Buckingham’s Pi Theorem Determining the dimensionless groups: The number of dimensionless groups or pi terms is given by Buckingham’s Pi Theorem: Number of Pi terms = Number of variables -Number of basic dimensions Basic dimensions = 4 for F,L,T,® Basic dimensions = 3 for F,L,T Basic dimensions = 2 for L,T Example: Drag force on a sphere involved six variables (Fp, 44,V, p.) and three basic units (F,L and T) involved. Hence, there would be six minus three or three dimensionless Pi terms: T= —p .., pp aee ie ats pVed py LEE ) pV?d? — B’ pv? General process for determining the dimensionless group from the problem variables. Use an assumed functional relationship between the variables. For the sphere drag problem Fry = ptudV4 ps Exponents to be determined to satisfy dimensional homogeneity.Determining dimensionless groups For dimensional homogeneity the number of each basic unit (F,L,T) must be the same on each side of the relation. Insert the basic units: p ~ FT? /L*,u ~ FT/L’, ete. F x (FT? L-4)4 (FTL)? (L)° (LT 1)4 (FL? )* Equate the quantity of each basic unit Fr l=at+bte L: 0=-4a-2b+e+d-2e T: 0=2a+b-d Five exponents and three equations - solve for three Three equations corresponds to the three basic units, verifies Buckingham’s Pi theorem. Choose simplest solution: e=l-a-b d=2at+b c=4a+2b-d+2e=2-b Fp » pt phd2 by 24% pica 0 Fy = 4? pal PV? | Pin) (HV | Prod)” Dimensionless 7 terms 2 m1, =f, my =, na 1, = Pod Poo Poo Fp . Standard Groups: —! =? (Force coefficient), Ny pV*d My _ pla = Pe (Pressure coef.) (Reynolds number), e Ty 4 -_Example: Determine the pressure difference Ap down a pipe which depends on fluid properties: density p and viscosity 44; geometry: diameter d, length of pipe L, and wall roughness height e; and flow condition: average velocity v. Ap = f(p,4,V,d,L,e) Seven variables gives four Pi groups for F,L,T basic units. Ape p*uVd! Ie" FID (FT? /14)9(FT/ 17)? (LIT) (L)f (8 (L)" F: l=a+b Solution: a=c-1 L: -2=-4a-2b+e+f+gth b=2-c T: 0=2a+b-c f=e-2-g-h Ape peeve de 28 186" eG) 2 m1, =22% ana 1, = 94 1, =H - A a # my pv Standard form: AP | alah ire! pv? wod'dExample: Find the dimensionless form of the solution for the thrust force F; of a propeller if it depends upon the fluid density p, the diameter d, the rotational speed w, and the relative fluid velocity V. Fr = {(9,4,0,V) in which there are five variables and which results in two dimensionless Pi terms. Assume this relation in the form Fp = p'd’a'V6 which gives after inserting the units for each variable Fx (FT? /1)*(L) (1/7) (LIT)? Equating the number of each basic units F: l=a L: 0=-4da+b+e T: 0=2a-c-e Immediately we get a=1 b=4-e c=2-e Rewriting the assumed functional relation Fp = pd "av? e Then —r 7 -(3) or Fr pord* \ad pod which is of standard form.Direct Rationalization of Dimensionless Groups Obtain the Pi terms by simple reasoning: 1. Determine their number from Buckingham’s theorem. Make sure the appropriate number of groups is obtained. 2. Identify variables (p, u,7, etc.) that contain force quantities and formulate the corresponding force. For example, F, = pV7L” and F,, = VL. Then take ratios of these forces (F, /F,, = pVL/) to get dimensionless groups. 3. If the force groups do not comprise the number of dimensional groups sought, then look for length type terms, velocity type terms, and/or time type variables which can be divided to give dimensionless groups. There may be more than one length in the problem, i.e. L and d which gives the dimensionless group L/d. Length type variables can also include area and volume so that 4/1? and V/1) are dimensionless groups. Velocity type terms include velocity V, angular velocity w, and volume flow rate g which yield dimensionless groups r@/V and ¢/VL?. Time type terms can consist of the period 7 of the motion and the convective time scale L/V which gives the dimensionless group V/L.Example: Find the pressure drop for the pipe flow where the pipe is rotating about its own axis with a rotational speed w. Then Ap = f(p,4,4,V,0,L,e) There are eight variables involving F,L,T units and, therefore, five dimensionless groups. There are three variables Ap, p, involving forces F,, = ApA Apd* F,, = pYDV | Dt » pd? LV (LIV) = pV 7d? F,, =1A= u(0V 1 or)A x wV /d)d? = ud which gives two independent dimensionless groups Fy _ Apd? _ Ap a fee pv?d? _ pVd = =P an = Fy, pV?d? pv? Ll Still need three more groups. There are three lengths d, L and e which gives two more groups L/d and e/d. Still need one more group. There are two velocity type quantities V and which gives the dimensionless group ad/V. Then have five dimensionless groups and Ap (#2 od L ‘| aah pV fa ieDimensionless numbers for force quantities Force intensities, pressure and shear stresses, are non- dimensionalized with the dynamic pressure, i.e. Apl(pV? /2) Pressure coefficient: ¢, =(p— Pao) (PoVe 2) Local shear stress coefficient: cy =r /( PooV 2 12) Resultant forces, such as lift and drag, are non- dimensionalized with the dynamic pressure force pV?.4/2, where A is some characteristic area of the Fi, ) 1 1 neato a Pokod Cr= Torque 1 is force F times a moment arm L which is nondimensioalized by multiplying the dynamic pressure force by L to give Cp = 7 7 PoV AL For a rotating component V ~ wd and AL x d? to obtain T Cr= I pod? 2 Power is the rate of doing work F-L/T or F-V which requires that the reference dynamic pressure force be ee multiplied by V Cp =] and Cp _— 7 pvrd 3 pord>Viscous forces are characterized by the Reynolds number which is the ratio of the inertia to the viscous force DV 3 Ve Oot, LIV _ YL we aa Hu ; pH Gravity force is characterized by the Froud number which is the ratio of the inertia to the gravity force _pVrdd_ pV? _ Vv? Fr ae ya pel Lg Compressible flow of gases where the velocity of the flow is on the order of the speed of sound c and there are density changes in the flow field. The inertia pvdvda associated with a change in velocity is comparable with the inertia ¢*gpa1 associated with the density change caused by a sound wave. [pV?(DV Vdd _V pe*(dp/ p)dA¢ Mach Number =Example: The power P required to rotate a propeller depends on the fluid density », the propeller diameter d, the rotational speed @, the velocity V of the fluid approaching the propeller, the speed of sound ¢, and the angle a of a propeller blade. P= f(p,d,0,V,c,a0) Seven variables give four dimensionless groups. Two force like terms yield one dimensionless group. Use the dynamic pressure force pV?4/2 to non- dimensionalize a force. Since power is F -V Tl, =PApV3A/2) For a rotating propeller we use L=d and V = ad to obtain Th, = Cp =; — 345 ed 2 po There are three velocity type variables: @, V and c, which gives two dimensionless groups UZ Te Cc od Need one more dimensionless group, but have not yet considered the angle @. An angle can be defined in terms of its tangent which is the ratio of two lengths and is dimensionless. « is already a Pi term, 1, =a. Then = Pa cea] 1 dd ad’ he d