Important notices:
Revised schedule for next few weeks:
Thurs, 4/27: Static Failure Theories
We'll return to the original course schedule for the week of 5/16
onwards.
Failure
Failure is generally defined as a loss of function of a machine element
However, functional loss is often dependent upon the nature of the
application, thus failure can take many forms. For example, so far,
weve learned that failure can occur when a machine element:
Permanently deforms (i.e. material yielding); or
Separates into one or more pieces (i.e. fracture); or
Instantaneously shortens under compressive loading, due to large
lateral deflection (i.e. buckling)
Failure can also vary depending on the temporal nature of the
loading. For example, failure can occur at different loads under :
Static loading (this lecture & next); or
Fatigue loading (Lectures 11-14)
ME174 M.P. Rao 5
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
Failure theories
Thus far, weve stated that strength-based design seeks to ensure
that stresses in a machine element are kept below the materials
strength
However, we have yet to define exactly what stresses are important
within this context
In simplistic stress states, e.g. uniaxial tension, this could be as
simple as ensuring max principal stress, 1, is less than SY
However, in more complex multiaxial stress states things become less
clear, since failure may be caused by exceeding maximum normal
stress, shear stress, strain energy, or other critical values
Failure theories developed over the years provide means for
consideration of these additional failure modes
Maximum-Shear-Stress (MSS)
This lecture
ME174 M.P. Rao 10
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
2 Sy
y Safe design when : 1 3
n
3 2 1
Since 3 0,
1
Sy
z A
x Safe design when : 1
max n
3 Sy
y Safe design when : 1 3
n
3 2 1
Since 3 0,
1
Sy
z A
x Safe design when : 1 3
max n
3
Sy
y Safe design when : 1 3
n
3 2 1
Since 1 0,
2
Sy
z A
x Safe design when : 3
max n
3 2 1
Syt 1
P1 z A
x
max
Sy
Safe when : 1
ME174 M.P. Rao n 15
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
3
y
3 2 1
Syt 1
P1 z A
x
max
Sy
-Syc Safe when : 1 3
ME174 M.P. Rao n 16
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
3 2 1
2
-Syc P1 z A
x
max
Sy
-Syc Safe when : - 3
ME174 M.P. Rao n 17
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
Syt
-Syc P1
-Syc
ME174 M.P. Rao 18
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
Solution plan
Example 1 Determine principal stresses
A plate made from ductile, hot- Apply MSS theory to find unknown
rolled steel with tensile & factor of safety
compressive yield strength of 350 Determine principal stresses
MPa is subjected to the state of
plane stress shown below.
Determine the factor of safety
against yield using MSS theory.
y
75 MPa
100 MPa
x
Example 1 75 MPa
Apply MSS theory to find unknown FS 100 MPa
From previous page: x
P2
Syt
Syt
-Syc P1
-Syc
ME174 M.P. Rao 20
Lecture 7. Static failure theories
Solution plan
Example 2 Determine principal stresses
The same plate in the previous Apply MSS theory to find unknown
example is now subjected to a factor of safety
different state of plane stress shown Determine principal stresses
below. Determine the factor of
safety against yield using MSS
theory (Syt = Syc = 350 MPa, as
before). y
75 MPa
50 MPa
50 MPa
x
Example 2 50 MPa
Apply MSS theory to find unknown FS 50 MPa
From previous page: x
P2
Syt
Syt
-Syc P1
-Syc
ME174 M.P. Rao 22