Ions least depleted from mantle in formation of crust

Outline solid for naturally occurring elements or ions; Ions enriched in CAIs (Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites) Cations that form simple fluoride minerals Elements that occur as native minerals, recognized in antiquity Fe 10 most abundant elements in Earth's crust

Ions that tend

and/or stay in
( recognized from Middle Ages to 1862;

to enter into

O2--bearing
dashed for ones that rarely or never occur in nature. relative to the composition of the solar system Cations that form simple oxide minerals Zr 11th to 20th most abundant elements in Earth's crust
recognized after 1963.)

solids
Symbol Atomic Number Ions that enter early-forming phases in igneous rocks Cations that form simple sulfide minerals 21st to 40th most abundant elements in Earth's crust
(number of protons) Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Fe
Li
(see scale at far right) 3+ Ions commonly concentrated in residual soils and residual Cations that form simple bromide or
Ge 54 iodide minerals Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Cu Lu 41st to 92nd most abundant elements in Earth's crust
Element Name Actinium Ionic Radius (r) () sediments. Small symbol ( ) indicates less certainty.
"Hard" or "Type A" Cations Atomic Mass m=72.59
(or elemental radius
for elemental forms)
Ions concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules Cations that form oxysalt minerals
(e.g., S6+ in sulfates, As5+ in arsenates)
Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Os Elements that are thought to make up most of the
Cations that (All electrons removed from outer shell) relative to seawater Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Pt Earth's core (Fe>Ni>Co), along with possibly S or O
coordinate with H2O r=1.05
(Thus a noble-gas-like configuration Naturally Most abundant (bold) Ions that enter later phases in igneous rocks because of Anions that form minerals with K+ and Na+ Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Au
(or CO32 or SO42) occurring Radioactive (italicized) Noble Gases

instead to enter or remain

of the outer shell) 234 their large size (mostly "large-ion lithophiles") Anions that form minerals with Mg2+

enter O2--bearing solids

4 most abundant constituents

late, or not at all, and

(No ionization)

Ions that tend to only

isotopes EC, +

in aqueous solution.
in solution Coordinate F>O>N=Cl>Br>I>S -
8 most abundant solutes dissolved in seawater Anions that form minerals with Al3+, Ti4+, and Zr4+ in atmosphere
z = ionic charge
H+ 1 Commonly coordinate with O of r
ionic radius
9th to 16th most abundant 17th to 22nd most abundant Anions that form minerals with Si4+ 5th to 8th most abundant
He 2

2
carboxyl groups of organic ligands Radioactive = ionic potential Most abundant solute in average river water (HCO3) Helium
Anions H

Hydrogen ion
Cations that decay pathways or charge density Anions that form minerals with Cu+ Anions 1

r =
See also Insets 1 to 5 and 7. Hydrogen
2nd to 8th most abundant solutes in average river water 1 as hydride m=4.0026
m=1.0079 coordinate Anions that form minerals with Ag+

z
with full outer electron shells

/
with incomplete
Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the growth of bacteria m=1.0079 r=1.2
Noble Gases r=10-5 with OH (or
H2O) in
Cations that Cations that coordinate with
O2 in solution (e.g., as Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the oceans
Anions that form minerals with Au+
Gases
H2 outer electron
Anions that commonly coordinate with H+ r=2.08
(No ionization) z = coordinate with OH Molecular shells
/ 4 123 solution or O2 in solution NO3, PO43, SO 42, etc.) hydrogen (e.g., as CH4, NH3, H2S, H2O, etc.) 123 34
z r= Macronutrient solutes on land Micronutrient solutes on land
/r 2 +
He Helium
2 LiLithium 3 Be2+ 3+
4 B Boron 5 C 4+
6 NNitrogen 7 See also
5+
Ions essential to the nutrition of at least some vertebrates 6 7 8 8 C 4 3 Also see 2
6 Reduced
N 7 O 8F 9 10

which hard cations

Non- N2 Inset 9.
Fluorine Ne
ion Beryllium ion as borate (B(OH) Carbon, as CO , ("essential minerals") C O 1 Reduced carbon nitrogen

preferentially
2 Oxygen as oxide as fluoride Neon
3
bicarbonate (HCO3- ) as nitrate (NO3 ) metals
O

Anions with
m=6.941 Inset 9. Molecular
m=4.0026

coordinate
m=9.012 or B(OH)4 )
Permanganate Fe 6+ 26 Diamond nitrogen Molecular2 m=12.011 m=14.007 m=15.999 m=18.998 m=20.180
& carbonate (CO32- )
r=1.2 r=0.60 r=0.31 m=10.811 m=14.007 (MnO4) is a as ferrate or & graphite oxygen as in r=2.60 r=1.71 r=1.36
r=0.20 m=12.011 r=0.11
Chromate hard cation perferrate (FeO42) atmospheric r=1.40 r=1.5
z = 32 = ionic charge
(CrO42) is a shown to left r=0.25 r=0.77 OH0, HO2,
(as NH ) 4
Most natural occurrences of carbides and
+

r=0.15 hard cation

r ionic radius shown to left z/ = 16 and H2O2
nitrides are in meteorites or mantle phases.
34 67 9 10 11 14 15 r Metals Also see
16 17 18 19
12 13 14 Inset 9. 12 13 14 14 15 20 21 22
Cations that
Na+ 11 Mg2+12 Al 4+
Ne Neon 10 3+ 5+
13 Si 14 P 15 SSulfur as 16
6+
Cl
7+
Intermediate Cations coordinate with O2 ( OH) in solution Elemental Forms 13 14 16 Si 14 P 4 3
15 S 2
16 ClChlorine17 Ar 18
4+ 16
m=20.180
z
/r =
Sodium ion Magnesium ion Aluminum ion as as silicate (SiO4 4 )
Al3+ or Al(OH)3n or Si(OH)04
phosphate (PO43 sulfate (SO4 )
Phosphorus as
2
as per-
chlor-
(Some electrons remain in outer shell) S Sulfur
5+
As
6+
33 Se 34 (uncharged) Al Si S Silicon as silicide Phosphorus
as phosphide Sulfur as sulfide as choride
Argon

Intermediate
1 m=22.990 m=24.305 n
nate z as sulfite (SO 2 )
arsenate (AsO4 3 ) selenate (SeO4 2 ) Principal elements in iron Sulfur m=39.948
r=1.5 r=0.95 r=0.65 m=26.982 m=28.086 and HPO4 2) m=32.066 (ClO 4 ) Coordination with S or O likely z /r = 8 r=0.37
3
meteorites (Fe>>Ni>>Co) and,
other than noble gases Aluminum Silicon m=28.086 m=30.974 m=32.066 m=35.453
r=0.50 r=0.41 m=30.974 r=0.29 r= r=0.47 r=0.42 r=1.43 r=1.34 r=2.71 r=2.12 r=1.84 r=1.81 r=1.8

16
/r =
r=0.34 3+
24 Mn3,4+ 25 Fe3+ 26 Co3+ 27 Ni 3+ 28 Cu2+ 29
CrChromic Sn4+ 50 with S or O, presumably domi-

r/ =
4
Sb5+ 51 Te6+ 52
Most known natural occurrences of
0.27 4+
23 chromium Manganese ion Ferric iron
VVanadium ion Stannic tin

z
20 21 22 Where Fe2+
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 Cobaltic cobalt Nickel ion Cupric copper antimonate tellurate
nant elements in Earth's core phosphides and silicides are in metorites
32 33 34 36 35 37 36 38 40
and Fe3+ would Fe 2+ Fe 3+ 3+ r=0.71 and cosmic dust.

Ti 22 m=51.996 4+ r=0.53 r=0.62 r=0.56

K+ 19 Ca
fall if they were
r=0.61 2+ 3+ 2
Ar 18 hard cations 2+ 20 3+
Sc 21
4+ 5+
22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn
6+
Ti 7+ r=0.69 3+ r= 0.64 r=0.64 r=0.63 r=0.73 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge4+ 32 24 26 27 28 29 30 33 34 Se 34 Br

35 Kr 36
Titanium ion
3+
23
r=0.69 Gallium ion Germanium ion 3+
33 Se4+ 34 As3 33
Argon Potassium ion Calcium ion Scandium ion Titanic titanium Vanadium ion Chromium as as per- r=0.75 VVanadous
50 52 53 54 Mn 25
2+ 2+
27 Ni Nickel ion28 Cu 2+
29 m=65.39 2+ + Zinc ion
m=69.723 m=72.61
As
Arsenic, Selenium Cr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn (Atomic masses As Se Arsenic as arsenide
Selenium
as selenide
Bromine Krypton
m=39.098 m=40.078 m=44.956 m=47.867 e.g., as vanadate chromate (CrO4 2 ) manga- vanadium
26 Co Fe as selenite(SeO32) Copper and isotopic as bromide m=83.80

which soft cations

Ti2+22
m=39.948 nate as in arsenites Chromium Iron Cobalt Nickel Zinc Arsenic Selenium
r=0.53 m=74.922 m=78.96
r=1.33 r=0.99 r=0.81 r=0.68 m=50.942 m=51.996 (MnO4 ) m=50.942 Manganous Mn Ferrous iron Cobaltous cobalt
m=58.693 Cuprous copper
r=0.74 r=0.62 m=74.922 m=78.96 r=1.26 r=1.25 r=1.24 r=1.28 r=1.39
information m=79.904 r=1.9

preferentially
r=1.8 2+ 24 m=54.938 r=1.27 r=1.48 r=1.6

Anions with
CrChromous m=55.845 m=58.933 m=63.546 (2+ r=0.93) r=0.50 are omitted to r=2.22 r=1.95

coordinate
Titanium ion r=0.74 (1+ r=1.13) r=1.98
r=0.59 r=0.52 r= r=0.74 r=0.72 64 66 r=0.69 conserve space)
40 42 43 45 r=0.90 r=0.80 r=0.76 58 60 r=0.96 70 72 74 76 77 (7+ r=0.39)
78 80 82
46 47 48 0.46 50 51
chromium
67 68 70 69 71 75 74 76 77
36 38 40 39 40 41 44 46 48 ? (48) 49 50 50 51 50 52 53 54 r=0.90 55 54 56 57 58 59 61 62 64 63 65 73 74 76 78 80 82 75 78 80 82 79 81 (82) 83 84 86
2+ 4+
Kr 36 2+
Rb+ 37 Sr 38 Y3+ 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 6+ 42
4+ 5+ z
/r
=
41 Mo2+ 42 Tc 43 Ru3,4+44 Rh2+ 45 Pd2+ 46 Ag + 47 Cd 48 In
1,3+
49 Sn
2+
50 Sb
3+
51 Te 52 I
5+
Iodine
53 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Sb
3
51 Te 2 52 I

53 Xe 54
4+ 4+ Technetium Indium ion Antimony ion, Tellurium ion,
as iodate (IO3 ) Xenon
Krypton Rubidium ion Strontium ion Yttrium ion Zirconium ion Niobium (or Molybdenum
as molybdate
8
Nb Mo 42 Very Ruthenium ion Rhodium ion
limited m=101.07 m=102.906
Palladium ion Silver ion Cadmium ion
m=112.411 m=114.818 Stannous tin as in antimonites as in tellurites Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Antimony
m=126.904
Tellurium
as telluride
Iodine as iodide
m=131.29
m=83.80 m=85.468 m=87.62 m=88.906 m=91.224 Columbium) ion Molybdenum ion
natural m=106.42 m=107.868 3+ r=0.81 m=118.710 m=121.760 m=127.60 m=126.904 Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium as antimonide
m=127.60 r=2.1
m=92.906 3+ r=0.69 r=2.16
r=1.9 r=1.48 r=1.13 r=0.93 r=0.80
r=0.70
m=95.94
r=0.62 41 m=95.94
r=0.68
occurrence
on Earth 4+ r=0.67
r=0.86 r=0.86 r=1.26 r=0.97
106 108 110
1+ r=1.32 r=1.12 r=0.90
112 114 115 116
r=0.44
r=0.89 Iodine is shown twice
120 122 123 as a solute in seawater
r=1.34 r=1.34 r=1.37 r=1.44 r=1.56 r=1.66 r=1.58 r=1.61 r=1.7 m=121.760 r=2.21
r=2.45 120 122 123
(7+ r=0.50)
124 126 128
90 91 3+ 92 94 95 96 99 96 98 99 102 104 105 because it speciates
78 80 82 84 86 92 94 95 97 Nb 97 98 100 100 101 111 112 113 113 115 117 118 119
121 123 124 125 126 both as I (to right)
124 125 126 (124) 127 129 130 131
83 84 86 85 87 87 88 89 92 94 96 ? 93 (96) (100) 102 104 103 106 108 110 107 109 114 116 120 122 124 128 130 and IO3 (here). 121 123 132 134 136
96 98 100 128 130 (128) (130)
+ 3+
Xe 54 Cs+ 55 Ba 2+
56 La3+& 57- Hf
4+
72 Ta
5+
73 W
6+
74 Re7+ 75 W
4+
74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg+ 80
4+
Tungsten (Wolfram)
4+ 4+ 2+ +
Iridium ion
Tl 81 Pb2+ 82
Thallous thallium
Bi 83 Po 84 Bismuth ion 73 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Bi
2,3
83 At 85 Rn 86
Rhenium ion Osmium ion Plumbous lead

1
Xenon Platinum ion Gold ion Mercurous ion Polonium
Barium ion REEs 71 Hafnium ion Tungsten (Wolfram)

z/r=
Cesium ion
m=207.2 m=208.980 Ir Tl Pb Bismuth as Radon

2
Tantalum ion Astatine
Rhenium ion ion
m=192.217 m=195.078 m=196.967 m=200.59 m=204.383 Ta Re Os Pt Au Hg Bi
m=183.84 m=186.207 m=190.23

bismuthide
m=131.29 m=132.905 m=137.327 m=178.49 as tantalate as tungstate
presumably
r=1.40 r=1.20 (222)

r =
r=1.20 Tantalum Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth
r=2.1 r=1.69 r=1.35 m=180.948 m=183.84 as rheniate
r=0.64 r=0.65 r=0.69 r=0.66 r=0.96 r=1.37 r=1.19 m=208.980

8
r=0.81

z
/
124 126 128 r=0.73 r=0.68 m=186.207 (3+ r=0.85) 196 198 199 210 211 212 r=1.46 r=1.37 r=1.35 r=1.35 r=1.38 r=1.44 r=1.60 r=1.71 r=1.75 r=1.82
130 132 See below 184 186 190 192 193? 218 219
200 201 203 205 206 208 210 211 209 210 211 214 215
r=0.56 180 182 183 204 206 207
129 130 131 174 176 177 180 182 183 187 188 189 191 193 194 195 1
The only bismuthide
215 218 219 220 222
134 135 136 212 214 215
=
minerals are of
132 134 136 133 137 138 170Yb 178 179 180 180 181 184 186 185 187 184 186 185 187 190 192 196 198 197 202 204 206 207 208 210 212 214 216 218 Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, and Pb
2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ z /r
Fr + Th4+ 90 Pa5+ 91 U6+ 92
4+ Elements 95 and beyond do not occur naturally:
92 95: Americium 101: Mendelevium Hg 80 Thallic
Tl 81 PbPlumbic82 Bi 83

1
86 87 Ra2+ 88 AcActinium
3+
89 U

2
Rn 93 Pu 94

1
Np Mercuric ion thallium lead Bismuth ion

/r =
/r =

r/ =
Thorium ion Uranium ion
ion Neptunium Plutonium 96: Curium 102: Nobelium r=1.10 r=0.84
Radon Francium ion Protactinium ion Uranium r=0.95 r=0.74

z
Radium ion

z
r=0.97

z
(222) (223) (226) m=227.03 ? m=232.038 (231) as uranyl (UO22+)
Very limited Very limited
97:Berkelium 103: Lawrencium

r=1.76 r=1.40 r=1.18 r=0.95

(+3 r=1.14) (+4 r=0.98)
m=238.029 natural natural
occurrence occurrence
98 Californium 104: Rutherfordium
99: Einsteinium 105: Hahnium
z /r=
4 "Soft" ("Type B") Cations =
z/r
4
r=0.7 (Many electrons remain in outer shell)
An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions
100: Fermium
very rare on Earth on Earth
219 220 222 (<30 g in crust) 223 224 227 228 230 234 235*238
223 226 228
227 228
231232 *234
231 234 237 ? 239 Coordinate I>Br>S>Cl=N>O>F
Commonly coordinate with C of Version 4.8d 2008 L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2501 U.S.A. (rlsbk@gly.uga.edu). For updates and more information, see http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/PT.html.
*For the sake of simplicity, z = organic ligands, as in methylmercury
z/ = 1 =

/r 8 Version 4.6 of this table was published as Figure 1 of the following paper: Railsback, L.B., 2003, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Grant DUE 02-03115. Version 4.7 was published in 2004 in the Geological Society of America's Map and Chart Series as item MCH092.
the 235U-207Pb and
r

232Th-208Pb series are omitted. Elements and Their Ions: Geology v. 31, no. 9. p. 737-740. Publication of Version 4.6 in Geology was supported by National Science Foundation Version 4.8 is available from the website listed above, as are translations of this table into Spanish and Chinese.

z
/r = 4+
Ce 58 Rare earth elements (REEs)
ion ionic

Inset 1: Bulk modulus (Ks in GPa) 4 3+

Eu 63 (effectively "Hard" or "Type A" cations in their 3+ state)
ic c ra

z/r = 2

Cerium ion
of oxide minerals of hard cations Europium ion
Inset 2: Hardness of oxide minerals of hard cations Inset 3: Melting T(K) of oxides of hard cations Inset 4: Solubility of oxide minerals of hard cations
har diu

r=1.01 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Mineral of Mineral of
La 57 3+ 3+ Pr 3+ 59 Nd3+ 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 m=151.964 Gd 3+ 64 3+ 66 Dy 3+ Er 68 3+ Yb 70 3+
Ho 67 Lu 71 65 Dysprosium
ge s

one cation: two cations: Nonmineral: Praseodymium ion Neodymium Promethium Samarium ion r=1.03 Tm 69
Tb Ytterbium ion + +
38 210
Lantha- Lanthanum ion Ce 58 ion Gadolinium ion ion Erbium ion
Li Be92+ B 3+ C 4+ N 5+ +
Be 2+ B 3+ C 4+ N 5+ Li4.4 2+
Be7.4 3+
B2.77 C 4+ N 5+

Quartz Perovskite
71
Cerium ion m=140.908 m=144.24 No natural m=150.36 151 153 m=157.25 m=158.925 m=162.50 Holmium ion
m=167.26 Thulium ion m=173.04 Lutetium ion Terbium ion
Li
nides: m=138.906 m=140.116 r=1.09 r=1.08 occurrence r=1.04 2+ r=1.02 r=0.99 m=164.930 r=0.96 m=168.934 r=0.94 m=174.967 Bromellite 1700 2681 723 216 Bromellite
+ 2+ 3+ 4+ (2+ r= 1.13)
Li Be B C r=1.15 142 143 144 on Earth 144 147 148 Eu 63 152 154 155 r=1.00 r=0.97 r=0.95 r=0.93 Chrysoberyl

H=
r=1.11 (4+ r=0.92) 156 158 168 170 171 8.5 500
162 164 166

6
Bromellite 251 3 146 145 149 150 156 157 160 161 162 175 176 176Hf + 2+ + 2+
136 138 140 172 173 4+ 5+ 6+ 4+ 5+
S 6+
? 3+
Chrysoberyl 138Ba 138 139 142 141 148 150 ? (150) 152 154
Europium ion
158 160 159 163 164
165 167 168 170 169
174 176 ?
Inset 9: The Na Mg Spinel Al Si P S Na
+
Mg2+ Al 3+ Si 4+
P 5+ S 6+ Na9.9 Mg Al3+ Si 3.9 P1.37
240
r=1.12 Periclase 7.5-8 9 7 2345
2.4 8.1
z/r = 2 Substitutes for Ca2+ many valence 5.5-6 Corundum Quartz 1193 3125 1996 855 290 Periclase Corundum Quartz
+
Na Mg 2+Spinel 3+
Al Si 4+ P 5+ states of

H=
Periclase 198 254 38 nitrogen
160 Corundum Quartz 50

8
+ Perovskite +
Inset 5: Typical simple oxysalt minerals Inset 6: Melting and decomposition (d) temperatures Inset 7: Conceptual model of the behavior of Inset 8: Solubility of halides of hard and soft cations
Valence Example K 2+
Ca3.5 5.5
Ti 4+ V 5+ Cr 6+ K
+
Ca2+ Sc 3+ Ti 4+ V 5+ Cr 6+ K14.0 Ca2+ Sc3+ Ti 4+ 5+
V 7.6 Cr 6+
(__MO n minerals without OH or H2O) (K) of oxides of intermediate and soft cations
state
Lime
>9 * 3-3.5 Lime 1.4 9.7

H=
5+ (Ru=6-6.5) 3200 2103 943
+ Cassiterite 4+ As oxides of hard (and intermediate) cations Shcherbinaite Rutile Shcherbinaite
2+ Perovskite 4+ 5+ 0 Anion: 5+ NO3 (nitrate)

4
K Ca Ti216 V 160 Sn 588
F
Mineral Villiaumite 10
210
B 3+ C 4+ N 5+ Tenorite Sellaite Srilankite 6.5

H=
(NaF) AgF 00
Lime 115 3+ Hematite 0 1903 Li N Nonmineral 4+ NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
Rutile Minerals with Mn 3+ 3+
1 20 Cu
2+ 2000 Cations (MgF2 )

4
Tausonite 2+ NaNO3 cations of very low Fe Co 3+ NO (nitrite) Mineral of 2+ 4+ 5+ 6+ + 2+
Zr 4+ Nb5+ Mo6+
Argutite Arsenolite 3+
Y 3+
Paramont- Eskolaite 1353(d) H + 1
MgAlBO4 Me CO3 (Natratine) Zincite
Sr Zr 6.5 Nb Mo + Rb Sr4.3
Y Sr 2+ Y 3+ Zr 4+ Nb5+ Mo6+
ionic potential 1838 1168 (d) 1719 3+ 3+ 2
175 200 (Sinhalite) (e.g., KNO3 (e.g., K+, Na+, Ba2+)
roseite 4+
V Cr 3+
2+ Bunsenite 2+ Ga Ge
4+
As Cl Chlorargyrite HgCl2 Halite 2+ NO (nitric oxide)
one cation:
3-4 Rb 28.9
Calcite) 2603 2+ 2+ 2+ Cuprite Zn 2079 547 (NaCl) 7 Baddeleyite 673 2938 3123 1785 1074 Baddeleyite
+ (Niter) 2240 Mn Fe Co Ni Cu + 1388 (AgCl) Molybdite Molybdite
Sr 2+ Y 3+1 Zr 4+ Nb5+
2242 1+ N2O (nitrous oxide) Quartz Hardness
Rb 2400 2054 1652 2078 2228 1509 MgCl2
Si 4+ P 5+ S 6+
Wstite Monteponite Romarchite Valentinite (Mohs
87 5 152* 0
Manga-
2000 Mo4+ nosite 1600 2+ 2+
Ag+ 2+ 3+
Sn
2+ 3+ High z/r Br
Bromargyrite
HgBr2 NaBr
0 N2 (nitrogen)
Mineral of scale)
Rh Pd Cd In Sb (AgBr) MgBr2
KAl2Si3O8 (Kspar) Na3PO4 CaSO4 3 NH3 (ammonia)
La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ W 6+ La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ W 6+
*Baddeleyite has two cations 2+
10

1373(d) 1373(d) 1023(d) ~473(d) >1773 1353(d) Strong +

Ba2+ La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ W 6+
2185
Ks = 95 GPa but
"K-S-A" Al2 SiO5 (K-S-A)
(Olympite) (Anhydrite) Tugarinovite
928
O2 bonds, but 5.5 Cs Ba6.7
0

Rb
0

AlPO4 Na2SO4 Iodargyrite

1500
is not the most

H=6
I Highlighted valence states are 7
120

indicates 3+ + 2286 2580 3173 2058 1745

stable ZrO2 phase ZrSiO4 (Zircon) (Berlinite) (Thenardite) Minerals Au Hg Tl + Massicot Bismite Intermediate cation-cation (AgI) HgI2 MgI2 NaI Perovskite Mineral
+ kyanite, Low z/r Tantite Tantite
0

Ba2+ La 3+ Hf 4+
shown above in the main table.

2000
423(d) repulsion

1500
Cs
80

z/r

2500
200
373(d)

2500
at ambient condi- andalusite, with cations 4+ 4+ 4+ 2+ 852 2+ 3+
Minerals with cations of W Re Ir Pt Pb Bi Weak cation- Strong cation- 10-8 10-6 10-4 100 9.7
0

tions; value shown & sillimanite. of low ionic 2+ 10-2 1

Au+ Hg Th 4+ Th 4+

3000

300
71
40

145 3+ 1170 N2 is the most abundant constituent

low (e.g., K+) to moderate
Th 4+
1273 (d) 598(d)

0
is for the latter. potential ~1773(d) 1173(d)
no stable 773(d) Tl 1098 oxygen bonds oxygen bonds Solubility of Ag+( )-, Hg2+( )-, of the atmosphere; NO2, NO, N2 O, *A non-rutile synthetic TiO2 Log of activity of cation species
(e.g., Al3+) ionic potential 1107 is the hardest known oxide Thorianite 6 Thorianite
Na+( )-, and Mg2+( )-bearing halides (mol/L)

0
oxide Montroydite Avicennite and NH3 are minor constituents. 3493 in distilled water at 25 C
See also Inset 3. See also Inset 6.

v. 4.8d 01 12 August 2008