10/6/2008

The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering

Flexural Behavior

Dr. Hazim Dwairi

Purpose of reinforcement
z Consider a simply supported beam:
P/2 P/2

3
2
1

P/2 P/2
3
2

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Purpose of Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement is primarily use because of the
nature of concrete tension capacity
1. Flexural
Fl l (tension)
(t i ) reinforcement:
i f t provides
id
necessary tension capacity across flexural
cracks
2. Shear reinforcement (stirrups): carries shear
across inclined cracks.
3. Compression reinforcement:
z I
Increases compressioni capacity
i off concrete if
needed
z Support for stirrups
z Increases section ductility
z Decrease deflection
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Flexural Behavior
Load (P)
E (Failure)

D (yield point)
P

C (Service load)

B (cracking point)

A (before cracking) Deflection ()

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c fc
Point A (Before cracking):
-No cracks
N.A.
-Small strains
-linear stress distribution
<r f<fr
c fc
Point B (Cracking point):
-Cracks initiate
N.A.
-Tensile force carried by reinforcement
-linear stress distribution
r fr
c fc
Point C (Service load point):
-Cracks propagate
N.A.
-Less concrete is effective
fs
-Close to linear stress distribution
>r
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

c fc
Point D (Yield point):
-Reinforcement reach yield N.A.

-Less concrete is effective

s = y fs=fy
-Close to linear stress distribution

c
Point E (Failure point): fc
N.A.
-Crushing of concrete
-Steel way pass yield point
s> y fs=fy
-nonlinear stress distribution

Failure point defines the ultimate capacity of the

reinforced concrete section ultimate limit state

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Linear Stress Distribution

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Cracking Moment
My
= M At the verge of cracking:
I
b
M y c fc
f r = cr t
Ig
I g fr h N.A.
M cr = yt
yt
r fr
where f r = 0 .7 f c' ;
Usually, when service load
Usually
bh 3
Ig = ; is applied, M > Mcr and
12
y t = h / 2;
cracks develop throughout
the beams length.
M cr = 0 .117 bh 2 f c'
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Basic Assumption in Flexure Theory

z Plane sections before bending remain

plane
l after
ft bending,
b di ii.e., lilinear strain
t i
distribution.
z Strains in reinforcement and concrete are
equal at the same level, i.e., perfect bond.
z Neglect tensile strength in concrete

z Concrete fails at strain cu = 0.003

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Flexural Capacity (Strength)

z Mn= Nominal moment capacity, or nominal

flexural strength
strength.
Nominal = calculated or theoretical
z Mn= Design strength, the reliable strength we
can count on for the real beam.
z = Capacity reduction factor, which accounts
for:
z Poor workmanship
z Concrete compressive strength less than design
value
z Inaccuracies in theories of analysis and design
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Analysis of R/C Beams

z Consider a simply
supported beam b
reinforced for positive
h d
moment, at ultimate
condition
b cu
c
Cc
NA
N.A.
h d d-c jd
As Ts
su>y Stress/Force
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Strain
The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Definitions
z b = beam width
z h = overall depth
z d = effective depth, distance from extreme compression
fiber to centroid of tension steel
z As = Area of tension reinforcement
z cu = Ultimate strain in concrete = 0.003
z su = Ultimate strain in steel
z c = location of neutral axis
axis, distance from extreme
compression fiber to N.A.
z Cc = Concrete compressive force
z Ts = Steel tension force
z jd = Moment lever arm
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Equivalent rectangular stress block

(Ch. 4, art. 4.3)

3 f c
f c
2c 2c
c a=1c Cc= 13fccb
Cc

Ac= Concrete
compression area
Ts Ts
Actual Equivalent
q
z Concrete compressive force from actual and
equivalent must be equal
z Location of compression force must also be
equal
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

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Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

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ACI Rectangular Stress Block

z Also called Whitney stress block

0.85fc

yc
a=1c Cc= 0.85fcAc
1 0.85 0.05/ 7(fc 30)
0.85

Ts
0.65

30 58 fc(MPa)
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Flexural Analysis

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Ultimate Limit State

(Flexural Capacity)
0.85fc
b
cu=0.003
yc
c a=1c Cc= 0.85fcAc
N.A.
d
su
Ts

z Equilibrium: assume tension steel yields at

Equilibrium:
ultimate, i.e., su>y, stress in steel = fy
Cc = Ts
0.85fcAc = Asfy
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Rectangular section: Ac = ab; so find a

As f y
a= ; c = a / 1
0.85 f c'b
z y: Check strain in tension steel
Compatibility:
Compatibility
p
su cu d c
= su = ( )( cu ) > y ?
d c c c
z Nominal and Design Moment Capacity
M n = As f y (d yc ) = 0.85 f c' Ac (d yc )
M n = As f y (d yc ) = 0.85 f c' Ac (d yc )
yc = centroid of compression force = a/2 for
rectangular sections
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()
Capacity Reduction Factor (

z Why Capacity reduction factor?

z Undersized members
z Bars placed out of position
z Strength of concrete less than specified
z ACI 318
318--05 (9.2)
su 0.005 = 0.9
0.005 > su > 0.004 = 0.48 + 83 su
su = 0.004 = 0.81
su < 0.004 Section is rejected by the ACI code
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Flexural Behavior

Analysis Example

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