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Yuvenico Wicaksono

11/315593/EK/18423

Tugas Metodologi Penelitian Akuntansi

Chapter 11 & 12

Chapter 11

1. Define measurement.

Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to characterisctis (or


attributes) of objects according to a prespecified set of rules. Objects include persons,
strategic business units, companies, countries, bicycles, elephants, and so on.

5. What is meant by operational definition, when is it necessary, and why is it necessary?

Saya mengutip tiga definisi dari wikipedia, buku Research Methods for Business karangan
Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie, dan www.princeton.edu untuk menjabarkan definisi
operational definition.

Menurut Wikipedia, an operational definition is a result of the process


of operationalization and is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in
terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration,
and quantity

Menurut buku Research Methods for Business karangan Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie,
reduction of abstract concepts to render them measurable in a tangible way is called
operationalizing the concepts.

Menurut www.princeton.edu, an operational definition defines something (e.g. a variable,


term, or object) in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine
its presence and quantity.

Operational is necessary when we need to specify something to get certain objective. One
advantage is specificity. After operationalization, we should be able to determine whether
there is evidence for or against a given hypothesis.

Operationalization is necessary because we must specify what we have to do, because


certain specify for certain objective.
Yuvenico Wicaksono
11/315593/EK/18423

Chapter 12

1. Describe the four types of scales.

There are four types of scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
a. Nominal scale
A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories
or groups. For example, with respect to the variable of gender, respondent can be
grouped into two categories male and female. These two groups can be assigned code
numbers 1 and 2. These numbers serve as simpe and convenient category labels with no
intrinsic value, other than to assign respondent to one of two nononverlapping, or
mutually exclusive categories. Note that the categories are also collevtivley exhaustive.
In other words, there is no third category into which respondent would normally fall.
b. Ordinal Scale
An ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote
differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders the categories in some
meaningful way.
The ordinal scale helps the researcher to determine the percentage of respondent who
consider interaction with others as most important, those who consider using a number
of different skills as most important, and so on. Such knowledge might help in designing
jobs that are seen as most enriched by the majority of the employees.
c. Interval Scale
An interval scale allows us to perform certain arithmetical operations on the data
collected from the respondents. Whereas the nominal scale allows us only to
qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them into mutually exclusive and
collective exhausted sets, and the ordinal scale to rank-order the preferences, the
interval scale lets us measure the distance between any two points on the scale.
This help us to compute the means and the standard deviations of the responses on the
variables.
d. Ratio Scale
A ratio scale is an interval scale in which distances are stated with respect to a rational
zero rather than with respect to, for example, the mean" (Nunnally, 1967, p.14).
It is the most powerful of the four scale because it has a unique zero origin (not an
arbitrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the other three scales.
Yuvenico Wicaksono
11/315593/EK/18423

6. Describe the difference between formative and reflective scales.

Reflective scale
In a reflective scale, the items (all of them!) are expected to correlate. Unlike the items
used in a formative scale, discuss next, each item in a reflective scale is assumed to
share a common basis (the underlaying construct of interest). Hence, an increase in the
value of the construct will translate into an increase in the value for all the items
representing the construct.

Formative Scale
A formative scale is used when a construct is viewed as an explanatory caombination of
its indicators (Fornell & Bookstein, 1982; Fornell, 1987).

Gambar di bawah menunjukkan perbedaan kausalitas yang kontras antara hipotesis


dalam dua model. Dalam model reflektif (kiri panel), variabel laten (misalnya, suhu,
kemampuan membaca, atau extraversion) yang mengemukakan sebagai penyebab
umum dari barang atau perilaku indikator. Tindakan kausal mengalir dari variabel laten
dengan indikator. Manipulasi variabel laten melalui perubahan tekanan, instruksi, atau
terapi menyebabkan perubahan dalam perilaku indikator. Bersifat manipulasi langsung
dari indikator tertentu tidak diharapkan memiliki efek kausal pada variabel laten.

Reflective Formative

Causal Structure
Yuvenico Wicaksono
11/315593/EK/18423

Sebuah model formatif, diilustrasikan pada sisi kanan gambar di atas, berpendapat
variabel komposit yang merangkum variasi umum dalam kumpulan indikator. Sebuah
variabel komposit dianggap terdiri dari independen, meskipun berkorelasi, variabel.
Tindakan kausal mengalir dari variabel independen (indikator) pada variabel komposit.
Sebagaimana dicatat oleh Bollen dan Lennox (1991), dua model ini secara konseptual,
substantif, dan psychometrically berbeda. Kami menyarankan bahwa perbedaan antara
model ini memerlukan pertimbangan cermat dari dasar untuk menyimpulkan arah aliran
kausal antara konstruk dan indikator-indikator.
Yuvenico Wicaksono
11/315593/EK/18423
INTRO 1: Bsus9 A Em/G Em

} 2X
F#7/4(13) F#7(#11) F#7/4 }

INTRO 2: B A(#11/13) Em

F#7/4(13) F#7(#11) F#7/4

B
I found that love provides the key
A(#11/13)
Unlocks the heart and souls of you and me
Em
Love will learn to sing your song
F#7/4(13) F#7(#11) F#7/4
Yeah, love is written in the stone

B
Every man I meet is walking time
A(#11/13)
Free to wander past his conscious mind
Em
Love will come and take you home, yeah, eh, eh...
F#7/4(13) F#7(#11) F#7/4
Hey, hey, hey... love, ah, written in the stone

B
Do you believe, my friend, in what you claim
A(#11/13)
People of the world all doubt the same
Em
Bringing questions of their own, yeah, eh, eh...
F#7/4(13) F#7(#11)
F#7/4
Truth (hey, hey, hey) is written in the stone (truth is written in the
stone)

B Em7/4 A7/9
F#7(sus4)/C#
In the stone you'll find the meaning, you're not standing tall
B Em7/4 A7/9 G#m7 F#7/4
In the stone the light is shining, ever touching all

B
Life experience a passing day
A(#11/13)
Time will witness what the ole folks say
Em
Getting stronger every day
F#7/4(13) F#7(#11) F#7/4
Strenght is written in the stone (strenght is written in the stone)

B
Deep inside your heart for you to keep
A(#11/13)
Lies a spark of light that never sleeps
Em
Yuvenico Wicaksono
11/315593/EK/18423
The greatest love you've ever known, oh, oh, oh...
F#7/4(13) F#7(#11) F#7/4
Love is written in the stone (written in the stone)

B Em7/4 A7/9
F#7(sus4)/C#
In the stone you'll find the meaning, you're not standing tall
B Em7/4 A7/9 G#m7 F#7/4
In the stone the light is shining, ever touching all

B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7


Ne - ver..... never my darling...... ne - ver you'll be alone

B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7


Ne - ver..... never my darling...... ne - ver you'll be alone
B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A
A#7
E - ver... forever my darling...... true love is written in the stone

B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7


Ne - ver..... never my darling...... ne - ver you'll be alone
B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A
A#7
E - ver... forever my darling...... true love is written in the stone

B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7


Ne - ver..... never my darling...... ne - ver you'll be alone
B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A
A#7
E - ver... forever my darling...... true love is written in the stone

B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7


Ne - ver.....
B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7
E - ver... is written in the stone

B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7


Ne - ver... is written in the stone
B B/F# E A A#7 B B/F# E A A#7 B
Ne - ver...

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