Philips Lighting | SOL RAREST TRA AMARA AT ET RP 9A RT Fifth edition mG Ae ce. Go i =a ae TEP} — ae = POS 2 aS PHILIPS = | PHILIPS__———————— LIGHTING MANUAL See Edition A handbook of lighting Seepared by members of staf of Philips Lighting© Philips Lighting BV, 1993, First published 1974 Second edition 1975 Third edition 1981 Fourth edition 1986 Fifth edition 1993 ISBN 90 80126217 Al rights reserved. No part of this publ stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying. recording or ‘otherwise, without the prior permission of Philips Lighting B.V. Printed in The Netherlands. ion may be reproduced, PREFACE ‘This Lighting Manual provides a handy compendium of useful information on illuminating engineering practice. its small format and ne style of presentation adopted have been carefully chosen to make it ‘suitable for daily use as a reference booklet by lighting engineers, technical salemen, consultants, architects and technically oriented customers alike In spite of its pocket-book size, the range of subjects covered is extremely extensive. This has been achieved by keeping the text short point throughout, much of the information being presented, fagrammatic or tabular form. is Lighting Manual was first published in 1974, Such was the ‘demand world-wide, that @ second edition was brought out ter, Third and foi ns, in an enlarged format ion, we have brought the manual right up to date. has necessitated a complete rewrite of the sections devoted to 1g hardware (lamps and ich have at the same time been considerably extended t of useful data not ting design and ‘appl ly rewritten and are more ‘Comprehensive than ever before. To do this. we have drawn heavily on jence of teams of engineers and ion Centres Eindhoven January 1993CONTENTS Preface LIGHTING HARDWARE 1, Lamps 1.1 Incandescent Lamps 1.1.1 Normal incandescent Lamps 1.1.2 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 1.2. Mercury Discharge Lamps 1.2.1 Tubular Fluorescent Lamps 2.2 High pressure Mercury Lamps. 2.4 Metal Halide Lamps 1.3 Sodium Discharge Lamps. 1.3.1. Low-pressure Sodium Lamps 1.3.2 Hightpressure Sodium Lamps 1,4 OL Induction Lamp System 1.5 General Lamp Survey 2. LUMINAIRES: 24 2.1.3 Light Cont 2.1.4 Mechanical Integrity 2.15 Efficiency 2.2 Types 22.1 Commercial Luminaires 2.2.2 Industrial Luminaires 223 224 225 23 Ay 2'3:1. Inspection Institutes 2.32 Inspection Requirements 24 Classification 2.4.1 General Classification 2.4.2 Photometric Classification 18 15 31 40 44 51 51 57 67 70CONTENTS INTERIOR LIGHTING 3. GENERAL 3.4 Lighting Objectives 3.1.1 Visual Performance 3.1.2 Visual Comfort and Pleasantness 3.1.3 Energy and Cost Effectiveness 3.2 Lighting Parameters 1 Lighting Level 2. Luminance Distribution 3 Glare ‘4 Modelling 3.25 Colour 4, LIGHTING DESIGN Lig 32 32 32. 32. fencing the Design 4.1.1 Function of the Space sand Details of the Space ing and Layout (esthetics) Décor Lighting Budget 4.2 Basic Design Decisions 4.2.1 Choice of Lighting System 422 Choice of Lamp and Lumingire 43 Lighting Control 4.3.1 Control Techniques 43.2 Control Systems 44 Integration 4.4.1 Electric Lighting and Daylighting 4.4.2 Lighting, Air Conditioning and Acoustics, 4.5 Emergency Lighting 4.5.1. Categories of Emergency Lighting 4.5.2 Types of Emergency Lighting 46 Security Lighting 4.6.1 Light Sources 4.8.2 Lighting Level 4.6.3 Applications 47 Maintenance 47.1 Depreciation in Light Ou 4.7.2 Maintenance Schedule 4.73 Maintenance Factor 48 Lighting Calculations 428.1. Point luminance Calculations 4.8.2 Average Illuminance Calculations 4.8.3 Luminaire Luminance CONTENTS 5. APPLICATION FIELDS 5.1 Industrial Interiors 5.1.1 General 5.1.2 Lighting Levels 8.1.3 Lighting Systems 5.1.4 Special Tasks in Industry 5.2 Offices 5.2.1 General Recommendations 5.22 Office Types 5.3. Educational Buildings 53.1 Class-rooms 5.32 Lecture Halls 5.3.3 Arts and Crafts Rooms, Workshops 5.3.4 Assembly Halls 5.4. Shops and Stores 5.4.1 Fundamental Requirements 5.42 Character and Ambience 5.43 Display Lighting 5,5 Museums and Art Galleries 5.5.1 General Requirements 5.5.2 Showcase Lighting 5.5.3 Conservation 5.6 Hotels and Restaurants 6.1 Fundamental Requirements 6.2 Lighting Design Hi 5 5 5.7 Hospitals 5.7.1 Hospital Wards 5 5. 5, 8.7.7 Other Rooms 5.8 Home Lighting 581 Traffic Zones 5.8.2 Primary Indoor Areas 5.8.3 Secondary Indoor Areas 5.8.4 Outdoor Areas 5.9 Artificial Lighting in Horticulture Growah in the Greenhouse 207 207 208 208 216 217 217 221 225 225 226 228 228 228 228 228 236 240 241 244 244 247 247 248 251 252 253 254 254 254 255 255 255 285 256 260 261 261 261 262CONTENTS EXTERIOR LIGHTING GENERAL APPLICATION FIELDS 6 7 7A 72 73 Road Lighting 7.1.1 Fundamen 7 7 7 7 7 1 Residenti 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Quality Criteria Official Recommendations Road Surface Reflection Properties Lighting Arrangements Calculations Energy and Cost Effectiveness junnel Lighting Zones and Associated Vision Problems Daytime Lighting Night-time Lighting Emergency Lighting Maintenance Lighting Systems Lighting Equipment ind Pedestrian areas Principal Lighting Needs Lighting Rec Lighting Inst ighting of B Large Working Areas Buildings and Monuments Parks and Gardens SPORTS LIGHTING GENERAL Basic User Requirements 8. at a2 a3 8.1.1 Players and Off 8.1.2 Spectators 8.1.3 Television and Film ighting Criteria Horizontal luminance Vertical luminance luminance Uniformity luminance Uniformity Glare Colour Emergency Lighting Technical Evaluation 273 273 281 283 287 294 307 308 308 310 319 319 319 320 322 323 324 325 327 331 331 334 344 351 351 351 351 362 352 352 353 353 355 355 356 356 356 357 357 358 358 358 CONTENTS 9, DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 9.1. Type of Lamp. 911.1. Lamp Charecteris 9.1.2 Lamp Flicker 9.2. Type of Luminaire 912.1. Photometric Charact 92. 93 Lig! 93. 93 93. 9.3.4 Switching Steps 9.3.5 Commissioning the Installation 19 and Maintenance 9.4 Light Depreciat 95 jal and Operating Costs 9.8.1 The Cost Analysis, 9.5.2 Minimising Costs GLOSSARY APPENDIXES A. Fundamentals of Light Radiation and Vision Colour Optical Properties of Matter B. Calculux - The Lighting Design Program for Personal Computers: Indoor Lighting Design. Area Lighting Design Road Lighting Desian Luminaire Database Management ©. Tables ‘Some Recommended liluminance Levels, damental Photometric and Radiometric Quant Conversion Factors. SI Prefixes Grock Alphabet ternational Standards Organisations uggestions for Further Reading INDEX 368 368 370 371 371 374 376 376 386 387 388 392 394 395 395 395 421 an 427 431 437 437 438 440 443 445 447 447 453 454 455 455 456 456 459LIGHTING HARDWARE 1. Lamps 2. Luminaires1, LAMPS 1.1 Incandescent Lamps The Filament The higher the temperatureLAMeESE LAMPS Filament Support The filament support consists of a glass ster, lead-in wires and support wires. The stem, which is made ol insulation properties and facilitates vacuum: 1d-glass, has excellent electrical ht sealing of the lead-in The lead-in wires for General Lighting Service (GLS) lamps are normally in three parts: the upper part, to which the filament is pinched Of (sometimes) welded; the central part, which forms a vacuum-tight ‘seal with the lead-glass of the stem; and the lower part, which often has a low melting point so as to act as a built-in fuse. The wires supporting the filament are generally made of pure molybdenum, a8 this metal is resilient and displays no affinity for tungsten The Bulb ‘The filament of an incandescent lamp is enclosed in a sealed gless ‘envelope called the bulb. The bulb encloses the filament and so prevents it from coming into contact with the outside air, the oxygen in ‘which would cause it to burn up. ‘The bulbs of most GLS lamps are made of soda-lime glass, the most common and cheapest type of glass available. For lamps that mu withstand high temperatures (tungsten halogen lamps. for examp! temperature shocks, more resistant glasses are used, including pure fused silica for the highest demands Depending on application, the bulb may undergo various treatments: th acid. It ht with hardly Frosting. This is done by etching the inside of the bulb produces a satin finish and moderate diffusion of the ‘ny reduction in transmittance, Opalising. Better diffusion, but at the cost of greater light absorption, is ‘achieved by opalising the bulb, that is by coating the inside with finely powdered si This is the technique employed ‘when making the so-called Softone lamps (see Fig. 1.4). ‘SuperLux" lamps are only partly opalised, the front of the lamp being frosted. Colouring. The bulb of a GLS-type tamp is generally coloured by coating its inside surface. Coloured reflector lamps receive @ transparent or ‘opal lacquer coating on the outside surface. 3F lamps receive an internal mirror coating Silver-coloured mirrors are now invariably produced by evaporation of ‘aluminium under vacuum. Gold-coloured mirrors are obtained by ‘evaporation of a copper-aluminium alloy. Mirror-coating. Rell Dichroie mirrors and colour filters. Some types of lamps are provided ‘with a special, so-called cold-light dichroic mirror. Others are provided with a colour filter working on the same principle. This type of mirror or filter, which is built up of a number of alternating layers of two materials with widely different refractive indices, reflects chosen wavelengths and transmits others. The Fill Gas Evaporation of the filament is reduced by filling the bulb with an inert {2a5; the operating temperature of the filament can then be Correspondingly higher. Argon or a nitrogen and argon mixture are the gases st commonly used. As the pressure of the gas is increased, ion of the reduced with a corresponding increase in luminous efficacy and lamp life. The gas pressure in GLS incandescent lamps is approximately 0.9 ‘atmospheres when cold and up to 1.5 atmospheres when operating. The Cap There are two basic types of lamp caps for GLS lamps: the screw cap land the bayonet cap. Both are employed in various sizes, the most ‘common being (Edison) screw type Bayonet type E10 B15 E14 822 £27 E40 The number indicates the diameter of the lamp cap in millimetres. Lamp Types General Lighting Service (GLS) Lamps GLS lamps form the mainstay of incandescent lamp production. The bulb is either clear, frosted or o 1.3), and wattages range from ity lying between 26 W and 200 W. 5