CHAPTER I

EXPERIMENT 1 : STOICHIOMETRY
Date ; Tuesday, 21 March 2017

1. Objectives
a. Examine the truth of the law conservation of mass
b. Find the relationship of mass of the elements in compounds
c. Determine the mol ratio of reacted substances

2. Introduction

Antoine Lavoisier was among the first to draw his conclusions about chemical process from
carefull, quantitative observations. Studies of countless chemical reactions have shown that the total
mass of all substances present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass before the
reaction. (Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 61)

Stoichiometry (pronounced stoikomitr) is measurement based on the quantitative (how

much?) laws of chemical combination. We shall use the coefficients in balanced chemical equations to
relate quantities of reactants and products to each other in stoichiometric calculations. The law of
conservation of mass states that atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
(William S.Seese, Guido H. Daub, 1985 : 182)

Stoichiometry refers to quantitative relationships between the substances that are consumed
and produced by chemical reactions. These quantitative relationships are important in the development
of large-scale production of such a things as chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. (Julia
Brudge. 2009)

The law of conservation of mass reminds us that we really cant throw anything away. If we
discharge wastes into a lake to get rid of them, they are diluted and seem to disappear. However, they
are part of environment. They may undergo chemical changes or remain inactive ; they may reappear
as toxic contaminants in fish or in water supplies or lie on the bottom unnoticed. Whatever their fates,
the total mass of wastes is unchanged. (Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 62)

The law of conservation of mass suggest that we are converters, not consumers. We have seen
that chemical substances can be represented by symbols and formulas. These chemical symbols and
formulas can be combined to form a kind of statement, called a chemical equation, that represent or
describes a chemical reaction. For example, the combustion of carbon in coal involves a reaction with
oxygen (O2) in the air to form gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2). This reaction is represented as:

C +O2 CO2

We read the + sign to mean react with and the arrow as produces. Carbon and Oxygen are
referred to as reactants and carbon dioxide as the product of the reaction. It is important to keep in
mind that chemical equation is a description of a chemical process. A chemical equation has
qualitative significance; it identifies the reactants and the products in a chemical process. In addition a
chemical is a quantitative statement ; it must be consistent with the law of conservation of mass. This
mean that the equation must content equal numbers of each type atom on each side of the equation.
When this condition is met the equation is said to be balanced. (Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene
Lemay, JR. 1981 : 63)
 When certain substances, like hydrogen and oxygen, were combined to produce a new
substance, like water, the reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) always reacted in the same proportions by
mass. In other words, if 1 gram of hydrogen reacted with 8 grams of oxygen, then 2 grams of hydrogen
would react with 16 grams of oxygen, and 3 grams of hydrogen would react with 24 grams of oxygen.
Strangely, the observation that hydrogen and oxygen always reacted in Greek philosophers tried to
understand the nature of the world through reason and logic but not through experiment and
observation. The same proportions by mass wasnt special. In fact, it turned out that the reactants in
every chemical reaction reacted in the same proportions by mass. This observation is summarized in
the law of definite proportions. (Tracy Poulsen, 2010 : 25, 26)
Dalton thought about his results and tried to find some theory that would explain it, as well as a
theory that would explain the Law of Conservation of Mass (mass is neither created nor destroyed, or
the mass you have at the beginning is equal to the mass at the end of a change). One way to explain the
relationships that Dalton and others had observed was to suggest that materials like nitrogen, carbon
and oxygen were composed of small, indivisible quantities which Dalton called atoms (in reference
to Democritus original idea). Dalton used this idea to generate what is now known as Daltons
Atomic Theory. (Tracy Poulsen, 2010 : 25, 26)
The Combined Gas Law Boyles Law shows how the volume of a gas changes when its
pressure is changed (temperature held constant) and Charless Law shows how the volume of a gas
changes when the temperature is changed (pressure held constant). Is there a formula we can use to
calculate the change in volume of a gas if both pressure and temperature change? The answer is yes,
we can use a formula that combines Boyles Law and Charless Law. This equation is most commonly
written in the from shown below and is known as the Combined Gas Law. (Tracy Poulsen, 2010 : 25,
229)
As in the other laws, when solving problems with the combined gas law, temperatures must
always be in Kelvin. The units for pressure and volume may be any appropriate units but the units for
each value of pressure must be the same and the units for each value of volume must be the same.
Another interesting point about the combined gas law is that all the other gas laws (Charles, Gay-
Lussacs, and Boyles) can be derived from this equation. To do this, you simply cancel out the
variable that was held constant in the reaction. For example, temperature is constant in Boyles Law. If
you cancel the temperatures out of Boyles Law, you get: P1V1=P2V2. (Tracy Poulsen, 2010 : 25, 229)

Mass of product and Reactant

Balanced chemical equations give us the relative amounts of reactants and products in terms of
moles. However because we measure reactants in laboratory by weighing them, most often such
calculations start with mass rather than the number of moles. (Julia Brudge. 2009)

Limiting reactants

When a chemist carries out a reaction, the reactants usually are not present in stoichiometric
amounts. Because the goal of a reaction is usually to produce the maximum quantity of a useful
compound from the starting materials, an excess of one reactant is commonly supplied to ensure that
the more expensive or more important reactant is converted completely to the desired product.
Consequently, some of the reactant supplied in excess will be left over at the end of reaction. The
reactant used up first in reaction is called limiting reactant, because the amount of this reactant limits
the amount of product that can form. When all the limiting reactant has been consumed, no more
product can be formed. Excess reactants are those present in quantities greater than necessary to react
with the quantity of the limiting reactants. Limiting reactants and excess reactants are also referred to
as limiting reagents and excess reagents. (Julia Brudge. 2009)
 Another approach to the problem of the limiting reagent is to calculate the number of moles of
product that could be formed from each of the given amounts of reagents, assuming they were all
completely consumed. The reagent that lead to the smallest of the product is the limiting reagent.
(Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 63)

Acid, bases, and neutralization

You will nearly always encounter acids and bases in the form of solutions of these substances
in water. Acids are substances whose water solution contain an excess of H+ (aq) ions. Although we
often represent hydrochloric acid as HCl (aq), it exists in water H+ (aq) and Cl- (aq) ions. Bases are
compounds that produce an excess of hydroxide ions, OH- in water. (Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene
Lemay, JR. 1981 : 67,68)
Solutions of acids and bases have very different properties. Acids have a sour taste, whereas
bases have a bitter taste. Acids can change the colors of certain dyes in a specific way that differs from
the effect of a base. In addition, acidic and basic solutions differ in chemical properties in several
important ways. When a solution of acid is mixed with a solution of a base, a neutralization reaction
occurs. The products have none of the characteristic properties of either the acid or the base.
(Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 67,68)

Dilution

It is often convenient to make a solution of a certain concentration from a more concentrated

solution. When more solvent is added to a solution, thereby diluting it, the number of moles of solute
remains unchanged:

Moles solute before dilution = Moles solute after dilution

(Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 63)
An indicator is a substances added to a solution to indicate by a color change the point at which
the added solution has just reacted with all the solute present in solution. (Theodore L. Brown, H.
Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 91)
Precipitation reactions
One very important class of reactions occurring in solution is the precipitation reaction, in
which one of the reaction products is insoluble. The chemical equations that represent a precipitation
reaction must be balanced to take account of the charge on the ions involved. (Theodore L. Brown, H.
Eugene Lemay, JR. 1981 : 69,70)
3. Apparatus and Reagent
Apparatus;

1 Erlenmeyer flask
1 Test Tube small size
6 Test Tube
Analytical balance
Burner
Spatula
1 Graduated Cylinder
4 Beakers
1 Thermometer
2 Filters

Reagent;

NaOH 0,2 M solution

H2SO4 0,2 M solution
CuSO4 0,1 M solution
KI 0,1 M solution
 Pb(NO3)2 0,1 solution
Copper metal
Sulphur Powder

4. Procedure
a. The Conservation of mass in chemical reactions

Put the 10 ml NaOH(aq)

into the erlenmeyer
Put 5 ml CuSO4(aq) into
test tube

Insert the test tube into Mix the solutions by

the erlenmeyer tilted the Erlenmeyer
Close the erlenmeyer

Weight the Erlenmeyer Weight the Erlenmeyer

and its contents again
Record the mass
Record the mass

Filter the solution

Do the same experiment using 10 ml

of KI(aq) and 5 ml of Pb(NO3)2(aq)
b. The relationship between the mass elements in compound

Take one spatula tip of sulfur

powder and put into test tube

Add a copper plat Hold on test tube horizontally and

heat slowly

Measure the length of the remaining

copper
In the same way, heat the other
copper plat and the more
amount of sulfur which is
2,3,4,5 times the first one

Draw a graph between the

length of the remaining copper
vs the amount of used sulfur

c. Determine of reactant moles ratio

Put 0,5 M (PbNO3)2(aq) and 0,5 M KI(aq) into six test tubes according to the following

Test tube A B C D E F
Volume Pb(NO3)2 (ml) 1 2 3 5 7 9
Volume KI (ml) 9 8 7 5 3 1

Stir each mixture, let the sediment goes down

completely, Measure the height of the precipite

Draw a graph of the precipite height vs

the composition f the mixture
d. Acid-base stoichiometry

Put 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ml

of NaOH(aq) into 4 beaker
glasses and one test tube

Measure and record the

Put 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ml
temperature of each solution
of H2SO4 (aq) into 5 test tubes
then take the average
temperature (Ti)

Mixed the solutions in such a Observe the temperature change

way that the volume of each during the mixing and record
mixture is 30 ml the final temperature (Tf)

Calculate the
temperature difference,
T=Ti-Tf

5. Observation Sheet
a. The conservation of mass in chemical reactions
1) Reaction between NaOH and CuSO4 solution
Erlenmeyer mass before reaction : 141, 2377 gram
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction : 141, 2335 gram
The change of substance states after filtration
Before reaction after reaction
2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
clear blue clear blue
2) Reaction between KI and Pb(NO3)2
Erlenmeyer mass before reaction : 140, 9110 gram
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction : 140, 9075 gram
The change of substance states after filtration
Before reaction after reaction
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
clear clear clear yellow
 b. The relationship between the mass elements in compound
Amount of sulfur 1 2 3 4 5
The initial length of Cu (mm) 12 12 12 12 12
The length of remained Cu (mm) 12 11 9 8 8
The Length of Cu 15
remained (mm)
10

0
1 2 3 4 5
Amount of S (spatula tip)

Figure 1. The relationship of the length of remained Cu vs the amount of S

c. Determination of reactant moles ratio

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume Pb(NO3)2 (mL) 1 2 3 5 7 9
Volume KI (mL) 9 8 7 5 3 1
Height of precipitate 5 6,5 7 7,5 8 4,5
(mm)

10
The height of the
precipitate (mm)

0
1 2 3 5 7 9 10 Volume of Pb(NO3)2 0,1 M (mL)
10 9 8 7 5 3 1 5 Volume of KI 0,1 M (mL)

Figure 2. The relationship of height of precipitate vs volume Pb(NO3)2 or volume KI

d. Acid Base Stoichiometry

Volume of Volume of TM (C) TA(C) T
NaOH (mL) H2SO4 (mL) NaOH H2SO4
5 25 23 27 28 3
10 20 23 27 28 3
15 15 23 27 28 3
20 10 23 27 29 4
25 5 23 27 29,5 4,5
Rata-rata 25
 5
4
3
T

2
1
0 Volume H2SO4 (mL)
5 10 15 20 25
30 25 20 15 10 5 Volume NaOH (mL)

Figure 3. Relationship T vs volume of acid-base

6. Data analysis

a. The conservation of mass in chemical reaction

1). Reaction between NaOH 1 M CuSO4 0,1 M

Mass before reaction : 141, 2377 gram
Mass after reaction : 141, 2335 gram
The change of subtance states after filtration
Before reaction after reaction
2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
clear blue clear blue

2). Reaction between KI 0,1 M and Pb(NO3)2 0,1 M

Mass before reaction : 140, 9110 gram
Mass after reaction : 140, 9075 gram
The change of subtance states after filtration
Before reaction after reaction
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

clear clear clear yellow

b. The relationship between the mass of elements in compound

Amount of sulfur 1 2 3 4 5
The initial length of Cu (mm) 12 12 12 12 12
The length of remained Cu (mm) 12 11 9 8 8

The reaction between sulphur and copper is as follow :

Cu + S CuS
c. Determination of recatant moles ratio

[Pb(NO3)2 ]= 0,1 M, Mr of PbI2 = 461 gram/mol

[KI] = 0,1 M, Mr of KI = 166 gram/mol

Tube 1

Volume Pb(NO3)2 = 1 ml

Volume KI = 9 ml

Mole of Pb(NO3)2 = 1 ml x 0,1 M = 0,1 mmol

Mole of KI = 9 ml x 0,1 M = 0,9 mmol

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

0,1 mmol 0,9 mmol - -
0,1 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,1 mmol 0,2 mmol
- 0,7 mmol 0,1 mmol 0,2 mmol

Mass of PbI2(s) = n X Mr

= 0,1 mmol x 461 gram/mol = 46,1 mg

Tube 2

Vol. Pb(NO3)2 = 2 ml

Vol. KI = 8 ml

Mol of Pb(NO3)2 = 2 ml x 0,1 M = 0,2 mmol

Mol of KI = 8 ml x 0,1 M = 0,8 mmol

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

0,2 mmol 0,8 mmol - -
0,2 mmol 0,4 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,4 mmol
- 0,4 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,4 mmol

Mass of PbI2(s) = n X Mr

= 0,2 mmole x 461 gram/mol = 92,2 mg

Tube 3

Volume Pb(NO3)2 = 3 ml

Volume KI = 7 ml

Mol of Pb(NO3)2 = 3 ml x 0,1 M = 0,3 mmol

Mol of KI = 7 ml x 0,1 M = 0,7 mmol

 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
0,3 mmol 0,7 mmol - -
0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol 0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol
- 0,1 mmol 0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol

Mass of PbI2(s) = n X Mr

= 0,3 mmole x 461 gram/mole = 138,3 mg

Tube 4

Volume Pb(NO3)2 = 5 ml

Volume KI = 5 ml

Mol of Pb(NO3)2 = 5 ml x 0,1 M = 0,5 mmol

Mol of KI = 5 ml x 0,1 M = 0,5 mmol

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

0,5 mmol 0,5 mmol - -
0,25 mmol 0,5 mmol 0,25 mmol 0,5 mmol
0,25 mmol - 0,25 mmol 0,5 mmol

Mass of PbI2(s) = n X Mr

= 0,25 mmol x 461 gram/mol = 115,25 mg

Tube 5

Volume Pb(NO3)2 = 7 ml

Volume KI = 3 ml

Mol of Pb(NO3)2 = 7 ml x 0,1 M = 0,7 mmol

Mol of KI = 3 ml x 0,1 M = 0,3 mmol

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

0,7 mmol 0,3 mmol - -
0,15 mmol 0,3 mmol 0,15 mmol 0,3 mmol
0,55 mmol - 0,15 mmol 0,3 mmol

Mass of PbI2(s) = n X Mr

= 0,15 mmol x 461 gram/mol = 69,15 mg

Tube 6

Volume Pb(NO3)2 = 9 ml
 Volume KI = 1 ml
Mol of Pb(NO3)2 = 9 ml x 0,1 M = 0,9 mmol
Mol of KI = 1 ml x 0,1 M = 0,1 mmol
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
0,9 mmol 0,1 mmol - -
0,05 mmol 0,1 mmol 0,05 mmol 0,1 mmol
0,85 mmol - 0,05 mmol 0,1 mmol

Mass of PbI2(s) = n X Mr

= 0,05 mmol x 461 gram/mol = 23,05 mg

d. Acid-Base Stoichiometry

Tube 1
Volume NaOH = 5 ml
Volume H2SO4 = 25 ml
Mol of NaOH = 0,2 M x 5 ml = 1 mmol
Mol of H2SO4 = 0,2 M x 25 ml = 5 mmol

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2H2O(aq)

1 mmol 5 mmol - -
1 mmol 0,5 mmol 0,5 mmol 0,1 mmol

- 4,5 mmol 0,5 mmol 0,1 mmol

Tube 2
Volume NaOH = 10 ml
Volume H2SO4 = 20 ml
Mol of NaOH = 0,2 M x 10 ml = 2 mmol
Mol of H2SO4 = 0,2 M x 20 ml = 4 mmol

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2H2O(aq)

2 mmol 4 mmol - -
2 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 2 mmol

- 3 mmol 1 mmol 2 mmol

Tube 3
Volume NaOH = 15 ml
Volume H2SO4 = 15 ml
Mol of NaOH = 0,2 M x 15 ml = 3 mmol
Mol of H2SO4 = 0,2 M x 15 ml = 3 mmol

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2H2O(aq)

3 mmol 3 mmol - -
3 mmol 1,5 mmol 1,5 mmol 3 mmol

- 1,5 mmol 1,5 mmol 3 mmol

 Tube 4
Volume NaOH = 20 ml
Volume H2SO4 = 10 ml
Mol of NaOH = 0,2 M x 20 ml = 4 mmol
Mol of H2SO4 = 0,2 M x 10 ml = 2 mmol

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2H2O(aq)

4 mmol 2 mmol - -
4 mmol 2 mmol 2 mmol 4 mmol
- - 2 mmol 4 mmol

Tube 5
Volume NaOH = 25 ml
Volume H2SO4 = 5 ml
Mol of NaOH = 0,2 M x 25 ml = 5 mmol
Mol of H2SO4 = 0,2 M x 5 ml = 1 mmol

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2H2O(aq)

5 mmol 1 mmol - -
2 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 2 mmol
3 mmol - 1 mmol 2 mmol

T = TA-TM
T Tube 1 = 28 C -25 C = 3
T Tube 2 = 28 C -25 C = 3
T Tube 3 = 28 C -25 C = 3
T Tube 4 = 29 C -25 C = 4
T Tube 5 = 29,5 C -25 C = 4,5

7. Discussion
a. The Law of the Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reaction
To prove the law of conservation of mass that states the mass of subtances before reaction is
equal to the mass of subtances after reaction, in this experiments Stoichiometry we are reacting
NaOH with CuSO4 solution and KI with Pb(NO3)2 solution that has different volume. In the first
experiment the mass before reacted between NaOH and CuSO4 solution is 141, 2377 gram and after
reacted the mass is 141, 2355 gram. And the second reaction of KI and Pb(NO3)2 the mass before
reacted is 140, 9110 gram and the mass after reacted is 140, 9075 gram. If we make the mass just have
4 digits, it will has the same mass, it proves that the mass before reaction is same with the mass after
reaction. so the the truth of the law of conservation of mass is proved.

The reaction happens for the first experiment between NaOH and CuSO4 showed by the color after
reaction is change into blue.

before reaction after reaction

2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)

Clear Blue Clear Blue

The Blue Color is caused by Cu

 It also for the second experiments happen showed by the color after reaction is yellow.

before reaction after reaction

KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Clear Clear Yellow Clear

The Yellow Color is caused by I2

b. The Relationship of Mass of The Elements in Compounds.

In this experiments, we are heating copper and sulfur slowly to determine the relationship
between the mass of the element in the compound (to prove the prousts law, the mass of each element
which formed a compound has a definite proportion). We use a different amount of sulfur and 5
coppers plate that has a length 12 mm. with the data:

Amount of sulfur 1 2 3 4 5
The initial length of Cu (mm) 12 12 12 12 12
The length of remained Cu (mm) 12 11 9 8 8
From the data we can see the relationship between amount of sulfur vs the length of copper that
remained is the more sulphur that added into copper the more decrease the length of copper. Mass of
copper decrease because it reacting with sulfur.

c. The Reactant Moles Ratio

With this experiment we will measure the heights of precipitates. We reacted KI and Pb(NO3)2
solution. This experiment produced a yellow precipitate of PbI2. The ratio coefficient of Pb(NO3)2 and
KI is 1:2 as in the reaction :

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

In the third tube we can see the comparison of volume is 3 : 7 1 : 2 for Pb(NO3)2 and KI. So, it
must be has the heighest precipitate of PbI2. It is same with the theory from the reaction that the mol
ratio of Pb(NO3)2 and KI that has the highest precipitation is 1 : 2 like the comparison of coefficient.
But in this experiment we got it wrong, because the heighest precipitate that we got is the fifth tube,
that has 8 mm precipitate. The causes of this mistake is we already measure the height of precipitate
even though not the time yet (the sediment didnt go down completely).

d. Acid-Base Stoichiometry

In this experiments H2SO4 act as acid and the NaOH as the base. H2SO4 solution and NaOH
solution mixed with the different volume until it has 30 mL volume between H2SO4 solution and
NaOH solution that reacted. Chemical reaction between H2SO4 solution and NaOH solution as follow :

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(aq)

From the experiment, the solution that has the highest temperature change is the fifth tube that
contain 25 ml of NaOH(aq) and 5 ml of H2SO4(aq) that has T is 4,5 C. Theoretically, the highest T
happens in the solution that contain of NaOH(aq) solution and H2SO4 solution that have comparison of
volume is equal to the comparison of coefficient number (the fourth tube). The mistake from this
experiment is because we didnt make the temperature of NaOH and H2SO4 beacame same first.
8. Conclusion

From the experiment , we can conclude that:

1. The law of conservation of mass is true mass before and after reaction is same.

Reaction between NaOH and CuSO4 solution

Erlenmeyer mass before reaction : 141, 2377 gram
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction : 141, 2335 gram
Reaction between KI and Pb(NO3)2
Erlenmeyer mass before reaction : 140, 9110 gram
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction : 140, 9075 gram
2. The reactants in every chemical reaction reacted in the same proportions by mass. This
observation is summarized in the law of definite proportions.

3. The comparison of coefficient tells the mol ratio of reacted substances

9. Suggestion

1. Practitioner should understand everything about the procedure experiment

2. Wearing a lab coat, gloves, and mask when practitioner do experiment.
3. do a team work
4. Ask the lab assistant or lecturer if there are difficulties

10. Appendix

References

Burdge, Julia. 2009. Chemistry Second Edition. New York: Mc-Graw Hill

Lecturer Team. 2015. Handout Basic Chemistry Labwork. Semarang: UNNES

L. Brown, Theodore. 1981. Chemistry the Central Science. America: Prentice-Hall

S. Seese, William. 1985. In Preparation for College Chemistry. America: Prentice-Hall

Problem

1. On the mass conservation experiment, is there any chemical phenomenon ? if any, what is it ?
How does the mass of subtances before and after the reaction ?
2. Refer to Figure 1. How does the relationship of mass of copper and the reacted sulphur ?
3. Refer to Figure 2.
a. Indicate the volume of reactant composition that produced the highest precipitate ?
b. How many moles of Pb(NO3)2 and KI which produced the highest precipitate ?
c. What is the mole ratio of Pb(NO3)2 and KI which formed the highest precipitate ?
4. Refer to Figure 3.
a. How many volume of NaOH and H2SO4 mixture that showed the highest T ?
b. How many moles of NaOH and H2SO4 which produced the highest T ?
c. What is the mole ratio of NaOH and H2SO4 which produced the highest T ?
Answer

1. Yes there is, the chemical phenomenon that happens is precipitate reaction of Cu(OH)2 with
blue color
The mass of substances before reaction is equal to the mass after reaction.

2. The relationship is the more sulphur that added into copper, the more decrease the length of the
copper. Mass of copper decrease because it reacting with sulfur.

3. a. Precipitation is highest in the composition where by the volume of KI is 7 mL, Pb(NO3)2 is 3

mL that is produce 138,3 of mass

b. Mol of Pb(NO3)2 = M x V of Pb(NO3)2

= 0,1 M x 3 ml = 0,3 x 10-3 mol

Mol of KI = M x V of KI

= 0,1 M x 7 ml = 0,7 x 10-3 mol

c. The mole ratio of Pb(NO3)2and KI that has the highest precipitation is 3 : 7

3 : 7 1 : 2

It is same with the theory from the reaction that the mol ratio of Pb(NO3)2 and KI that has
the highest precipitation is 1 : 2 like the comparison of coefficient

4. a. Volume of NaOH and H2SO4 mixture that showed the highest T is 20 ml of NaOH and 10
ml of H2SO4

b. Mole of NaOH = M x V of NaOH

= 0,2 M x 20 ml

= 4 mmol

Mole of H2SO4 = M x V of NaOH

= 0,2 M x 10 ml

= 2 mmol

c. The mole ratio of NaOH and H2SO4 which produced the highest T

The fourth erlenmeyer =4:2=2:1

Theoretical Preparation

1. write down a) reaction equation, b) balance reaction and c) change of state of:

a. lead nitrate solution reacts with potassium iodide

b. copper sulphate solution reacts with sodium hidroxide solution

 c. sodium carbonate solution reacts with chloride acid solution

d. sodium acetate solution reacts with chloride acid solution

e. marble powder solution reacts with chloride acid solution

2. eleven grams of iron powder is reacted with 6 grams of sulphur powder, according to the equation :
Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)

a. how many grams of Fe were used to react completely

b. how many grams of S were used to react completely

c. what subtance is excessive

d. how many grams of FeS can be produced from the reaction

3. how many tons of ZA ( Zwavelzuur Ammonia) with 90% of ammonium sulphate are formed from
the reaction of 2.55 tons ammonia and 8 tons of sulphuric acid.

Answer :

1. a. 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

b. 2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)

c. Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(s) + H2CO3(aq)

d. CH3COONa(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(s) + CH3COOH(aq)

e. CaCO3(s). + HCl(aq) CaCl2(s) + H2CO3(aq)

2. mass of iron Powder = 8 grams

Mr of Fe powder = 56 grams/mole
8
Mole of Fe = 56 / = 0,1428 = 0,14

Mass of Sulphur Powder = 6 grams

Mr of Sulphur powder = 32 grams/mole

6
Mole of Sulphur = 32 / = 0,1875 = 0,19

Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)

0,14 mol 0,19 mol -
0,14 mol 0,14 mol 0,14 mol
- 0,05 mol 0,14 mol

a. Fe were used to reacts completely is 8 grams

b. S were used to reacts completely is = 0,14 mole x Mr of S

 = 0,14 mole x 32 gram/mole

= 4,48 grams

c. subtance Fe is excessive

d. FeS can be produced is = 0,14 mole x Mr of FeS

= 0,14 mole x 88 gram/mole

= 12,32 grams

3. mass of ZA (Zwavelzuur Ammonia) that formed is 2,25 tons + 8 tons = 10,25 tons. It is the law of
the conservation of mass that state the mass before reaction is equal to the mass after reaction.

Documentations

Record data Put variations of NaOH volume Measure volume

experiment of each solutions

Checking the apparatus Weighing the Tilt the Erlenmeyer until solutions mixed
and reagents Erlenmeyer using
analytical balance
Read the termperature Burn Sulphur and Filter the solution Insert test tube into
of H2SO4 and NaOH Copper metal from experiment 1 erlenmeyer

Observe the sediment go down

completely