Systems of Orchard Planting andPlanting Designs

Booklet No. 10Orchard Management: OMS - 1

Contents

PrefaceI. IntroductionII. Systems of PlantingIII.Laying out for Planting TreesIV.Calculation of Number of

TreesV.Exercise on the Estimation of Number of TreesVI.ConclusionVII.Appendix

Preface

Different designs can be followed for planting fruit trees in a given area. Such designsare explained in
this booklet in a simple and lucid style.Practically all the sections in this book require careful study.
However , the reader shouldtry to differentiate between the systems with care before he can lay out on
the field. Calculationof the number of saplings of the selected fruit trees is made further clear through
an exerciseand a ready recknoner.

Dr. K. T. Chandy, Agricultural & Environmental EducationI. Introduction

Layout of an orchard is very important. Layout means fixing the position of trees, roads,buildings, etc. in
an orchard being planned. There are various systems of layout in an orchard.Systems of layout refer to
the design of planting the trees. It is desirable to have the treesplanted in a systematic way because: (1)
orchard operations like intercultural and irrigation arecarried out easily; (2) it makes possible the
distribution of areas equally for each tree; (3) itresults in maximum utilization of an area according to
different kinds of trees; and (4) it makessupervision more easy and effective.

II. Systems of Planting

There are five systems of planting of fruit trees. In all these systems, trees are planted inrows. The
distance between row to row and plant to plant varies with the system, type of fruittrees and their
varieties. Tress with bigger canopy require greater distance between them andvice versa.

A. Square system

In square system the trees are planted in four corners of a square keeping the samedistance between
row to row and plant to plant in the same row. This is the simplest and easiestsystem of plantation.
(Appendix Fig.1).

Advantages

1.Irrigation channels and paths can be made straight.2.Operations like ploughing, harrowing, cultivation,
spraying and harvesting becomes easy.

3.Better supervision of the orchard is possible as one gets a view of the orchard from one end tothe
other.

Disadvantages

1.Comparatively less number of trees are accommodated in given area.2.Distance between plant to
plant and row to row remains the same and , hence, certain amountof space in the middle of four trees
is wasted.

B. Rectangular system

In rectangular system the trees are planted in the same way as in a square systemexcept that the
distance between row to row will be more than the distance between plant toplant in the same row.
Four adjacent trees in this system make a rectangular design. (AppendixFig.2).

Advantages

1.Intercultural operations can be carried out easily.2.Irrigation channel can be made length and breadth
wise3.Light can penetrate into the orchard through the large inter spaces between rows.4.Better
supervision is possible.5.Intercropping is possible.

Disadvantages

1.A large area of the orchard between rows is wasted if intercropping is not practised.2.Less number of
trees are planted.

C. Quincunx or Diagonal system

Basically, quincunx or diagonal system is the same as the square system except for theaddition of a tree
in the center of each square. In this system, the number of trees planted in thesame area is almost
double. But the distance between the trees is much reduced. For thisreason, trees with shorter life
space are chosen for the center. By the time the main trees growinto full size, the central trees will have
finished their life cycle. The central trees are known asfiller crop and the others as main crop. If the filler
crop hinders seriously the growth of maintrees, it should be removed Papaya, Guava, Lime, plum and
peaches are a few examples of filler crops in orchards with trees like mango jack and tamarind.
(Appendix Fig.3).

Advantages

1.Additonal income can be earned from the filler crop till the main crop comes into bearing.2.Copared to
square to square and rectangular systems, almost double the number of trees canbe planted
initially.3.maximum utilization of the land is possible.

Disadvantages

1.Skill is required to layout the orchard.2.Inter/filler crop can interfere with the growth of the main
crop.3.Intercultural operations become difficult.4.Spacing of the main crop0 is reduced if the filler crop
is allowed to continue after the growth of the main crop.

D. Hexagonal system

In the hexagonal system, the trees are planted at the corners of an equilateral triangle.Six such triangles
are joined together to form a hexagon. Six trees are positioned at the

conrners of this hexagon with a seventh in the center all arranged in the three rows. However the
distance between tree to tree in six directions from the central tree remains the same.(Appendix Fig.4).

Advantages

1.Compared to square system 15% more trees can be planted.2.It is an ideal system for the fertile and
well irrigated land.3.Plant to plant distance can be maintained the same.4.More income can be
obtained.

Disadvantages

1.Intercultural operations become difficult.2.Skill is required to layout the orchard.

E. Contour system

Contour is an imaginary line connecting all points of equal elevation across a slope. In ahilly area, a lot of
depressions, ridges, furrows and place surface are found. But when plating isdone a line is made by
connecting all the points of same elevation across the slope from a baseline. This spacing is maintained
on this row. However row to row distance will not be the samesince the degree of slope varies from spot
to spot. Points of equal elevation at a distance equalto plant to plant spacing are market with the help of
Dumpy level or other suitable instruments.In this system contour lines themselves become the rows and
are marked at the row torow distance. However it is not possible to maintain the row to row distance
strictly all long therows. Whenever distance between adjacent contour line is almost double another
contour isfitted in that space. (Appendix Fig. 5).

Advantages

1.this system can be adopted in hilly regions and in leveled land.2.Contour system can control the soil
erosion.3.It helps simultaneously in the conservation of water.4.Preservation of plant nutrients supplied
by manures and fertilizers possible.5.Contours from an easy path for movements on the hill slpes for
carrying out various orchardoperations such as weeding, manuering, pruning, harvesting, disease and
pest control.

Disadvantages

1.Laying out of contour lines is difficult and time consuming.2.Special skill is required to layout this
system.3.Special instruments are required for making contour lines.4.The row to row distance will not
be equal and adjustments may be required in the plant to platdistance.5.Rows are broken in to bits and
pieces.

III. Laying out for Planting Trees

Laying out an orchard in any one of the system requires certain tools and practical skills.

A. Tools

Following are the main tools required to lay out an orchard:1.rope or iron chain for identifying straight
line between two points.2.Measuring tape to measure the distance.

3.Ranging rod which is a straight bamboo with the end pointed so that it can be fixed in thefield.4.Right
angle shaft consisting of two wooden rods fixed at right angle 990 degrees).5.wooden pegs used for
fixing the points at which trees are to be planted andLime dust in order to mark the lines.Before
proceeding with the actual layout in the field the field should be properlyprepared. A sketch on a paper
will give much clarify about the design to be laid out.

B. Procedure for layout

In the layout procedures for different system, a few common steps can be identified.1.Measure the
land.2.Decide the types of trees to be plated, planting distance and the system of plating.3.Prepare a
plan on the paper marking all details,Preparing a plan on paper is tedious and time consuming but the
actual layout becomes easier. A base line (parallel to any side of the plot or a contour line) is market
always at thebeginning of the layout and it forms a row of trees. Subsequent rows are marked parallel to
thisbase line except in contour system. The position of the trees in each row is marked using thewooden
pegs leaving a space equal to half the plant to plant distance on either side (boundary).Otherwise, the
roots and canopy of the trees may spread beyond the boundary. Depending onthe length and width of
the land plant to plant and row to row distance, boundary space may bereasonably adjusted. While
preparing the blue print, all these factors are taken intoconsideration.

Lay out procedures for different systems

The following are the basic procedures for laying out various systems of orchid.

1. Square system

a)Establish a base line/row.b)Mark position of trees on this line using the wooden pegs leaving half of
plat to plant distance9actual or adjusted) on both sides of the base lines.c)Using right angle shaft,
extend lines perpendicular to the base line from every position of thetrees marked.d)Pegs are fixed on
these lines at plant to plant distanceThese are the basic procedures for laying out a square system. One
can introduce anumber of modifications in the procedure and in the tools to increase the efficiency.

2. Rectangular system

The procedure is the same as for the square system. The row to row distance is morethan the plant to
plant distance and the row to row distance forms the length of the rectangle.

3. quincunx or diagonal system

Follow the procedure for the layout of a square system. In addition to this mark with pegsthe centers of
each square for the filler plants by drawing the diagonals.

4. Hexagonal system

Establish a base line on one side of the field as in the square system. Mark the positionof trees on the
base line at he desired distance and fix the pegs. Make equilateral triangles onthe base line maintaining
the sides of the triangles equal to plant to plant distance. Mark the

tops al all the triangles with pegs and join them into a line to form the second line of trees.Similarly,
make equilateral triangles on the second line and cover the whole land.

5.Contour system

Contour system is a little more complicated than any other system of layout sinceplanting has to be
done on slopes. For the procedure mark contours at a distance equal to rowto row distance on each
contour lines. The contours may be of full length or less than full lengthdepending on variations in the
degree of slope.

IV. Calculation of Number of Trees

The layout on a paper (blue print) shows the distance between plant to plant, system of planting
adopted total number of rows, length and width wise distance left in the boundaries,number of plants in
rows and total number of plants in the orchard.The total number of plants required per hectare under
different systems of planting canbe calculated by using a simple formula. However one should keep the
following in mind.1.The formula will only help in determinging the total plants (approximately) required
for aparticular area.2. it will help the grower to determine the number of saplings he should order in
advance froman outside nursery or to raise them in ones own.The formula therefore used is a general
one as given below.Total area of landNumber of plants = ----------------------------Area required for one
treeTotal area of the plot is calculated according to the standard procedures applieddepending on the
shape of the land. If the plot is irregular shaped one should get the help of asurveyer. Area required for
one plant = Row to row distance x plant to plant distance. Applying this formula, one can estimate
approximately the number of saplings requiredfor plating under each system.Square system is the basis
of estimation. The number of plants for square system iscalculated first. Doubling this number one can
find out the number of plants required for quincunx system and the addition of 15% to the square can
give the estimation of plantsrequired for hexagonal system. For contour system, the same formula is
used. Based on thisestimate the grower can order saplings from the nursery. But if the plan is made on
the paper before ordering the seedlings, one can get the actual number of plants required after
markingthe position of plants in the field. To this number 15% more should be added to fill the gaps
atthe end of the first year and second year.

V. Exercise on the Estimation of Number of Trees

Estimation of the number of trees is further made clear through an example.

Example: Determine the number of mango trees that can be planted under various systems ona plot of
120x90 metres. Guava trees are the selected as filler trees in quincunx system. Theplant to plant
distance for mango is 12 metres.

1.Square system:

Area of the plot = 120 x 90 = 10800 sq m Area for one plant = 12 x 12 =144 sq mNumber of trees
required = 10800/12 x 12 = 75

2. Rectangular system:

In rectangular system the row to row distance is more than plant to plant to plantdistance. Let us fix it
here as 15 metres. Applying the formula.The number of plants required = 10800/15 x 12 =60

3.Quincunx system:

The number of main crop (Mango) = same number as in square system = 75 treesFiller crop number
(guava) = almost same as main crop in square system =75 trees

4.Hexagonal system:

For estimating number of trees under hexagonal system add 15% more to the number of trees
estimated under the square system.No of trees in square system = 75 treesNo of trees in the hexagonal
system = 75 x 15/100 + 75 = 86 trees

5.Contour system

Area of plot = 120 x 90 = 10800 Area required for one plant = 12 x 12 = 144 sq mNo of trees required =
12 x 90 /12 x 12 = 75 roughly

6.Alternative method:

If the plot has equal lengths and widths another method of calculating the number of trees can be
adopted. In this method, the number of rows are determined by dividing with byrow to row distance.
Similarly the number of plants in the same row is determined by dividinglength by the plant to plant
distance. The total number of trees can be obtained by multiplyingthe number of rows with the number
of trees in the row.Following the same method, number of trees are calculated for the same example
asfollows.Width of the plot = 90 mLength of the plot = 120 mRow to row distance = 12 mNo of rows =
90/12 = 7 rows
While dividing one gets 7 full rows and 6 metres as balance which is exactly half of therow to row to
distance. Under this circumstance either the spacing is reduced by 0.75 metre toget the row number
exactly 8 or increased by 0.85 metre to have 7 rows. Similarly the number of trees per row is also
calculated.No of trees in the same row = 120/12 =10Total number of trees = no of trees in a row x no of
rows= 7 x 10 or 8 x 10 = 70 or 80One can also leave the balance distance on one side of the plot and use
it for growingany other crop. Any method of estimation is not really accurate, because inside the plot
there may besome stony areas and space may be required for paths, channels, and buildings. Only
after marking the position of trees using a peg, one can determine the exact number of saplings.The
following is a ready reckoner giving the number of trees under the three systems9square, quincunx and
hexagonal) in an area of one hectare when the plant to plant distance issame. Table 1 gives the
approximate number of trees per heactare under various systems of plantations.Table 1 Approximate
number of trees per hectare under varioussystems of plantations.Sl
No.DistancemetreSquaresystemQuincux systemincluding
filler cropHexagonalsystem12.516003200184023.011112222127734.0625125071845.040080046056.02
7755531867.020440823478.015631217989.0123246141910.01002001151011.082164941112.0691387
9In the case of rectangular system the number of trees varies according to the row to rowdistance. The
approximate number of trees in contour system is almost the same as thenumber of trees in square
system when the row to row and plant to plant distance is equal,whereas if the row to row distance is
more than the plant to plant distance the number is equalto the rectangular system.

VI. Conclusion

Knowledge of various systems of orchard planting is very necessary for establishing anorchard
scientifically. It will be helpful to estimate the required plants in advance or to raise them

in his own nursery. Without this knowledge one cannot lay out on orchard and put the plot tomaximum
utilization.
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Systems of Orchard Planting andPlanting Designs

Booklet No. 10Orchard Management: OMS - 1

Contents

PrefaceI. IntroductionII. Systems of PlantingIII.Laying out for Planting TreesIV.Calculation of Number of

TreesV.Exercise on the Estimation of Number of TreesVI.ConclusionVII.Appendix

Preface

Different designs can be followed for planting fruit trees in a given area. Such designsare explained in
this booklet in a simple and lucid style.Practically all the sections in this book require careful study.
However , the reader shouldtry to differentiate between the systems with care before he can lay out on
the field. Calculationof the number of saplings of the selected fruit trees is made further clear through
an exerciseand a ready recknoner.

Dr. K. T. Chandy, Agricultural & Environmental EducationI. Introduction

Layout of an orchard is very important. Layout means fixing the position of trees, roads,buildings, etc. in
an orchard being planned. There are various systems of layout in an orchard.Systems of layout refer to
the design of planting the trees. It is desirable to have the treesplanted in a systematic way because: (1)
orchard operations like intercultural and irrigation arecarried out easily; (2) it makes possible the
distribution of areas equally for each tree; (3) itresults in maximum utilization of an area according to
different kinds of trees; and (4) it makessupervision more easy and effective.

II. Systems of Planting

There are five systems of planting of fruit trees. In all these systems, trees are planted inrows. The
distance between row to row and plant to plant varies with the system, type of fruittrees and their
varieties. Tress with bigger canopy require greater distance between them andvice versa.

A. Square system

In square system the trees are planted in four corners of a square keeping the samedistance between
row to row and plant to plant in the same row. This is the simplest and easiestsystem of plantation.
(Appendix Fig.1).
Advantages

1.Irrigation channels and paths can be made straight.2.Operations like ploughing, harrowing, cultivation,
spraying and harvesting becomes easy.

3.Better supervision of the orchard is possible as one gets a view of the orchard from one end tothe
other.

Disadvantages

1.Comparatively less number of trees are accommodated in given area.2.Distance between plant to
plant and row to row remains the same and , hence, certain amountof space in the middle of four trees
is wasted.

B. Rectangular system

In rectangular system the trees are planted in the same way as in a square systemexcept that the
distance between row to row will be more than the distance between plant toplant in the same row.
Four adjacent trees in this system make a rectangular design. (AppendixFig.2).

Advantages

1.Intercultural operations can be carried out easily.2.Irrigation channel can be made length and breadth
wise3.Light can penetrate into the orchard through the large inter spaces between rows.4.Better
supervision is possible.5.Intercropping is possible.

Disadvantages

1.A large area of the orchard between rows is wasted if intercropping is not practised.2.Less number of
trees are planted.

C. Quincunx or Diagonal system

Basically, quincunx or diagonal system is the same as the square system except for theaddition of a tree
in the center of each square. In this system, the number of trees planted in thesame area is almost
double. But the distance between the trees is much reduced. For thisreason, trees with shorter life
space are chosen for the center. By the time the main trees growinto full size, the central trees will have
finished their life cycle. The central trees are known asfiller crop and the others as main crop. If the filler
crop hinders seriously the growth of maintrees, it should be removed Papaya, Guava, Lime, plum and
peaches are a few examples of filler crops in orchards with trees like mango jack and tamarind.
(Appendix Fig.3).

Advantages

1.Additonal income can be earned from the filler crop till the main crop comes into bearing.2.Copared to
square to square and rectangular systems, almost double the number of trees canbe planted
initially.3.maximum utilization of the land is possible.

Disadvantages
1.Skill is required to layout the orchard.2.Inter/filler crop can interfere with the growth of the main
crop.3.Intercultural operations become difficult.4.Spacing of the main crop0 is reduced if the filler crop
is allowed to continue after the growth of the main crop.

D. Hexagonal system

In the hexagonal system, the trees are planted at the corners of an equilateral triangle.Six such triangles
are joined together to form a hexagon. Six trees are positioned at the

conrners of this hexagon with a seventh in the center all arranged in the three rows. However the
distance between tree to tree in six directions from the central tree remains the same.(Appendix Fig.4).

Advantages

1.Compared to square system 15% more trees can be planted.2.It is an ideal system for the fertile and
well irrigated land.3.Plant to plant distance can be maintained the same.4.More income can be
obtained.

Disadvantages

1.Intercultural operations become difficult.2.Skill is required to layout the orchard.

E. Contour system

Contour is an imaginary line connecting all points of equal elevation across a slope. In ahilly area, a lot of
depressions, ridges, furrows and place surface are found. But when plating isdone a line is made by
connecting all the points of same elevation across the slope from a baseline. This spacing is maintained
on this row. However row to row distance will not be the samesince the degree of slope varies from spot
to spot. Points of equal elevation at a distance equalto plant to plant spacing are market with the help of
Dumpy level or other suitable instruments.In this system contour lines themselves become the rows and
are marked at the row torow distance. However it is not possible to maintain the row to row distance
strictly all long therows. Whenever distance between adjacent contour line is almost double another
contour isfitted in that space. (Appendix Fig. 5).

Advantages

1.this system can be adopted in hilly regions and in leveled land.2.Contour system can control the soil
erosion.3.It helps simultaneously in the conservation of water.4.Preservation of plant nutrients supplied
by manures and fertilizers possible.5.Contours from an easy path for movements on the hill slpes for
carrying out various orchardoperations such as weeding, manuering, pruning, harvesting, disease and
pest control.

Disadvantages

1.Laying out of contour lines is difficult and time consuming.2.Special skill is required to layout this
system.3.Special instruments are required for making contour lines.4.The row to row distance will not
be equal and adjustments may be required in the plant to platdistance.5.Rows are broken in to bits and
pieces.
III. Laying out for Planting Trees

Laying out an orchard in any one of the system requires certain tools and practical skills.

A. Tools

Following are the main tools required to lay out an orchard:1.rope or iron chain for identifying straight
line between two points.2.Measuring tape to measure the distance.

3.Ranging rod which is a straight bamboo with the end pointed so that it can be fixed in thefield.4.Right
angle shaft consisting of two wooden rods fixed at right angle 990 degrees).5.wooden pegs used for
fixing the points at which trees are to be planted andLime dust in order to mark the lines.Before
proceeding with the actual layout in the field the field should be properlyprepared. A sketch on a paper
will give much clarify about the design to be laid out.

B. Procedure for layout

In the layout procedures for different system, a few common steps can be identified.1.Measure the
land.2.Decide the types of trees to be plated, planting distance and the system of plating.3.Prepare a
plan on the paper marking all details,Preparing a plan on paper is tedious and time consuming but the
actual layout becomes easier. A base line (parallel to any side of the plot or a contour line) is market
always at thebeginning of the layout and it forms a row of trees. Subsequent rows are marked parallel to
thisbase line except in contour system. The position of the trees in each row is marked using thewooden
pegs leaving a space equal to half the plant to plant distance on either side (boundary).Otherwise, the
roots and canopy of the trees may spread beyond the boundary. Depending onthe length and width of
the land plant to plant and row to row distance, boundary space may bereasonably adjusted. While
preparing the blue print, all these factors are taken intoconsideration.

Lay out procedures for different systems

The following are the basic procedures for laying out various systems of orchid.

1. Square system

a)Establish a base line/row.b)Mark position of trees on this line using the wooden pegs leaving half of
plat to plant distance9actual or adjusted) on both sides of the base lines.c)Using right angle shaft,
extend lines perpendicular to the base line from every position of thetrees marked.d)Pegs are fixed on
these lines at plant to plant distanceThese are the basic procedures for laying out a square system. One
can introduce anumber of modifications in the procedure and in the tools to increase the efficiency.

2. Rectangular system

The procedure is the same as for the square system. The row to row distance is morethan the plant to
plant distance and the row to row distance forms the length of the rectangle.

3. quincunx or diagonal system

Follow the procedure for the layout of a square system. In addition to this mark with pegsthe centers of
each square for the filler plants by drawing the diagonals.
4. Hexagonal system

Establish a base line on one side of the field as in the square system. Mark the positionof trees on the
base line at he desired distance and fix the pegs. Make equilateral triangles onthe base line maintaining
the sides of the triangles equal to plant to plant distance. Mark the

tops al all the triangles with pegs and join them into a line to form the second line of trees.Similarly,
make equilateral triangles on the second line and cover the whole land.

5.Contour system

Contour system is a little more complicated than any other system of layout sinceplanting has to be
done on slopes. For the procedure mark contours at a distance equal to rowto row distance on each
contour lines. The contours may be of full length or less than full lengthdepending on variations in the
degree of slope.

IV. Calculation of Number of Trees

The layout on a paper (blue print) shows the distance between plant to plant, system of planting
adopted total number of rows, length and width wise distance left in the boundaries,number of plants in
rows and total number of plants in the orchard.The total number of plants required per hectare under
different systems of planting canbe calculated by using a simple formula. However one should keep the
following in mind.1.The formula will only help in determinging the total plants (approximately) required
for aparticular area.2. it will help the grower to determine the number of saplings he should order in
advance froman outside nursery or to raise them in ones own.The formula therefore used is a general
one as given below.Total area of landNumber of plants = ----------------------------Area required for one
treeTotal area of the plot is calculated according to the standard procedures applieddepending on the
shape of the land. If the plot is irregular shaped one should get the help of asurveyer. Area required for
one plant = Row to row distance x plant to plant distance. Applying this formula, one can estimate
approximately the number of saplings requiredfor plating under each system.Square system is the basis
of estimation. The number of plants for square system iscalculated first. Doubling this number one can
find out the number of plants required for quincunx system and the addition of 15% to the square can
give the estimation of plantsrequired for hexagonal system. For contour system, the same formula is
used. Based on thisestimate the grower can order saplings from the nursery. But if the plan is made on
the paper before ordering the seedlings, one can get the actual number of plants required after
markingthe position of plants in the field. To this number 15% more should be added to fill the gaps
atthe end of the first year and second year.

V. Exercise on the Estimation of Number of Trees

Estimation of the number of trees is further made clear through an example.

Example: Determine the number of mango trees that can be planted under various systems ona plot of
120x90 metres. Guava trees are the selected as filler trees in quincunx system. Theplant to plant
distance for mango is 12 metres.
1.Square system:

Area of the plot = 120 x 90 = 10800 sq m Area for one plant = 12 x 12 =144 sq mNumber of trees
required = 10800/12 x 12 = 75

2. Rectangular system:

In rectangular system the row to row distance is more than plant to plant to plantdistance. Let us fix it
here as 15 metres. Applying the formula.The number of plants required = 10800/15 x 12 =60

3.Quincunx system:

The number of main crop (Mango) = same number as in square system = 75 treesFiller crop number
(guava) = almost same as main crop in square system =75 trees

4.Hexagonal system:

For estimating number of trees under hexagonal system add 15% more to the number of trees
estimated under the square system.No of trees in square system = 75 treesNo of trees in the hexagonal
system = 75 x 15/100 + 75 = 86 trees

5.Contour system

Area of plot = 120 x 90 = 10800 Area required for one plant = 12 x 12 = 144 sq mNo of trees required =
12 x 90 /12 x 12 = 75 roughly

6.Alternative method:

If the plot has equal lengths and widths another method of calculating the number of trees can be
adopted. In this method, the number of rows are determined by dividing with byrow to row distance.
Similarly the number of plants in the same row is determined by dividinglength by the plant to plant
distance. The total number of trees can be obtained by multiplyingthe number of rows with the number
of trees in the row.Following the same method, number of trees are calculated for the same example
asfollows.Width of the plot = 90 mLength of the plot = 120 mRow to row distance = 12 mNo of rows =
90/12 = 7 rows

While dividing one gets 7 full rows and 6 metres as balance which is exactly half of therow to row to
distance. Under this circumstance either the spacing is reduced by 0.75 metre toget the row number
exactly 8 or increased by 0.85 metre to have 7 rows. Similarly the number of trees per row is also
calculated.No of trees in the same row = 120/12 =10Total number of trees = no of trees in a row x no of
rows= 7 x 10 or 8 x 10 = 70 or 80One can also leave the balance distance on one side of the plot and use
it for growingany other crop. Any method of estimation is not really accurate, because inside the plot
there may besome stony areas and space may be required for paths, channels, and buildings. Only
after marking the position of trees using a peg, one can determine the exact number of saplings.The
following is a ready reckoner giving the number of trees under the three systems9square, quincunx and
hexagonal) in an area of one hectare when the plant to plant distance issame. Table 1 gives the
approximate number of trees per heactare under various systems of plantations.Table 1 Approximate
number of trees per hectare under varioussystems of plantations.Sl
No.DistancemetreSquaresystemQuincux systemincluding
filler cropHexagonalsystem12.516003200184023.011112222127734.0625125071845.040080046056.02
7755531867.020440823478.015631217989.0123246141910.01002001151011.082164941112.0691387
9In the case of rectangular system the number of trees varies according to the row to rowdistance. The
approximate number of trees in contour system is almost the same as thenumber of trees in square
system when the row to row and plant to plant distance is equal,whereas if the row to row distance is
more than the plant to plant distance the number is equalto the rectangular system.

VI. Conclusion

Knowledge of various systems of orchard planting is very necessary for establishing anorchard
scientifically. It will be helpful to estimate the required plants in advance or to raise them

in his own nursery. Without this knowledge one cannot lay out on orchard and put the plot tomaximum
utilization.
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