OUTLINE INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
Exploration, Wildcat
Confirm the existence of hydrocarbons
Appraisal
Delineate reservoir extension, determine hydrocarbon contacts
Development, Production
Produce hydrocarbon, optimize production
Drilling Process
Drilling Mud
Hoisting System
Used for lifting heavy loads; consists of a mechanical winch
(drawworks) with a large steel cable spool, a block-and-tackle
pulley and a receiving storage reel for the cable
turntable - part of the drilling apparatus
Drilling Process The crew sets up the rig and starts the drilling operations. First,
Drilling Mud from the starter hole, the team drills a surface hole down to a
pre-set depth, which is somewhere above where they think
the oil trap is located. There are five basic steps to drilling the
surface hole:
1. Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
2. Attach the kelly and turntable, and begin drilling.
3. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe
and out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the
hole.
4. Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets
deeper.
5. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the
pre-set depth (anywhere from a few hundred to a
couple-thousand feet) is reached.
Drilling Process Once they reach the pre-set depth, they must run and cement
Drilling Mud the casing -- place casing-pipe sections into the hole to prevent
it from collapsing in on itself. The casing pipe has spacers
around the outside to keep it centered in the hole.
The casing crew puts the casing pipe in the hole. The cement
crew pumps cement down the casing pipe using a bottom
plug, a cement slurry, a top plug and drill mud.
The pressure from the drill mud causes the cement slurry to
move through the casing and fill the space between the
outside of the casing and the hole.
Finally, the cement is allowed to harden and then tested for
such properties as hardness, alignment and a proper seal.
Drilling continues in stages: The crew drills, then runs and
cements new casings, then drills again. When the rock cuttings
from the mud reveal the oil sand from the reservoir rock, the
crew may have reached the well's final depth. At this point,
crew members remove the drilling apparatus from the hole
and perform several tests to confirm this finding.
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MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
PDB 1023
Mud Logging
Mud logging is one of the first evaluation methods available during the drilling of an
exploration well.
Mud log - Plots of wellsite activities and cuttings analysis versus depth.
It is useful for:
Identification of the lithology and formation type being drilled
Identification of porous/permeable zones
Confirmation of hydrocarbons being encountered and whether they are oil or gas
Mud Logging
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Mud Logging
Coring is the technique whereby sample of reservoir materials (cores) are removed
from subsurface and brought to the surface for physical examination
A core is a solid cylinder of rock about 4 5 inches in diameter and a single core will
usually be about 30 ft long.
The sample can be obtained either using drilling string coring or via wireline.
Cores are basically cut where specific lithologic and rock parameter data are required.
The homogeneity of the reservoir and any variations that are likely to be below the
resolution of logging tools.
The type of cementation and distribution of porosity and permeability.
The presence of hydrocarbons from smell and appearance under ultraviolet (UV) light.
Sometimes, oil-water contact (OWC) can be established as well.
The types of minerals and fossils present.
Presence of fractures (either cemented, natural, or drilling induced) and their
orientation.
Sedimentology and depositional environment.
Fluids characteristics such as saturation, viscosity, density etc.
Rocks characteristics such as porosity, permeability etc.
1. Conventional coring
Large diameter core, as much as five inches or more, can be obtained in one
operation
Drilling operations cannot be resumed without removing the drill pipe from the hole
3. Diamond coring
Advantageous in coring hard, dense formations where the cost of the coring with
roller cutter bits is high
Increase both core recovery and penetration rate
Side-Wall Coring
Side-wall cores are small samples of rock obtained by shooting a hollow bullet from a
gun into the walls of a drill hole.
The cores can be taken from several levels and at different locations.
There are as many as thirty bullets per gun (60 core/run, 2 gun).
Spontaneous Potential and Gamma Ray is used to determine gun position.
This method is a supplementary coring method used in zones where core recovery by
conventional methods was less than expected, or where cores were not obtained as
drilling progressed.
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log Mud Invasion Profile
Spontaneous Potential
Log Mud invasion happens due to the effect of drilling fluid (mud).
Density Log The hydrostatic pressure of the mud column is always kept
Neutron Log higher than the formation pressure.
Sonic Log This creates invasion of the mud filtrate into the formation
Resistivity Log around borehole.
Induction Log Depth of invasion mainly depends on the permeability of the
Caliper Log formation.
Resistivity Dipmeter
Induction Caliper
Introduction
It is very important to know and
Gamma Ray Log Gamma Ray differentiate sands from shale.
Spontaneous Potential
Once it is done, then we can
Log
know the reservoir and non-
Density Log Shale reservoir zones for hydrocarbon
Shale
Neutron Log Baseline in place calculation.
Sonic Log
A cut-off or shale baseline must
Resistivity Log
be determined so that the shale
Induction Log
volume can be calculated.
Caliper Log
Since shale gives high reading of
gamma ray, it always on the right
side and is considered as the
Sd
non-reservoir part.
Sand
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log
Density Porosity
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log Neutron Porosity Example of Density Neutron Log
Spontaneous Potential Interpretation
Log
Density Log
Deflections to the left = more porous
Neutron Log
Deflections to the right = less porous
Shale
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log Dashed red left of Solid black
Induction Log black = Shale
Caliper Log Dashed red right of Solid
black = Gas Sand
Dashed red over Solid black =
Wet Sand or Oil Sand
Gas
Gas
Oil
or
H2O
Introduction
Example of Density
Gamma Ray Log
Neutron Log
Spontaneous Potential
Interpretation with
Log
Gamma Ray Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log Gas in formation causes
Resistivity Log the apparent from
Induction Log Density log to increase and
Caliper Log from Neutron log to
decrease, causing a high
density-neutron
separation. Oil in the
formation does cause an
increase in separation
but this is usually very
small.
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log Resistivity of All the open hole logs are affected
Spontaneous Potential Water by the invasion process.
Log The lithology and porosity do not
Density Log change significantly in the invaded
Increasing Resistivity
Neutron Log Resistivity of zone and these measurements
Sonic Log Water and can be taken as representative of
Resistivity Log Formation the virgin zone parameters.
Induction Log The invasion process changes the
Caliper Log fluid saturation in the invaded
Resistivity of zone and resistivity tools are used
Water, to determine hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon saturation.
and Formation
Resistivity of
Tight Formation
MSFL
Gamma Ray Log
SFL
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log Formation Fluid
Caliper Log different from
Drilling Fluid
Formation Fluid
similar to
Drilling Fluid
Why we do correlation?
To understand the lateral continuity and variation of the reservoir sands in the field so
that the field can be developed optimally.
To develop depositional model of the reservoir sands and bounding shales in order to
understand the facies distribution within the reservoir interval.
Correlation tools:
Electric Logs :
GR (Gamma Ray)
Resistivity Log (ILD or MSFL)
SP (Spontaneous Potential)
Sonic
Density Log
Neutron Porosity, etc.
Others:
Microfossils data
Core description data
Seismic picks (Converted from TWT to Depths) MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
PDB 1023
Correlation Methods
Common rule:
Identify a common surface to be used as datum (i.e coal).
Positions and 'hangs' all wells on this surface according to its sequence from the
map.
Identify 'sand unit' and try to correlate them laterally.
Correlate 'minor' events to complete the correlation for detail facies interpretation.
Two types of correlation:
Stratigraphic Correlation
Structural Correlation
Stratigraphic Correlation
Datum :
Surface that represent the same 'time-line' during deposition
Faults :
If correlation is 'lost' or similar event do not exist between wells - A break in the
sedimentary layers
Missing layer - Normal fault
Created duplicate layer - Reverse fault
Stratigraphic Correlation
Stratigraphic Correlation
Structural Correlation
Datum :
on the same depths (usually TVD) for all wells
To represent the GOC/GWC or OWC contacts on its true structural position
For field development, the correlation is to display other applicable well information
that needs true structural positions.
Structural Correlation
Structural Correlation
Contours
The map graphically illustrates the subsurface situation similar to a topographic map that
depicts the surface of the earth. This type of map is called Contour map
One had to visualise the contour map in 3-Dimensional form to understand its true
subsurface structure
Contour map is also used to illustrate spatial distribution of other geological information
in the subsurface within the map area (Facies, Porosity etcs.)
Contours
Contours
Contours
Contours
Contours
A contour line is a line that joins points of equal value (Elevation, depth, thickness, etc).
And any map that uses the contour lines as means of illustration is called contour map.
Contour lines are the intersection of a surface and a horizontal plane parallel to the
Reference Elevation, usually sea level. The projection of these contour lines onto a flat
surface creates a contour map.
Flat ground is indicated where the contours are widely separated and steep-slope where
they run close together.
Contours
Contours
400
527
200
300
Methods of Contouring
Methods of Contouring
Methods of Contouring
Exercise of Contouring
Exercise of Contouring
VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
Terminology
Gross Rock Volume total volume between the mapped surface that defines the top of a reservoir
and the expected hydrocarbon contact.
Gross Interval interval from top to base of reservoir flow unit.
Net Interval or Gross Sand interval satisfying shale cut-off criteria.
Net Sand interval satisfying shale and porosity cut-off criteria.
Net Pay - interval satisfying shale, porosity and saturation cut-off criteria
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
PDB 1023
VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
RESOURCES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
Resources are defined as the total estimated quantities of petroleum at a specific date to
be contained in, or that have been produced from known accumulations, plus those
estimated quantities in accumulations yet to be discovered.
Undiscovered Resources
Undiscovered resources are the total estimated in-place quantities of petroleum at a
specific date to be contained in accumulations yet to be discovered.
Speculative Recovery:
To be contained in unproven traps, undrilled provinces, structures or deeper
reservoirs underlying productive fields where geological conditions are believed
to be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum, which if present, may
eventually be recovered.
RESOURCES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
Discovered Resources
The total estimated in-place quantities of petroleum at a specific date to be contained in
known accumulations that have been penetrated by a wellbore.
They comprise those quantities that are commercial and non-commercial accumulation
based on known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally
accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.
Ultimate Recovery:
Is defined as the discovered resources anticipated to be commercially
recoverable from known accumulations at a specific date, under existing
economic condition, by established operating practices and under current
government regulations.
Is the sum of cumulative production and reserves.
Cumulative Production:
Is defined as the total quantities of petroleum that have been produced at a
specific date.
RESERVES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
RESERVES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
RESERVES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
In conclusion, STOOIP (Stock Tank Oil Originally In Place) is the total volume of oil in the
reservoir, while Reserves are those quantities that can be extracted from STOOIP.
QUESTIONS?