FORMULAS FOR AREA:

SQUARE

Area = a x a
Area = d x d
2

RECTANGLE

Area = a x b

PARALLELOGRAM

Area = a x b

RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE
Area = a x b
2

ACTUE ANGLED TRIANGLE

Area = c x h
2

Area = s (s-a) x (s-b) x (s-c)

Where, s = (a + b + c)

OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 Area = b x h
2

Area = [s(s-a) x (s-b) x (s-c)]1/2

Where,
s = (a + b + c )

RIGHT ANGLE WITH 2 45 ANGLE

Area = a x a
2
b = 1.414 x a; h = 0.7071 x a;

EQUILATERIAL TRIANGLE

Area = a x h
2
h = 0.866 x a

TRAPEZOID

Area = (a + b) x h
2

REGULAR HEXAGON

A = Area
R = Radius of circumscribed circle
r = Radius of inscribed circle
A = 2.598 a2 = 2.958 R2 = 3.4654 r2
R = a = 1.155 r

REGULAR OCTAGON

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 A = Area
R = Radius of circumscribed circle
r = Radius of inscribed circle
A = 4.828 x a2 = 2.598 x R2 = 3.464 x r2
R = 1.307 x a = 1.082 x r

REGULAR POLYGON

A = Area n = Number of sides

= 360 = 180 -
n
A=nxrxa
2
R = [ r2 + a2/4]1/2 ; r = [ R2 a2/4]1/2 x a = 2 [ R2 r2]1/2

CIRCLE

Area = x r2 = x d =circumference

HALFCIRCLE OR SEMICIRCLE

Area = x r2
2

CIRCULAR SECTOR

Area = r2 x x (angle)
360
a (Arc) = r x x
180

= 57.296 x a; r = 2A
r a

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 CIRCULAR SEGMENT

A =area = Angle c = Cord

A = Area of sector area of triangle

C = 2 x r x sin /2

ELLIPSE

A = Area P = Perimeter
A=xaxb

An approximate formula for perimeter

P = x 2 ( a 2 + b2 )

ELLIPSE

Locating point on ellipse

a/b = c Ratio of minor axis to major axis

X = a2 ( 2c x Y2 )

Y = a2 x2
c

CYLINDIRICAL SURFACE

Area = 3.1416 x d x h

CONIICAL SURFACE

Area = x r x (r2 + h2)1/2

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 FRUSTUM OF CONE SURFACE

Area = 1.5708 x [ (R r)2 + h2 ] x [D + d]

SPHERE SURFACE

Area = 4 x x r2

SURFACE OF SPHERICAL SEGMENT

Area = 2 x x r x h
= (C2/4 + h2)
Where, C = 2 h(2r h)

CIRCULAR RING

Area = x (R2 r2)

= x (R + r) (R r)
= 0.7854(D2 d2)

CIRCULAR RING SECTOR

Area = x (R2 r2)
360
= x (D2 d2)
360
SPANDREL OR FILLET

Area = r2 - x r2
4
HOLLOW CIRCLE

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 Area = x (D2 d2)
4

HYPERBOLA

Area of ABC = xy _ ab x In(x/a + y/b)

2 2

PARABOLA

L = Length of arc
L = p/2 { 2x/p * ( 1 + 2x/p ) In ( 2x/p + 1 + 2x/p) }

When x is the small proportion to y, the following is a close

approximation:
L = y { 1 2/3 (x/y)2 2/5(x/y)4 } or L = y2 + 4/3 x2

Area = 2/3 * x * y
The area is equal to two third of a rectangle which has x for its base and y
for its height.

SEGMENT OF PARABOLA

Area BFC = 2/3 area of parallelogram BCDE

If the FG is the height of the segment,
measured at right angles to BC then:

Area of segment BFC = 2/3 x BC x FG

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 CYCLOID

Area = 3 x x r2
= 3 x area of generating circle
Length of cycloid = 8 r = 4 d

FORMULAS FOR VOLUME:

CUBE

Volume = a x a x a

a =3 Volume

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 SQUARE PRISM

Volume = a x b x c

PRISM

Volume = Height x Area of end surface

CYLINDER

Volume = 3.1416 x r2 x h

CONE

Volume = x r2 x h
3

FRUATUM OF CONE

Volume = 0.2618 x h ( D2 + D*d + d2 )

SPHERE

Volume = 4 x x r3 = x d3
3 6

SPHERICAL SECTOR

Volume = 2 x x r2 x h
3

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 SPHERICAL SEGMENT

Volume = x h2 x ( r h/3 )
= x h x ( C2/8 + h2/6 )

SPHERICAL ZONE

Volume = 0.5236 x h [ 3C12/4 + 3C22/4 + h2 ]

A = Area of spherical surface

A=2xxrxh
Where, r = C22/4 [ C22 C12 4h2 ] / 8h

SPHERICAL WEDGE

Volume = / 360 x ( 4 x x r3/3 )

A = Area of spherical surface

A = / 360 x 4r2

HOLLOW SPHERE

Volume = 4 / 3 (R3 r3)

= /6 (D3 d3 )

PORTION OF CYLINDER

Volume = 1.5708 x r2 (h1 + h2)

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 PORTION OF CYLINDER

Volume = { 2/3 x a3 b x area of ABC } x h/rb

A= Area of cylindrical surface
A = { ad b x length of arc ABC } x h/r b
Use + when base area is larger and when base area is less than one
half the base circle.

HOLLOW CYLINDER

Volume = x h ( R2 r2)
= x r x h (2R t)
= x r x h (2r + t )
= x r x h (R + r)

CENTER OF GRAVITY:
DEFINATION:
The center of gravity is an area or body is the point through which
about any axis the moment of the area or body is zero. If a body of
homogenous material at the center of gravity were suspended it would be
balanced in all direction.
The center of gravity of symmetrical areas as square, rectangle, circle,
etc. coincides with the geometrical center of the area. For areas which are Of
symmetry.(axis y-y)
not symmetrical or which are symmetrical about one axis only. The center of
gravity may be determined by calculation.

The center of gravity is located on the centerline

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

To determine exact location of it:
Divide the area into 3 rectangle and calculate
the area of each.(A,B,C)
Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles
and determine the distances a, b and c to a
selected axis(x-x) perpendicular to axis y-y.
Calculate distance y to locate the center of
gravity by the formula:
y = Aa + Bb + Cc
A+B+C

The area is not symmetrical about any axis. The center of gravity may be
determined by calculating the moment with reference to two selected axes.
To determine the distances of center of gravity to these axes:
Divide the area into the 3 rectangles and
calculate the areas of each(A,B,C)
Determine the center of gravity of the
rectangles and the distances a, b, and c
to x-x axis and the distances a1,b1,c1
to axis y-y.
Calculate distances x and y by the formulas:
X = Aa1 + Bb1 + Cc1
A+B+C
Y= Aa + Bb + Cc
A+B+C
PERIMETER OF A TRIANGLE
If A, B and C are the middle points of the sides of
the triangle, then the center of gravity is at the
center of the circle that the center of gravity from
side a is:
d= h(b +c)
2(a + b + c)
Where h is the height perpendicular to a.

AREA OF TRIANGLE
The center of gravity is at the intersection of
lines AD and BE, which bisect the sides BC
and AC. The perpendicular distance from the

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

center of gravity to any one of the sides is
equal to one third the height perpendicular
to that side. Hence,
A=h3
AREA OF TRAPEZOID
The center of gravity is on the line joining the
middle points of parallel lines AB and DE.
c = h(2a + 2b) d = h(2a + b)
3(a + b) 3(a + b)

e = a2 + ab + b2
3(a+b)
the trapezoid can also be divided into two
triangle. The CG is at the intersection of
the line joining the CG of the triangles,
and the middle line FG.

PARALLELOGRAM
Perimeter of a parallelogram
The CG is t intersection of diagonals.
Area of a parallelogram
The CG is t intersection of diagonals.

CIRCULAR ARC (approximate)

A=2xh
3
this formula is very nearly exact for all
arcs less than one-quarter of the periphery.
The error is only about one per cent for a quarter,
circle, and decreases for smaller arcs.

CIRCULAR ARC

The CG is on the line that bisects the arc, at a distance

a = r x c = c(c2 + 4h2) form the center of the circle.
l 8lh

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 For an arc equal to one-half the periphery:
a = 2r
For an arc equal to one-quarter of the periphery:
a = 2r 2
for a arc equal to one-sixth of the periphery:
a = 3r

ANY FOUR SIDES FIGURE

Two cases are possible, as show in the illustration.
To find the CG of the four-sided figure ABCD each of
the sides is divided into three equal parts. A line is then
drawn thorough each pair of division points next to the
points of intersection A, B, C and D of the sides of the
figure. These lines form a parallelogram EFGH; the
intersection of the diagonals EG and FH locates the
CG of figure.

CIRCLE SEGMENT
The distance of the CG from the center
of the circle is:
b = c3 = 2/3 x r3 sin3
12 A A
Where A = area of segment.

CIRCLE SECTOR

Distance b from CG to center of circle is:

b = 2rc = r2c
3l 3A
Where, A = area of sector , and is
expressed in degrees.
For the area of a half circle.
b = 4r 3

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 For the area of a quarter circle.
b = 42 x r 3
For the area of a sixth of a circle.
b = 2r

PART OF CIRCLE RING

Distance b from CG to center of circle is:
b = 38.197(R3 r3) sin
(R2-r2)
Angle is expressed in degree.

SPANDREL OR FILLES
Area = 0.2146R2
X = Y = 0.2234 R

SEGMENT OF AN ELLIPSE
The CG of an elliptic segments ABC.
Symmetrical about one of the axes coincides with
the center of gravity of the segment DBF of a circle,
the diameter of which is equal to that axis of the
ellipse about which the elliptic segments is
symmetrical.

PARABOLA

For the complete parabolic area , the CG

is on the center line or axis, and
a = 3h/ 5

For one-half of the parabola:

a = 3h/5 and b = 3w/8

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 For the complement area ABC:
c = 0.3 h and d = 0.75 w

SPHERICAL SURAFACE OF SEGMENTS AND ZONES OF

SPHERE:
Distance a and b which determine the CG are:
A = h/2

B = H/2

CYLINDER
The center of gravity of a solid cylinder
(or prism) with parallel end surfaces, is located
at the middle of the line that joins the centers of
gravity of the end surfaces.
The center of gravity of a cylindrical
Surface or shell. With the base or end surface
In one end is found from:
a = 2h2
4h + d
CYLINDER CUT OFF
The CG of a cylinder cut off by an inclined
Plane is located by:
a = h/2 + (r2 tan2 ) / 8h , b = r2tan /4h
where is the angle between the obliquely cut off surface & the base surface
PORTION FO CYLINDER
For a solid portion of a cylinder as shown
the center of gravity is determined by:
a = 3/16 x x r b= 3/32 x x h
For the cylinder is hollow, the CG of
The solid shell is found by:
a = 3/16 x x R4 r4
R 3 r3

PYRAMID
In a solid pyramid the center of gravity is
located on the line joining the apex with the

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 center of gravity of the base surface at a distance
from the base equal to one quarter of the
height or a = 1/3 h
The center of gravity of the triangular surfaces
forming the pyramid is located on the line joining
the apex with the center of gravity of the base
surface. At a distance from the base equal to one
third of the height or a =1/3 h.

CONE
The same rules apply as for the pyramid
For the solid cone:
-a = h
For the conical surface:
-a = 1/3 h

FRUSTUM OF PYRAMID
The center of gravity is located on the line
that joins the CG of the end surfaces.
If A1 = area of base surface, and
A = area of top surface

A = h(A1 + 2 A1 x A2 + 3A2)
4 (A1 + A1 x A2 + A2)

FRUSTUM OF CONE
The same rules apply as for the frustum
of a pyramid. For a solid frustum of a
circular cone the formula:
a = h(R2 + 2Rr + 3r2)
4(r2 + Rr + r2)
The location of the CG of conical surface
of a frustum of a cone is :
a = h(R + 2r)
3(R + r)

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

 WEDGE
The center of gravity line is on the line
joining the CG of the base with the
middle point of the edge and located at:
a = h(b + c)
2(2b + c)

SPHERICAL SEGEMENT
The center of gravity of a solid segment
is determined by:
a= 3(2r h)2
4(3r h)
b =h(4r h)
4(3r h)
For half sphere a = b =3/8 r

HALF OF HOLLOW SPHERE

The center of gravity is located at
a = 3(R4 r4)
8(R3 r3)

SPHERICAL SECTOR
The center of gravity is located at:
a = 3/8 ( 1 + cos) r = 3/8(2r h)
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF TWO BODIES
If the weight of the bodies are P and Q
and the distance between their CG is a, then

b = Qa c= Pa
P+Q P+Q

HEMISPHERICAL DISHED END

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

WEIGHT CALCULATION

Major formula for calculate the weight of any body, part, etc.

WEIGHT = VOLUM X SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Here some parts weight calculation is given:

RECTANGULER PLATE:

Weight = Volume x specific gravity

= length x width x thk x specific gravity
CIRCULER PLATE

Weight = Volume X specific gravity

= area of circle x thk of plate x specific gravity
SHELL COURSES

Weight = Volume of hollow cylinder x specific gravity

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.

All LINEAR DIMENSION ARE IN MM.