Development of writing

People know that language is related with writing. Writing is not the main aspect of
language. In the past most of languages didnt have writing system. The first known of writing
system was appeared in 5000-6000 years ago. Writing system is the only one that learned from
explicit instruction, different from language that learned without explicit instruction.

1. Pictogram: symbol that resembles an object which it signifies (related to sounds or

words)
2. Ideogram: symbol that represents a concept, without resembling it (related to sounds
or words)
3. Logogram (logographic): a symbol which represents a specific word
- No relation to sounds, just to word
- Language-specific
4. Phonographic: a system where a symbol represents a sound or sounds
- Syllabary (syllabic): all symbols represent a syllable
- Alphabet (alphabetic) : all symbols represent a phoneme (ideally)
- Abjad : all symbols represent a consonant, vowels are not represented or optional
- Abugida : a writing system based on consonants,
but in which vowels must be marked
5. Written English
If certainly the origins of the alphabetic writing system were based on an agreement
between symbol and sound type, then the reason why there does seem to be a frequent
mismatch between the forms of written and the sounds of spoken English.
6. English Orthography
English orthography of contemporary English allows for a lot of variation in how
each sound is represented. The vowel sound represented by /i/ and the consonant
sound represented by // has various spellings.
i ( critique) ee (queen) s (sugar) ch (champagne)
ie (belief) eo (people) ss (tissue) ce (ocean)
ei (receipt) ey (key) ssi (mission) ci (delicious)
ea (meat) e (scene) sh (Danish) ti (nation)

Sources :
The Study of Language fourth Edition (George Yule)
https://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/the-development-of-writing-presentation
https://udel.edu/~dlarsen/ling203/Slides/Writing.pdf