ME F211 - MF F211 - ES C 221

Mechanics of Solids
BITS Pilani Jitendra S Rathore, Lecturer
Pilani Campus Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Chapter 2
Introduction to Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Objectives
Steps to analyze a deformable body
Uniaxial loading & F relation for linear elastic materials
Elasticity, Stiffness, Flexibility
Displacement diagrams

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Steps to analyze a deformable body
STEP-1: Study of forces (F) and equilibrium requirements
STEP-2: Study of Deformation () and Geometric compatibility
STEP-3: Force - Deformation relation (F- )

Uniaxial Loading conditions

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Example 2.3:

Determine the deflections

in the springs as
functions of load P and
load position parameter .

-1 < <1

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Example 2.3

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Deformation of axially loaded
members: F relation

Load P is gradually increases from zero to P in

several steps
Maximum elongation is very small (max < 0.1% of L1)
P Mild steel
Al, Cu, Zn

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F Relation

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F Relation

Most of the Steels Cu, Al, Zn

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 Modulus of Elasticity P A P
E
L EA
L

Stiffness (k) = ability to

resist deformation

EA
k
L
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Q1:
Find the total elongation of steel bar ABCD of
diameter 25 mm. Take E = 200 GPa

A B C D

60 kN 20 kN 50 kN
10 kN

1.5 m 1m 2m

n Pi Li
Elongation of a bar consisting
several parts i 1 Ei Ai

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Q1:
Find the total elongation of steel bar ABCD of
diameter 25 mm. Take E = 200 GPa

A B C D

60 kN 20 kN 50 kN
10 kN

1.5 m 1m 2m

n Pi Li
Elongation of a bar consisting
several parts i 1 Ei Ai

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q2:
Find the total elongation of steel bar.
Take E = 210 GPa

A B 800 mm2 C
400 mm2 600 mm2D
50 kN P 100 kN 80 kN

1m 1.5 m 0.8 m

nPi Li

i 1 Ei Ai

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Q:

C D
A B
100 kN 200 kN

1m 1.5 m 2m

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Q3:
A vertical steel bar ABC is pin-
supported at its upper end and
loaded by a force P1 = 10 kN at its
lower end. A horizontal beam BDE
is pinned to the vertical bar at B
and supported at point D. The
beam carries a load P2 = 26 kN at
E. The left and right segments of
beam BDE have same lengths. (i.e.
a = b)
For Steel E = 200 GPa
The upper part of the vertical bar (AB) has length L1 = 0.5 m and
cross sectional area A1 = 160 mm2; the lower part (BC) has length L2
= 0.8 m and cross sectional area A2 = 100 mm2. Calculate the
vertical deflection at point C (C). Discard the weight of the bar and
beam.
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FBD

RAy

RAx

RDx
RBx

RBx
RDy

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P2.1:
A wood diving board is hinged at one end and supported 1.5
m from this end by a spring with a constant of 35 kN/m.
How much will the spring deflect if a young man weighing
600 N stands at the end of the board?
Will the spring deflection be altered if the board is made very
rigid?

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P2.25:
A rigid beam AC is supported at its left end A by a pin. At its right
end C is it is supported by another rigid bar CF, which is in turn
supported by an aluminum rod at D and a steel rod at E. Before any
loads are applied the rigid bars both are level. A known load P is
applied at F and an unknown load Q at point B.
Find Q in terms of P if the rigid bar CF is to be level after the two
loads are applied.

For E: Table 2.1,

Page 83

E Al
= 1/3
Esteel

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P2.24:
A bolt is threaded through a tubular sleeve, and the nut
is turned up just tight by hand as shown. Using
wrenches, the nut is further tightened by turn.
Estimate the forces in bolt and sleeve. Pitch of the bolt
thread is 2 mm.
Both, the bolt and
sleeve are of steel and
the cross sectional
areas are:
600 mm
Bolt area = 600 mm2
Sleeve area = 400 mm2

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P2.24: FBD

FT FT

FB FB

Movement of nut

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Solved Ex 2.7:
A thin ring of internal radius r, thickness t, & width b
( to plane) is subjected to uniform pressure P over the
entire internal surface. Determine the forces in ring and
deformation (r)of the ring.

Radius : r > 10 t

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Solved Ex 2.7:

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Solved Ex 2.7:

t
FT FT
b
L = 2 (r+ t/2)

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Solved Ex 2.7:
Geometric compatibility: relation between R and T

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P 2.31:

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Displacement of Joints
The structures with two or more than two axially
loaded members connected at a point.
Displacement diagram method
Strain energy method
(Also known as Castigliano method)

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Displacement diagrams:
Ex 2.4
Estimate the displacement at point D due to 20 kN load.

Steel rod, 491 mm2 area

Steel beam
3200 mm2 area

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Displacement diagrams

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Strain energy: Axial loading

For a conservative system

Work done = Strain energy (U) = Pd
0
P

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Linear elastic strain energy:

Area under the curve Strain energy (U)

1 P2L PL

(U) = P= EA
2 2 EA

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Strain energy method
If the total strain energy (U)
of a loaded elastic system is
expressed in terms of the
loads, the in-line deflection
at any particular loading
point is obtained by
differentiating U with respect
to the load at that point .
n P2L
Ui i i
i 1 2 Ei Ai
U
i
Pi
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Strain energy method
Using Castigliano method, estimate the displacement
(i.e. vertical and horizontal displacements) at point D
due to 20 kN load.

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P2.6: SE method
The stiff member AB is horizontal before the load of 5000 lb is
applied at A. The three steel bars ED, BD & BC are fastened with
pins at their ends. Find
1. The force in bar BD
2. The horizontal and vertical movement of point A.

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P2.6: Displacement diagram

The stiff member AB is horizontal before the load of 5000 lb is

applied at A. The three steel bars ED, BD & BC are fastened with
pins at their ends. Find
1. The force in bar BD
2. The horizontal and vertical movement of point A.

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 REX RBX
P
REY RBY

REY RBY
REX RBX

FBD
FED FBC

FL FL
EV = EE1= BV = BB1=
EA ED E B EA BC
E1
E

BV = BB1 = BB1 = BH
BH = EH = AH
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Q:
The pin-connected truss has a span L = 6.0 m and height H = 1.5 m.
The truss is constructed of steel bars, each having cross-sectional
area A = 3000 mm2 and modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa. A load
acts vertically at the midpoint D. Using Castiglianos theorem; find
the maximum permissible load Pmax if the horizontal displacement of
joint C is limited to 2 mm.

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Problem 2.7

A small railroad bridge is constructed of steel members, all of which

have a cross-sectional area of 3250 mm2. A train stops on the bridge,
and loads applied to the truss on one side of the bridge are shown in
the sketch. Estimate how much the point R moves horizontally
because of this loading. Take E = 205 kN/mm2.

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Problem 2.1

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