Salinan1 Tgiikel-18
Salinan1 Tgiikel-18
Diterima: 6 November 2010 / Diterima: 29 Juni 2011 / Diterbitkan online: 30 Agustus 2011
Springer Science + Media Bisnis BV 2011
I. Clacher
Abstrak Makalah ini menyelidiki reaksi pasar saham terhadap
pengumuman bahwa perusahaan telah termasuk dalam indeks UK Universitas dari Leeds, Leeds University Business School,
Maurice Keyworth Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK e-mail:
FTSE4Good perusahaan bertanggung jawab secara sosial. Kami ic@lubs.leeds.ac.uk
menggunakan pengumuman inklusi perusahaan dalam indeks untuk
memperkirakan reaksi pasar saham untuk sebuah perusahaan yang J. Hagendorff(&)
diklasifikasikan sebagai tanggung jawab sosial. Ini adalah tes
penting apakah investor melihat usaha dari kegiatan tanggung University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, UK e-
jawab sosial oleh perusahaan sebagai nilai meningkat atau mail: jens .hagendorff @ ed.ac.uk
penurunan nilai inisiatif oleh manajemen. Kami tidak menemukan
bukti kuat yang mendukung reaksi pasar yang positif. Namun, ada
variasi cross-sectional besar di reaksi pasar ini ment
mengumumkan-. Investor tampaknya bereaksi terhadap acara ini
dan ada sejumlah karakteristik perusahaan yang mapan proxy untuk
CSR yang dapat menjelaskan reaksi pasar.
Pengantar
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254 I. Clacher, J. Hagendorff
Di bawah pandangan pasar bebas yang dianut oleh Friedman 3 pekerjaan terbaru juga telah mempertimbangkan apakah kegiatan CSR
et al., Pasar ini bisa dibilang wasit final pada apakah inisiatif dari perusahaan tercermin dalam imbal hasil obligasi korporasi (Menz
2010).
tertentu baik atau buruk bagi korporasi. Meskipun banyak
penelitian menganalisis pasar saham jangka panjang dan kinerja
keuangan perusahaan yang diklasifikasikan-fied secara sosial
bertanggung jawab dalam berbagai benchmark, ini bukan ujian
sejati bagaimana pasar memandang CSR.1 Selain itu, kinerja
saham jangka panjang perusahaan yang diklasifikasikan sebagai
tanggung jawab sosial mungkin sebagian fungsi dari permintaan
saham tersebut oleh sub-kelompok investor (misalnya fund
manager yang layar investasi mereka berdasarkan kriteria yang
bertanggung jawab secara sosial). Untuk menangkap persepsi
pasar dari nilai atau CSR suatu peristiwa yang menyediakan,
klasifikasi berbasis pasar eksternal perusahaan sebagai tanggung
jawab sosial diperlukan. Karena itu, kami menggunakan
pengumuman inklusi suatu perusahaan dalam indeks
FTSE4Good karena hal ini bisa dibilang memberikan baru infor-
masi ke pasar tentang kegiatan CSR perusahaan.2 Con-
sequently, kita dapat menganalisis apakah pasar memandang
CSR sebagai nilai enhancing.3
1 Lihat Margolis dan Walsh 2003 untuk kajian komprehensif dari literatur
di pasar berdasarkan dan akuntansi berbasis kinerja perusahaan
bertanggung jawab secara sosial.
123
Pengumuman Tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan 255
Jika dimasukkan dalam indeks FTSE4Good menyampaikan baru Salah satu contoh di mana ini dapat disorot adalah jika
infor-masi tentang sebuah perusahaan kepada investor pasar, maka sebuah perusahaan memiliki kebijakan anti-korupsi yang efektif
ini dapat menurunkan
acara ini dapat dilihat sebagai baik nilai meningkatkan atau nilai
menghancurkan. Karena itu, kami mengajukan dua hipotesis
123
256 I. Clacher, J. Hagendorff
123
Pengumuman Tentang Tanggung JawabCorporate Social 257
seperti yang mereka lakukan lebih untuk mengkomunikasikan
profitabilitas Firm H4berhubungan positif dengan reaksi pasar kegiatan perusahaan karena hal ini melegitimasi kegiatan
saham inklusi di FTSE4Good. korporasi
Visibilitas Firm H6 berhubungan positif dengan reaksi saham Tabel 1 memberikan gambaran tentang sampel kami. Tanggal
mar-ket untuk dimasukkan dalam FTSE4Good. pengumuman terkonsentrasi di sejumlah kecil hari. Sebagian
besar penambahan indeks (241) berlangsung di peluncuran
FTSE4Good pada tanggal 10 Juli, 2001. Sisa 115 penambahan
Data dan Metodologi terjadi dua kali setahun pada bulan Maret dan September untuk
tahun sisa sampel tindak ing ulasan periodik indeks oleh
Sampel kami terdiri dari pengumuman bahwa perusahaan yang
kebijakan FTSE4Good
diperdagangkan di Bursa Efek London (LSE) yang termasuk
dalam indeks FTSE4Good selama periode Juli 2001 sampai
Maret 2008. Kami menggunakan News Service (RNS) 8
misalnya, RNS pengumuman khas hanya menyatakan bahwa '' FTSE
pengumuman Peraturan inklusi untuk mengidentifikasi peristiwa menyarankan bahwa PERUSAHAAN XYZ harus dimasukkan dalam
inklusi kita gunakan. Pengumuman RNS untuk inklusi indeks FTSE4Good UK. Perubahan ini efektif setelah penutupan bisnis
FTSE4Good yang singkat, faktual dan sangat standar dalam hal pada hh / bb / tahun. ''
123
258 I. Clacher, J. Hagendorff
Tabel 1 Contoh gambaran:
tanggal Pengumuman N Persen rata jumlah rata-rata pasar
FTSE4Good Penambahan
aset( mil) nilai ( mil)
10 Juli 2001 241 67,51 11.100 5442
17 September 2002 14 3,92 3879 3196
M 192003 7 1,96 1039 476
ar
17 September 2003 15 4.2 795 504
12 Maret 2004 11 3,08 1123 632
10 September 2004 12 3.36 1.132 698
10 Maret 2005 4 1,12 389 267
7 September 2005 12 3.36 510 667
8 Maret 2006 9 2,52 1371 1437
13 September 2006 3 0.84 528 715
7 Maret 2007 8 2.24 18.100 1.860
12 September 2007 16 4,48 1604 2550
13 Maret 2008 4 1,12 4621 4006
Sumber: Peraturan Berita Jumlah 356 100 8379 4153
Service (RNS)
SAR AR ^ 1 1 2 2
yai yait ri v ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiLi2
ini menghasilkan berikut t-statistik:
tu u
, 2 u 3 X
n
SAR itu=n
L m1 R
mt
t 4
4 u
i
D
Rm
i1
r
SARt
t P 5
di mana L jumlah hari (200) digunakan dalam model pasar
123
Pengumuman Tentang Corporate Social Responsibility 25
9
Tabel 2 CAR terkait dengan FTSE4Good inklusi
Table 2 shows % CAR averaged over event windows surrou nding the announcement that UK firms are to be included in the FTSE4Good index. CARs are
calculated using a market model against different UK equity indices (FTSE100, FTSE350 and FTSE All Share). t-Stats of statistical differences are based on
standardised abnormal returns as in Boehmer et al. (1991). z-Stats are based on a Wilcoxon sign rank test. Next to the full sample, CAR are also reported for
the subsamples of initial constituents (announced on 10 July 2001) and subsequent constituents
Results
123
260 I. Clacher, J. Hagendorff
Table 3 Variable definitions and summary statistics
Unless otherwise specified, the data refer to the last reporting date before the inclusion in FTSE4Good. Accounting data are from Worldscope, LIQUID is
calculated with data from Datastream, and GDP data are from the Office of National Statistics
equity (ROE). Leverage (LEVER) is defined as total debt scaled by
cost to shareholders. However, the results presented in Table 2 total assets. Productivity (PDCT) is defined as earnings before
do not lead us to accept our competing hypothesis H1b either
that being classified as socially responsible is associated with
increased shareholder value. Instead, we conclude at this point
that while shareholders do not view being classified as socially
responsible as value destroying, we do not find strong evidence
that inclusion in FTSE4-Good, on average, increases
shareholder value.
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Announcements About Corporate Social Responsibility 261
Table 4 Pairwise correlations of firm characteristics
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
(1) CARs
(2) TA 0.08
(3) ROE 0.01 0.05
(4) SALES -0.04 -0.25*** 0.09
(5) CF -0.03 0.17 0.06 0.09
(6) LEVER -0.03 0.31*** 0.14 -0.09 0.10
(7) GRWTH 0.11 -0.03 0.01 -0.06 0.00 0.13
(8) EMPL -0.04 -0.25 0.03 0.46** 0.02 -0.14 -0.03
(9) PDCT 0.05 0.16 0.01 -0.19 0.07 ** -0.01 -0.14
0.20
***
(10) MTB 0.01 -0.31 -0.07 -0.03 -0.11 -0.18* 0.00 0.01 -0.08
(11) VISIBLE 0.01 0.41** 0.05 -0.08 -0.02 0.12 0.07 -0.02 -0.10 -0.11
(12) LIQUID 0.00 0.18 0.01 -0.10 0.00 0.07 0.00 -0.01 0.06 -0.02 0.08
(13) GDP 0.09 -0.05 0.02 -0.12 -0.03 -0.06 0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.05 -0.01 -0.05
(14) ORIGINAL 0.00 0.06 0.04 -0.11 -0.03 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.12 -0.01 -0.09 0.39**
The table presents pairwise correlations between variables. CARs are standardised abnormal returns using the market model over five-days surrounding the
inclusion in FTSE4Good measured against the FTSE All Share index. SeeTable 3 for variables definitions
123
262 I. Clacher, J. Hagendorff
The table presents firm characteristics by five-day CAR surrounding the announcement that UK firms are to be included in FTSE4Good . CARs are based on
standardised market model abnormal returns computed against the FTSE 100, FTSE350 and FTSE All Share index. Firm characteristics are presented by
lowest (LOW) and top (HIGH) CAR quintile. Differences in means tests are based on a two-tailed t-test and a Wilcoxon sign rank test. Variable definitions
are in Table 3
In addition to this, we also include a firm-specific measure of We also include inflation-adjusted yearly GDP growth as a
stock liquidity (LIQUID) following Amihud (2002). The market control in our regressions (GDP).14 This control is
reaction may be partly impacted by the liquidity of a stock for a
number of reasons. Liquid stocks (ie stocks that are
14
traded more frequently) are subject to greater outside scrutiny This variable is collected from the Office of National Statistics,
including press coverage. Conse-quently, any information on www.ons.gov.uk.
inclusion may be disseminated more quickly to market
participants. Conversely, less liquid stocks (ie stocks that are
traded less frequently) may experience a greater price reaction
on announcement relative to liquid stocks. This could occur as
variable will, therefore, capture any differences in the market
response depending on the timing of index inclusion.
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Announcements About Corporate Social Responsibility 263
any relationships we observe are not driven by industry specific could put increased pressure on a firm trying to service its debts
factors. as the cash flow is being diverted away from interest payments.
CAR b0 b1TA b2ROE b3LEV b4PDCT The relationship between firm profitability and the level of
X
The table presents regressions on five-day cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) surrounding the announcement that UK firms are to be included in
FTSE4Good. Regressions include fixed effects for the industry (Global Industry Classifications) and the year of index inclusion. CARs are calculated using a
market model against different UK equity indices (FTSE 100, FTSE 350 and FTSE All Share). Variable definitions are in Table 3. Standard errors are in
parentheses and are based on the cluster-robust variant of the HuberWhite sandwich estimator which accounts for the dependence of observations within
clusters of addition dates
123
Announcements About Corporate Social Responsibility 265
view that firms undertaking social invest-ments and activities
the US). If similar results can be detected in these mar-kets, then were not in society's interest as firms
this adds additional robustness with regard to the relationships
that have been examined in this study and the assertion that the
market believes that there is value in firms that act in a socially
responsible way.
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