SAEsteelgrades

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SAEInternational,asastandardsorganization,maintainsseveralalloynumberingsystems,oneofwhich,forsteel
grades,istheSAEsteelgradessystem.

Inthe1930sand1940stheAmericanIronandSteelInstitute(AISI)andSAEwerebothinvolvedineffortsto
standardizesuchanumberingsystemforsteels.Theseeffortsweresimilarandoverlappedsignificantly.For
severaldecadesthesystemswereunitedintoajointsystemdesignatedtheAISI/SAEsteelgrades.In1995the
AISIturnedoverfuturemaintenanceofthesystemtoSAEbecausetheAISIneverwroteanyofthe
specifications.[1]

TodaysteelquotesandcertificationscommonlymakereferencetobothSAEandAISI,notalwayswithprecise
differentiation.Forexample,inthealloy/gradefield,acertmightsay"4140","AISI4140",or"SAE4140",andin
mostlightindustrialapplicationsanyoftheaboveisacceptedasadequate,andconsideredequivalent,forthejob
athand,aslongasthespecificspecificationcalledoutbythedesigner(forexample,"4140barperASTMA108"
or"4140barperAMS6349")iscertifiedtoonthecertificate.Thealloynumberissimplyageneralclassifier,
whereasitisthespecificationitselfthatnarrowsdownthesteeltoaveryspecificstandard.

TheSAEsteelgradesystem'scorrespondencetootheralloynumberingsystems,suchastheASTMSAEunified
numberingsystem(UNS),canbeseenincrossreferencingtables(includingtheonesgivenbelow).

TheAISIsystemusedaletterprefixtodenotethesteelmakingprocess.Theprefix"C"denotedopenhearth
furnace,electricarcfurnaceorbasicoxygenfurnace,while"E"denoteselectricarcfurnacesteel.[2][3]Aletter"L"
withinthegradenameindicatesleadasanaddedingredientforexample,12L14isacommongradethatis1214
withleadaddedformachinability.

Contents
1 Carbonandalloysteel
2 Stainlesssteel
3 Highstrengthlowalloysteel
4 Seealso
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Bibliography

Carbonandalloysteel
Carbonsteelsandalloysteelsaredesignatedafourdigitnumber,wherebythefirstdigitindicatesthemain
alloyingelement(s),theseconddigitindicatesthesecondaryalloyingelement(s),andthelasttwodigitsindicate
theamountofcarbon,inhundredthsofapercent(basispoints)byweight.Forexample,a1060steelisaplain
carbonsteelcontaining0.60wt%C.[4]
An"H"suffixcanbeaddedtoanydesignationtodenotehardenabilityisamajorrequirement.Thechemical
requirementsareloosenedbuthardnessvaluesdefinedforvariousdistancesonaJominytest.[3]

Majorclassificationsofsteel[2]
SAEdesignation Type
1xxx Carbonsteels
2xxx Nickelsteels
3xxx Nickelchromiumsteels
4xxx Molybdenumsteels
5xxx Chromiumsteels
6xxx Chromiumvanadiumsteels
7xxx Tungstensteels
8xxx Nickelchromiummolybdenumsteels
9xxx Siliconmanganesesteels
 Carbonandalloysteelgrades[5]
SAEdesignation Type
Carbonsteels
10xx Plaincarbon(Mn1.00%max.)
11xx Resulfurized
12xx Resulfurizedandrephosphorized
15xx PlainCarbon(Mn1.001.65%max.)
Manganesesteels
13xx Mn1.75%
Nickelsteels
23xx Ni3.50%
25xx Ni5.00%
Nickelchromiumsteels
31xx Ni1.25%Cr0.65%,or0.80%
32xx Ni1.75%Cr1.07%
33xx Ni3.50%Cr1.50%,or1.57%
34xx Ni3.00%Cr0.77%
Molybdenumsteels
40xx Mo0.20%,0.25%,orMo0.25%andS0.042%[1]
44xx Mo0.40%,or0.52%
Chromiummolybdenum(chromoly)steels
41xx Cr0.50%,0.80%,or0.95%Mo0.12%,0.20%,0.25%,or0.30%
Nickelchromiummolybdenumsteels
43xx Ni1.82%Cr0.500.80%Mo0.25%
43BVxx Ni1.82%Cr0.50%Mo0.12%,or0.35%V0.03%min
47xx Ni1.05%Cr0.45%Mo0.20%,or0.35%
81xx Ni0.30%Cr0.40%Mo0.12%
81Bxx Ni0.30%Cr0.45%Mo0.12%andaddedboron[1]
86xx Ni0.55%Cr0.50%Mo0.20%
87xx Ni0.55%Cr0.50%Mo0.25%
88xx Ni0.55%Cr0.50%Mo0.35%
93xx Ni3.25%Cr1.20%Mo0.12%
94xx Ni0.45%Cr0.40%Mo0.12%
97xx Ni0.55%Cr0.20%Mo0.20%
98xx Ni1.00%Cr0.80%Mo0.25%
Nickelmolybdenumsteels
46xx Ni0.85%,or1.82%Mo0.20%,or0.25%
48xx Ni3.50%Mo0.25%
 Chromiumsteels
50xx Cr0.27%,0.40%,0.50%,or0.65%
50xxx Cr0.50%C1.00%min
50Bxx Cr0.28%,or0.50%andaddedboron[1]
51xx Cr0.80%,0.87%,0.92%,1.00%,or1.05%
51xxx Cr1.02%C1.00%min.
51Bxx Cr0.80%andaddedboron[1]
52xxx Cr1.45%C1.00%min.
Chromiumvanadiumsteels
61xx Cr0.60%,0.80%,0.95%V0.10%,or0.15%min.
Tungstenchromiumsteels
72xx W1.75%Cr0.75%
Siliconmanganesesteels
92xx Si1.40%,or2.00%Mn0.65%,0.82%,or0.85%Cr0.00%,or0.65%
Highstrengthlowalloysteels
9xx VariousSAEgrades
xxBxx Boronsteels
xxLxx Leadedsteels

Stainlesssteel
Type102austeniticgeneralpurposestainlesssteel
200Seriesausteniticchromiumnickelmanganesealloys
Type201austeniticthatishardenablethroughcoldworking
Type202austeniticgeneralpurposestainlesssteel
300Seriesausteniticchromiumnickelalloys
Type301highlyductile,forformedproducts.Alsohardensrapidlyduringmechanicalworking.
Goodweldability.Betterwearresistanceandfatiguestrengththan304.
Type302samecorrosionresistanceas304,withslightlyhigherstrengthduetoadditionalcarbon.
Type303freemachiningversionof304viaadditionofsulfurandphosphorus.Alsoreferredtoas
"A1"inaccordancewithISO3506.[6]
Type304themostcommongradetheclassic18/8(18%chromium,8%nickel)stainlesssteel.
OutsideoftheUSitiscommonlyknownas"A2stainlesssteel",inaccordancewithISO3506(notto
beconfusedwithA2toolsteel).[6]
Type304Lsameasthe304gradebutlowercarboncontenttoincreaseweldability.Isslightly
weakerthan304.
Type304LNsameas304L,butalsonitrogenisaddedtoobtainamuchhigheryieldandtensile
strengththan304L.
Type308usedasthefillermetalwhenwelding304.
Type309bettertemperatureresistancethan304,alsosometimesusedasfillermetalwhenwelding
dissimilarsteels,alongwithinconel.
Type310310Sisahighlyalloyedausteniticstainlesssteelusedforhightemperatureapplication.
Thehighchromiumandnickelcontentgivethesteelexcellentoxidationresistanceaswellashigh
 strengthathightemperature.Thisgradeisalsoveryductile,andhasgoodweldabilityenablingits
widespreadusageinmanyapplications.[7]
Type316thesecondmostcommongrade(after304)forfoodandsurgicalstainlesssteeluses
alloyadditionofmolybdenumpreventsspecificformsofcorrosion.Itisalsoknownasmarinegrade
stainlesssteelduetoitsincreasedresistancetochloridecorrosioncomparedtotype304.316isoften
usedforbuildingnuclearreprocessingplants.
Type316Lisanextralowcarbongradeof316,generallyusedinstainlesssteelwatchesandmarine
applications,aswellexclusivelyinthefabricationofreactorpressurevesselsforboilingwater
reactors,duetoitshighresistancetocorrosion.Alsoreferredtoas"A4"inaccordancewithISO
3506.[6]
Type316Tivariantoftype316thatincludestitaniumforheatresistance.Itisusedinflexible
chimneyliners.
Type321similarto304butlowerriskofwelddecayduetoadditionoftitanium.Seealso347with
additionofniobiumfordesensitizationduringwelding.
400Seriesferriticandmartensiticchromiumalloys
Type405ferriticforweldingapplications
Type408heatresistantpoorcorrosionresistance11%chromium,8%nickel.
Type409cheapesttypeusedforautomobileexhaustsferritic(iron/chromiumonly).
Type410martensitic(highstrengthiron/chromium).Wearresistant,butlesscorrosionresistant.
Type416easytomachineduetoadditionalsulfur
Type420CutleryGrademartensiticsimilartotheBrearley'soriginalrustlesssteel.Excellent
polishability.
Type430decorative,e.g.,forautomotivetrimferritic.Goodformability,butwithreduced
temperatureandcorrosionresistance.
Type439ferriticgrade,ahighergradeversionof409usedforcatalyticconverterexhaustsections.
Increasedchromiumforimprovedhightemperaturecorrosion/oxidationresistance.
Type440ahighergradeofcutlerysteel,withmorecarbon,allowingformuchbetteredgeretention
whenproperlyheattreated.ItcanbehardenedtoapproximatelyRockwell58hardness,makingitone
ofthehardeststainlesssteels.Duetoitstoughnessandrelativelylowcost,mostdisplayonlyand
replicaswordsorknivesaremadeof440stainless.Availableinfourgrades:
Type440Ahastheleastamountofcarbonmakingthisthemoststainresistant.
Type440Bslightlymorecarbonthan440A.
Type440ChasthegreatestamountofcarbonoftheType440variants.Strongestand
consideredmoredesirableinknifemakingthantheType440Avariant,exceptfordivingor
othersaltwaterapplications.Thisvariantisalsomorereadilyavailablethanothervariantsof
Type440.[8]
Type440Fafreemachiningvariant.ContainsthesamehighcarboncontentasType440C.
Type446Forelevatedtemperatureservice
500Seriesheatresistingchromiumalloys
600Seriesoriginallycreatedforproprietaryalloys,whicharenolongergivenSAEgradenumbers[9]
601through604:Martensiticlowalloysteels.
610through613:Martensiticsecondaryhardeningsteels.
614through619:Martensiticchromiumsteels.
630through635:Semiausteniticandmartensiticprecipitationhardeningstainlesssteels.
Type630ismostcommonPHstainless,betterknownas17417%chromium,4%nickel.
650through653:Austeniticsteelsstrengthenedbyhot/coldwork.
660through665:Austeniticsuperalloysallgradesexceptalloy661arestrengthenedbysecond
phaseprecipitation.
 Stainlesssteeldesignations[10]
SAE UNS % % %
%Ni %C %P %S %N Other
designation designation Cr Mn Si
Austenitic
3.5 5.5
201 S20100 1618 0.15 0.75 0.06 0.03 0.25
5.5 7.5
7.5
202 S20200 1719 46 0.15 0.75 0.06 0.03 0.25
10.0
16.5 0.12 14 0.32
205 S20500 11.75 0.75 0.06 0.03
18 0.25 15.5 0.40
6Mo0.75Cu"Super
0.02
254[11] S31254 20 18
max
0.20 austenitic"Allvalues
nominal
301 S30100 1618 68 0.15 2 0.75 0.045 0.03
302 S30200 1719 810 0.15 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.1
2.0
302B S30215 1719 810 0.15 2 0.045 0.03
3.0
0.15
303 S30300 1719 810 0.15 2 1 0.2 Mo0.60(optional)
min
303Se S30323 1719 810 0.15 2 1 0.2 0.06 0.15Semin
8
304 S30400 1820 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.1
10.50
304L S30403 1820 812 0.03 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.1
304Cu S30430 1719 810 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 34Cu
8 0.10
304N S30451 1820 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03
10.50 0.16
10.50
305 S30500 1719 0.12 2 0.75 0.045 0.03
13
308 S30800 1921 1012 0.08 2 1 0.045 0.03
309 S30900 2224 1215 0.2 2 1 0.045 0.03
309S S30908 2224 1215 0.08 2 1 0.045 0.03
310 S31000 2426 1922 0.25 2 1.5 0.045 0.03
310S S31008 2426 1922 0.08 2 1.5 0.045 0.03
1.5
314 S31400 2326 1922 0.25 2 0.045 0.03
3.0
316 S31600 1618 1014 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 2.03.0Mo
316L S31603 1618 1014 0.03 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 2.03.0Mo
0.10
316F S31620 1618 1014 0.08 2 1 0.2 1.752.50Mo
min
0.10
316N S31651 1618 1014 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 2.03.0Mo
0.16
317 S31700 1820 1115 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 3.04.0Mo
 max
0.10
317L S31703 1820 1115 0.03 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 3.04.0Mo
max
0.10
321 S32100 1719 912 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 Ti5(C+N)min,0.70max
max
329 S32900 2328 2.55 0.08 2 0.75 0.04 0.03 12Mo
0.75
330 N08330 1720 3437 0.08 2 0.04 0.03
1.50
347 S34700 1719 913 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.030 Nb+Ta,10xCmin,1max
Nb+Ta,10xCmin,1max,
348 S34800 1719 913 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.030
but0.10Tamax0.20Ca
384 S38400 1517 1719 0.08 2 1 0.045 0.03
SAE UNS % % %
%Ni %C %P %S %N Other
designation designation Cr Mn Si
Ferritic
11.5
405 S40500 0.08 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.10.3Al,0.60max
14.5
10.5
409 S40900
11.75
0.05 0.08 1 1 0.045 0.03 Ti6x(C+N)[12]

429 S42900 1416 0.75 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03

430 S43000 1618 0.75 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03
0.15
430F S43020 1618 0.12 1.25 1 0.06 0.60Mo(optional)
min
430FSe S43023 1618 0.12 1.25 1 0.06 0.06 0.15Semin
434 S43400 1618 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.751.25Mo
0.751.25MoNb+Ta5xC
436 S43600 1618 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03
min,0.70max
442 S44200 1823 0.2 1 1 0.04 0.03
446 S44600 2327 0.25 0.2 1.5 1 0.04 0.03
SAE UNS % % %
%Ni %C %P %S %N Other
designation designation Cr Mn Si
Martensitic
11.5
403 S40300 0.60 0.15 1 0.5 0.04 0.03
13.0
11.5
410 S41000 0.75 0.15 1 1 0.04 0.03
13.5
11.5 1.25
414 S41400 0.15 1 1 0.04 0.03
13.5 2.50
0.15
416 S41600 1214 0.15 1.25 1 0.06 0.060Mo(optional)
min
416Se S41623 1214 0.15 1.25 1 0.06 0.06 0.15Semin
420 S42000 1214 0.15 1 1 0.04 0.03
 min
0.15 0.15
420F S42020 1214 1.25 1 0.06 0.60Momax(optional)
min min
11.0 0.50 0.20 0.5 0.901.25Mo0.200.30V
422 S42200 0.5 0.025 0.025
12.5 1.0 0.25 1.0 0.901.25W
1.25
431 S41623 1517 0.2 1 1 0.04 0.03
2.50
0.60
440A S44002 1618 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.75Mo
0.75
0.75
440B S44003 1618 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.75Mo
0.95
0.95
440C S44004 1618 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.75Mo
1.20
SAE UNS % % %
%Ni %C %P %S %N Other
designation designation Cr Mn Si
Heatresisting
0.10
501 S50100 46 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.400.65Mo
min
502 S50200 46 0.1 1 1 0.04 0.03 0.400.65Mo
Martensiticprecipitationhardening
630 S17400 1517 35 0.07 1 1 0.04 0.03 Cu35,Ta0.150.45[13]

Highstrengthlowalloysteel
Seealso
ASTMInternational
Steelgrades
Unifiednumberingsystem

References
Notes
1.Bringas,JohnE.(2004).HandbookofComparativeWorldSteelStandards:ThirdEdition(PDF)(3rded.).ASTM
International.p.14.ISBN0803133626.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onJanuary27,2007.
2.Jeffus,p.635.
3.Degarmo,p.115.
4.Degarmo,p.113
5.Oberg,p.443.
6."StainlessSteelFasteners".AustralianStainlessSteelDevelopmentAssociation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon200709
29.Retrieved20070813.
7."310310SStainlessSteel".TubingChina.comStainlessSteelDirectory.Retrieved20150918.
8."440A,440B,440C,440F,440FSeHARDENABLECHROMIUMSTAINLESSSTEEL".AMSResources.Retrieved
12June2015.
 9.Cobb,Harold(September2007)."TheNamingandNumberingofStainlessSteels".AdvancedMaterials&Processes:
3944.
10.Oberg,pp.448449.
11."WhatisStainlessSteel?".NickelInstitute.Retrieved20070813.
12."section2,partA:Standardspecificationforchromiumandchromiumnickelstainlesssteelplate,sheet,andstripfor
pressurevesselsandforgeneralapplications".ASTMASA240/SA540M.2007.p.385.
13."PrecipitationHardeningStainlessSteelType174PH(S17400)"(PDF).

Bibliography
Degarmo,E.PaulBlack,JT.Kohser,RonaldA.(2003).MaterialsandProcessesinManufacturing(9th
ed.).Wiley.ISBN0471656534.
Jeffus,LarryF.(2002).Welding:PrinciplesandApplications.CengageLearning.ISBN1401810462.
Oberg,E.etal.(2004).Machinery'sHandbook(27thed.).IndustrialPressInc.
Cobb,Harold(September2007)."TheNamingandNumberingofStainlessSteels".AdvancedMaterials&
Processes:3944.

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