Measurement measure lay-out too long Effect of Curvature & Refraction

too long add subtract e Azimuth

Corrections too short subtract add
CD = MD (1 + )
TL hcr = 0.067K 2 from South
Due to temperature: too short
e D2
(add/subtract); measured length Probable Errors h = h2 + (h h2 ) 0.067D1 D2
CD = MD (1 ) D1 + D2 1
C = L(T2 T1 ) TL Reduction to
Probable Error (single):
Sea Level
Due to pull: Stadia Measurement Leveling
(add/subtract); measured length (x x) CD MD
E = 0.6745 Horizontal: =
(P2 P1 )L n1 Elev = Elev + R R+h
C=
EA D = d + (f + c) Inclined Upward:
Probable Error (mean):
Due to sag: error/setup = eBS + eFS
(subtract only); unsupported length D = ( )s +C Subtense Bar
E (x x) Inclined Downward:

w 2 L3 Em = = 0.6745 D = Ks + C error/setup = +eBS eFS

C= n n(n 1) D = cot
24P 2 Inclined: Total Error: 2
Proportionalities of weight, w: eT = error/setup no. of setups
Due to slope: D = Ks cos + C
(subtract only); measured length E=error; d=distance; n=no. of trials

1 1 H = D cos
C 2 = S 2 h2 Double Meridian Distance Method DMD
V = D sin
2 DMD = Dep
Normal Tension:
DMD = DMD1 + Dep1 + Dep
0.204WAE Area of Closed Traverse Area of Irregular Boundaries
PN = DMD = Dep
PN P Trapezoidal Rule: 2A = (DMD Lat)
Lat = L cos
Dep = L sin d
A= [h + hn + 2h]
Error of Closure:
2 1 Double Parallel Distance Method DPD
Parabolic Curves Simpsons 1/3 Rule:
= L2 + D2 DPD = Lat
Symmetrical: d DPD = DPD1 + Lat 1 + Lat
Relative Error/Precision: A = [h1 + hn + 2h + 4h ]
L Error of Closure 3 DPD = Lat
H = (g1 + g 2 ) =
Perimeter Note: n must be odd 2A = (DMD Dep)
8
L 2
x 2 ( 2) 1 acre = Simple, Compound & Reverse Curves Spiral Curve
= L 4047 m2
y H 1
Unsymmetrical:
L1 L2
H= (g + g 2 )
2(L1 +L2 ) 1
g 3 (L1 +L2 ) = g1 L1 + g 2 L2
Note: Consider signs.

Earthworks
0
L2 180
=
f w I 2RLs
A= (d + dR ) + (fL + fR ) T = R tan
2
2 L 4 Ls 2
I i= ; p=
Volume (End Area): E = R [sec 1] 3 24R
2
L I
L3
Ve = (A1 + A2 ) m = R [1 cos ] x=
2 2 6RLs
Volume (Prismoidal): L = 2R sin
I L5 LT long tangent
ST short tangent
2 Y=L 2 R radius of simple curve
L 40R2 Ls L length of spiral from TS to any point
VP = (A1 + 4Am + A2 ) along the spiral

6 Lc = RI Ls I Ls length of spiral
180 Ts = + (R + p) tan I angle of intersection
I c angle of intersection of the simple
Prismoidal Correction: 2 2 curve
20 2R p length of throw or the distance from
= I tangent that the circular curve has been
L D 360 Es = (R + p) sec R offset
CP = (c c2 )(d1 d2 ) 2 x offset distance (right angle
12 1 1145.916 distance) from tangent to any point on
R= 0.036k 3 the spiral
xc offset distance (right angle
VP = Ve Cp D Ls = distance) from tangent to SC
R Ec external distance of the simple
Volume (Truncated): 0.0079k 2
curve
spiral angle from tangent to any
h e= point on the spiral
VT = ABase Have = A( ) R S spiral angle from tangent to SC
n i deflection angle from TS to any point
A D L on the spiral
is deflection angle from TS to SC
VT = (h1 + 2h2 + 3h3 + 4h4 ) = y distance from TS along the tangent
n DC Ls to any point on the spiral

Stopping Sight Distance Parabolic Summit Curve Parabolic Sag Curve Underpass Sight Distance Horizontal Curve
L>S
v2 L>S L>S L>S
S = vt + A(S)2
2g(f G) L= 2 A(S)2 A(S)2 h1 + h2 S2
L= L= H= C R=
a = g(f G) (deceleration) 200(h1 + h2 ) 122 + 3.5S 800H 2 8M
v L<S L<S L<S L<S
2
tb = (breaking time)
200(h1 + h2 ) 122 + 3.5S 800H L(2S L)
g(f G) L = 2(S) L = 2(S) L = 2(S) R=
A A A 8M
f
Eff = (100) L length of summit curve A algebraic difference A algebraic difference of L length of horizontal
fave S sight distance of grades, in percent grades, in percent curve
v speed in m/s h1 height of drivers eye L length of sag curve L length of sag curve S sight distance
t perception-reaction time h1 = 1.143 m or 3.75 ft S sight distance A(K)2 R radius of the curve
For passengers comfort,
f coefficient of friction h2 height of object L= where K is speed in KPH
M clearance from the
G grade/slope of road h2 = 0.15 m or 0.50 ft
395 centerline of the road