Astrological sign

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In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30 sectors of the ecliptic, starting at the vernal equinox (one of
the intersections of the ecliptic with the celestial equator), also known as the First Point of Aries. The order of the
astrological signs is Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and
Pisces.

The concept of the zodiac originated in Babylonian astrology, and was later influenced by Hellenistic culture. According
to astrology, celestial phenomena relate to human activity on the principle of "as above, so below", so that the signs are
held to represent characteristic modes of expression.[1]

The twelve sector division of the ecliptic constitutes astrology's primary frame of reference when considering the
positions of celestial bodies, from a geocentric point of view, so that we may find, for instance, the Sun in 23 Aries (23
longitude), the Moon in 7 Scorpio (217 longitude), or Jupiter in 29 Pisces (359 longitude). Beyond the celestial
bodies, other astrological points that are dependent on geographical location and time (namely, the Ascendant, the
Midheaven, the Vertex and the houses' cusps) are also referenced within this ecliptic coordinate system.

Various approaches to measuring and dividing the sky are currently used by differing systems of astrology, although the
tradition of the Zodiac's names and symbols remain consistent. Western astrology measures from Equinox and Solstice
points (points relating to equal, longest and shortest days of the tropical year), while Jyotia or Vedic astrology measures
along the equatorial plane (sidereal year). Precession results in Western astrology's zodiacal divisions not corresponding
in the current era to the constellations that carry similar names,[2] while Jyotia measurements still correspond with the
background constellations.[3]

In Western and Indian astrology, the emphasis is on space, and the movement of the Sun, Moon and planets in the sky
through each of the zodiac signs. In Chinese astrology, by contrast, the emphasis is on time, with the zodiac operating on
cycles of years, months, and hours of the day.

A common feature of all three traditions however, is the significance of the Ascendant the zodiac sign that is rising
(due to the rotation of the earth) on the eastern horizon at the moment of a person's birth.

Contents
1 Western zodiac signs
1.1 Zodiac history and symbolism
1.2 Polarity and the four elements
1.3 The three modalities
1.4 Planetary rulerships
1.5 Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall
1.6 Additional classifications
2 Indian astrology
2.1 Nakshatras
3 Chinese zodiac signs
3.1 Zodiac symbolism
3.2 The twelve signs
 3.3 The five elements
4 Notes
5 References

Western zodiac signs

Zodiac history and symbolism

While Western astrology is essentially a product of Greco-Roman culture,

some of its more basic concepts originated in Babylonia. Isolated references
to celestial "signs" in Sumerian sources are insufficient to speak of a
Sumerian zodiac.[4] Specifically, the division of the ecliptic in twelve equal
sectors is a Babylonian conceptual construction.[5]

By the 4th century BC, Babylonian astronomy and its system of celestial
omens had an influence on the culture of ancient Greece, as did the astrology
of ancient Egypt by late 2nd century BC. This resulted, unlike the
Mesopotamian tradition, in a strong focus on the birth chart of the individual
and in the creation of horoscopic astrology, employing the use of the
Ascendant (the rising degree of the ecliptic, at the time of birth), and of the
twelve houses. Association of the astrological signs with Empedocles' four
classical elements was another important development in the characterization
of the twelve signs.
The twelve ecliptic signs. Each dot marks the
The body of astrological knowledge by the 2nd century AD is described in start of a sign and they are separated by 30.
Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos, a work that was responsible for astrology's successful The intersection of the celestial equator and
spread across Europe and the Middle East, and remained a reference for the ecliptic define the equinoctial points: First
Point of Aries ( ) and First Point of Libra (
almost seventeen centuries as later traditions made few substantial changes
). The great circle containing the celestial
to its core teachings.
poles and the ecliptic poles (P and P'), intersect
the ecliptic at 0 Cancer ( ) and 0 Capricorn
The following table enumerates the twelve divisions of celestial longitude,
( ). In this illustration, the Sun is
with the Latin names (still widely used) and the English translation (gloss).
schematically positioned at the start of
The longitude intervals, being a mathematical division, are closed for the
Aquarius ( ).
first endpoint (a) and open for the second (b) for instance, 30 of
longitude is the first point of Taurus, not part of Aries. Association of
calendar dates with astrological signs only makes sense when referring to
Sun sign astrology.

Sign Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces

Celestial
longitude 120 180 330
0 to 30 to 60 to 90 to 150 to 210 to 240 to 270 to 300 to
to to to
(a < 30 60 90 120 180 240 270 300 330
150 210 360
b)

Symbol

The The
The The The The The The The The The
Gloss The Archer Mountain Water-
Ram Bull Twins Crab Lion Maiden Scales Scorpion Fish
Sea-goat bearer

Polarity and the four elements

Empedocles, a fifth-century BC Greek philosopher, identified Fire, Earth, Air, and Water as elements. He explained the
nature of the universe as an interaction of two opposing principles called love and strife manipulating the four elements,
and stated that these four elements were all equal, of the same age, that each rules its own province, and each possesses
its own individual character. Different mixtures of these elements produced the
different natures of things. Empedocles said that those who were born with near
equal proportions of the four elements are more intelligent and have the most
exact perceptions.[6]

Each sign is associated with one of the classical elements,[7] and these can also be
grouped according to polarity: Fire and Air signs are considered positive or
extrovert, masculine signs; while Water and Earth signs are considered negative
or introvert, feminine signs. The four astrological elements are also considered as
a direct equivalent to Hippocrates' personality types (sanguine = air; choleric =
fire; melancholic = earth; phlegmatic = water). A modern approach looks at
elements as "the energy substance of experience"[8] and the next table tries to
summarize their description through keywords.[9][10] A simple diagram displaying the planets'
sign positions on May 16th, 2012. The
Polarity Element Symbol[11] Keywords Signs signs are colored according to the
associated element. Each planet is
Positive Enthusiasm; drive to express Aries; Leo;
Fire represented by a glyph next to its
(Male) self; faith Sagittarius
longitude within the sign. Additional
(self- Communication; socialization; Gemini; Libra;
Air symbols may be added to represent
expressive) conceptualization Aquarius apparent retrograde motion( ), or
Practicality; caution; material Taurus; Virgo; apparent stationary moment (shift from
Negative Earth
world Capricorn retrograde to direct, or vice versa: S).
(Female)
(self- Cancer;
containing) Water Emotion; empathy; sensitivity
Scorpio; Pisces

Classification according to element has gained such importance, that some astrologers start their interpretation of a natal
chart, by studying the balance of elements shown by the position of planets and angles[12] (especially the Sun, the Moon
and the Ascendant).

The three modalities

Each of the four elements manifests in three modalities: Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable.[13] As each modality comprehends
four signs, these are also known as Quadruplicities.[7] They are occasionally referred to as crosses because each modality
forms a cross when drawn across the zodiac. Christian astrology relates the three qualities to the three aspects of God in
the trinity.

Modality Symbol[14] Keywords[15][16] Signs

Cardinal Action; dynamic; initiative; great force Aries; Cancer; Libra; Capricorn

Fixed Resistance to change; great willpower; inflexible Taurus; Leo; Scorpio; Aquarius

Mutable Adaptability; flexible; resourceful Gemini; Virgo; Sagittarius; Pisces

The combination of element and modality provides a basic sign characterization. For instance, Capricorn is a cardinal
earth sign, meaning that it is associated with action (cardinal modality) in the material world (earth element). That can
translate into ambition or practical application to the concrete, everyday necessities of life.[17] The next table displays the
twelve combinations of elements and modalities.

Fire Earth Air Water

Cardinal Aries Capricorn Libra Cancer

Fixed Leo Taurus Aquarius Scorpio

Mutable Sagittarius Virgo Gemini Pisces

Planetary rulerships

Rulership is the connection between planet and correlated sign and house.[18] In
Rulership is the connection between planet and correlated sign and house.[18] In
traditional Western astrology, each sign is ruled by one and only one of the seven
visible planets (note that in astrology, the Sun and Moon are termed The Lights,
while the other bodies are called planets, which literally means wanderers, i.e.
wandering stars as opposed to the fixed stars). The traditional rulerships are as
follows: Aries (Mars), Taurus (Venus), Gemini (Mercury), Cancer (Moon), Leo
(Sun), Virgo (Mercury), Libra (Venus), Scorpio (Mars), Sagittarius (Jupiter),
Capricorn (Saturn), Aquarius (Saturn), and Pisces (Jupiter).[19][20]

Psychologically-oriented astrologers often believe that Uranus is the ruler or co-

ruler of Aquarius instead of Saturn; Neptune is the ruler or co-ruler of Pisces
instead of Jupiter, and that Pluto is the ruler or co-ruler of Scorpio instead of
Mars. Some astrologers[21] believe that the planetoid Chiron may be the ruler of
Virgo, while other group of modern astrologers claim that Ceres is the ruler of
Taurus instead. Other astrologers, still, use the former planets Pallas, Vesta, Juno
and Hygiea in their delineations and rulerships, for example Vesta to Taurus and Representation of the western
Pallas to Virgo. astrological signs in a 1716Acta
Eruditorum table illustration
Debate continues between those who consider the newly discovered planets as
rulers or co-rulers of certain signs and those that do not. Some astrologers do not
even use the astrological signs at all (mostly Cosmobiologists and Uranian
Astrologers/Hamburg School). Therefore, they do not take into account planetary rulerships and the essential dignities
when interpreting an astrological chart.

Note that, if one starts from Leo and Cancer, the traditional planetary rulers are arrayed outward in the same order from
the sun as they occur in the natural solar system. The Lights ruling Leo and Cancer, Mercury ruling Virgo and Gemini,
Venus ruling Libra and Taurus, Mars ruling Scorpio and Aries, Jupiter ruling Sagittarius and Pisces, Saturn ruling
Capricorn and Aquarius. The result is a symmetry of traditional rulerships across the 0 Leo/Aquarius axis. Note that
modern rulerships, which attribute Pluto as ruler of Scorpio, break this symmetry.

The following table shows both, traditional[19] and modern,[22] rulerships.

Ruling Ruling
Unicode celestial body celestial body
Symbol Sign names
Char
Modern Classical

Aries Mars Pluto

Taurus Venus Venus, a Earth special ruler

Gemini Mercury Mercury

Cancer Moon Moon

Leo Sun Sun

Virgo Mercury

Libra Venus Venus

Scorpio Pluto Mars

Sagittarius Jupiter Jupiter

Capricorn Saturn Saturn

Aquarius Uranus Saturn

Pisces Neptune Jupiter

Signs can also be listed by opposite, resulting in six couples who are:
 Aries is opposite to Libra
Taurus is opposite to Scorpio
Gemini is opposite to Sagittarius
Cancer is opposite to Capricorn
Leo is opposite to Aquarius
Virgo is opposite to Pisces

To note that Fire and Air (light elements) signs are opposited between them, like happens for Earth and Water ones
(heavy elements).[23] Spring signs are opposite to autumn ones, and winter signs are related to summer
ones.[24][25][26][27]

Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall

A traditional belief of astrology, known as essential dignity, is the idea that the Sun, Moon and planets are more powerful
and effective in some signs than others, because the basic nature of both is held to be in harmony. By contrast, they are
held to find some signs to be weak or difficult to operate in because their natures are thought to be in conflict. The most
important of these categories are Dignity, Detriment, Exaltation and Fall.

Dignity and Detriment : A planet is strengthened or dignified if it falls within the sign that it rules. In other words,
it is said to exercise Rulership of the sign. For example, the Moon in Cancer is considered "strong" (well-
dignified). Seventeenth century astrologer William Lilly compared rulership to a king on his throne, with
considerable dignity. If a planet is in the sign opposite that which it rules (or is dignified), it is said to be weakened
or in Detriment (for example, the Moon in Capricorn).[28]

In traditional astrology, other levels of Dignity are recognised in addition to Rulership. These are known as Exaltation
(see below), Triplicity, Terms or bounds, and Face or Decan, which together are known as describing a planet's Essential
dignity, the quality or ability to give of one's true nature. Contemporary traditional astrologers like John Frawley or J Lee
Lehman explain further on the concept of Essential Dignity.[28]

Exaltation and Fall : In addition, a planet is also strengthened when it is in its sign of Exaltation. In traditional
horary astrology, Exaltation denotes a level of dignity somewhat exaggerated compared to rulership. Exaltation
was considered to give the planet (or what it signified in a horary chart) dignity, with the metaphor of an honoured
guest who is the centre of attention but the extent of their ability to act is limited. Examples of planets in their
Exaltation are: Saturn (Libra), Sun (Aries), Venus (Pisces), Moon (Taurus), Mercury (Virgo, although some
disagree to this classification), Mars (Capricorn), Jupiter (Cancer). A planet in the opposite sign of its Exaltation is
said to be in its Fall, and thus weakened, perhaps seemingly more so than Detriment. The Planet in fall is passively
rejected or ignored by the sign that it's in. It can be likened to a mayor of a rival city trying to make suggestions to
the hosting mayor for how he should run his city: The host mayor finds it difficult to trust him and cannot see how
his input could have relevancy to his city. The people of the city feel the same as their ruler. The result is impasse
and failure on behalf of both mayors and the city.[28] There is no agreement as to the signs in which the three extra-
Saturnian planets may be considered to be exalted.[29]

The following table summarizes the positions described above:

Planet (Symbol) Dignity Detriment Exaltation Fall

Sun ( ) Leo Aquarius Aries Libra

Moon ( ) Cancer Capricorn Taurus Scorpio

Mercury ( ) Gemini and Virgo Sagittarius and Pisces Aquarius Leo

Venus ( ) Libra and Taurus Aries and Scorpio Pisces Virgo

Mars ( ) Aries and Scorpio Libra and Taurus Capricorn Cancer

Jupiter ( ) Sagittarius and Pisces Gemini and Virgo Cancer Capricorn

Saturn ( ) Capricorn and Aquarius Cancer and Leo Libra Aries

In addition to essential dignity, the traditional astrologer considers Accidental dignity of planets. This is placement by
house in the chart under examination. Accidental dignity is the planet's "ability to act." So we might have, for example,
Moon in Cancer, dignified by rulership, is placed in the 12th house it would have little scope to express its good
nature.[30] The 12th is a cadent house as are the 3rd, 6th and 9th and planets in these houses are considered weak or
afflicted. On the other hand, Moon in the 1st, 4th, 7th or 10th would be more able to act as these are Angular houses.
Planets in Succedent houses of the chart (2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th) are generally considered to be of medium ability to act.
Besides Accidental Dignity, there are a range of Accidental Debilities, such as retrogradation, Under the Sun's Beams,
Combust, and so forth.

Additional classifications

Each sign can be divided into three 10 sectors known as decans or decanates, though these have fallen into disuse. The
first decanate is said to be most emphatically of its own nature and is ruled by the sign ruler.[31] The next decanate is sub-
ruled by the planet ruling the next sign in the same triplicity. The last decanate is sub-ruled by the next in order in the
same triplicity.[32]

While the element and modality of a sign are together sufficient to define it, they can be grouped to indicate their
symbolism. The first four signs, Aries, Taurus, Gemini and Cancer, form the group of personal signs. The next four signs,
Leo, Virgo, Libra and Scorpio form the group of interpersonal signs. The last four signs of the zodiac, Sagittarius,
Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces, form the group of transpersonal signs.[33]

Dane Rudhyar presented the tropical zodiac primary factors,[34] used in the curriculum of the RASA School of Astrology.
The tropical zodiac is the zodiac of seasonal factors as opposed to the sidereal zodiac (constellation factors). The primary
seasonal factors are based on the changing ratio of sunlight and darkness across the year. The first factor is whether the
chosen time falls in the half of the year when daylight is increasing, or the half of the year when darkness is increasing.
The second factor is whether the chosen time falls in the half of the year when there is more daylight than darkness, or
the half when there is more darkness than daylight. The third factor is which of the four seasons the chosen time falls in,
defined by the first two factors. Thus[35][36]

the 'winter' season is when daylight is increasing and there is more darkness than daylight.[35]
the 'spring' season is when daylight is increasing and there is more daylight than darkness.[35]
the 'summer' season is when darkness is increasing and there is more daylight than darkness.[35]
the 'autumn' season is when darkness is increasing and there is more darkness than daylight.[35]

Indian astrology
In Indian astrology, there are four elements: fire, earth, air, and water. The master of fire is Mars, while Mercury is of
earth, Saturn of air, and Venus of water.

Jyotish astrology recognises twelve zodiac signs (Ri),[37] that correspond to those in Western astrology. The relation of
the signs to the elements is the same in the two systems.

Nakshatras

A nakshatra (Devanagari: , Sanskrit nakshatra, from naksha- 'approach', and tra- 'guard') or lunar mansion is one
of the 27 divisions of the sky, identified by the prominent star(s) in them, as used in Hindu astronomy and astrology
(Jyotisha).[38]

Chinese zodiac signs

Unlike the Western or Indian zodiacs, the Chinese zodiac signs are not derived from constellations, and are not assigned
to sections of the ecliptic. Instead, Chinese astrological signs operate on cycles of years, lunar months, and two-hour
periods of the day (also known as shichen). A particular feature of the Chinese zodiac is its operation in a 60-year cycle
in combination with the Five Phases of Chinese astrology (Wood, Fire, Metal, Water and Earth).[39] Nevertheless, some
researches say that there is an obvious relationship between the Chinese 12-year cycle and zodiac constellations: each
year of the cycle corresponds to a certain disposal of Jupiter. For example, in the year of Snake Jupiter is in the Sign of
Gemini, in the year of Horse Jupiter is in the Sign of Cancer and so on. So the Chinese 12-year calendar is a solar-lunar-
jovian calendar.

Zodiac symbolism

The following table shows the twelve signs and their attributes.
 Sign Yin/Yang Direction Season Fixed Element Trine

Rat Yang North Mid-Winter Water 1st

Ox Yin North Late Winter Earth 2nd

Tiger Yang East Early Spring Wood 3rd

Rabbit Yin East Mid-Spring Wood 4th

Dragon Yang East Late Spring Earth 1st

Snake Yin South Early Summer Fire 2nd

Horse Yang South Mid-Summer Fire 3rd

Goat Yin South Late Summer Earth 4th

Monkey Yang West Early Autumn Metal 1st

Rooster Yin West Mid-Autumn Metal 2nd

Dog Yang West Late Autumn Earth 3rd

Pig Yin North Early Winter Water 4th

The twelve signs

In Chinese astrology the zodiac of twelve animal sign represents twelve

different types of personality. The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of
the Rat, and there are many stories about the Origins of the Chinese Zodiac
which explain why this is so. When the twelve zodiac signs are part of the
60-year calendar in combination with the four elements, they are
traditionally called the twelve Earthly Branches. The Chinese Zodiac follows
the lunisolar Chinese calendar[40] and thus the "changeover" days in a month
(when one sign changes to another sign) vary each year. The following are
the twelve zodiac signs in order.[41]

1. Rat (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water): Rat years include
1900, 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008, 2020,
2032. The Rat also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The
hours of the Rat are 11pm 1am.
2. Ox (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth:[42] Ox years include Chart showing the 24 cardinal directions and
1901, 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009, 2021, the symbols of the sign associated with them.
2033. The Ox also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The
hours of the Ox are 1am 3am.
3. Tiger (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood): Tiger years include 1902, 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974,
1986, 1998, 2010, 2022, 2034. The Tiger also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Tiger
are 3am 5am.
4. Rabbit (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood): Rabbit Years include 1903, 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975,
1987, 1999, 2011, 2023, 2035. The Rabbit also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the
Rabbit are 5am 7am.
5. Dragon (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth[42]): Dragon years include 1904, 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964,
1976, 1988, 2000, 2012, 2024, 2036. The Dragon also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of
the Dragon are 7am 9am.
6. Snake (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire): Snake years include 1905, 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977,
1989, 2001, 2013, 2025, 2037. The Snake also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the
Snake are 9am 11am.
7. Horse (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire): Horse years include 1906, 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978,
1990, 2002, 2014, 2026, 2038. The Horse also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the
Horse are 11am 1pm.
8. Goat (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth[42]): Goat years include 1907, 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979,
1991, 2003, 2015, 2027, 2039. The Goat also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Goat
are 1pm 3pm.
9. Monkey (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal): Monkey years include 1908, 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968,
1980, 1992, 2004, 2016, 2028, 2040. The Monkey also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of
 the Monkey are 3pm 5pm.
10. Rooster (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal): Rooster years include 1909, 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969,
1981, 1993, 2005, 2017, 2029, 2041. The Rooster also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of
the Rooster are 5pm 7pm.
11. Dog (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth[42]): Dog years include 1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982,
1994, 2006, 2018, 2030, 2042. The Dog also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Dog
are 7pm 9pm.
12. Pig (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water): Pig years include 1911, 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995,
2007, 2019, 2031, 2043. The Pig also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Pig are 9pm
11pm.

The five elements

Wood: The wood person has high morals, is self-confident, expansive and co-operative, with wide and varied
interests and idealistic goals. The direction associated with Wood is East, and the season is spring, which makes it
the fixed element for the animal signs Tiger and Rabbit.[42]
Fire: The fire person has leadership qualities, dynamic passion, and is decisive, self-confident, positive and
assertive. The direction associated with Fire is South, and the season is summer, which makes it the fixed element
for the animal signs Snake and Horse.[42]
Earth: The earth person is serious, logical and methodical, intelligent, objective and good at planning. The
direction associated with Earth is Center. The season for Earth is the changeover point of the four seasons. It is the
fixed element for the animal signs Ox, Dragon, Goat and Dog.[42]
Metal: The metal person is sincere, has fixed values and opinions, is strong of will, and has eloquence of speech.
The direction associated with Metal is West. The season for Metal is Autumn. It is the fixed element for the animal
signs Monkey and Rooster.[42]
Water: The water person is persuasive, intuitive, and empathetic. The water person is objective and often sought
out for their counsel. The direction associated with water is North. The season for Water is Winter. It is the fixed
element for the animal signs Rat and Pig.[42]

The five elements operate together with the twelve animal signs in a 60-year calendar. The five elements appear in the
calendar in both their yin and yang forms and are known as the ten heavenly stems. When trying to calculate the relevant
year of the cycle in relation to the Western calendar, an easy rule to follow is that years that end in an even number are
Yang (representing masculine, active and light), those that end with an odd number are Yin (representing feminine,
passive and darkness).[42]

Notes
1. Mayo (1979), p. 35.
2. Bobrick (2005), p. 10, 23.
3. Johnsen (2004).
4. Rochberg (1998), p. ix.
5. Sachs (1948), p. 289.
6. Astrology and The Four Elements by Charlie Higgins 1997. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/2010
0103102752/http://accessnewage.com/articles/astro/HIGELEMS.HTM). Archived from the original (http://accessn
ewage.com/Articles/astro/HIGELEMS.HTM) on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
7. Robert Pelletier & Leonard Cataldo Ibid p 43-44, 1984; Maritha Pottenger, Ibid, pp 38393, 1991
8. Arroyo (1989), p. 27.
9. Arroyo (1989), pp. 30-34
10. Hone (1978), p. 42
11. Glyphs from the alchemical symbology.
12. Arroyo (1975). pp.131-140.
13. Arroyo (1989), p. 29.
14. As used in Sepharial's "The Manual of Astrology"-Brazilian edition (1988) by Editora Nova Fronteira S/A, Rio de
Janeiro
15. Hone (1978), p. 40
16. Arroyo (1989), p. 30
17. Hone (1978), p. 75
18. Hone (1978), p. 22
 19. "Rulerships." Carol Wills 2007. astrologynow.com 25 Nov.2007. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
070127194954/http://www.astrologynow.com/carolwillis/Rulerships.txt). Archived from the original (http://www.a
strologynow.com/carolwillis/Rulerships.txt) on 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
20. Shamos, Geoffery (2013). "Astrology as a Social Framework: The 'Children of Planets', 1400-1600". Journal for
the Study of Religion, Nature & Culture. 7 (4): 434460.
21. "Chiron as True Ruler of Virgo?" Last accessed July 18th, 2014.
http://www.planetwaves.net/cainer/archive/003530.php
22. Hone (1978), p. 21.
23. "Opposition" (http://www.dichesegnosei.it/opposizione). dichesegnosei.it (in Italian).
24. "The element of Air" (http://www.dichesegnosei.it/elementi/2994-aria). dichesegnosei.it (in Italian).
25. "The element of Fire" (http://www.dichesegnosei.it/elementi/2992-fuoco). dichesegnosei.it (in Italian).
26. "The element of Water" (http://www.dichesegnosei.it/elementi/2993-acqua). dichesegnosei.it (in Italian).
27. "The element of Earth" (http://www.dichesegnosei.it/elementi/2995-terra). dichesegnosei.it (in Italian).
28. Glossary of Astrological Terms. Logos, Asaa 19982004. 26 Nov 2007. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20080122142135/http://logosastrology.dk/glossary.htm). Archived from the original (http://logosastrology.d
k/glossary.htm) on 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
29. Hone (1978), p. 144
30. Accidental Dignity. Astrological Dictionary 19982007. gotohoroscope.com. 26 Nov 2007.
http://www.gotohoroscope.com/dictionary/astrological/5.html
31. Hone (1978), p.87
32. Hone (1978), p.88
33. "An Introduction to Astrology." Spiritsingles.com 25 Nov.2007. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
71209083130/http://www.spiritsingles.com/Astrology/aboutAstrology.cfm). Archived from the original (http://ww
w.spiritsingles.com/Astrology/aboutAstrology.cfm) on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
34. Rudhyar (1943)
35. "The Signs and the Houses", by Robin Armstrong, RASA School of Astrology 2009
http://www.rasa.ws/index.php/rasa-library-articles-signs-and-houses-
36. "I Ching: The Sequence of Change", by Robin Armstrong, RA Publications 2009
http://thewakingdream.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1392&Itemid=1551
37. Sutton (1999) pp. 7492.
38. Sutton (1999), p.168.
39. " "Almanac" "lunar" zodiac beginning of spring as the boundary dislocation? China Network" (http://big5.china.
com.cn/culture/txt/2009-02/16/content_17286701.htm). 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
40. Novak, Sarah. "The Chinese Zodiac". Faces. 34: 42.
41. Theodora Lau, Ibid, pp 28, 305, 604, 8894, 11824, 14853, 17884, 20813, 23844, 27078, 30612, 338
44, 2005
42. Chinese Astrology: Exploring the Eastern Zodiac by Shelly Wu

References
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Arroyo, Stephen (1989). Chart Interpretation Handbook. California: CCRS Publications. ISBN 0-916360-49-0
Bobrick, Benson (2005). The Fated Sky: Astrology in History. Simon&Schuster. 369 pp.
Caiozzo, Anna (2003). Images of the Sky. Paris-Sorbonne. Signs and Constellations.
Eric Francis (2016). Why Your Zodiac Sign is Not Wrong. [1]
Hone, Margaret (1978). The Modern Text-Book of Astrology. Revised edition. England: L. N. Fowler & Co. Ltd.
ISBN 085243-357-3
Johnsen, Linda (2004 March). A Thousand Suns: Designing Your Future with Vedic Astrology. Yes International
Publishers.
Mayo, Jeff (1979). Teach Yourself Astrology. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Rochberg, Francesca (1998), "Babylonian Horoscopes", American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 88, No.
1, pp i-164
Rudhyar, Dane (1943). Astrological Signs The Pulse of Life.
http://www.khaldea.com/rudhyar/pofl/pofl_p1p1.shtml
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Sutton, Komilla (1999). "The Essentials of Vedic Astrology". England: The Wessex Astrologer Ltd.

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