons law of viscosity, and
is referred as Newtonian fluid.

- On the other hand, a polymeric liquid or

slurry that has an MW of more than 5000
g/mol can significantly deviate from Newtons
law of viscosity, and is referred as a non-
Newtonian fluid.
 Newtons law of viscosity
- Next, we discuss unit of the viscosity.
1
dv x
yx
Pa m/s(m ) Pa s
1 1

dy

Force/unit area
(N/m2)
- On page 14 and 15 of the Transport Phenomena book
presents viscosity of some fluid at some value of
temperature.
- Unit conversion could be found in APPENDIX F.
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
Usually we are interested in more
complicated flows in which the three velocity
components may depend on all three
coordinates.
Defines
vx = vx(x, y, z, t) vy = vy(x, y, z, t) vz = vz(x, y, z, t)
there will be 9 stress components of ij
including,
x x xx x y xy x z xz
y x yx y y yy y z yz
z x zx z y zy z z zz
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
Shear strees (ij) in this case provides 9
components
x x xx x y xy x z xz
y x yx y y yy y z yz
z x zx z y zy z z zz
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
The force exerted on a specific area can be
categorized into two types, pressure force and
viscous force.
Pressure force
Pressure is defined as a force that applied on
a defined plane in a perpendicular direction
(+x, +y and +z)
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
Viscous force
Viscous force, on the other hand, occurs only
when there is a gradient in velocity. The
direction that the force applied on to the
surface is at some angle.
In these images, the shear forces were applied
on the shaded areas that were perpendicular
to the x, y and z axis, respectively.
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
Viscous force
Shear forces applied on the shaded areas that
are perpendicular to the x, y and z axis are
defined as x, y, and z, respectively.
Note that each i has its components:
x = f(xx, xy, xz)
y = f(yx, yy, yz)
z = f(zx, zy, zz)
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
The new term molecular stress is defined
as a combination of pressure and viscous
stress (Page17).
ij pij ij

Table 1.2.1
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
The new term molecular stress is defined
as a combination of pressure and viscous
stress.
ij pij ij

Table 1.2.1
Normal stresses
 Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
The new term molecular stress is defined
as a combination of pressure and viscous
stress.
ij pij ij

Table 1.2.1
Shear stresses
Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity

Note that..
dv x
yx
dy

and its direction is..

Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity

Then, for a different surface element

A shear force acting
in + direction on a
surface R d dz is
R d dz

- r r R Rddz
Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity

- rz r R Rdd
R d dz

- z
Rdd

dr dz z
Generalization of Newtons law of viscosity

- r r R R sin d d
2

- r r R R sin d d
2
 TUBE CUTTER

http://www.unior-thailand.com/images/stories/virtuemart/product/unior_360-68.jpg
http://wiki.stjohn.ac.th/groups/poly_motorvehicles/wiki/32e0f/images/3f9bf.gif
 Conservation of Momentum
-Considering a cubical element containing fluid.

-The fluid flowing in-out a cubic volume at a

velocity v brings a momentum of v though the
volume.
 Conservation of Momentum

-Defining v as a velocity vector in motion

direction, the momentum flux in x-direction, then,
is presented as vxv.
-In the same manner, momentum flux in y and z
directions were defined as vyv and vzv,
respectively.
 Conservation of Momentum

- and since the fluid velocity v has components

in each axis
 Conservation of Momentum

-Note that vxvy is the convective flux of the y

momentum across the surface that is
perpendicular to the x direction.
-This quantity is related to the xy.
 Conservation of Momentum

- The nine terms of Table 1.7.1 can be suppressed

into a form of series.
Convective
momentum flux
tensor
 Conservation of Momentum
-Considering a plane of arbitrary orientation with a
normal vector n that is perpendicular to the surface.
-Letting the fluid flow through a surface dS at a
velocity v.
-Rate of momentum transfer
crossing the surface is

(n . v) v dS,

making the convective momentum

flux

(n . v) v
 Conservation of Momentum
-The combined momentum flux () is, then, defined
as a combination of the molecular and convective
transport of momentum.

Pressure from
stagnant fluid
Shear stress
Mass in motion
- This can be considered as a summation of
tensors.
 Conservation of Momentum

Pressure from
stagnant fluid
Shear stress
Mass in motion

xy = the combined flux of y-momentum across a

surface perpendicular to the x direction by
molecular and convective mechanisms.
 CHAPTER 2:

Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity

Distributions in Laminar Flow.
 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity
Distributions in Laminar Flow.
-In this part, we would focus on defining velocity
profiles of fluid in simple flow systems
making use of
molecular fluxes
convective momentum fluxes
momentum balances

- The examples in this chapter are well organized.

Its highly recommended that a student should go
through the all examples (2.2-2.6) and develop a
sense of transport phenomena.
 Basic principles

-To start solving the problem is to first indentify all

parameters that could affect the flow velocity.
-Do the momentum balance over the shell.

-Let the thickness of the shell approach zero

and making use of the definition of the first
derivative to obtain the corresponding
differential equation for the momentum flux.

dx
 Basic principles

-Integrate the differential equation to obtain the

momentum-flux ( ) distribution.
yx
dvx
dy
-Insert Newton's law of viscosity and
obtain a differential equation for the velocity.
-Integrate this equation to get the velocity
distribution.
-Use the velocity distribution to get other
quantities, such as the maximum velocity, average
velocity, or force on solid surfaces.
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

-Since the integration is required, boundary

conditions are needed.
No-Slip condition; solid-liquid interface
Liquid-Liquid interface
also is a no-slip condition-
two fluid moving along at
the same flow velocity.
Liquid-Gas interfacial
Since Gas<< Liquid
, no stress condition is
assumed reasonably.

*No mass transfer involved

 Conservation of Momentum
-The combined momentum flux () is, then, defined
as a combination of the molecular and convective
transport of momentum.

Pressure from
stagnant fluid
Shear stress
Mass in motion
- This can be considered as a summation of
tensors.
 FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

-An inclined flat plate of length L and width W.

-The disturbances in this case came from the
edges.
-If the film thickness () was a lot thinner than L
and W and vz is independent of z, then,
vz = vz(x), vx = 0, and vy = 0 making P = P(x).
 FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

-Checking Table B.1 for list of Newtons law of

viscosity. (page 843)
 FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

-Checking Table B.1 for list of Newtons law of

viscosity. (page 843)
Fluid flows only in z direction making vz 0.
-Checking table 1.7-1, 1.2-1, and table B.1 in
appendix B.
 FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

-Shell balance:

z y

: Combined
momentum flux tensor.
 FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

-Shell balance:
After combining all terms,

Divide the equation with LWx, defining x

approaching zero.

Then,
 FLOW OF A FALLING FILM

-Shell balance:
- General forms of the shear stress () can be found
in Table B.1 (Appendix B).
So,

I. vx = vy = 0
II. vz = vz(x)
III. vz=0 = vz=L
IV. pz = p(x)
ASSIGNMENT 1