APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
A Training Manual and Reference Book
of Basic Principles and Practices
Robert Frost
Applied Kinesiology is sponsored by the Society for the Study of Native Arts and Sciences, a non
profit educational corporation whose goals are to develop an educational and crosscultural
perspective linking various scientific, social, and artistic fields; to nurture a holistic view of arts,
sciences, humanities, and healing; and to publish and distribute literature on the relationship of
mind, body, and nature.
North Atlantic Books' publications are available through most bookstores. For further
information, call 800-733-3000 or visit our website at www.northatlanticbooks.com.
ISBN-13: 978-1-55643-374-0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United 14 13 12 11 10 09 08
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
FROM BIOMECHANICS TO APPLIED KINES IOLOGY
Medical Definitions 8
AK Definitions 8
Chapter 2
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 15
Anatomy and Physiology of the Muscles and Related Structures 15
Traditional Worldviews 40
Fractal Geometry 47
Holograms 49
Chapter 3
THE MUSCLE TEST 63
Theory, Procedure, and Interpretation of Muscle Testing 63
Challenge 67
2. Emotional Challenge 71
3. Functional-Neurological Challenge 72
4. Chemical-PhysicallEnergetic-Electromagnetic Challenge 72
Therapy Localization 73
Surrogate Testing 76
Chapter 4
PRETESTS 79
A. Is Dehydration Present? 79
E. Ocular Lock 85
G. Auxiliary K 27 89
General Hypertonicity 93
Chapter 5
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 99
Testing for Possible Negative Effects of Nutrition or Other Non-Toxic Substances 121
Detecting Hidden Problems Through Activating the Halves of the Brain 123
Fascial Release or Chill and Stretch Techniques for Muscle Stretch Reaction 126
Exercise 139
Chapter 6
MUSCLE TESTS 1 5 3
Adductors 154
Hamstrings 164
Iliopsoas 166
Infraspinatus 170
Piriformis 186
Popliteus 190
Sartorius 204
Subclavius 212
Subscapularis 214
Supraspinatus 216
Appendices 233
1. Glossary of Anatomical Terminology 233
Vocabulary 236
General Health Tips for the Therapist to Tell to His Patients 253
Fractals 278
Index 269
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give a heartfelt thanks to Parts of this text were derived from my doctoral
the founder of Applied Kinesiology, George Good thesis. While I was writing that thesis, my father played
heart, D.C His insights and research are the reason the role of the interested but uninformed student of
this field exists at all. kinesiology. Through his continual questioning, I
Next, I am indebted to the excellent texts of David rewrote and rewrote until a beginner could under
Walther, D.C, David Leaf, D.C, and Wolfgang Gerz, stand what I meant. Through the magic of electronic
M.D. These were my most-used references for the mail (between California and Switzerland/Germany),
writing of this book. Dr. Gerz was also kind enough to he assisted me in clarifying this text as well. He taught
read the text, answer questions by phone and fax, pro me to seek unity, coherence, and emphasis in my writ
vide various diagrams, and to help with specific ques ing. I hear his guiding words whenever I write. Thanks
tions including the correct translations of Applied to you, Joe Frost.
Kinesiology terminology (Fachbegriffe) for the Ger A special thanks to Tatjana Schuba (Hei/praktik
man edition. His critical reading of this text, correc erin, acupuncturist, fitness trainer, designer). Her
tions and suggestions greatly assisted its accuracy and design and precision craftsmanship produced the var
completeness. ious anatomical and other graphic drawings. During
My deepest thanks go out also to my personal the initial writing of this book, Tatjana sat next to me
teachers of kinesiology: John Grahme, Andres and translated the text into German. Through her
Bernard, Richard Harnack, J immy Scott, Gordon extensive knowledge of anatomy and physiology, the
Stokes, Daniel Whiteside, John Thie, Frank Mahoney, text achieved scientific accuracy. In particular the parts
Dominique Monette, Richard Utt, Sheldon Deal, Joan about the nervous system, neurophysiology, hormones
and Bruce Dewe, John Varun Maguire, Hap and Eliz and the meridian system have, through her research
abeth Barhydt, Irene Yaychuk Arabei, and Andrew and reworking of my text, achieved greater precision.
Verity. Their dedication and personal love of kinesi W riting together made the work fun and stimulated
ology constitute an ongoing inspiration. A special us both to keep at it for long hours. Through her ques
thanks to Irene Yaychuk Arabei and Andrew Verity tioning of exactly what I meant to say, many unclear
for the personal balancing sessions that helped me sections of the text were rewritten and greatly
rid myself of various health and personal problems, improved.
making the writing of this book and the achievement
of other life goals possible.
xi
INTRODUCTION
This book is for those who want a detailed introduc chaos theories. Biological medicine, which uses quan
tion to Applied Kinesiology (AK) as it is performed tum and chaos theories to provide a basis for a holis
by qualified chiropractors, medical doctors and health tic model of healing, and which often uses Applied
professionals. The goal of this book is to present the Kinesiology for diagnostic purposes, is then described
principles and basic practices of AK in their original at length. There follows a section on how to use the
form as developed by George Goodheart, but in a concepts of biological medicine to improve and main
manner and a format which may be understood even tain optimal health.
by the reader with no prior medical training. Stan For those with some experience in muscle testing,
dard medical terminology as used in AK is adhered the main portion of this book will provide the theo
to in this text. However, since most every specific term retical background necessary to deeply understand
or concept is defined and logically presented, even and to explain to others how muscle testing is per
the complete beginner should be able to follow and formed and how muscle strengthening techniques
understand the ideas. Since I especially wish to pres function. The testing and strengthening of thirty-three
ent these concepts using the vocabulary common to muscles are illustrated and carefully described. The
occupational groups with medical background, I uti muscle strengthening techniques discussed ill this text
lize the following terminology which is also typical in include Goodheart's original origin-insertion tech
AK literature: T he "examiner" tests the "patient," nique, neurolymphatic reflex point massage, neu
"diagnoses" and provides corrective "treatments." rovascular reflex point holding, appropriate nutrition,
At the beginning of the first chapter, I present short and manipulation of the neuromuscular spindle cells
definitions of traditional kinesiology (biomechanics), and Golgi tendon organs. The detailed explanations of
Applied Kinesiology and muscle testing so that the how these techniques are performed in AK will
reader may more easily understand these topics. Then enable the "apprentice" muscle-tester to use muscle
a short history of Applied Kinesiology, its methods testing and strengthening techniques with improved
and techniques is provided. In order to describe how precision and effectiveness. The advanced AK diag
living beings move (the original meaning of kinesi nostic and treatment techniques explained in this
ology or biomechanics), I describe the anatomy and book include therapy localization, challenge, nutri
physiology of muscles and related structures. Since tional and other substance testing, individual activa
muscles are driven by nerves, sections on neuro tion of the right and left halves of the brain, repeated
physiology and nerve receptors are included. T he muscle testing, muscle stretch response, and reactive
stress concept of Hans Selye and how this relates to muscles. Use of these techniques will produce much
muscular dysfunction follows. Since many of the phe greater ability to locate and correct the energy imbal
nomena of Applied Kinesiology cannot be adequately ances that affect health and optimal functioning. These
described within the limitations of the old Newton basic and advanced AK techniques are described in a
ian cause-and-effect scientific model, this is contrasted step-by-step format I designed for easy application
with the new worldviews provided by quantum and in a therapeutic session. A selection of case histories
xii
INTRODUCTION xiii
using this format is presented to help the reader edge, and experience behind them. But due to the
bridge the gap from theory to practice. Most anatom stringent and extensive requirements for accredita
ical and other specific terms used in this text are tion, there are not many of them, and the successful
defined in the glossary. work they do is not yet very widely known.
The AK techniques in this book should give the In the German branch (ICAK-D), membership
student a thorough theoretical grounding in muscle and specially designed AK training programs are
testing and its application. However, nothing can available for accredited practitioners of all state-rec
replace "hands-on" experience. It is highly advisable ognized health professions including Heilpraktiker,
to seek training with a health professional experi Krankengymnasten, Physiotherapeuten and Psy
enced with AK techniques before attempting to per chologen. A special branch of ICAK-D, the Interna
form them. Readers who already have experience in tional Medical Society for Applied Kinesiology
muscle testing will find the techniques that are new (IMAK), exists to serve the interests of medical doc
for them described in enough detail here that they tors and dentists, offering an exclusive AK training
will be able to put them directly into use. It is hoped program for them. Germany, Austria and Switzerland
that this text will also whet their appetite for more. are the first countries where the medical community
For all those who have the required prior training in is beginning to take serious interest in AK. In fact,
a health profession, it is recommended that they there are more medical doctors who use AK tech
acquire training under the guidance of a qualified niques in the German- speaking countries than in the
teacher of Applied Kinesiology. rest of the world combined.
Sports trainers and physical therapists of all sorts In an of itself, AK is not a profession. Therefore,
will learn useful techniques from this book and in the world of AK, there are no "applied kinesiol
thereby be better able to help their clients. Mastery ogists." As mentioned, to study AK one must already
of the practical techniques in this text should give any be a chiropractor, medical doctor, or at least a state
health professional who practices them the ability to approved therapist. For simplicity in this book, qual
help patients dispel health problems, improve pos ified therapists who use AK will be referred to as
ture and coordination, increase endurance, eliminate "examiners" or "therapists who use AK."
pains, increase the recuperative powers and many John Thie (chiropractor and first president of
other salutary effects. Goodheart's International College of Applied Kine
Applied Kinesiology was created in the 1960s by siology) gave some of his patients AK techniques for
the American chiropractor, Dr. George Goodheart. self-application as "homework." He saw that the
It has been further developed by other chiropractors patients who did this homework had better and
and by medical doctors. The requirements for the swifter results than those who didn't. Excited by these
highest accreditation, the "diplomate" of Goodheart's practical results, he then urged Dr. Goodheart to write
International College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK), a popular book about his discoveries in AK. Dr.
are high indeed. To join the organization, or take train Goodheart gave the job back to Dr. Thie. First with
ing courses, you must already be a chiropractor, med the help of Mary Marks, and then with both research
ical doctor, or other health professional with a four and writing assistance from Richard Duree and Gor
year medical training and the legal right to diagnose. don Stokes, Dr. Thie wrote the now famous Touch for
Then you must have at least 300 hours of accredited Health book, first published in 1973. This was designed
instruction in AK, publish two AK research papers for use by lay persons. The only requirements were
and practice AK for two years. Finally, you must pass that the chosen techniques be easy to learn, would
intensive written, oral and practical examinations. The (even in simplified form) be able to do a lot of good
ICAK diplomates have tremendous training, knowl- and, even if done incorrectly, would cause no harm.
xiv APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
It is an excellent system for mothers to help improve The simplified techniques of Touch for Health do
the health and performance of their children. As far not go as far or do as much good as can be achieved
as it goes, the system works very well. In fact, it works by the original and more complicated techniques of
so well, that many people use it professionally as a AK. For example, Touch for Health advises, as a mus
therapy system. This was a great surprise to its cle strengthening technique, that the neurovascular
founders. No one ever intended that Touch for Health points be gently held. AK teaches that neurovascu
become a professional system of healing. Through its lar points be not only held, but gently tugged in var
widespread popularity, Touch for Health has greatly ious directions, until the direction that produces
increased the awareness of Applied Kinesiology. More maximum pulsation is detected. Then the points are
than two million people world-wide have been intro held in this exact direction for 20 seconds longer. Just
duced to kinesiology muscle testing techniques holding the points will often strengthen the muscle
through Touch for Health. The many "kinesiologies" test. Careful experimentation has revealed that the
that have been developed from the root of Touch for best effects upon the associated organ and bodily
Health are today referred to as belonging to the field areas are only achieved with the precise application
of "Specialized Kinesiology." taught in AK (and explained in this book ) .
In many countries such as Germany, Touch for In most systems of Specialized Kinesiology, there
Health was being taught long before Goodheart's is a conspicuous absence of descriptive detail of the
Applied Kinesiology became known at large. And anatomy and physiology involved. And an explana
many of the practitioners of Touch for Health and tion of how the techniques function is also lacking.
related kinesiologies called their work "Angewandte This is to be expected, because Touch for Health was
Kinesiologie," the German translation of Applied designed for lay persons. For those who began with
Kinesiology. At that time there were few therapists Touch for Health and/or other branches of Special
using Applied Kinesiology and there seemed to be ized Kinesiology and are now ready for more detailed
no reason not to translate from English and use the knowledge and precision, this book will provide a
term themselves. This can be compared with Califor bridge toward the deeper understandings and appli
nia calling its sparkling wines "champagne." The cations of the original techniques of Applied Kinesi
French complained bitterly but to no avail. Although ology. It is hoped that this book will demonstrate the
no one denies that Champagne is a province in professional level of knowledge, the wide range of
France, the French had not internationally patented application and the practical usefulness of the tech
the word "champagne." Similarly, Goodheart never niques of AK and thereby attract more health pro
patented the term "Applied Kinesiology." One unfor fessionals to study AK.
tunate consequence is that many therapists believe Since I lived in Switzerland and Germany for
that Touch for Health and Applied Kinesiology are twenty years, this book first appeared in the German
identical. And seeing that Touch for Health is for lay language in 1999 with the title Grundlagen der
persons, they do not pursue studies in Applied Kine Applied Kinesiology. I am living in California again
siology. In order to avoid further confusion, Good and I'm pleased to now present the English version.
heart's original work, even in foreign language texts, -Robert Frost, Ph.D.
is now called "Applied Kinesiology" with no transla Carlsbad, California, September 2001
tion of the term.
xiv
*
CHAPTER 1
From Biomechanics
To Applied Kinesiology
KINESIOLOGY (from the Greek kinesis, movement) thousands of years and continue into the present. By
began in antiquity as the study of human and animal contrast,Applied Kinesiology (shortened in this book
movement. Over the course of many centuries, this to AK) began in 1964 with the research of the Amer
original, traditional form of kinesiology (biomechan ican chiropractor, George J. Goodheart, Jr., ne. His
ics) has produced a broad body of knowledge of how extraordinary powers of observation, his curiosity, his
nerves stimu).ate muscles to act upon bones in order drive to research the causes of what he observed and
to produce posture and movement. Like physiother the resulting discoveries have been the source of most
apy, kinesiology is a therapeutic profession with a of the diagnostic techniques used today in this rela
long history. Medical muscle testing existed in bio tively new discipline.
mechanics long before the emergence of Applied Various kinds of health professionals schooled in
Kinesiology. AK use standard medical muscle tests of biome
The biomechanic principles of kinesiology (such chanics to directly assess the functional integrity of
as the application of the minimal force necessary to the nervous system and the muscles. Muscle testing
produce maximal result) have been successfully is described at length later in this book. As a prelim
applied to a wide variety of ergonomic problems of inary introduction, a brief description of muscle test
industry, sports, and medicine. The application of bio ing as performed in AK is given below:
mechanics in industry has resulted in the design of
tools, chairs, work stations, etc., that are "user friendly." How Muscles Are Tested
It has stimulated the development of ergonomic work in Applied Kinesiology
techniques (e.g. how to lift heavy objects without
1. Most muscles are attached through their tendons
endangering the body) that result in fewer injuries
and yield greater productivity. Athletes work with at both ends to bones that meet in a moveable
kinesiologists to learn how to more efficiently and joint. When muscles contract, they shorten. This
successfully perform the movements required by their shortening pulls one of the attached bones toward
sports. And biomechanic principles have many appli the other.
cations in the various fields of medicine including the 2. To prepare for the muscle test, one bends the joint
designing of artificial joints and the development of over which the muscle is attached. This shortens
more effective rehabilitation methods. the muscle, bringing it into a position of contrac
The research and developments of biomechanics tion. The examiner places his hand in a position
or "traditional" kinesiology can be traced back over to resist the further contraction of the muscle.
1
2 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
3. The patient initiates the test by steadily contract strong-testing indicator muscle, such stimulus may
ing the muscle from zero force up to the maxi cause that muscle to test weak. The stimulus pro
mum force of contraction against the examiner's vided by the patient touching himself or herself
unmoving hand. During this short period, the is referred to as "therapy localization."
examiner provides an equal and opposite, steadily
increasing resistance to maintain the starting posi In practice, many examiners touch the patient to
tion of the muscle test. When the patient has will therapy-localize, which is often easier, faster, and
fully contracted his or her muscle as much as usually produces the same results. However, on occa
possible, the examiner applies a bit more force. sion, when the examiner touches the patient, the
The whole test procedure should not last longer results of therapy localization are different than when
than 2-3 seconds. If the patient can maintain the the patient touches the same area of the body. There
original test position against this small extra force fore it is recommended that the patient touch her
without movement, the muscle "tested strong." If self for therapy localization. When the patient is
not, it "tested weak." presented with some other kind of stimulus besides
touch, or performs some kind of activity and the
4. In the first part of the muscle test, one is testing
effect is then measured with muscle testing, this is
the determination and ability of the patient to
called "challenge."
strongly contract the muscle. In the second part
Much of the fascination of Applied Kinesiology
of the muscle test, one is also testing the ability of
lies in the fact that most factors influencing health
the patient's nervous system, "on its own," to pro
may be tested using an indicator muscle and therapy
vide a little more contraction than the patient can
localization or challenge. As will be described later,
willfully provide. By this technique, one is actu
health professionals familiar with AK techniques use
ally assessing the functional integrity of the com
standard muscle testing "in the clear" and indicator
plete circuit of the muscle and the portion of the
muscle testing of various stimuli to evaluate the struc
nervous system involved with that muscle. This ini
tural, mental/emotional, and biochem'ical functions
tial muscle test is performed "in the clear," i.e.,
of the human organism.
with no extra stimulus of any kind. The muscle is
Applied Kinesiology is primarily a diagnostic tech
contracted as strongly as the patient is consciously
nique. Although extensive methods for the evalua
able. In the second part of the muscle test, the
tion (diagnosis) of dysfunction were developed early
question asked is: After the patient has completely
within the field of AK, most of the treatments used
contracted the muscle, and the examiner then
in AK have been gathered from other (sometimes
applies additional pressure, can her nervous sys
quite foreign) areas of healing. Besides its well-devel
tem finely coordinate the muscle to contract just a
oped diagnostic techniques, the practical advantage
bit more than he or she is consciously able to do?
of AK is that one can determine which of many pos
5. AK uses not only muscle testing "in the clear" as sible therapy methods will be the most effective for
described above, but also "indicator" muscle test the individual problems of specific patients. In this
ing. In this type of muscle testing, a muscle that way, before applying any therapeutic technique, the
previously tested strong in the clear is used as an examiner can determine the relative effectiveness
indicator for testing some other stimulus. The extra and thus choose accurately from a wide variety of
stimulus can be provided by touching an area of treatments.
the patient's body that is "disturbed" or dysfunc The diagnostic techniques of AK allow one to
tional because of injury, infection, etc. If this is determine which body system is disturbed and which
done while repeating the test of a previously treatment modalities are best suited to the correction
FROM BIOMECHANICS TO APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 3
of the disturbance. Interventions of all sorts (struc cles of the leg. From this he correctly concluded that
tural, chemical, nutritional, mental, electromagnetic, muscular contraction is initiated by electrical impulses.
etc.) may be individually tested in advance to assess Until his time, a muscle was considered to have a will
their worth in treating a specific problem. After treat of its own. This thinking is still to be observed in cer
ment, the same techniques can be applied to deter tain phrases such as "the biceps act to bring the wrist
mine whether the treatment was appropriate, correctly toward the shoulder". Galvani's experiment demon
applied, and effective. strated that muscular contraction, and thus move
ment of the body, is the result of electrical stimulation
of the muscles. With the further discovery that elec
The Development of Trad itional
trical impulses were, in the living animal, provided by
Kinesiology or Biomechanics nerves under central nervous system (brain and spinal
Beginning with the ideas of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), cord) control, the study of the function of nerves and
who is often called the "father of biology," the study the central nervous system (neurophysiology) auto
of movement (the original kinesiology) has for cen matically came to be included in the study of move
turies centered upon anatomy and mechanics. ment (kinesiology). Neurophysiology will be discussed
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is especially well at greater length in the following chapter. First we
known for studies of human structure and function. will continue with the historical development of
These make him one of the best known pioneers of kinesiology.
the study of movement, or kinesiology.
Mechanics is the branch of physical science that
A Short History
deals with energy and forces and their effect upon
bodies. The central interest of the early kinesiologists of Applied Kinesiology
was the mechanical consideration of how muscles Applied Kinesiology grew out of Dr. George J. Good
act upon bones and joints to produce posture and heart's analysis of his day-to-day chiropractic prac
movement. Eventually, in the modern age, repre tice. Accepted chiropractic procedures served him
senting the bones as levers, the joints as fulcrums, well in his practice, most of the time. However, he was
and the muscles as springs provided a simple model keenly disturbed by his lack of techniques to ade
of body mechanics for mathematical calculations. quately diagnose the occasional set of paradoxical
Although idealized, such models do provide useful (or just plain puzzling) symptoms. And without ade
insights into human and other animal movement. quate diagnosis, he was at a loss to devise effective
Kinesiology was originally defined as the study of treatments. When stumped by a patient's unusual
the structures and their functions that produce animal symptoms and diagnostic results, Goodheart contin
and human movement. Today this study is called bio ually asked himself the age-old query of the scientist
mechanics, and it is sometimes referred to as "tradi researcher: "Why is this?"
tional" kinesiology. In his search for explanations that might lead him
After the spectacular contributions of Leonardo to effective corrective procedures, Goodheart care
da Vinci in the fifteenth century, traditional kinesiol fully considered the anatomy and physiology involved
ogy made little progress for more than two hundred in his patients' problems. This knowledge often led
years. When Luigi Galvani made his discovery (1780) him directly to possible interventions. Examples of
that muscular contraction is produced by electrical new methods he deduced include his theory and treat
impulses, the development of kinesiology began again. ment of reactive muscles and his effective treatment
Galvani applied a small electrical voltage to a frog's for sustained muscle use. (Both of these methods are
leg, which produced a twitch contraction in the mus- described in detail later in this text.)
4 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Goodheart explored beyond the boundaries of his little lumps (nodules) where the tendons of serratus
formal chiropractic training to consider the concepts anticus attach to the ribs. When he firmly rubbed one
of other innovative healers and scientists. He studied of these nodules, it disappeared. As an experiment,
the traditional knowledge and research findings of he firmly massaged all of these nodules and upon
many other healing systems ( Chinese acupuncture, retesting found an immediate increase in the "test
lymphatic drainage, nutrition, neurology, etc.) and strength" of the muscle. Encouraged by this discov
then found ways to incorporate them into Applied ery, Goodheart used Kendall and Kendall's book to
Kinesiology. He experimented with many alternative teach himself how to muscle-test many other muscles
treatment modes such as Chapman's reflexes, Ben as well. This was the first discovery of Applied Kine
nett's reflexes, synchronization of pulses in reflex siology and the beginning point of ongoing and very
points, etc. When a puzzling diagnostic situation could fruitful research.
not be solved with the techniques he already knew, This surprising discovery that a weak-testing mus
he experimented, even with highly unusual measures. cle may be made to test strong through the massage
Out of his uniquely open-minded search for proce of its extreme ends where its tendons attach to bone
dures came most of the techniques used in Applied is referred to in Applied Kinesiology today as the
Kinesiology today. "origin-insertion technique." This technique worked
In 1964, Goodheart made the discovery that marks often enough in establishing muscular balance (and
the birth of Applied Kinesiology. As a chiropractor, thus structural balance also) that many chiropractors
he assumed that correcting structural imbalances in began to use manual muscle testing to assess struc
the body (postural problems, false alignment of bones, tural balance, the goal of chiropractic. When the ori
etc.) will reduce or eliminate most health problems. gin-insertion massage strengthened weak-testing
Structural balance, optimal postural alignment of the muscles, many other health problems often disap
parts of the body, is the goal of chiropractic. But struc peared without further treatment. This provided more
tural balance cannot be obtained when muscles are confirmation of the basic chiropractic premise that
overly tense or too limp. structural balance affects all aspects of health.
For several months, Goodheart unsuccessfully However, the origin-insertion technique often
treated a patient whose presenting symptom was one failed to strengthen weak-testing muscles and reestab
shoulder blade that stuck out away from his back. He lish muscular balance. Muscle-building exercises did
remembered reading in Kendall and Kendall's clas n't help either. Such exercises, specifically designed
sic, Muscles: Testing and Function, about a muscle that to strengthen the weak-testing muscle, often did
pulled the shoulder blade down upon the back. He increase the mass of the muscle and its weight-bear
used the muscle testing technique described by ing strength, but it still "muscle-tested" weak. Factors
Kendall and Kendall to test this muscle, the serratus other than pure physical strength were at work that
anticus (often called the anterior serratus). It tested needed to be unearthed. Goodheart's further research
weak only on the side where the shoulder blade pro revealed that muscular imbalances may be the result
truded. The serratus muscle is called "serrated" like of problems not just in the origin-insertion area of
a saw because of its "toothed" shape (see illustration the muscle itself, but also in any of the areas repre
on page 207). It connects the upper eight or nine ribs sented by the three sides of the chiropractic "triad of
to the inner vertebral side of the scapula, the shoulder health"-that is, dysfunction could be the result of
blade. The muscle was not less developed on the structural, chemical, and/or mental problems.
weak-testing side and Goodheart found no other rea The interaction of the three sides of the triad of
son for the one-sided test weakness. Exploring the health is an important and very useful principle in
weak-testing muscle with his fingers revealed painful Applied Kinesiology evaluation. Some examples of
FROM BIOMECHANICS TO APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 5
how one side of the triad may affect another side are headache if the cause is primarily nutritional. To pic
well known. For example, certain foods or chemicals torially illustrate this point, if the only tool one has is
may cause mental disturbances. Fear (mental) causes a hammer, the whole world looks like nails. What all
the release of adrenaline (chemical), which increases of these specialists need are better techniques for
the tension in skeletal muscles (structural) in prepa diagnosing the causes of the problems of their patients
ration for fight or flight. Tension in the neck (struc and determining which treatments are likely to be
tural) may cause severe headaches and depression successful.
(mental). Emotional problems (mental) may cause When a health problem exists for an extended
period of time (becomes chronic), all
three sides of the triad of health usu
ally become involved. And the prob
lem that brings a patient to a therapist
is often not the primary problem, but
Orthomolecular Homeopathy
rather a reaction on another side of
Medicine ( H igh Potency) the triad.
As long as the primary problem is
not diagnosed and treated, the same
symptoms will return or other sec
Allopatny
Electromagnetic ondary problems may emerge.
Therapies Goodheart recognized that in order
to most effectively help his patients,
he needed to extend his field of
inquiry. From his chiropractic training,
he was aware of the need to be able
Chiropractic, Cranial Osteopathy, Stomatognathic System, to evaluate and treat problems on all
Muscle Techniques, Acupuncture, Reflex Points
three sides of the triad of health. To
do so, he investigated the capacity of
THE TRIAD OF HEALTH
the muscle testing technique to com
prehensively test all three sides. Exten-
over-acidity in the stomach (chemical) which may sive investigation convinced him that muscle testing
result in a painful stomach that causes the patient to worked well in the assessment of all of the factors
bend forward and down (structural). affecting health. He found that:
The various healing professions each tend to spe a) Specific health problems may cause specific
cialize in only one side of the triad of health. Struc muscles to test weak.
turaL therapeutics include chiropractic, massage,
b) The muscle that tests weak due to a health
osteopathy, surgery, and dentistry. ChemicaL thera
problem can be used as an indicator to
peutics include nutrition and medication. MentaL ther
determine possible treatments.
apeutics include counseling and psychology. Specialists
in one of these systems are rarely well-trained in deal c) Treatments making the muscle test strong
ing with problems involving the other sides of the may positively influence the health problem.
triad of health. With patients, specialists naturally use Considering that Goodheart was already fully trained
the concepts and techniques with which they are expe in chiropractic, his flexibility of thought is amazing.
rienced. However, counseling is not likely to relieve a After all, like any professional, he was already focused
6 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
upon the limiting concepts of his specialized field of the similar "jumps" of realization still waiting to be
knowledge. With uninhibited enthusiasm, Goodheart made in this young field of research.
evaluated a wide variety of therapeutic approaches
in his attempts to achieve the chiropractic goal of
A Short Discussion of the Anatomy
structural balance. He thoroughly researched any pro
cedure that resulted in the strengthening of a weak and Physiology of Muscles
testing muscle. In order to understand the depth of Goodheart's
Sometimes, patients with the same symptoms work, a very short discussion of the anatomy and
require very different therapies. Many of the most suc physiology of muscles is included here. Definitions of
cessful interventions that Goodheart studied had been the words used will also be discussed briefly. These
previously developed but were seldom used due to a topics will be discussed at greater length in later sec
lack of diagnostic techniques that could identify when tions of the book.
a specific intervention would be helpful. The use of Many muscles work in functional pairs (agonist
muscle testing provided him with the needed diag antagonist), with one contracting to open a joint (mov
nostic tool to choose among the many possible inter ing the attached bones apart) and the other
ventions for each disturbance. Since muscle testing uses contracting to close the same joint (moving the
the patient's body itself as the instrument for per attached bones together). The biceps and triceps form
forming diagnostics, it provides a direct method for a clear example of two such opposing muscles. Con
studying the effects upon the body of just about any traction of the biceps brings the wrist toward the
kind of healing modality. Goodheart found muscle test shoulder, closing the elbow joint. Contraction of the
ing to be the most direct method to locate the treat triceps brings the wrist away from the shoulder,
ment best suited to the needs of each particular patient. straightening the arm and opening the elbow joint.
For use in his own practice and for the benefit of A more complex example is provided by the upper
other practitioners, Goodheart gathered, adapted, trapezius muscles, one function of which is to elevate
developed, and codified many techniques useful in the shoulders, and the latissimus dorsi muscles which,
the strengthening of weak-testing muscles. The greater among other functions, pull the shouldrs down.
portion of the techniques known and used in AK Muscle tone is defined as the level of continual con
today stem from his research. traction while the muscle is at rest, meaning not
Goodheart's research is remarkable for its intu actively contracting. In medical terminology, when a
itive conceptual leaps. For example, he first deter muscle has too much tone, and feels hard by palpa
mined that a correct treatment measure almost always tion (examination through touch), it is said to be
swiftly returns a weak-testing muscle to testing strong. hypertonic. When a muscle has optimal tone, it is said
He then intuitively jumped to the proposition that to be normotonic. When a muscle has too little tone
muscle testing conversely might be used to test for and feels somewhat limp, it is hypotonic. When a mus
the effectiveness of any treatment after it has been cle has no tone, it is atonic (flaccid or limp). In AK,
applied. Further careful research proved the inspira these same medical terms have slightly different
tion to be true. He established the rule that by using meanings: A normotonic muscle tests strong and can
muscle testing after the treatment, one can determine be weakened by specific methods. A hypertonic mus
whether the applied treatment has been effective. cle tests strong but cannot be weakened. The term
Health professionals using AK today stand on the hypotonic is found in the literature and refers to a
shoulders of the giants like Goodheart that have gone weak-testing muscle.
before. From this perspective, we can mistakenly feel A hypertonic muscle, by palpation, feels hard and
that such intuitive jumps are actually obvious. The usually muscle-tests very strong. Sheldon Deal
challenge is to be such a giant and to discover some of (through the work of his patient, Richard Utt) was
FROM BIOMECHANICS TO APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 7
the first in AK to present a term to define a muscle Goodheart never deeply explored the state of mus
that tests strong but cannot, by usual means, be made cles that test "too strong," nor were his terms "weak"
to test weak. He called the state of such a muscle and "strong" really accurate descriptions. And he
"frozen." Others describe this state as "hypertonic" never "laid down the law" by choosing the precise
or "over-facilitated." Referring to the results of mus nomenclature to be used by all in AK. Therefore var
cle testing, Goodheart stated that the muscle is ious AK authorities use different vocabulary for the
"weak" or "strong." He also mentioned the existence same items, which can lead to confusion for those
of hypertonic muscles once by stating that "strong" studying the AK literature.
testing muscles can test "too strong." Unfortunately, For simplicity and clarity in this book, the terms
used for the response of a muscle in muscle testing 3. Hypertonic: The muscle tests strong but cannot
will be "weak-testing," "normotonic," and "hyper be weakened, e.g. by touching the appropriate
tonic." The medical term hypertonic will be referred sedation point.
to in this text as "palpatory hypertonic," an accurate
Challenge: applying some stimulus and measuring the
description of a medically hypertonic muscle. Good
effect it has upon the results of muscle testing.
heart's term "weak" will be rendered here as "weak
testing." Goodheart's terminology of a muscle testing Therapy Localization or TL:This is a special form of
"strong" as used so far in this text will be now further challenge in which the patient touches himself or
differentiated into "normotonic" and "hypertonic." herself upon an area where some problem is sus
The table shows the various terms used by various pected. The effect is assessed with muscle testing.
authorities for these three basic possible reactions of
Active:A point upon the body is active when touch
a muscle when tested.
ing it (TL) changes the results of a muscle test.
It is interesting to note the similarity of the termi
nology that the medical doctor, F. X. Mayr (Austria), Sedation Point: Precise locations on the body are used
used in the 1920s in the diagnosis of the various states in acupuncture to drain energy away from a par
of the intestinal tract in problems of digestion. He ticular meridian. In AK, therapy localization of
used the terms Hypoton, Normoton and Hyperton to the sedation point should cause the muscle(s)
describe the muscle tone of the intestines. related to this meridian to test weak.
MEDICAL DEFINITIONS
History of Applied Kinesiology
Muscle tone: the continual tension in a muscle that
occurs without any conscious effort. (continued)
Hypotonic: the medical term for a muscle that has Early in his research, Goodheart noticed that the
too little tone and is soft to the touch. opponent (antagonist) to a weak-testing muscle was
often painfully over-contracted (palpatory hyper
Palpatory Normotonic: the state in which a muscle tonic). Strengthening the weak-testing muscle alone
has a normal amount of tone and feels firm but often caused the overly tight antagonist muscle to
not hard when touched. relax and become less painful. For example, it is com
Palpatory Hypertonic: the state in which a muscle has mon for the upper trapezius muscle, which lifts the
too much tone, feels hard and often is painful shoulder toward the head, to be overly tight and
when touched. painful. In such cases, its agonist partner (the latis
simus dorsi, which pulls the shoulder down) usually
AK DEFINITIONS tests weak. Strengthening the latissimus dorsi through
The three responses of a muscle when tested: the techniques used in Applied Kinesiology often
causes the trapezius to relax, allowing the shoulder
1. Weak-testing: The muscle cannot contract suffi
to drop and thus relieving pain. Pressing on the
ciently to prevent the bones to which it is attached
trapezius before and after the strengthening of the
from moving during the muscle test.
latissimus dorsi will reveal that softening of the mus
2. Normotonic:The muscle can contract sufficiently cle tissue of the upper trapezius has occurred as well.
to prevent the bones to which it is attached from The patient will also typically report that after such
moving during the muscle test. And the muscle treatment, digital (finger) pressure on the trapezius
can be weakened by standard methods such as TL causes less pain.
to its sedation point. An unopposed muscle is known to contract and
FROM BIOMECHANICS TO APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 9
shorten. For example, a muscle that is torn away from ous causes of the presenting problem are corrected.
one of its attachments no longer has opposition and, In the 1930s Frank Chapman, an osteopath, devel
as a result, bunches up in a cramp. Knowing this mech oped a system of reflex point massage to increase the
anism, Goodheart deduced that lack of adequate mus lymphatic drainage of particular organs and glands
cle tone in one muscle (as revealed by muscle testing) and to positively affect specific health problems. In
is often the cause of overly tense (hypertonic) oppos Chapman's system, these points were diagnosed by
ing (antagonist) muscles. Direct treatment to relax palpation. Chapman believed that swelling and ten
an overly tense antagonist muscle through massage, derness in these points indicated the need for mas
heat, or-other means does not affect the weak-test sage to these points to increase the lymphatic drainage
ing muscle, which soon causes its treated antagonist to in the corresponding bodily areas, organs, and glands.
tense up again. For this reason, the results of massage Goodheart experimented with the Chapman reflexes
or other treatment directed solely toward an overly and found that many of them were capable of
tight muscle are often temporary. It is interesting to strengthening weak-testing muscles. The reflex point
note that when such treatment is successful, it is so that Goodheart found to strengthen a weak-testing
by causing the overly tight antagonist to also test weak pectoralis major clavicular muscle is Chapman's
like its agonist partner. Thus such treatment results "emotional reflex." Goodheart, through his own
in two pathologic muscles instead of just one. This research with muscle testing, had already observed a
theme is discussed in greater detail in the section on correlation between weakness in the pectoralis major
nerve receptors (page 21). clavicular and stomach problems. And it is well known
While gathering data from his daily work with that emotional problems often adversely affect the
patients, Goodheart observed identical organ or gland stomach. Inspired by this similar research finding, he
problems in various patients who had the same mus began in 1965 to correlate the other Chapman reflexes
cle weakness. He then began to make a list associat with weaknesses in specific muscles. As Chapman's
ing specific muscles with specific organs and glands. reflexes are all associated with organs and glands,
The first correspondence he discovered was that these correlations helped Goodheart complete his
patients with stomach problems often had a weak growing list of the correspondences of specific muscles
testing pectoralis major clavicular muscle (see illus with specific organs and glands. In Applied Kinesiol
tration on page 175), the upper part of the breast ogy, the Chapman reflexes are called the neurolym
muscle that brings the arm up and in (cranial and phatic reflexes (page tOO).
medial). Furthermore, he found that treatment which Also in the 1930s, the chiropractor Terrence Ben
made a weak-testing muscle test strong usually nett found that when he touched certain points upon
improved the health condition of the gland and organ the skin, the flow of blood to specific organs increased.
associated with that muscle. These correspondences This increased flow favorably affected one or more
form an important portion of the diagnostic tech bodily functions. Excited by the possibilities of his
niques of Applied Kinesiology. When a particular discovery, Dr. Bennett spent hundreds of hours touch
muscle tests weak, the examiner knows to check the ing various points on patients' skin and scalp, while
corresponding gland and organ. When a gland or observing the reactions of their organs under an x
organ is malfunctioning, the examiner may use any ray fluoroscope. Tragically, this is reported to have led
existing weakness in the corresponding muscles to to his death by radiation poisoning. Through experi
identify the causes and to indicate a proper treatment, mentation, Goodheart found out which of Bennett's
i.e., a treatment that strengthens the muscle (makes it reflex points can strengthen weak-testing muscles.
normotonic). More than one type of treatment may Bennett's reflex points and the organ associations
need to be determined and applied before the vari- that Goodheart confirmed and tabulated are known
10 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
in Applied Kinesiology as the neurovascular reflexes (in his research) as the meridian is associated with in
(pages 106). The points lie mostly in the skin of the the acupuncture system. He also discovered that
face and scalp. through strengthening weak-testing muscles, he could
In 1969, Goodheart explored the mechanics of cra affect the meridians. Now he had a system of muscle
nial motion (movement of the bones of the skull) and organ/gland-meridian relationships. This provided
experimented with methods to affect it. From his stud both a confirmation and a great extension of his own
ies and experiments, he defined the Applied Kinesi research results. In fact, in AK today, the fourteen
ology concepts of cranial motion. From this he main meridians of Chinese medicine provide the basis
developed effective techniques for the diagnosis and for defining the systems of regulation of all the struc
correction of misalignments of the cranial bones (cra tures and functions of the human body. (Acupunc
nial faults). ture, meridians, acupuncture points and Chi are
He found that correcting cranial faults did make defined and further discussed on pages 111).
some weak-testing muscles test strong. And he found In 1971, Goodheart presented his discovery of the
a few cranial faults that almost always caused a spe correlation between muscles, organs, and glands with
cific muscle to test weak (for example, weak-testing the meridian system of Eastern medicine. He deter
abdominals with a sagittal suture fault-the only cra mined that lack of sufficient energy in a meridian can
nial fault correction technique included in the Touch be associated with both muscle weaknesses and dis
for Health system). In these cases, correcting the cra turbances in the functions of specific organs and
nial fault strengthened the associated muscle. But glands.
such specific correlations were the exception. Most However, an excess of energy in a meridian can
individual cranial faults produced different weak-test also disturb the function of its corresponding organ
ing muscles in different patients. His cranial studies, and gland without causing the associated muscle to
though important therapeutically, did not add a new weaken. Indeed, in such a case, the muscle may test
dimension to his growing set of muscle-organ/gland hypertonic. The correlation of meridians with mus
correspondences. cles, organs, and glands led to more complete diag
In 1970, Goodheart researched and detected a nostic measures in Applied Kinesiology, including
direct correspondence between the muscle-organ methods that test the existence of excess energy in a
/gland associations from his own research and the meridian and its associated muscle.
meridian-organ/gland associations found in acupunc Chemicals, including nutritional compounds, med
ture. In the ancient Chinese system of acupuncture, icines, and pollutants, have also been correlated with
a known correspondence exists between the meridi the muscle, organ, gland, and meridian groupings. The
ans (upon which the acupuncture points lie) and the compounds known to affect a specific organ gener
organs and glands. Meridians are believed in Chinese ally affect the associated muscle as well. The nutri
medicine to be channels for Chi energy, or life force. tion that affects specific muscles is included in the
When the energy in a meridian is deficient, the cor section on muscle tests (pages 153-231).
responding organs and glands are weakened and may The correlations of muscles with organs/glands,
become diseased or otherwise dysfunctional. Good and meridians provide the therapist who uses AK a
heart found that techniques to correct specific merid framework within which to systematically research
ian imbalances positively affected the organs and the causes of any health problem. However, at times
glands associated with the meridian in the acupunc an organ will be improperly functioning, but the asso
ture system. More of interest, balancing the energy ciated muscle will test strong. In the beginning of
of a meridian strengthened the various weak-testing Applied Kinesiology, such cases threw doubt upon
muscles associated with the same glands and organs the correlation of muscles with organs and glands.
FROM 810MECHANICS TO APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 11
One cause of such incongruent test results is the exis become mechanically irritated, causing extensive dis
tence of hypertonic muscles. In other cases, the body turbance to the function of the organs innervated by
can compensate for a problem, strengthening weak these irritated nerves. The concept that active merid
testing muscles and thus hiding these correlations. ian associated points may cause vertebral lesions pro
This compensation may make the muscle test nor vides a model for understanding the interrelatedness
motonic, but the underlying problem remains. Applied of chiropractic and meridian theories. Stimulating the
Kinesiology techniques, such as therapy localization associated point will increase the function of the
of the various reflex points can reveal hidden prob meridian-related organ. The associated points appear
lems (see page 121). The correlations of muscles with to be closely related in function to the neurolymphatic
organs/glands, and meridians have been confirmed in points that are located in the same area.
thousands of tsts. Seeming exceptions, when studied Since all five main systems of the body are pres
with techniques for detecting hidden problems, have ent in the area of the foramina, they are referred to
led to a broader understanding of how the body com as the five factors of the intervertebral foramen or IVF.
pensates for imbalances. Research with such hidden An understanding of these five factors is very impor
problems has turned seeming exceptions into confir tant to the examiner using AK because most of the
mations of Goodheart's correspondences between treatments used in Applied Kinesiology can be iden
muscles, organs/glands and meridians. tified as belonging to one of the above five systems.
Through careful research, Goodheart demon In AK, imbalances due to disturbances on any side
strated that the relative test strength of a muscle may of the triad of health (structural, chemical, or mental)
reflect the influence or the condition of one or more are approached through the five systems. Thus it was
of five main systems in the body. These are the nerv a logical choice that the symbol of a man standing in
ous, lymphatic, vascular, cerebrospinal fluid, and merid a triangle (the triad of health) with five points bal
ian systems. All of these systems are represented in anced around him in a circle (the five factors of the
the spaces between each vertebrae on both sides of IVF) has become the logo of Applied Kinesiology.
the spinal column (the intervertebral foramina). Pass
ing through each "foramen" are nerves, lymph ves
sels, veins and arteries. In an experiment, radioactive
tracing chemicals injected into the cerebrospinal fluid
were later detected in the spinal nerves that pass
through the foramina. This demonstrated that cere
brospinal fluid is also present in the foramina.
That the acupuncture "associated points" are
located along each side of the vertebral column near
the foramina is not coincidental and is for the thera
pist quite useful. These paired points have a connec
tion with each of the meridians. When the energy in a
meridian is out of balance, its associated point may
become tender and swollen, and the muscles in the
area may tighten inappropriately. This swelling and
muscular tension may cause the neighboring verte
bra to move out of its natural position (to subluxate).
When a vertebra is out of position, the nerves that
enter and exit above and below this vertebra may THE LOGO OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
12 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
David Leaf has produced an excellent workbook For detailed information about all references, see the
for the professional entitled Applied Kinesiology bibliography.
Flowchart Manual. However, this book assumes a AK in German-speaking countries is structured
more thorough understanding of the field than somewhat differently than in the U.S. Most state-rec
Walther's and is thus suited only for the therapist with ognized health professionals may join the ICAK-D,
extensive experience and understanding of AK. the German branch of the ICAK. In German-speak
The most complete work upon Applied Kinesiol ing countries, more medical doctors use AK than in
ogy currently available in the German language was all other countries combined. The I CAK-D and the
written by Wolfgang Gerz, a German medical doctor IMAK ( International Medical Society for AK), the
who became so fascinated with Applied Kinesiology I CAK group for medical doctors, publishes the Med
that he studied to became a diplomate of the Inter ical Journal of Applied Kinesiology which is gener
national College of Applied Kinesiology. His own per ally available. Due to the efforts of the members of
sonal additions to the field plus his gatherings from IMAK, Vienna ( Z ahnarztlicher Interressenverband
the works of David Leaf and David Walther are to bsterreich-Z IV) has the first medical school program
be found in his Lehrbuch der Applied Kinesiology in to formally include studies in Applied Kinesiology.
der naturheilkundlichen Praxis. Due to the efforts of ICAK-D and the lMAK,AK in
The book you are now reading was originally pub German-speaking countries is being taught to and
lished in German and is often used for teaching the used by a great variety of health professionals.
fundamentals of AK in German-speaking countries.
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
* CHAPTER 2
Scientific Principles
of Applied Kinesiology
Anatomy and Physiology of the a bone with respect to the adjoining bone around the
joint connecting them. This is the basic mechanism of
Muscles and Related Structures
human movement. Representing the muscles as
Biology is the scientific study of life and living mat springs, the bones as levers and the joints as fulcrums
ter, including all of its forms and processes. Anatomy gives us an approximate model of the action of
is a branch of biology that deals with the structure of muscles.
organisms. Physiology is the branch of biology that There are two types of muscle fibers, the slow con
deals with the functions and activities of living organ tracting and the fast contracting. These are also known
isms and their parts such as organs, tissues, and cells. as "slow twitch" and "fast twitch" fibers. Both types
We will now consider in more detail the anatomy (the of fibers utilize a chemical substance, ATP (adeno
structures) and the physiology (the functions of these sine triphosphate), as their direct energy source. The
structures) involved in human movement. splitting of ATP releases the energy used in muscu
Within each muscle is a huge number of tiny con lar contraction. There is only a limited amount of ATP
tractile fibers that contain filaments of the chemicals, within muscles. When it is split, it must be quickly
actin and myosin. When the brain sends electrical sig resynthesized to support further contraction of the
nals through the motor (movement) nerves to the muscle. The energy for this synthesis is won for the
muscles, actin and myosin filaments slide together, slow fibers from the oxidation of sugar and fat, and
shortening the muscle. This is the mechanism of mus for the fast fibers by the splitting of sugar in the
cular contraction. Muscles merge into strong con absence of oxygen.
nective-tissue tendons before attaching to bones. The slow fibers are capable of long periods of con
Tendon-like tissues that connect bones directly to traction and thus provide endurance. They are found
bones are called ligaments. Ligaments are relatively in the highest ratio in "tonic" or postural muscles,
unstretchable and thereby provide structural stabil which must work for long periods of time without
ity to joints. The shortening (contraction) of a mus pause. They have a high concentration of myoglobin
cle pulls upon the bones to which the muscle is (muscle hemoglobin), which supplies them with the
attached at each end. In most cases, there is a joint oxygen needed (aerobic) for their long-continuing
(articulation) between the two bones to which the contractions. The red-colored myoglobin has a six
two ends of the muscle attach. Stabilization of the times greater affinity for oxygen than the hemoglo
bones by muscular tension creates posture, the ability bin (which carries the oxygen in the blood). So it is
to hold a body position. Muscular contraction moves easy for the myoglobin to take the oxygen from the
15
16 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
hemoglobin. It is the presence of oxygen-bearing fibers are more red in color. As an example, the
myoglobin which gives the slow fibers their red color. lifestyle of the chicken requires it to make only occa
The slow fibers utilize sugar (glucose) for fuel and sional bursts of flight. Thus, its pectoralis muscles (the
can completely oxidize it to carbon dioxide and water. breast muscles used in flying) are white. The same
Twenty times more ATP is produced by the oxida muscles are dark red in a duck, which is typically "on
tion of glucose in the slow fibers than by the splitting the wing" for longer periods of time. Postural mus
of glucose in the fast fibers. The slow fibers can also cles (those that must work without pause) contain a
use fatty acids for their fuel. higher percentage of slow fibers, giving them their
Fast fibers contain little or no myoglobin and are ability to sustain continued contraction for long peri
therefore white in color. They are thicker than the ods of time without tiring.
red slow fibers. They don't require oxygen (anaero At birth, the rate of contraction of every muscle
bic). The end product of the anaerobic splitting of fiber is identical. In response to the type of nerve sig
glucose is lactic acid. When muscles contract strongly, nal a muscle receives, it develops a greater ratio of
lactic acid builds up in the muscle, and the muscle either fast or slow fibers. This development consists
becomes more acidic, it hurts, and it fatigues (gradu of both the transformation of the muscle fibers pres
ally fails to further contract). In order to dilute the ent at birth and the creation of new muscle fibers. The
lactic acid, extra water is retained in the muscle, which basic pattern of nerve signaling to a muscle, and thus
produces the swollen, "full" feeling of muscles after the resultant ratio of fibers developed, appears to be
strong exercise. determined genetically. For decades, the Russians and
To "refresh" the tired muscle and prepare it for Scandinavians have analyzed the ratio of red and
further contraction, the lactic acid needs to be white fibers in muscle samples from young potential
absorbed into the capillaries and carried out of the athletes to determine the types of sports in which they
muscle through the veins. All activities that increase are genetically predisposed to succeed. If there are
the circulation, including massage, hot baths, and gen proportionally more white fast fibers, they are guided
tle exercise of the same muscles the next day, can to train for short "burst of energy" events like sprint
speed this process of elimination of lactic acid from ing. If they have more slow red fibers, they train for
fatigued muscles. Ice is often applied for a maximum endurance activities like the 5,OOO-meter dash. As a
of fifteen minutes to reduce the pain of sore muscles. result of these techniques, many youths have been
Ice, while applied, reduces the circulation in a mus guided into sports in which they indeed become world
cle. However, after the ice is removed, the circulation class athletes.
increases strongly and remains so for an extended Although the proportion of muscle fibers is par
period of time. For this reason, the application of ice tially determined by genetic predisposition, the ratio
is an excellent way to increase the circulation in of fast and slow fibers is also adjusted by a change of
selected areas of the body. use. Even in the adult, new requirements upon the
Since fast fibers use glucose much less efficiently muscle may change the proportion of fast and slow
than slow fibers, fast fibers run out of fuel and fatigue fibers. If incorrect posture places constant strain upon
more quickly. However, the rate of contraction of fast a muscle that is rich in fast fibers, some of the fast
fibers may be ten times faster than that of slow fibers. fibers will be transformed into slow fibers. Walking
"Phasic" muscles which are required to contract with a cast upon one leg, or limping to avoid pain, will
quickly and precisely, such as the muscles that move place greater than normal stresses upon the muscles
the eyes (extraocular muscles), have a high ratio of used. As this imbalanced use continues, the concen
fast fibers. tration of fast and slow fibers in the over-stressed
Every muscle has both fast and slow fibers. As muscles may be altered. This change of muscle fiber
would be expected, those having a higher ratio of slow concentration may result in continuing patterns of
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 17
misuse, even after the injury is healed. little or no tone at all. It is the balance of tone among
If through athletic training, a muscle is called upon groups of muscles pulling upon their bones through
to make short bursts of intense activity, many slow out the body which creates posture and structural bal
fibers will be transformed into fast fibers. For exam ance. When the level of tone in some muscles is too
ple, the calf muscles of a sprinter develop a greater high (hypertonic) or too low (hypotonic), the struc
ratio of fast fibers. '1hls principle of changing the ratio ture of the body will become imbalanced, creating
of muscle fibers is important in considering the effects poor posture, malfunction of organs, and even mental
(upon the muscles themselves) of faulty posture and problems. The level of tone in a muscle, its synergists,
use, or of specific activities required in work or sports. stabilizers, and antagonists is controlled, adjusted, and
The names of the two ends of a muscle (the origin fine-tuned mainly by the activity of the nerve recep
and the insertion) are functionally defined. The ori tors within the muscle.
gin of a muscle is attached (through its tendon) to the
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY:
bone that does not move when the muscle contracts.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The insertion of a muscle is attached to the bone that
is moved toward the origin. So when a muscle con Of necessity, the following description of the brain
tracts, its insertion moves toward its origin. and nervous system will be superficial and simplistic.
In some cases, either end of the muscle may be cor There is not enough space in this book to do more
rectly called the origin, depending upon the activity than name the basic structures and define some of
of the muscle. For example, when the rectus femoris their functions. Only the aspects that concern the mus
(one of the quadriceps, the four-headed muscle on cles will be considered in any depth.
the front of the thigh) lifts the leg (flexes the thigh on The main organ of the nervous system is the brain.
the hip), its origin is on the hip, which is stable in this More complex than the most advanced computers in
motion. When the thigh is stabilized and the rectus existence, the brain is beyond our ability to under
femoris causes the body to bend forward (flexing the stand it. 1hls is logical. After all, if the brain were sim
hip on the thigh), the hip attachment is its insertion, ple enough for us to understand, we (who use the
and its attachment to the knee becomes the origin. brain to think with) would not be intelligent enough
At any one time, a muscle may have one of four to understand it. The brain's three distinct divisions
functionally defined roles. It may be the main mus have a structural relationship to the story of the evo
cle involved in a movement (prime mover or agonist). lution of all vertebrates (animals with a spinal col
It may work with another muscle (synergist), against umn). Starting at the base of the skull where it meets
a muscle (antagonist), or hold bones in position to the vertebral column and moving forward, we have
make other movements possible (stabilizer). the hindbrain (rhombencephalon), midbrain (mes
Muscles contract in response to electrical signals encephalon) and forebrain (prosencephalon).
sent through nerves from the central nervous sys The most ancient evolutionary structure of the
tem. Some active muscle contractions (such as the brain is the hindbrain which consists of the medulla
muscles used in walking and talking) are initiated by oblongata, the pons and the cerebellum. These three
conscious decision and will. Other active muscle con together are often referred to collectively as the
tractions, such as those of the stomach and intestines "brainstem." The medulla oblongata connects the rest
in the process of digestion, are effected by the cen of the brain with the spinal cord through a hole at the
tral nervous system without any conscious involve base of the skull. The medulla controls the rate of
ment. Muscles also have a passive level of continuous breathing, the rapidity of the heartbeat, and the blood
contraction called muscle tone. As already mentioned, pressure. Immediately above the medulla, the brain
a hypertonic muscle has too much tone. A hypotonic stem enlarges to form the pons and then continues
muscle has too little tone. A flaccid muscle has very onward as the midbrain. The pons is the signal bridge
18 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
between the medulla and the middle brain. The neu Located in the interbrain (diencephalon) are the
rotransmitter dopamine is produced in the middle most important control centers for unconscious body
brain. Dopamine has a direct effect upon muscle tone. function, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thal
In the absence of sufficient dopamine, various symp amus receives and transmits incoming nerve signals
toms and syndromes may emerge including muscle from the body and between most parts of the brain.
spasticity, tremors and even psychic disturbances such Information from the cerebellum is processed in the
as found in Parkinson's disease. thalamus, where it is prepared for becoming conscious.
Wrapped around the brainstem and filling the back For this reason, the thalamus is called the "door of
bottom of the cranium is the cerebellum. The cere consciousness." It integrates the functions of the brain
bellum is largest part of the hindbrain and the and is involved with drive, emotion, personality, and
second-largest part of the brain. It controls the coor with the perception and interpretation of pain.
dination of body movements and muscle tone. The The hypothalamus is the main director of the auto
input to the cerebellum comes mainly from the mus nomic nervous system which directs all the functions
cle, tendon and joint receptors, the eyes, skin and like digestion, secretion, metabolism, etc., that are not
labyrinthine of the inner ear. All this information normally under the control of the will. The hypo
about the position of the limbs and posture of the thalamus also controls instinctive responses like
body is integrated within the cerebellum. Messages hunger, thirst, sex and self-preservation. The hypo
from the cerebral cortex can override and change the thalamus is located above and controls the functions
action of the cerebellum. Impulses, influenced by the of the pituitary gland, the "master gland" of the body.
cerebral cortex, are generated in the cerebellum and Indeed, directly or indirectly through controlling the
from there travel via the spinal cord to the muscles pituitary, the hypothalamus controls all of the
to maintain or change the positioning and posture of endocrine glands.
the body. The brain and the spinal cord together form the
The forebrain is the most massive and recently central nervous system of the body. Attached to the
evolved portion of the brain. It consists of two parts, base of the cranium is the spine or backbone, the ver
the interbrain (diencephalon) and the cerebrum tebral column, consisting of a group of twenty-four
(telencephalon). The interbrain (often called the mid separate bones (vertebrae) stacked vertically, one on
brain) includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal top of another. Under these twenty-four are the
gland plus the nerves connecting these to the cere sacrum and the coccyx (the tailbone), which form the
brum. The cerebrum consists of the two massive cere lower end of the vertebral column. The vertebral col
bral hemispheres, which are connected by a massive umn has a vertical hole passing through each verte
nerve bundle called the corpus callosum. A cross-sec bra, combining to form a tube. Passing from the
tion of the cerebrum reveals the thick grey cerebral hindbrain through and protected by this long tube is
cortex of nerve cells surrounding a white core of nerve the spinal cord, the largest bundle of nerves in the
fibers. All mental pictures and the patterns of bodily body with the exception of the brain itself..
movement are stored within the cerebrum. The cere The central nervous system has two main jobs.
brum gathers and processes the reports of sensory The first one is to maintain structural integrity by
impressions (sight, sound, touch, etc.) and is the cen keeping the internal environment of the body at a
ter of memory. Conscious thought and awareness homeostasis, that is, at a constant ievel of tempera
appear to occur here. Today, the differing concepts of ture, pressure, balance of chemistry, etc. Its second
the functions of these "two halves of the brain" are job is to direct the body to respond (adapt) to the
the basis for much research and discussion in various changing external environment.
medical and non-medical disciplines, including Most of the physiological processes of the body
psychology. are under the control of the central nervous system.
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 19
Many occur without any conscious awareness. The of the third eye" which is supposed to proffer the
central nervous system has two main routes of com supersensory ability to see, hear, feel and otherwise
munication with and control over the rest of the body: sense at a distance. These functions are called clair
chemical and electrical. voyance, clairaudience and clairsentience. In many
GLands are organs that produce, store and release countries, police use such "seers" to locate missing
chemicals that produce an effect upon the physiol persons. A scientific explanation for these abilities
ogy of the body. Exocrine gLands deliver their pro does not yet exist.
duced chemicals (sweat, lubricating oils, odor Notwithstanding the metaphysical phenomena
producing chemicals, etc.) onto the inner or outer skin described above, the pituitary is considered to be the
of the body (mucous membranes, intestinal lining, most important gland in the body and is often referred
outer skin). Endocrine gLands produce chemicals to as the "master gland." The posterior part of the
called hormones, released directly into the blood pituitary consists mainly of nerve tissues. The ante
stream. Chemical communication is effected by the rior part consists of endocrine tissue that secretes at
central nervous system through the control of the least ten different hormones into the bloodstream. It
release of those hormones into the bloodstream. is the excretion of these pituitary hormones into the
The hypothalamus produces two hormones, oxy bloodstream which chemically signals the other glands
tocin and vasopressin (the anti-diuretic hormone, to act. This is the most important function of the pitu
ADH). These are excreted from the posterior por itary known to science today. It is likely that the pitu
tion of the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Oxy itary gland and the hypothalamus which controls it
tocin causes contraction of the musculature of the have still more differentiated functions not yet elu
uterus in the birth process. When the uterus is pro cidated by science.
ducing adequate contractions, a nerve signal goes back Through the hypothalamus, the central nervous
to the hypothalamus, causing the release of oxytocin system controls the pituitary which, in turn, controls
to cease. The suckling of the baby on the breast sends all other endocrine glands of the body. As the inte
a nerve signal to the hypothalamus to produce more grator of the functions of the endocrine and nervous
oxytocin, which also causes the contraction of the systems, the hypothalamus has a central role in the
milk-producing glands and consequent excretion of control of the body's physiological functions.
milk from the breast. Endocrine glands exist in the head, the neck and
Vasopressin, or ADH, has an effect upon the kid the trunk of the body. They include the thyroid,
neys, which filter wastes out of the blood and deliver parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes and
this "urine" to the bladder. Vasopressin causes the adrenals. As noted above, release of their various hor
kidneys to reabsorb water, making urine more con mones is controlled primarily by the prior release of
centrated. This process conserves bodily water when hormones from the pituitary gland. Other organs such
water intake is low and/or loss through perspiration as the liver, lungs, kidneys and heart also produce hor
is high. In higher concentrations than required to mones, though only in very small quantities.
affect the kidneys, vasopressin stimulates the con Although some glands are controlled by nerves,
traction of the musculature around arteries and the level of secretion of the various endocrine glands
veins, which raises the blood pressure. in general is "feedback controLLed." For example, when
The pituitary gland is located behind the nose in a the hypothalamus detects that the amount of estro
depression of the sphenoid bone above the roof of gen in a woman's blood is not sufficient, it sends its
the mouth. This depression is referred to as the "Turk estrogen "releasing hormone" (RH) directly to the
ish saddle" because of its shape. In the Eastern mys pituitary gland. This transport occurs along the nerves
tical traditions, the pituitary is associated in location that connect the hypothalamus and the pituitary. As
and function with the "third eye." It is the "opening a result, the pituitary releases its follicle stimulating
20 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
hormone (FSH) into the bloodstream. When the fol to let in more light. The heartbeat and respiration are
licle stimulating hormone reaches the ovaries, it stim increased. A generalized increase of the circulation
ulates them to produce and release estrogen into the and tension of all the voluntary muscles prepares the
blood. When the hypothalamus detects that the estro body for dynamic muscular activity. The activity of
gen circulating in the blood has reached the desired non-voluntary muscles such as those that move food
level, it stops sending its releasing hormone. As a through the intestines is reduced. Although some hor
result, the pituitary stops producing FSH and the mones have a specific effect upon only one particu
ovaries stop producing and releasing estrogen. lar gland, other hormones like adrenaline have a very
Hormone control is slow and is thus suited for general and widespread effect.
body functions that occur slowly such as the men Nerve cells (neurons) consist of a cell body con
strual cycle. The other main type of communication taining the nucleus and various long, thin extensions.
within the central nervous system (eNS) and between Many short extending fibers called dendrites trans
the eNS and the rest of the body is electrical. Elec mit impulses into the nerve cell body. One long
trical impulses travel along nerves from the muscles, extending fiber called the axon or nerve fiber trans
skin, inner organs and glands to the eNS. The eNS mits impulses out of the nerve cell body. The axon of
processes these signals and generates new signals that one nerve meets and stimulates dendrites of other
return to the organs. In the next example, the eNS nerves or acts directly upon other kinds of cells.
sends nerve signals to the adrenal glands much more Nerves are not directly connected with one
rapidly than hormones could arrive there. In com another. Where an axon meets dendrites is a fluid
parison with communication via hormones, "neural filled cavity called a synapse. When the electrical
signaling" is much faster and more specific. impulse from an axon meets the synapse, it causes a
Situations such as the "fight or flight" reaction chemical reaction in the synapse. If the incoming
require an immediate release of hormones. More so impulse is strong enough, the chemical reaction in the
in the distant past than now, an immediate reaction synapse usually causes the next nerve to "fire," car
could mean the difference between life and death. In rying the new electrical signal onward. However, when
such situations, survival may depend upon the speed the same nerve circuit fires through the same synapse
with which the body can prepare to "fight for its life" many times, the fluids in the synapse become
or "flee to save itself" The hormone adrenaline from exhausted. When that happens, the incoming nerve
the adrenal glands is needed for the body to swiftly signal can no longer stimulate the following nerve to
prepare for such action. However, in a situation of fire. The result is that the signal dies at the exhausted
danger, a chemical signal via the bloodstream to the synapse.
adrenal glands to start producing and releasing adren We have all experienced mental exhaustion when
aline would be too slow. The adrenal glands can be we "just can't get our thoughts together." This state
activated by chemicals in the blood, including hor ment is quite literally true on a neural level. We start
mones. But they are more swiftly stimulated to release a thought, but since the synaptic fluid is exhausted,
their hormones (particularly adrenaline) by electri the signal dissipates. The result in this case is that we
cal stimulation via the nerves. forget what we were thinking. The underlying cause of
Adrenaline in the blood causes many generalized this "forgetting" due to exhausted synapses is often
effects throughout the body. Organs required for the a deficit of B vitamins, which are the main "precur
fight or flight reaction experience increased blood cir sors" of the synaptic fluids. A precursor is a chemical
culation and increased activity. Organs not required the body uses to make some other chemical that it
receive less blood and slow their rate of activity. Thus needs. The body can store great amounts of BI2 but
adrenaline causes constriction of superficial capillar can only partially store the other B vitamins, uses
ies, causing the skin to pale. Pupil dilation is increased them up quickly under any kind of stress, and requires
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 21
a new supply daily. When we take a good supply of tral side of the spinal cord, it would appear that evo
B vitamins (which should be taken together with vita lution has given the motor nerves a higher priority
min C), the synaptic fluids are renewed and mental for protection than the sensory nerves. Perhaps sur
exhaustion quickly disappears. As long as one has no vival is better served by giving a higher priority to the
sensitivity to yeast, a mixture of orange juice, some brain and spinal cord being able to send the correct
vitamin C powder, plus a few spoonfuls of brewer's nerve signals out to the body than the ability to sense
yeast will supply the C and B vitamins needed. About the incoming signals. Before the efferent and affer
twenty to thirty minutes after drinking this brew, the ent nerves emerge from the "intervertebral" spaces
synaptic fluids will be renewed, mental exhaustion and connect with the body, they join together into
will disappear, and one will be mentally refreshed. one paired nerve.
As mentioned, the largest nerve bundle in the body The speed of signals through nerves is very rapid.
outside the brain is the spinal cord. When the spinal However, every synapse through which the signal
cord is transected (horizontally severed) and the cut must pass slows the overall speed significantly. Thus
surface observed, a white substance with the shape the overall speed of a nervous signal is determined
of a butterfly is seen embedded in a grey substance. by how far the signal must travel through the nerve(s)
The two "butterfly wings" that extend anteriorly are and the number of synapses through which it must
called the ventral horns. The two that extend poste pass. Some reactions must occur so fast that a path
riorly are called the dorsal horns . All of the outgoing way via the brain would be too slow. These kinds of
motor or efferent nerves emerge from the ventral signals, which take place between the body and the
horns of the spinal cord. All of the incoming sensory spinal cord and within the spinal cord itself with no
or afferent nerves go into the dorsal horns. "Sensory" involvement of the brain whatsoever, and the mus
as used here does not refer to conscious awareness, cular reactions they produce are called reflexes. In
only to the fact that the nervous system receives a simple reflexes such as the knee-jerk, the afferent
signal. The white substance consists of the nerves that (sensory) nerve from the knee tendon meets and stim
carry signals vertically through the spinal cord. These ulates, in one single synapse in the spinal cord, the
nerves connect various segments of the spinal cord efferent (motor) nerve that signals the rectus femoris
and carry signals to and from the brain. muscle (page 1 96) to contract, causing the leg to
On both the right and the left side of two adjacent swiftly extend. For a more complete description of
vertebrae in one "segment" of the spinal cord, an the knee reflex, see page 24. Because the total dis
incoming (afferent) nerve brings sensory information tance traversed by the efferent and afferent nerves
from specific muscles and other organs to the central is short and because there is only one "interneuronal"
nervous system. From the same segment emerges an synapse, such reflex reactions can occur very swiftly,
outgoing (efferent) nerve that directs the function of possibly saving us from (further) injury.
the same muscles and organs. The related bodily
region is also referred to as a segment. The name of
THE NERVE RECEPfORS
the segment, for example Cl, in determined accord As described in the last chapter, efferent nerves orig
ing to the location of the nerves entering into and inate in the central nervous system and transmit sig
emerging from the vertebral column. In our exam nals to other parts of the central nervous system
ple, the nerves emerge and enter between the sev (CNS) and the body. The afferent nerves are stimu
enth cervical (neck) vertebra (C7) and the first lated by various types of nerve receptors to send
thoracic (trunk) vertebra (T1). signals into the CNS.
The ventral side of the vertebral column is less Mechanical receptors (mechanoreceptors) gather
exposed and more protected from injury than the dor information about outside mechanical forces acting
sal side. Since the motor nerves emerge from the ven- upon the body (sound, pressure, touch, movement,
22 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
and gravity) and transmit this information to the cen a result, the fluid moves through the vestibule into
tral nervous system. The cochlea in the ear contains one end of the labyrinthine called the cochlea, which
mechanoreceptors that transform external sound is shaped like a snail shell. In the cochlea, the mov
vibrations striking the eardrum into auditory nerve ing fluid compresses sensitive cells that generate nerve
signals for the function of hearing. The brain uses signals. These nerve signals are transmitted to the
input from receptors within the eye to orient the head brain. The processing of these signals in the brain
upright (visual righting reflexes). The cochlea and results in the subjective awareness of sound.
visual receptors both respond to stimuli (light and At the other end of the labyrinthine are three semi
sound) produced outside the organism. circular canals, one oriented in each of the three
Proprioceptors are a large group of nerve recep dimensions. Like the whole of the labyrinthine, the
tors that respond to stimuli produced within the semicircular canals are filled with lymph fluid. At the
organism. The central nervous system (mainly the end of each one is an ampulla, a spherical cavity con
cerebellum) compares signals from all types of pro taining a fluid-filled sack lined with specialized hair
prioceptors to assess and regulate body integrity, cells. Nerves attached to these hairs measure the
movement, and positioning. There are three main movement of the lymph fluid in the canals and
groups of proprioceptors: ligament, joint and skin pro thereby signal the nervous system as to the position
prioceptors; the neck and labyrinthine propriocep and motion of the head in all three dimensions.
tors; and muscle proprioceptors. All measure the
3. Muscle proprioceptors
tensions acting upon body parts (through posture,
motion and acceleration) and produce correcting Muscles perform two kinds of work: The active work
effects upon the function of the muscles. of muscles is called contraction, which produces move
ment of the bodily parts. The passive work of mus
The three main groups of proprioceptors are:
cles is called muscle tone, which is the state of tension
1. The proprioceptors in the ligaments, joints and in a muscle when it is at rest. Muscle tone is produced
skin, (Ruffini 's end organs, Pacinian corpuscles by the gamma motor neurons described in detail
and free nerve endings) below.
These will not be discussed in this text. The proprioceptors most involved with the work
of muscles are the neuromuscular spindle cell recep
2. The proprioceptors in the neck and the labyrinthine
tors and the Golgi tendon organs. These muscle pro
The neck (especially the small muscles of the neck) prioceptors act directly upon human posture and
contains an extremely high concentration of propri movement. Neuromuscular spindle cell receptors
oceptors that are responsible for righting the head monitor the length of a muscle. Golgi tendon organs
upon the neck and the neck upon the body. The monitor the tension in a muscle.
labyrinthine is an organ within the inner ear that is
responsible for the sense of equilibrium. It consists Neuromuscular Spindle Cells
of a very compact hollow bone (the petrous bone) Throughout the muscle, but concentrated in its
within which are the sensory organs of hearing and "belly," are neuromuscular spindle cells. A neuro
equilibrium. The labyrinthine is filled with a special muscular spindle is 2-20 rom in length and is enclosed
lymph fluid. In its center is the vestibule, which con in a fluid-filled sheath of connective tissue. Within
tains the foramen ovale, a "window" in the hollow are 3-10 thin intrafusal muscle fibers. These lie par
bone of the labyrinthine. The mechanical impulses allel to the much l arger extrafusal muscle fibers
that sound produces upon the eardrum are transmit located outside the sheath. The extrafusal fibers make
ted to the labyrinthine fluid through this window. As up the bulk of a muscle and are responsible for the
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 23
stretched, the output from the "primary" receptors is or other body part in position. Thus if the neuro
increased.Jype Ia nerves are thick and the nerve sig muscular spindle cells in a muscle are not sending an
nals travel through them swiftly. When the receptor adequate signal, the muscle will test weak.
area between the contractile portions of the intra The activity of the neuromuscular spindle cells
fusal fibers is suddenly lengthened, it sends an espe excites its own muscle to contract. It further facili
cially intense signal (high number of nerve firings per tates contraction of the muscle's synergists and its
second) through its type Ia nerves to the dorsal hom stabilizers. At the same time, the antagonists to the
of the spinal cord. Only one synapse in the spinal cord muscle are inhibited. As mentioned, the reflex exci
needs to be stimulated before the speedy "monosy tation of the muscle itself occurs swiftly because only
naptic" response is sent back to the same muscle to one single synapse in the spinal cord must be tra
contract. This is the basis of reflex reactions such as versed between the neuromuscular spindle cell and
the knee-jerk reflex. This type of response is called the extrafusal muscles that provide the force of con
"monophasic" because it occurs once and immedi traction. This allows the body to protect itself by very
ately stops. quickly jerking away from potentially damaging stim
"Secondary" type II afferent nerves connect directly uli. The neural circuits that facilitate the synergists
into the contractile portions of the intrafusal muscle and stabilizers, and those that inhibit the antagonists,
fibers. Type II nerves are slender and slower than type each have two synapses in the spinal cord to traverse
Ia nerves. They are responsible for the second type and thus are somewhat slower.
of neuromuscular spindle response which, when stim It is the coupled activity of the alpha and gamma
ulated, causes the muscle to raise its tension slowly nerves in the neuromuscular spindle cells that makes
and remain in a state of elevated tonus. muscular contraction smooth and coordinated. Pos
During the muscle test or any weight-bearing tural or "tonic" muscles typically hold relatively high
activity, there is both alpha and gamma efferent stim levels of tone for long periods of time. Such muscles
ulation to the muscle. Alpha stimulation of the extra have a high proportion of slow tonic fibers. The activ
fusal fibers produces the force of contraction. Gamma ity of such muscles does not require fine coordina
stimulation of the intrafusal fibers stretches the cen tion. Therefore, tonic muscles have few neuromuscular
tral receptor area of the neuromuscular spindle cell. spindle cells. "Phasic" muscles have a higher propor
The receptor, which is always sending impulses, then tion of fast "phasic" fibers and far more neuromus
sends a greater than normal impulse into the spinal cular spindle cells to provide for their faster, more
cord and cerebellum. This is, in effect, an order for intricate, finely coordinated movements.
greater contraction in the muscle to meet the cur Normally, the neuromuscular spindle cells contin
rent demand. This results in a greater nerve signal uously send signals to the nervous system concern
being sent back through the alpha motor nerves to ing the length of the muscle. The length of a muscle
the extrafusal fibers of the muscle, increasing the may be manually adjusted by manipulation of the
force of contraction. neuromuscular spindle cells. Pushing or pinching the
The neuromuscular spindle cells are responsible neuromuscular spindle cells together (parallel to the
for signaling the nervous system to increase the ten length of the muscle) reduces the tension on the intra
sion in a muscle that is lacking adequate tone. As the fusal muscle fibers. They then send signals of less
examiner applies more force in the muscle test, the intensity than normal through their Ia afferent nerves
patient's neuromuscular spindle cells monitor the to the spinal cord. This temporarily reduces the level
amount of force applied and signal the nervous system of alpha efferent nerve signaling, which results in less
to produce the appropriate intensity of alpha nerve tension in the extrafusal fibers responsible for muscle
signal to contract the muscle enough to hold the limb strength. Thus, pinching the spindle cells together will
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF A PPLIED KINESIOLOGY 25
cause a muscle to temporarily test weak. This may be ate levels of tension. This may disturb the posture,
used to determine whether a muscle is responding causing other muscles to contract in excess of their
correctly (tests normotonic, see page 82). normal levels in order to support the incorrect pos
Stretching and activating the neuromuscular spin ture. Their excess contraction will improperly inhibit
dle cells by pushing the two hands or fingers into the their antagonists, etc. This chain of adaptations to
belly of a muscle and pulling apart stretches the intra an incorrectly functioning neuromuscular spindle
fusal fibers, increasing their output to the spinal cord. cell is a common cause of neurological disorganiza
As a result, more nerve impulses per second are sent tion (page 84).
through the alpha efferent nerves to the extrafusal When a muscle (the agonist) acts, the action of its
fibers of the muscles, which then contract more neuromuscular spindle cells causes its antagonist to
strongly. Thus, pulling the neuromuscular cells apart be inhibited. When the antagonist to a muscle acts,
increases the tension in a muscle. the agonist is inhibited. This principle is call "recip
It is believed that trauma, extreme contraction or rocal inhibition." Were both the agonist and antago
stretching, or stretching performed too rapidly may nist to act simultaneously, they would be fighting
cause the neuromuscular spindle cell to continuously against each other, which would be a waste of energy.
send an impulse of inappropriate strength into the Also, the two bones in the joint over which the two
spinal cord. As a result, the muscle, its synergists, muscles act would be jammed together. Reciprocal
stabilizers and antagonists will all have inappropri- inhibition occurs automatically at the level of the
26 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
spinal cord where the synapses meet between the tests weak because of dysfunction of the neuromus
afferent nerve from the neuromuscular spindle cell cular spindle cell, touching the neuromuscular spindle
and the efferent nerve that returns to the antagonist. cell will cause the muscle to test strong. Conversely,
However, higher brain centers can override this effect. just about any normotonic indicator muscle will
A conscious decision can be made in the cerebral cor weaken when a dysfunctioning neuromuscular spin
tex to flex whole groups of agonists and their antag dle cell is therapy-localized.
onists simultaneously. This is conveyed to the A dysfunctioning neuromuscular spindle cell is
cerebellum and from there to the appropriate spinal usually palpable as a hard lump. Locating it through
segments and then on to the muscles. This is what therapy localization and palpation makes treatment
occurs when a bodybuilder flexes most of his or her more direct and easy to perform.
muscles at once to make an impressive pose. To strengthen a muscle that tests weak because of
It is normal that while a muscle is active, its antag a dysfunctioning neuromuscular spindle cell , the
onists are inhibited. An incorrectly functioning neu examiner presses his fingers rather deeply into the
romuscular spindle cell may send impulses so overly muscle on each side of the neuromuscular spindle cell
strong that any activity of the muscle causes its antag and then pulls his fingers apart from each other along
onist(s) to subsequently test weak, even after the ago the direction of the fibers of the muscle. This also can
nist has relaxed. This condition is called "reactive be used to "wake up" normally functioning muscles
muscles." For a full discussion of this condition and and thereby prepare them for strong contraction
its treatment, see page 131. before or even during athletic competition.
A dysfunctioning neuromuscular spindle cell will To weaken a muscle that tests hypertonic (one that
usually therapy-localize (TL). That is, if the muscle tests strong but cannot be weakened by usual means)
bone concentrate is phosphatase. As long as one has 3. Therapy-localize the previously dysfunctioning
no allergy to the nightshade family of plants (pota neuromuscular spindle cell and retest the muscle.
toes, tomatoes, eggplant and peppers), the phos The muscle should again test strong. If not, repeat
phatase in raw potato also seems to work well for this correction step 1.
purpose.
4. Have the patient chew raw potato or raw bone
Correction of a Muscle that Tests Weak Due concentrate at this time to lock in the correction.
to Dysfunctioning Neuromuscular Spindle Cells
Correction of a Muscle that is Hypertonic Due
Indications of possible dysfunction of the neuromus to a Dysfunctioning Neuromuscular Spindle Cell
cular spindle cells:
a) The muscle has too little tone (is hypotonic). Indications of possible dysfunction of the neuromus
b) The muscle is palpatory hypertonic but tests cular spindle cells:
weak. a) The muscle has too much tone (palpatory
c) There are firm l umps in the belly of a muscle hypertonic) and is hard and painful.
that hurt when pressed upon. b) There are firm l umps in the belly of a muscle
d) The muscle contains neuromuscular spindle that hurt when pressed upon.
cells that therapy-localize. c) Neuromuscular spindle cells therapy-localize.
Test: d) The existence of "primary muscles" (see
"Reactive Muscles" page 131).
1. Palpate the muscle for firm l umps. They will usu
Test:
all y be in the belly of the muscle but may be
located anywhere in the contractile fibers. 1. Palpate the muscle for firm lumps.
2. Touch (therapy-localize) the suspect area (on the 2. Therapy-localize the suspect area (on the lumps
lumps if any are palpated). if any are palpated).
3. Test the muscle again while the suspect area is 3. Test another normotonic indicator muscle while
therapy-localized. therapy localizing the suspect area.
4. If the previously weak-testing muscle now tests 4. If the previously normotonic indicator muscle now
strong, there are dysfunctioning neuromuscular tests weak, there are dysfunctioning neuromus
spindle cells in the area therapy-localized. cular spindle cells in the area therapy-localized.
Correction: Correction:
1 . To raise the tone of a muscle that tests weak 1. To correct a muscle that is too tight because of
because it contains a dysfunctioning neuromus dysfunctioning neuromuscular spindle cells, push
cular spindle cell, push the fingers (or sides of the the fingers (or sides of the hands) into the mus
hands) into the muscle on each side of it and pull cle on each side of the area that therapy-localized
the tissues apart along the direction of the mus and push the tissues together (pinch the neuro
cle fibers. Do this several times with 1-7 kilos of muscular spindle cell together) along the direc
pressure. tion of the muscle fibers. Do this several times
with 1-7 kilos of pressure.
2. Retest the previously weak-testing muscle. It
should now test strong. If not, return to test step 1, 2. Therapy-localize the previously dysfunctioning
check for and correct other areas of dysfunction. neuromuscular spindle cell area and retest the
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 29
indicator muscle. The indicator muscle should now attached to the neuromuscular spindle cells). Ib nerves
remain strong. If not, repeat correction step l . go to the spinal cord where they meet and have an
effect upon the alpha motor nerves that return to the
3. Test if the muscle that could not b e weakened pre
muscle. Ib nerves also pass their signal through the
viously (hypertonic), now can be weakened (is
spinal cord on to the cerebellum, which is highly
normotonic).
involved with posture, balance and the integration of
4. Have the patient chew raw potato or raw bone the movements of all parts of the body.
concentrate to lock in the correction. Many muscles are functionally strong enough to
overstretch and thereby strain their own fibers or even
Golgi Tendon Organs pull their tendon away from its attachment to bone.
The treatment of the Golgi tendon organs can also Rapid or extreme stretching of the Golgi tendon
be used to adjust the level of tension in a muscle. The organ results in a l owering of muscular tension,
Golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors located in lengthening the muscle containing the Golgi tendon
the junction where muscles blend into tendons before organ. Golgi tendon organs produce a greater output
attaching to bones. An average of 10-15 muscle fibers signal, and thus a greater inhibiting effect, when the
attach to each Golgi tendon organ. Golgi tendon muscle containing them is strongly contracted. This
organs have a function that is the opposite from that inhibiting effect of the Golgi tendon organ serves to
of the neuromuscular spindle cells: Neuromuscular prevent damage to the muscle fibers, the tendons, the
spindle cells monitor the length of a muscle. Golgi attachment of the tendons to the bones, and to the
tendon organs monitor the tension in a muscle. bones themselves that could be caused by extreme
When a muscle strongly contracts and thus quickly tension in the muscles.
shortens, the neuromuscular spindle cells are short When the Golgi tendon organ signaling is strong
ened, but the Golgi tendon organs are stretched and enough, it turns the alpha motor neurons off. Then
activated. Neuromuscular spindle cells are always little or no signal to contract passes through the alpha
active and increase their output when a muscle is motor nerves back to the muscle, which abruptly
lengthened. Golgi tendon organs are passive until the relaxes. This phenomenon can be seen in arm
muscle is quickly or extremely shortened (contracted). wrestling where the loser's arm typically gives out
The activation of neuromuscular spindle cells and goes down very suddenly. The protective mech
increases the tension of (facilitates) the muscles in anism of the Golgi tendon organs can be overridden
which they are found. This also facilitates the syner by conscious decision and practice. Thus weight-lifters
gists and stabilizers while inhibiting the antagonists. and arm wrestlers seeking to achieve maximum con
The activation of Golgi tendon organs produces a traction may consciously prevent the Golgi tendon
decrease in the tension of (inhibits) the muscles in organs from inhibiting the muscle's contraction, even
which they are found. Muscles that work together to the point of damaging the muscles, tendons or
with the muscle containing the Golgi tendon organ bones. It is postulated that in such cases, higher brain
(synergists and stabilizers) are also inhibited. The centers in the cerebrum send messages to the cere
antagonists to the muscle are stimulated to increase in bellum and from the cerebellum on through the
tone (facilitated). spinal cord to the segment level where the Ib affer
The tendon receptors of the Golgi tendon organs ent nerves form a junction with and affect the alpha
are connected to a large type I afferent nerve, just efferent nerves. The end result is that the inhibiting
like the neuromuscular spindle cells. To prevent con effect of the Golgi tendon organs is itself inhibited
fusion, the tendon receptor nerves are called Ib affer and prevented from affecting the alpha motor neuron
ent nerves (to differentiate them from the Ia nerves signaling.
30 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
The level of tension in a muscle (muscle tone) and locate the exact position of the Golgi tendon organ.
its response to muscle testing can be directly affected In a muscle that tests weak due to a dysfunction
by manipulation of the Golgi tendon organs. This can of the Golgi tendon organ, the affected Golgi tendon
be demonstrated in a normally functioning muscle, organ will usually therapy-localize. Touching it will
as long as the location of the Golgi tendon organs can strengthen the weak-testing muscle itself and will also
be correctly determined. In a normally functioning weaken most normotonic indicator muscles. Usually,
muscle, the Golgi tendon organs will not therapy there will be a lump in the junction between the ten
localize. This means that therapy localization cannot don and the muscle that can be easily felt. Pulling this
be used to determine their location. However, there lump parallel to the fibers of the muscle toward the
is an easy way to locate the Golgi tendon organs, espe belly of the muscle several times should cause the
cially in a muscle with a narrow tendon. Activating muscle to return to testing normotonic.
the Golgi tendon organ by pulling either or both of Less often, a muscle may be hypertonic due to an
the tendinous ends of a muscle toward the bone overactive Golgi tendon organ. This can cause the
where the tendon attaches will cause a normotonic muscle to become a primary muscle and cause other
muscle containing this Golgi tendon organ to subse muscles to be reactive to it (see "Reactive Muscles",
quently test weak. The effect will last from twenty page 131). In this case, the Golgi tendon organ needs
seconds to several minutes. It may take a few tries to to be pulled away from the belly of the muscle.
The Golgi tendon organs at both ends of the mus there are Golgi tendon organ problems in many sep
cle should be evaluated. Either or both may be arate muscles, a nutritional correction may be needed.
involved in a dysfunction. As with neuromuscular Raw bone concentrate or raw bone nucleoprotein
spindle cells, adjusting the signaling levels of Golgi extract contain phosphatase, which Goodheart
tendon organs requires a pressure of about one to believes to be useful for problems with propriocep
seven kilograms. The pushing or pulling motions tors. For those who don't want to chew raw bone con
should be repeated several times. Manual muscle test centrate, as long as they have no adverse reaction to
ing before and after the treatment will reveal if the the nightshade family of plants, phosphatase can be
manipulation has been effective. obtained from raw potato. These same recommen
As with neuromuscular spindle cells, if the same dations apply for the treatment of neuromuscular
dysfunction of the Golgi tendon organ returns, or if spindle cells.
PUSHING THE GOlGI TENDON ORGANS TOGETHER TO PULLING THE GOlGI TENDON ORGANS APART
INC REASE THE TENSION IN A MUSC LE TO DEC REASE THE TENSION IN A MUSC LE
32 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Correction of a Muscle that Tests Weak a) The muscle tests hypertonic, and/or is hard
Due to Dysfunctioning Golgi Tendon Organs and painful (palpatory hypertonic) but the
neuromuscular spindle cells are not found to
Suspect dysfunctioning Golgi tendon organs when: be responsible for the hypertonic state.
a) The muscle tests weak and cannot be b) The muscle is a primary muscle but the
strengthened with normal methods. neuromuscular spindle cells are not found to
be responsible for the reactive condition.
b) The muscle starts out testing strong and then,
during strong contraction, suddenly becomes Test:
completely weak. 1. Therapy-localize the junction of the muscle and
c) A lump which is tender to the touch is present its tendon on one end and test a previously nor
at the junction of the muscle and its tendon. motonic indicator muscle (not the muscle itself).
Test: 2. Therapy-localize on the junction of the muscle
1. Therapy-localize the junction of the muscle and and its tendon at the other end of the muscle and
its tendon on one end and retest the muscle. retest a previously normotonic indicator muscle.
2. Therapy-localize the junction of the muscle and 3. If the indicator muscle tested weak with therapy
its tendon on the other end of the muscle and localization on one or both of the ends of the sus
retest the muscle. pect muscle, it has a dysfunctioning Golgi tendon
organ at that one end or both ends.
3. If the muscle tested strong with therapy localiza
tion on one or both of its ends, it has a dysfunc Correction:
tioning Golgi tendon organ at that one end or 1.Press the fingers into the muscle on the muscle belly
both ends. side of the dysfunctioning Golgi tendon organ and
Correction: pull it toward the bone, away from the belly of the
muscle, along the direction of the fibers of the
1. Press the fingers into the muscle on the tendon muscle. Do this several times with 1-7 kilos of
side of the dysfunctioning Golgi tendon organ and pressure.
pull it toward the belly of the muscle along the
direction of the fibers of the muscle. Do this sev Confirm the correction:
eral times with 1-7 kilos of pressure.
2. Retest the muscle. If the treatment was success
Confirm the correction: ful, the muscle should now test normotonic, be
less hard, less painful and/or cause no further
2. Retest the muscle. If the treatment was success
weakening of previously reactive muscles.
ful, it should now test strong and any previously
tender lump in the Golgi tendon organ should 3. Have the patient chew some raw potato or raw
be less tender. bone concentrate to lock in the correction.
nervous system (spinal cord and cerebellum). When organism. The popular metaphor of the brain as a
the CNS responds correctly to incorrect incoming sig computer is not only misleading, it rather is simply
nals, incorrect outgoing signals will be sent to the mus false." (MaturanaNarela, 1987, p. 185, translation by
cles through the efferent motor nerves. As a result, the author).
some muscles will be palpatory hypertonic (too tense) This quote sounds complicated. Summarized and
while others will be hypotonic (too relaxed). This simplified, it means that the central nervous system
results in poor structural alignment of the body (incor does not only react to incoming information, it defines
rect posture) and uncoordinated movements. how this information is represented to itself. This, in
The central nervous system has been compared to turn, leads to internal processing of the information
a computer. If the input signals are incorrect, the out and consequent signaling to and control of other parts
put will also be incorrect. In the computer world, this of the body. You might compare this to the differing
principle is stated, " Garbage in, garbage out." reactions of various people to the same stimulus. Each
Although this formula fits the central nervous system person's representation (interpretation) of the stim
well, all in all the CNS cannot be accurately compared ulus is determined individually. Therefore each per
to a computer but rather to an "action-reaction pat son's reaction is also individual.
tern." This is in harmony with modern communica Signaling levels from Golgi tendon organs and
tion theories, especially that of Huberto Maturana from neuromuscular spindle cells are responsible for
and Franzisco Varela as presented in their book, Der the quality of our posture and patterns of motion, and
Baum der Erkenntnis ( The Tree of Knowing). This for most of the subjective sense of posture and move
book treats the principles of systems theory as they ment. Poor posture may cause some discomfort, but
are currently presented in the areas of sociology, psy unless it becomes extreme, we simply ignore it. After
chotherapy and medicine. Concerning the compari all, our poor posture is a habit of long standing. And
son of the central nervous system to a computer, habits, even bad ones, come to feel correct with
Maturana and Varela write: enough repetition.
"It would be a mistake to look upon the nervous When someone with poor posture is ordered to sit
system as a simple input-output device. That would or stand straight, he does so by tightening the antag
mean by definition that in the organization of the sys onists to his already overly tense and shortened mus
tem there must be inputs and outputs like there is in cles. The posture thus produced looks straighter but is
a computer or a machine. These definitions would be twice as tight! The shortened, tense agonists are still
fitting in the case of a man-made machine whose most tight. Their antagonists are now also tight, fighting
important characteristic is our interaction with it. against the tight agonists. The result is a jamming
However, the nervous system (or the organism) is together of the joints, which often results in more dis
not created by anyone. The nervous system is the comfort than experienced before the attempt.
result of a phylogenetic drift of biological entities cen Being told not to slouch and to stand straight does
tered on their own dynamic conditions. It is therefore not create lasting postural change because proprio
fitting to look upon the nervous system as an entity ceptor signaling has not been changed. The result of
that is defined by its internal relations, within which the attempt to attain better posture is that the old
the interactions work only as modulations of its struc tensions are at least partially retained. They are not
tural dynamic; as a unity that is operationally closed. released but only counteracted with additional new
In other words: The nervous system receives no tensions. Furthermore, the new posture feels wrong
information-like one often says. More correctly, it and the old poor posture still feels more comfortable.
brings forth a world within which it determines the In such a case, one soon returns to the old posture
representation of the perturbations of the environ (often with a sense of relief) as soon as one tires of
ment and which alterations these release within the the attempt . . . or as soon as the person who ordered,
34 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
also includes all processes of response or adaptation. motor control of the body, increased wakefulness
It encompasses all physical and psychological reac and alertness, and a high metabolic rate. This results
tions to the demands placed upon the individual by in increased performance of activities carried out at
both his internal and his external environments. With this time.
out stress, life is not possible. Stress is normal and can If the stress still does not stop, the quantity of these
not be avoided. Selye indicated this by further dividing chemicals in the bloodstream increases until the body
stress into eustress and distress. Eustress is produced reaches its peak of ability to react to the stress. Selye
by doing what we like to do and what is good for us. calls this maximal adaptation the "state of resistance."
Distress is elicited by those activities that we do not 1bis keeps the organism able to react swiftly and pow
like to do but must (Gerz, 1996, pp. 30-33; Heine 1997, erfully. This is a wise reaction of the body that pro
pp. 201-209; Selye, 1952). motes survival in conditions of extended stress. How
long the body can support this process is individual.
The Three-Phase Reaction to Stress
3. State of exhaustion:
Selye found out that every living being has a three
When this state of resistance continues too long, there
phase reaction to stress, which he called the general
comes what Selye calls the "state of exhaustion."
ized adaptation syndrome (GAS) as follows:
When more or less completely exhausted, the body
cannot produce the extra chemicals and energy for
further resistance. The reserves are used up. In com
2 mon parlance, this is referred to as "bum out." In this
state, rest, therapy, good nutrition and a change of
lifestyle are desperately needed for the body (and
mind) to be relieved from stress and to recover from
this exhausted state.
Selye found the following symptoms to be typically
associated with stress:
- recurring infections
THREE PHASE STRESS REACTIO N
- allergies and hay fever
ACCO RDING TO SELY E - stomach and other digestive symptoms
- insomnia, irritability, lack of energy, unusual
1 . Alarm reaction: mental symptoms
- lack of concentration, confusion of thought
In this first phase, the reaction of the body to stress
- chronic fatigue, depressive tendencies
is an "alarm reaction" in which the ability to respond
- trembling, nervous tics, stuttering
temporarily decreases. This is a kind of shock reac
- teeth grinding at night, leading to a greater sensi-
tion that is usually of short duration.
tivity to sweet/sour, hot/cold, perhaps problems
2. State of resistance: with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
If stress continues, extra cortisone and adrenaline are - diarrhea
produced and released increasing the body's ability - migraine, premenstrual syndrome
to adapt to the stress and improve performance of - neck and back pain
the activities required by the stressor. This adapta - too great or too small an appetite
tion to the stressor consists, for example, in a sharp - a strong or even addictive desire for nicotine,
ening of the senses, an increase in the precision of alcohol, coffee or other stimulants/drugs
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 37
- recurring minor injuries or chronic aches and pains tions, and obtaining exercise, fresh air, water, needed
which, in spite of good treatment, refuse to go away nutrients, and a change of lifestyle that includes less
Note that this list includes the most frequent com emotional stress.
plaints of most patients everywhere today. This indi
Weak-testing muscles (without TL or challenge)
cates how widespread the problem of stress is.
-> State of exhaustion
According to Selye, any animal responds to pro
longed stress with hypertonicity of the skeletal mus An individual weak-testing muscle indicates that the
cles. This casts light upon the problem of hypertonic body's ability to adapt to a stress has been exhausted,
muscles, which is receiving increased attention in AK but only in the one specific regulating circuit related
today. In fact, it is fascinating that Selye's concept of to the muscle tested.
the three stages of stress has such a direct relation to If the general hypertonicity condition continues
all three states of reaction of a muscle in muscle test too long, the result will be a general weakness of most
ing: weak-testing, normotonic, and hypertonic. or all muscles. This corresponds to Selye's state of
exhaustion. In this stage, the body can no longer adapt
Normotonic to the stress and is "giving up the fight." Typically with
A normotonic muscle is the ideal state in which both patients in this stage, it is difficult or impossible to
negative and positive stimuli are recognized and find a single muscle that can be strengthened and used
reacted to in a natural manner. as an indicator muscle. The same steps listed for gen
eral hypertonicity are required at this stage, but they
Weak-testing as a response to a stimulus -> need to be applied more carefully and regularly. Most
Alarm reaction of all, such patients need rest, quiet, water, warmth,
A normotonic indicator muscle may test weak in positive energy and a supporting environment of car
response to TL to a scar or challenge by the oral pres ing family or friends. This problem and its treatment
entation of an allergen. This can be compared to are considered in detail in the section "General
Selye's alarm reaction of the body in response to a Hypertonicity," page 93).
new stress.
Gerz compares the response of muscles to Selye's
Hypertonic -> State of resistance three states of stress as follows:
A single hypertonic muscle usually indicates a mal 1. A previously strong-testing muscle tests weak =
function of a proprioceptor that can usually be cor The stimulus that made the muscle test weak is
rected by proprioceptor manipulation. greater than the ability of the body to adapt to it.
A bilateral hypertonic muscle indicates that the
2. The normotonic muscle stays normotonic The =
phase and working "overtime" to deal with the stress. The stimulus creates an alann reaction in the body,
In this phase, Selye says that rest and recuperation which is expressed as a pathological increase of
are the most needed treatment factors. muscular tension. This can only take place at the
It is important that the patient correct the prob cost of a "pre-damage"-the memory of a previ
lem at this stage before a general state of exhaustion ous stress adaptation. In principle, this is what
sets in. Natural healing techniques needed at this stage occurs in the reaction of the immune system to an
include clearing the body of toxins and focal infec- allergen. For the body to have an allergic reaction,
38 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
it must have been previously exposed to the sub Typical problems associated with adrenal weak
stance. It "learns" to react in an allergic manner. ness include allergies, states of fear, arthritis, chronic
Hypertonic reaction is also a "learned response." tiredness, colitis, exhaustion, hormonal dysfunction,
In reaction to various kinds and amounts of stress, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), dysfunction of the
the body learns to tighten muscles. immune system, learning difficulties, excess weight,
and ulcers of the duodenum. Besides laboratory tests
4. A weak-testing muscle becomes normotonic =
5. The anterior neurolymphatic reflex points for sar impacted colon, sinuses. Selye noted that these are
torius (5 cm superior and 2.5 cm lateral to the a cause of continual stress for the body, even when
navel) are approximately over the adrenal glands no noticeable symptoms exist.
and are used in AK to therapy-localize the adre Avoid one-sided stresses. The body wants to bal
nal glands. A weak sartorius muscle or an active ance one kind of stress like hard physical work
TL to these points provides an ideal starting point with another kind of stress like reading or making
to determine measures that might help strengthen music.
the weakened adrenal glands. For a complete dis Observe your stress quotient with relation to your
cussion of this issue, the reader is directed to the specific stress and general stress. When there is too
relevant literature, especially Gerz, Applied Kine much specific stress, one needs to get involved in
siology; Schmitt, Common Glandular Dysfunc other kinds of activities. When there is too much
tions in the General Practice, and Goodheart, general stress, one needs rest and relaxation in a
You 'll Be Better. quiet non-stressing environment.
The stress-related degeneration of these three organs, Selye's research indicates that stress weakens the
the stomach, thymus and adrenal glands, occurs in the immune system whose job it is to recognize and fight
second and third stage of the "Generalized Adapta against undesirable substances in the body. Since
tion Syndrome" (GAS). The important point here is immune system weakness is the root of many of
that stress of any type, if intense and constant enough, today's most prevalent and difficult medical prob
will lead to damage and degeneration of these three lems, a deeper consideration of Selye's concepts by
organs and eventually to death. medical doctors and other health professionals is
Selye's research led him to the conclusion that to indicated.
promote health, the best attitude and lifestyle for all Applied Kinesiology is an excellent instrument for
living beings is "altruistic egotism" (Selye, 1974). He diagnosis in the field of immunology. With the tech
coined this phrase as an alternative to the nearly niques of AK, the examiner can assess the state of
impossible recommendation of Jesus to "love thy the immune system and the reactions of the immune
neighbor as thyself." For Selye, altruistic egotism system to various kinds of stimuli. Muscle testing the
implies that being benevolent to others promotes self body of the patient with the challenge techniques pro
preservation. This means that the best way to be vides the perfect tool for revealing both the individ
assured that others will help you when you need them ually problematic stress factors and the specific
is to help them when they need you. treatments best suited to the patient. Seen in this light,
Simplified and summarized, Selye believed that Applied Kinesiology is a kind of "applied immunol
one should arrange one's life to have as much eustress ogy" or "applied stressology."
and as little distress as possible. His further recom
mendations include:
A Change i n Worldview : From
Find your own natural stress level.
N ewto n ian Physics to Qua ntum
Learn the difference between eustress and distress.
Precisely analyze your problems. Mecha n ics and Chaos Theo ry
Don't force and overexert yourself. Rather learn Modern medicine is in a time of great upheaval. The
to know and follow your own need for rest and paradigms that were useful in solving the problem
relaxation. of infectious diseases in the past do not provide
Avoid table salt. It makes the negative effects of adequate solutions for the many chronic and degen
stress worse. Instead use potassium chloride (KCI). erative diseases prevalent today. It appears that a new
Clear out all hidden infections such as in teeth, way of thinking, a new way of looking at health and
40 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
disease is required. The modem scientific concepts of 5. Music and art therapy
quantum mechanics and chaos theory provide the 6. Psychotherapy; therapy that uses talking as
needed new viewpoint. Although these new theories the medium in general
have been demonstrated to more accurately repre Detoxification and elimination techniques
sent reality than the worldviews of the past, in the 1 . Purging and vomiting
field of medicine as in other areas of society, there is 2. Bloodletting
resistance to accepting and applying new ideas. 3. Sweating methods (exercise, sauna, etc.)
However, a diverse group of medical doctors, 4. Stimulation/irritation of the skin
researchers and biologists has embraced these new 5. Diuretic (water-removing) interventions
concepts and is using them to develop a new medical
The techniques of classical medicine (surgery,
viewpoint. With this new medical "Weltanschauung,"
chemotherapy, pharmacology, the use of artificial
they have already had ground-breaking success in
organs, hormone and other biochemical substitution)
providing new understandings and solutions to many
seek to fight the apparent, superficial cause of illness.
of the medical problems of today. "Biological medi
With such methods, the body has a more or less pas
cine" is the generic term used to describe this new
sive role. When treatment is effective, the body is said
conceptual field. Unlike classical medicine, biologi
to have been "freed" from the illness. All these meth
cal medicine no longer follows the Newtonian "cause
ods are oriented toward illness.
and effect" way of thinking. Classical medicine seeks
By contrast, the therapy procedures of biological
single causes of illness and fights them. By contrast,
medicine give the body an active role-for example,
the doctor using biological medicine draws together
in eliminating toxins. They help support and stimu
and analyzes all the possible factors that could be
late the self-healing processes. Special attention is
causing the health problem and attempts to positively
given to the re-establishment of the natural biological
influence them. Alternative medicine can thus be seen
processes (sleep and waking rhythm, body tempera
as an aspect of biological medicine. The therapy meth
ture, digestion, etc.). These methods strengthen the
ods of biological medicine can be classified as follows
powers of recuperation and the resistance to illness.
(after Heine, 1997) .
Biological medicine is oriented toward promoting
Phytotherapy (therapy using plant products): and maintaining health.
1. Homeopathy In order to understand this new medical ideology,
2. Traditional Chinese medicine the old "classical" worldviews prevalent in medicine
3. Physiotherapy will be reviewed here and contrasted with the new
Therapy with the goal of specifically affecting the concepts of quantum and chaos theories (reviewed
system of ground regulation (Pischinger): in detail later in this chapter, page 43).
1. Acupuncture ThAomoNAL WORLDVIEWS
2. Neural therapy It appears that man's concept of reality, his concept
3. Bioresonance of himself and his immediate environment, is inex
Therapy to stimulate the system of ground regulation tricably tied to the currently accepted concepts of the
in a general way: nature of the cosmos, in which he exists. Everything he
1. Nutrition thinks occurs within the framework of the currently
2. Kneipp techniques (external application believed facts of nature as defined by the popular
of water) thinkers and scientists of his time. In modem times,
3. Anthroposophic medicine the physicists are most responsible for our definitions
4. Alternating activity and rest with the goal of reality. In earlier times, reality was defined by the
of strengthening the powers of recuperation metaphysicians and the religious scholars.
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 41
Until the time of the Renaissance, when scientific ity and declared them to be correct. The church was
inquiry and the growth of secular values blossomed, placed in a position of great consternation and embar
man existed within an earth-centered, three-level, rassment when Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made his
natural universe. Generally, his concept involved a famous experiment (-1604) of dropping iron balls of
heaven above the earth, man on the flat surface, and various weights from the tower of Pisa. All the balls
hell below. Believing this concept of reality, sea explor fell at the same rate! The mainly Catholic witnesses
ers had a real fear of sailing off the edge of the earth, were put into a true moral conflict. They could not
which would not only mean their certain death but believe their eyes or they would become heretics, and
also their consequent eternal damnation. likely subjected to torture by the Inquisition. Even
Prior to the Renaissance, scientific thinking was worse, they would most certainly be excluded from
not based upon the concept of cause and effect as we paradise and suffer eternal damnation. So, they chose
understand it today but rather upon Aristotelian logic. not to believe their eyes, and to consider that what
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) defined four kinds of causes. they saw was unreal.
If a chair is created, its builder is the efficient cause, In his De revolutionibus orbium caelestium libri VI
the structure that makes it a chair is its formal cause, (Six books about the revolutions of the heavenly
the matter that has been made into the chair is its spheres, 1543) Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to
material cause and the need it was made to fulfill publicly question the idea of the geocentric cosmology
(namely, for sitting upon) is its purposeful cause. Thus, accepted since the time of Aristotle. The Danish
in Aristotle's natural philosophy, all things were con astronomer, IYcho Brahe (1546-1601 ), produced the
sidered to have a kind of inherent purpose. According most accurate measurements of the planets ever
to this line of reasoning, the cause of rain falling was obtained without a telescope. In 1572 he observed a
believed to be the plants and animals below that new star in the constellation of Cassiopeia. In 1573,
require it to live and grow. The purpose is the cause. he published his first work, proving that the observed
The church chose to make Aristotle's ideas accepted object was a star beyond the moon's orbit. This
dogma. This came about in part because his idea of revealed a flaw in the Aristotelian worldview of the
purposeful cause was easily adapted to justify church immutability of the heavens. Although Brahe, unlike
dogma. Thus God created the world so that animals his colleague Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), did not
and humans could live here. And woman was created believe in the heliocentric theories of Copernicus, he
to serve man. The church claimed the ultimate author invited Kepler in 1 600 to stay with him in Prague
ity to declare the purposeful causes of all things. where Brahe was the astronomer and mathematician
Aristotle believed that when one is familiar with at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. Brahe was
a subject, its governing principles become evident to impressed with Kepler's work. One year later, Brahe
the faculty of reason. For example, Aristotle stated died and Kepler inherited his scientific legacy, includ
that a body with twice the weight, when lifted and ing Brahe's planetary observations. Kepler studied
released in the air, would fall twice as fast. This was these and proved that the orbit of Mars is an ellipse
logical and therefore considered true. In Aristotle's with the sun as one of its foci. This became Kepler's
time, it was not yet common to test the veracity of a first law of planetary motion. His second law con
logically deduced idea. Familiarity with the topic plus cerned planetary velocity, and his third law defined a
reason were considered adequate tools for the deter relationship between the orbital periods and the dis
mination of truth. tances of the planets from the sun. His work clearly
With the spread of Christianity, the ( Catholic) demonstrated that the planets orbit around the sun.
church attained increasing influence upon scientific His belief that the sun governs planetary velocity
thinking and research. The church adopted Aristo formed the foundation for Isaac Newton's theory of
tle's concepts, such as those about weight and grav- universal gravitation.
42 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
In 1609, Galileo learned of the newly invented Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (The
Dutch telescope and in the same year constructed Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy or
one with 20-power magnification and turned it upon "Principia") in 1687. The Principia is universally rec
the heavens. There he saw mountains upon the moon, ognized as the greatest scientific book ever written.
the starry nature of the Milky Way, and some kind of Using his law of gravitation and the laws of motion,
"planets" orbiting Jupiter. His discoveries again ran Newton was able to explain a wide variety of phe
against accepted church dogma. He argued for free nomena including the eccentric orbits of comets, the
dom of inquiry, stating that sensory evidence and tides, the effect of the sun's gravitation in producing
mathematical proofs should not be subject to inter variations in the orbit of the moon, the motion of pro
pretations of scripture. The church had another idea jectiles, falling bodies and pendula. Thus the New
in these matters and declared him a heretic, impris tonian law of gravitation and system of mechanics
oned him (soon commuted to house arrest) and was able to explain, within the accuracy of existing
banned all of his books in Italy. However, outside measurements, most of the observed phenomena of
Italy, his ideas were pursued eagerly. nature. The divergent works of Copernicus, Galileo
Isaac Newton (1643-1727) is often revered as the and Kepler were united into one coherent whole. The
greatest scientific genius of all. During his first two Copernican worldview of heliocentricity at last had
years at Trinity College at Cambridge (1661-1662), a firm physical and mathematical basis. Thus Newton
students were only allowed to learn the philosophy completed the scientific revolution of his times and
of Aristotle. However, during his third year, some formed the content of modern science. By looking
freedom of choice was instituted and Newton stud out into and analyzing the motions of the planets of
ied mechanics, algebra, analytical geometry and our solar system and starry universe beyond, a new
Copernican astronomy. When the plague closed the worldview was created which is still influential today.
University in 1 665, he returned home to Lin As the concepts of Newtonian mechanics pre
colnshire, England, where he swiftly made revolu vailed and became the accepted scientific belief, the
tionary advances in physics, optics, mathematics and model of the three-level universe was no longer con
astronomy. vincing and lost its validity. Gradually the general
Newton reasoned that planetary orbits are the populace came to accept the principles of Newton
result of two forces: a centrifugal force which drives ian physics, which established that rather than being
the body away from the center, and a centripetal force the center of the universe, the earth is but a mere
which draws the body toward the center. He imag speck in the total order of things. In this new world
ined that the force of the earth's gravity extended to view, the earth is just one planet rotating around our
the moon, providing the centripetal force. Using sun. And our sun is only one of a seemingly endless
Kepler's third law of planetary motion, he deduced number of other stars in our universe. The whole
that the force of gravity between any two bodies must worldview of reality changed. And with it, the power
decrease with the inverse square of the distance. Thus of the church over the minds of humanity decreased
if the distance between the bodies is doubled, the greatly. Freedom of thought and scientific inquiry,
force of gravitation is one-fourth as much. If the dis requested by Galileo but denied him, became the
tance is tripled, the force is one-ninth as much. New ideal of the new age.
ton was the first to mathematically prove that if a Perhaps most importantly, Newton experimen
body obeys Kepler's second law, which states that a tally demonstrated the relationship between cause
line connecting a planet to the sun sweeps over equal and effect and postulated this concept to be the basic
areas in equal times, then the force of gravity must defining principle of the universe. Today this princi
obey the inverse square law. Newton published his ple is seldom questioned. It is, for us, a priori-
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OFAPPLIED KINESIOLOGY 43
unquestionably true. In fact, it is quite difficult for sion of the new worldview may be seen in various sci
us to conceive of any other way of thinking. In the ences, art and music. Chaos theory has even been suc
still-prevalent Newtonian thinking of our times, the cessfully applied in predicting trends in the fields of
universe is considered by many to be absolutely economics and business. With the framework of these
ordered and all phenomena defined by clear, logi new concepts, repeatable but previously unexplain
cal, mathematical laws. Anything that does not able phenomena in the field of alternative medicine
appear to follow these laws is considered to be illu are receiving a strong theoretical basis. It took sev
sion and unreality. Chaos and uncertainty were not eral centuries after the Renaissance before the estab
only ruled out, as long as Newtonian thinking ruled, lished dogmas gave way and the new concepts of
they were not even conceived of as possible. As a Newtonian physics were generally accepted. Today,
new worldview becomes popular, even the unedu it may take decades before the general consensus of
cated often wonder how prior generations could have the established medical profession, which is still
been so narrow-minded as to accept the old concept greatly dominated by the Newtonian concepts of
of reality. cause and effect, accepts those facets of alternative
medicine that are now being explained and proved
QUANTUM AND CHAOS ThEORIES
in the light of quantum and chaos theories.
In very recent times, physicists looking within the In the AK literature, one can see that explanations
atom found both a firm natural order and a totally of muscle testing have been limited to the most widely
unanticipated chaos and uncertainty. In order to accepted medical concepts of physiology and neuro
express and work with these new ideas mathemati physiology. However, within the generally accepted
cally, scientists developed the uncertainty principle medical model, many of the observed phenomena of
coupled with the science of quantum mechanics and AK simply cannot be explained. Bioresonance and
chaos theory. Curiously, as the new conception of the multi-resonance therapy systems such as electro
nature of the universe began to emerge, reality again acupuncture (Voll) are used by some in AK. Exam
was defined a new type of three-level universe. The iners using AK often test subtle energy substances
first layer consists of those aspects of our everyday such as homeopathic remedies, Bach Flower Reme
world that may be accurately described by Newtonian dies and gemstones held in the hand. An explanation
physics. The third level consists of all objects and phe of how the above methods could function does not
nomena that are best described by chaos theory. exist within the models of classical medicine. Expla
Located between these two levels is the area of rel nations and verifications, however, are now being
ative uncertainty (determined chaos) within which developed in terms of quantum mechanics and chaos
all the phenomena of life exist. Within this new and theory.
still emerging worldview, it is believed that life can For both diagnosis and treatment, examiners using
not exist either in rigid form or in chaos. Life can only AK often utilize systems of reflex that have no, or
exist within defined limits, between strict rules of struc only tenuous, basis in conventional anatomy. Exam
ture and utter chaos. ples of such reflex systems include neurolymphatic
With this new definition of reality, our worldview reflexes, neurovascular reflexes, hand and foot reflexes
has once again drastically changed. In this new light, (reflexology), cranial stress receptors, the meridian
people are beginning to review their assumptions, system, and ear acupuncture. 10chen Gleditsch in his
concepts, and even their prejudices. Many find it hard book, Mundakupunktur, has demonstrated that such
to give up the comfortable certainty of Newtonian reflex areas exist all over the body. According to his
mechanics, but forward thinkers everywhere are research, one can affect any chosen part of the body
adopting and adapting to the new concepts. Expres- by stimulating reflex points located more or less upon
44 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
every other part of the body. In all of these systems, experiment to detect particles, electrons behaved like
remote areas are stimulated to produce an effect in particles. So which are they? These experiments
a target organ or group of organs. Although attempts demonstrated that electrons appear to be what the
and some progress have been made, all efforts to experimenter is looking for and measuring! The act
explain these phenomena using the models of classi of observation, more than any inherent reality, deter
cal medicine have had limited success. mines how they appear. A philosophical expression
In this difficult situation, and as outlined above, a of this idea is reflected in the popular saying, "If you
review of the evolution in mathematics and physics are looking for trouble, you will probably find it."
over the past century may provide a path-finder for In another experiment, researchers were presented
understanding the new thinking in medicine. During with two groups of rats. They were told that one group
that time, most of the hallowed Newtonian concepts was bred for increased intelligence and that the other
gave way to Einsteinian theories, and particularly to group was rather stupid. The researchers were asked
quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In order to to test each group of rats to see how much faster the
provide an explanation of the peculiar, very useful, intelligent rats learned to run through a labyrinth. As
and hitherto unexplainable AK phenomena, classic expected, the intelligent rats did indeed learn signif
scientific and especially medical thinking will now icantly faster to run through the maze. Then came the
be contrasted with quantum mechanics and chaos surprise: All the rats from both groups were geneti
theory. cally from the same stock. The only difference was
the expectations of the researchers. In a similar exper
A COMPARISON BETWEEN ThADmONAL iment, school teachers were told that certain students
AND MODERN MODELS OF REALITY were especially intelligent. And although the students
Classical linear cause-and-effect thinking developed were of only average intelligence, they did excel in
during the Renaissance and ascended to its peak in their courses when their teachers expected them to
Newtonian mechanics. The "one disease-one cure" excel. These surprising results, which are in perfect
concept still dominant in medicine today is a reflection agreement with quantum theory, cast doubt upon the
of this thinking. In the classical scientific model (and accuracy of much of the scientific research performed
also in classical medicine), a separation between the throughout history. These examples imply that in this
observer and the observed phenomena is assumed. universe of ours, there is a tendency to find what you
In this model, it is believed that separate objects act are looking for!
one upon one another without any influence being Another basic premise of quantum theory is the
caused by the act of observation. The basic premise "superposition principle," which states that every
of this viewpoint is that one object can cause an effect thing is related to and connected with everything
upon another object, fully independent of the else. In a universe such as this implies, it is impossible
observer. to make any definite statement about cause and
In modem quantum theory, it has been determined effect. In order to make some sense of observed phe
that independent observers (those who have no effect nomena, it is necessary to isolate and abstract them
upon that which is observed) do not exist. That which from the all-encompassing quantum world into the
is sought, and the act of seeking itself, have an influ special, classical world of time and space. Then the
ence upon what is found. In physics, the validity of system researched has individuality, measurements
this principle was clearly demonstrated by the wave can be taken, and statements about its nature can be
particle duality of electrons. It was not known if elec made. But any such measurements and statements
trons were waves or particles. In an experiment to about the "reality" of the system researched are
detect waves, electrons behaved like waves. In another dependent upon the point of reference, the context of
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 45
the investigations and the expectations of the not to allow it to produce unrealistic hopes, because
researchers themselves. she would soon be dead.
Although quantum theory has been accepted by This type of medical viewpoint automatically places
most branches of science, many in the world of med limits upon which possible therapeutic efforts may
icine cling to the cause-effect mentality defined by even be considered. By only considering lab test val
Newtonian mechanics. Classical medicine still bases its ues, doctors may diagnose and prescribe swiftly and
diagnostic and treatment techniques upon the con thereby see more patients per day. The problem is
cept of the lock and key, in which the lock is a disease that in this simplistic model, there is no place for indi
and the key is a medicine or medical technique (chem vidual variation. There is no room in this thinking for
ical medicines, surgery, etc.). This linear thinking the fact that the same symptoms may be produced
model implies that each part of the body and indeed by different causes. And there is no place for the fact
each cell is an independent entity that may be treated that the same medicine may produce different effects
for its independent disturbances. However, in a multi in two individual patients, even though they have the
cellular being such as the human body, cells do not same presenting symptoms. More attention is given
exist individually. Historically, the abstract concept to the numerical results of medical tests than to how
of the separate cell and its pathologies (Virchow, 1858) the patient is feeling or the causes of her symptoms
led to the linear idea of "for one disease, one specific viewed within her personal biology/constitution, or
cure." Within this thinking, the individual phenom considered with reference to the quality of her
ena one experiences when ill are ignored in favor of lifestyle.
defined models of illness. Symptoms are quantified In acute illnesses where physical damage to tissues
and used as indicators of specific syndromes. If the or infection by a micro-organism is the main cause,
values of a certain test are above a defined level, you traditional medical diagnosis and treatment are
have the syndrome. After effective treatment, the val extremely effective. In most acute illnesses, one spe
ues must again fall below the defined level. An effec cific cause outweighs all the others. In such cases, the
tive treatment within this perspective means "one disease-one treatment" mentality is usually suc
"normalizing" the values-bringing them back into cessful. Doctors using this method have developed
the accepted range of tolerance. At its worst, this sci effective treatments for most acute medical problems.
entific dogma leads to treating the model of the dis Because of these great successes, the world is largely
ease instead of the patient. free from many of the complaints that were often a
For example, a patient had breast cancer that had cause of death in the past. Today the situation has
spread to many other areas of her body. In May, after changed. The most common medical complaints are
surgery to the breast and chemotherapy, she was told no longer acute "diseases," but are instead tumors
to prepare for death before September. Her T-lym and other chronic degenerative illnesses. And tradi
phocyte cell count was 1 8/1. The normal level is tional medical thinking is at a loss in dealing with
defined as being between 1000 and 3500/1. She these problems.
enjoyed running and continued to run 17 kilometers Because people today seldom die young from
each day. In February, she was still alive and her T injuries, infections and infectious diseases, the aver
cell count had increased to 76/1. The doctors said age age of death has risen significantly. Bodily func
that this increase was too small to have any signifi tions and the ability to recover and regenerate
cance whatsoever. The idea that her regular exercise decrease with increasing years. Old people typically
might be keeping her alive and improving her health die from degenerative diseases. That there are more
was not even considered. She was told that the older people is one reason degenerative diseases are
increase in the number ofT cells had no meaning and more prevalent today. But the fact that many more
46 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
young people suffer from degenerative diseases today tious diseases are severe, medicines may save lives.
than in years past indicates that there are other causes But their use for every little infectious disease that
besides increasing age. occurs may actually be one of the causes of severe
Thinking along the lines of the lock-and-key model, diseases such as cancer!
the doctor prescribes a chemical medicine to kill bac Newtonian mechanics defines physical systems as
teria, or in the case of a viral infection, a chemical that functioning in a linear manner. An example of a lin
inhibits viral reproduction. But medical research has ear system is a single pendulum. Its oscillating behav
revealed that many of the disease-producing bacte ior is independent of the influence of any separate
ria and viruses live upon and within our bodies con objects in its environment and is relatively inde
stantly. Often, the question is not asked as to why the pendent of the effect of the observer. This is similar
body was susceptible at this particular time to infec to the medical model of the single, isolated cell dis
tion. To even be aware that such a question exists, the cussed above.
doctor needs to expand his or her thinking from the However, the concepts of cybernetics (Wiener,
classical Newtonian mechanics style of thinking that 1963), chaos theory and thermodynamic open sys
typically dominates the field of medicine to the more tems of energy (Prigogine, 1979) have demonstrated
expansive, multi-dimensional concepts of modern that biological systems are non-linear. A simple exam
quantum theory and chaos theory. ple of a non-linear system is many different pendula
Anyone who has had a garden has observed that linked together with springs. When one is moved, the
insects prefer to infest plants that are already weak. energy dissipates first into the nearby and then into
Similarly, anyone who has observed their own chang the more distant pendula and then back again until
ing state of health knows that they are more likely to all are moving together in harmonic resonance. Like
succumb to the ever-present cold viruses when they these coupled pendula, most structures within non
are exhausted, chilled, hungry, emotionally upset or linear systems are self-repetitive. The same patterns of
otherwise excessively stressed. When the body is structure and motion are seen on many levels. This
under stress, the bacteria that normally live on the principle is observed throughout nature.
skin can more easily infect a cut. In the eighteenth century, Ernst Chaldni placed
Seen in this light, it seems likely that taking med sand upon a thin plate of glass and made the plate
icines to combat an infecting agent, although tem resonate by stroking it with the bow of a violin. The
porarily successful against the acute disease, may be sand vibrated into beautiful repetitive geometric fig
ignoring the multiple other causes of why the person ures across the surface (Chaldnian figures). Chaldni
got ill in the first place. And evidence indicates that, publicized his discoveries in his book, Entdeckungen
if not corrected, these multiple stresses may cause a iiber die Theorie des Klanges, (Leipzig, 1787). The
repeat attack or eventually even result in a degener Swiss scientist, Hans Jenny, spent ten years investi
ative disease. gating the power of sound to form geometric patterns
Furthermore, it is well known that those who are in various inorganic substances. The patterns pro
prone to infections and get sick a few times each year duced by sound vibration in his experiments look like
have less probability of developing our most preva starfish, bacteria, organs and other patterns seen in
lent disease, cancer. However, this benefit is lost if forms of life. In Cymatics (1974), he concluded that
they take medicines that prevent their immune sys where organization is concerned, the harmonic fig
tem from building strength by performing its natural ures of physics are essentially similar to the harmonic
fight against the infecting agents. Research strongly patterns of organic nature.
indicates that the immune system needs to battle dis These patterns of physics are seen in all living sys
eases from time to time to keep in shape. When infec- tems. Their principal characteristic is redundance, i.e.,
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 47
the same patterns repeat again and again on many fractus, "irregular and fragmented." Fractal geome
levels until the available space is filled. For example, try deals with structures that repeat on finer and finer
in the circulatory system each artery branches again scales (Mandelbrot, 1991). Fractal geometric figures
and again into smaller and smaller, but in form essen are self-similar. This means that when enlarged, their
tially identical, arterioles and capillaries. The lung pro parts are identical with the whole. Fractals are not
vides a similar example. The lung is basically a bag of smooth figures like the curves and circles that exist
air that is subdivided into smaller and smaller bags in Euclidean geometry. They instead have a step-wise,
of air. This redundancy principle may be seen also in jagged quality.
the form of most organs, which are segmented with Mathematical fractals are perfectly symmetrical
each segment also segmented and so on until each and remain geometrically identical on any level of
sub-segment is completely filled with nearly identi magnification. They exist between strict order and
cal cells. chaos in the realm of "determined chaos." If the def
inition of fractals is expanded a bit to include some
FRACTAL GEOMETRY
non-linear qualities (some deviation from mathe
Mathematics recognizes such redundant systems of matical perfection), such geometric forms can be
organization in which the same patterns appear found in nearly every natural phenomenon. Outside
repeatedly on various levels of complexity until the certain defining limits, forms may be very rough (but
available space is filled. In mathematics, these geo not self-similar) or very smooth-thus defining them
metric structures are called "broken dimensions" or as not fractal but rather Euclidean. As already
"fractals." Fractal geometry was developed by the described, life can only exist in an area between chaos
Polish-born French mathematician Benoit Mandel and structure. Too rough is too chaotic. Too smooth
brot. He coined the word "fractal" from the Latin is too structured. Within these limits, virtually every
verb frangere, "to break," and the related adjective thing is fractal. For example, almost any-sized piece
DIAGRAM OF A BASIC MANDELBROT SET MAGNIFIED TOP SECTION OF THE FIRST DIAGRAM
48 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
of cauliflower looks much like a whole head of cau nified figure the line divides into two lines of unequal
liflower. The pattern "cauliflower" is clearly present length. In further magnifications, the amount of such
on all these levels of observation. Thus the design of unpredictable changes continues to increase.
cauliflower is fractal. Fractals are an essential part of The French mathematician, Gaston Julia, used the
the mathematics of all natural phenomena, including Mandelbrot set to develop a mathematics of non-lin
life. ear transformations in a complex plane. The "Julia
Fractal geometry has been used to understand dis sets" he devised are used to produce computer
order (chaos) in natural systems. In 1961, Mandelbrot graphic images that often strikingly resemble natu
applied his fractal theories successfully to turbulence ral forms.
in moving fluids, the distribution of galaxies, and even Note that when the top portion of the first figure
to predicting fluctuations of the stock market. In 1967, is magnified, nearly identical geometrical figures are
he showed that the irregular shorelines of the Eng revealed. This is the nature of fractals, within which
lish coast are fractal. the same figures can be found on many levels of com
Tho American mathematicians, John Hubbard and plexity.
Adrien Douady, developed the most known and use The chaos theory of mathematical physics uses
ful set of non-linear fractals and named it after Man fractals to describe the routes a dynamic system takes
delbrot. The more the bud-like geometrical figures from order to chaos. A chaotic system is sensitive to
derived from this set are magnified, the more the initial conditions. A slight uncertainty in the begin
unpredictability increases. The Mandelbrot set is cen ning develops into greater and greater unpredictability
tral to the science of dynamic systems. (chaos) over time. In all chaotic systems, a tiny change
Note that whereas the first figure of a Mandelbrot in the beginning produces great effects later. Chaotic
Set has one single line extending from it, in the mag- systems include all living forms, ecosystems, social
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 49
systems and the universe as a whole including the lions of essentially identical cells, many parts can be
atomic, geological and astronomic levels. destroyed without reducing the quality of the func
On the atomic level, fractals and chaos theory have tion of the organ. The quantity of the chemicals pro
contributed to the understanding of chemical reac duced or the other functions of the organ will be
tions, wave motion and electrical currents in semi reduced but it will essentially function as before. This
conductors. Geological fractals exist both in the redundant quality of non-linear systems is an impor
external structures of the earth and also in internal tant factor for survival.
structures such as faults. Earthquakes occur in a frac
tal pattern across the surface of the earth. Earth HOLOGRAMS
quakes under a magnitude of 6 occur in self-similar It is interesting to note that a hologram demonstrates
(fractal) clusters over time. Rain falls in a fractal pat characteristics similar to those of life. In a hologram
tern over time. In biology, the temperature-related as in a living being, "the whole information is pres
shape of proteins is fractal. In astrophysics, fractal ent and repeated in all parts" and "portions of parts
patterns have been observed in the pulsations of vari may be removed without disturbing the function qual
able stars (stars whose observed intensity of light vary itatively." These attributes of a hologram are in har
over time). The pattern of atoms on the surface of a mony with the superposition principle that states that
protein molecule is fractally distributed. And since everything exists in relation to and has an effect upon
proteins are the basic chemical building blocks of all everything else.
biological systems, the patterns of living structures A visual hologram is produced on photographic
are fractal. film by utilizing one laser beam of light divided into
Biological systems are many-sided, complex and two. One of these beams goes directly to the photo
highly interconnected. They can take in energy (food, film. The other one bounces off the object to be pho
light) and use it to more highly organize themselves. tographed and then onto the film The two light beams
.
They are interconnected in a complex manner and interact and form interference patterns over the sur
have feedback systems that allow them flexibility to face of the film. When that film image is viewed by
react to the situation of the moment in spontaneous ordinary light, there is no recognizable image. But
ways. They can optimize their behavior. Biological when a laser beam is directed toward the film a three
,
systems, like all non-linear systems, exist within nat dimensional image of the item photographed appears
ural laws but tend toward a chaotic state ("deter in the air above the film.
mined chaos"). They exist in a dynamic balance In such a visual hologram, a complete three-dimen
between utter chaos and rigid order in both struc sional picture is present in all parts of the film. Cut a
ture and function. Too much order (as in a crystal) small corner of the film and the whole picture is still
or too much chaos means death, i.e., destruction present, though in reduced clarity. This may be com
of the system. In the determined chaos of biological pared to an organ in which many cells may be
systems, small changes in the current state of the sys destroyed but the organ still performs the same activ
tem can produce large future changes. This fact pro ity with no change in quality, only a reduction in the
vides a possible explanation for the effectiveness of quantity of activity. A hologram is clearly a quantum
such healing treatments as acupuncture or homeop mechanical phenomenon in which all parts are inter
athy in which tiny stimuli may produce system-wide connected and the whole is present in the parts.
changes that cannot be explained within traditional There is much evidence to suggest that the brain
medical models. stores information holographically, that is, that each
In a complex interconnected system with great specific bit of information is replicated over wide areas
redundance such as within a specific organ with mil- of the brain. Rats that have learned to run a maze still
50 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
remember how to do so when up to 50% of their brain or activity, it quickly returns to its basic position or
cortex has been removed. And it doesn't matter which rhythm. In chaos theory, this quality of a non-linear
50% ! This implies that the learning is stored all over system is called an attractor. Biological systems have
the brain like visual information in a hologram. attractor activities that repeat on a constant time cycle.
Holograms can be produced with almost any Under normal conditions, they can react and adapt
source of energy, not only light. In producing a holo to small disturbances and swiftly return to their basic
graph, there are always two reference sources of rhythm. Examples of such rhythms are heartbeat, res
energy. The bilateral structure of the human body piration, temperature, permeability and metabolic
may provide similar energy pairs for the formation rate. In chronic illnesses and especially in tumor tis
of holographs within the nervous system. Evidence sues, such activities no longer occur rhythmically. If
indicates that the nervous system functions holo these rhythms cannot be reestablished, the progno
graphically with respect to sensory and motor sys sis for cure is poor. For example, the temperature of
tems. Perhaps this is why there are two hemispheres the surface of the skin changes regularly with a
of the brain that each receive signals from two eyes 24-hour cycle. However, changes in the temperature
and two ears. These separate pairs of images likely of the skin over a tumor have no regularity. Thus
are the two references necessary to form holographic chronic illnesses are marked by a loss of natural rhyth
sensory images in the brain. mic periodicity in the affected tissues. Therapeutic
If the nervous and organ systems function holo efforts that return normal periodicity to diseased tis
graphically, then it is logical that one may act upon sues are especially important and effective in restor
one part and produce effects on any other part. This ing health.
is the concept underlying the many systems of reflex Under normal physiological circumstances, the
therapy. homeostasis of an organism is extremely stable. Outer
When two similar but not identical holograms are and inner stressful influences are quickly adapted to
placed one upon the other in laser light, interference and the system returns to balance. For example, if
patterns appear. These are called "Newton rings." adequate food is not available, the system will adapt
Goodheart believes that something similar occurs in to the situation in a reversible way. Minerals may be
the human body. Goodheart proposed that the brain removed from the bones to replace those not cur
has a perfect holographic image of all the parts of the rently in the diet. If this process goes far enough, there
body. When the local hologram in one part of the will be noticeable symptoms. Later, when the miss
body (for example, an injured knee) does not corre ing food elements are provided, the system can return
spond accurately with the perfect hologram of the to its prior state of balance. This exemplifies the inter
knee in the brain, the brain is alerted that something connectedness and redundance of non-linear systems.
is wrong. Symptoms then occur, and the healing However, when a biological system is sufficiently
process is initiated (Goodheart, 1986; Walther 1988, stressed, it may not spontaneously return to balance.
p. 26). Once such an imbalance becomes established, small
The many similarities between human functioning further disturbances of various types are not auto
and the properties of the hologram suggest that many matically corrected but rather may resonate with and
of the structures and functions of the human body thereby add their weight to the existing imbalances.
have holographic qualities and may be accurately When the combination of imbalances stresses the sys
described and analyzed within the models of quan tem enough, illness is the result. Seen in this light, ill
tum theory. nesses are recognized to be system-wide disturbances
One advantage of a non-linear system is that when that are often the result of many different causes.
it is disturbed and moved out of its normal position The inferences of quantum mechanics concerning
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 51
the state of determined chaos of living organisms a good understanding of the German language, I can
allow us to understand nature more deeply and accu highly recommend the best single textbook I have
rately than the classical models of cause and effect. found on this topic: Hartmut Heine'S, Lehrbuch der
The possibly multiple causes of a patient's disease biologischen Medizin.
may each be considered within their own individual In the new medical discipline of "biological med
contexts. Internal and external factors (bio-chemical icine," attention is given in both diagnosis and treat
individuality, diet, posture, exercise, weather, social ment to almost every factor that may make an
situation, the effect of prior experiences, expectation, individual ill.
occupational stress, etc.) may be analyzed for their Modern medicine conceives the gene to be one of
contributing part in health and disease. The attention the controllers, or the direct controller of biological
of the patient is focused upon his personal responsi functioning. The contrary view of biological medicine
bility in promoting or combating disease. The patient is that:
is helped to help himself. Both the patient and his 1. the gene is the repository of blueprints of instruc
physician are operating from a far more complicated tions on how cells and higher systems should oper
multi-dimensional picture of the processes of health ate, not a direct activator, and
and disease. Because this picture more accurately rep
resents reality, it provides a better basis for both an 2. the actual regulation of biological activities in cells
evaluation of the totality of the health situation and and all higher levels of organization lies in a so
for the application of the wider spectrum of thera called "system of ground regulation."
peutic efforts needed to solve health problems, par The tissues of higher life forms are built of three basic
ticularly those of chronic and degenerative diseases. structures; the capillary, the ground substance or
These "new worldview" ideas are being pursued today matrix, and the cell. The basic structure of the system
by medical doctors and other scientists in the emerg of ground regulation is the ground substance. The
ing field of "biological medicine." ground substance is a complex connective tissue that
lies between all the cells of the body. It consists of two
groups of components, the amorphous ground sub
B i ological Med icine
stance and the structural ground substance. The amor
and the Systems of Regulation phous ground substance is a transparent, half-fluid
This section is for the advanced student who desires gel produced and sustained by the fibroblast cells of
to better understand the biochemical and electrical the connective tissues. It consists of highly polymer
aspects of health and disease. Although an attempt ized sugar-protein complexes. One of its main fami
has been made throughout this book to define every lies of components is the glycosaminoglycanes.
new term used, in this chapter I won't even try. The Glycosaminoglycanes are bound to proteins in the
complete definitions would more than double its size. tissues, forming huge chains (polymers) with a molec
Obviously only a most superficial view is possible ular weight of several million. They do not bend
given the small amount of space that can be devoted around into a circle like most other proteins but rather
here to this huge field. By giving an overview of this lie flat and take up lots more room than other mole
fascinating world of knowledge I hope to inspire my cules of the same molecular weight. On their flat sides
readers to inquire further on their own. Because so they bind large amounts of water and positively
much of the new knowledge has been recently gath charged ions (especially sodium), which assists the
ered, I urge you to read only the newest standard text amorphous ground substance to become viscous and
books of anatomy, physiology, neurology and gives the structural ground substance turgor (fluid
functional histology. For the advanced student with pressure) or even hardness. They twist together and
52 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
partially form the permeability barrier around cells. ical, electrical and electromagnetic signals from blood,
The structural strength of the ground substance is lymph, nerves, glands, etc., plus formatted informa
also provided by various kinds of fibers. The struc tion on proper "how to's" from the genes into the
tural ground substance consists mainly of bendable ground substance; then from the ground substance to
reticulin fibers that can mature into inelastic colla the cells defining "what" to do. This interchange of
gen, stretchable elastin fibers, and the recently dis information over the interactive network of the
covered structural glycoproteins fibronectin and ground substance determines the reactions to internal
laminin that are a part of cell surface membranes. The and environmental influences. These stereotyped
components of the structural ground substance form responses form the ever-repeating and yet ever-indi
other types of connective tissues such as those of fas vidual patterns of metabolism, development, growth,
cia, tendons, ligaments and cartilage as well as fat tis repair and behavior, etc.
sues, veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels, bones and teeth. Only about 2 % of all illnesses are produced by the
These other types of connective tissues are durable, functioning or malfunctioning of a single genetic ele
strong and long-lasting. They represent a kind of ment. Biological medicine contends that most of the
"long-term memory" of the ground substance. other diseases are produced by a combination of fac
The smallest structural element of the ground sub tors that interfere with the processes of the system of
stance is the matrisome, which has a polygon network ground regulation. The system of ground regulation
structure formed of various glycoproteins and tran controls the relationship between cells and their envi
sitorily bound proteins. The matrisome structure is ronment-how energy and matter are exchanged in
arranged in many self-repetitive layers. Each layer is the thermodynamics of open energy systems of the
slightly rotated the same amount with respect to the human body. A knowledge of this system allows doc
next layer. We will return to the matrisome again later tors to recognize malfunctions in tissues early so that
in this section. corrective measures may be taken before disease
The ground substance surrounds and interconnects develops. Thus the biological medicine approach pro
the cells. It acts as a molecular sieve, determining what vides for true preventative health care.
chemicals enter and exit the cells. The maintenance The function and composition of the ground sub
of homeostasis in the cells requires that the ground stance can change swiftly under the various influences
substance reacts swiftly and precisely to complex of the nervous and immune systems plus a wide vari
changes. This is made possible by the diversity of ety of chemical influences including hormones, neu
molecular structures of the sugar polymers of the ropeptides, enzymes, growth factors and cytokines.
ground substance, the ability to swiftly generate new The end of the motor nerves of the vegetative nerv
such substances, and their high interconnectedness. ous system project out from their insulating myelin
This creates a redundance that makes possible the sheaths into the ground substance. They do not form
controlled oscillation of values above and below the synapses or enter the cells that they influence but
dynamic homeostasis present in all living creatures. rather end naked in the ground substance. Their sig
This is a kind of fast-responding, "short-term mem nals are carried up to 2000 nm through the ground
ory" of the ground substance. Without this capacity, substance along fine collagen fibers to the basal mem
the system would quickly move to an energetic equi brane of the connective tissue or organ cells. Thus the
librium, which would bring inactivity and death. nervous control of cells does not occur through
The ground substance contains a network of synapses but through the chemical medium of the
fibrous and non-fibrous connective tissue paths ground substance. Not only electric signals emerge
through which interactive information can flow. Such from the end of nerves. Chemicals (neurotransmit
information flows into the ground substance as chem- ters, neuropeptides and cytokines) are also released.
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY 53
These bind to receptors on the connective tissue and plays an important role in development, growth, the
organ cells and cause the cells to release short-lived healing of injuries, and also in pathological processes
chemicals (cytokines) that have a reciprocal influence such as inflammation and the formation of tumors.
upon the cells themselves, upon nearby cells, and upon The autonomic terminal axons (nerve endings) and
distant cells via the circulatory system. Fine hollow the mast cells of the ground substance influence each
tubes within the cells carry the chemical signals into other directly. Any sort of shock causes the nerve end
and out of the cells, providing for fast communica ings to release catecholamines (adrenaline or epi
tion and reciprocal reaction. The chemicals that are nephrine, noradrenaline, dopamine). These chemicals
released by nerve endings are also involved in the are needed to produce the central effect of inflam
process of inflammation. mation-the degranulation of the mast cells. In the
Inflammation is a basic reaction of the tissues of case of an allergic reaction or a septic condition in
the body against various damaging stimuli. These may the tissues, the mast cells degranulate directly, which
be mechanical (friction, pressure, foreign bodies), then causes the nerve endings to release cate
chemical (acids, bases, toxins), physical (temperature, cholamines.
radiation), damaging internal processes (uremia, tis The capacity of the ground substance to become
sues destroyed by tumors, or microorganisms (bac inflamed is dependent upon the intactness of the sen
teria, virus, yeast, parasites). Thus inflammation is the sory innervation of the tissues. The signals from nerve
basic reaction of the body in all diseases. Inflamma endings travel toward the central nervous system.
tion of a tissue indicates that the body is fighting Along other branches of the same nerve some of
against a disturbing factor, substance, stimulus, process these signals return to the cell from which they orig
or infecting agent. inated (the axon reflex). When the signals return, they
Mast cells control the process of inflammation. cause the ends of these sensory nerves to release
Mast cells can move like amoebae and many of them active chemicals including pain neuropeptides such
gather near the end of nerves of the autonomic nerv as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related pep
ous system. These nerves are concentrated on the tide (CGRP). These cause the mast cells to degranu
basal membranes of capillaries so the mast cells are late and cause the macrophages, monocytes and
concentrated here as well. Within mast cells is a great neutrophils to go into attack mode and digest the
variety of preformed biologically active chemicals. infecting agents, substances, or tissue remnants. In the
Sometimes mast cells selectively release chemicals. process enzymes, oxygen radicals and many mediat
Under the influence of progesterone they release ing chemicals are released that promote the trans
serotonin. Under the influence of estrogen they formation of the composition and structure of the
release histamines. When the mast cells degranulate ground substance. SP also promotes the proliferation
their various chemicals are released. These react with of T lymphocytes, the differentiation of the B lym
other chemicals such as prostaglandins and phocytes and an increased production of immuno
leukotrienes and become extremely biologically active globulins. Thus inflammation is partially controlled
in the ground substance. It is mainly through degran on a local scale in and near the affected tissues.
ulation, releasing their stored chemicals, that the mast Sensory signals from the ground substance also
cells direct the complete process of inflammation. have the task of signaling the central nervous system
They are rightly called one-celled endocrine glands to stimulate the release of adrenaline, noradrenaline,
and "the guards of the ground substance." acetylcholine, cytokines, neuropeptides, etc.
There is much reciprocal effect between nervous Furthermore, sensory nerves also act as receptors
signals coming into the ground substance and struc of immune-related chemicals. These toxins, antigens
tural constitution of the ground substance itself. This and antibodies are transported along the sensory
54 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
axons to the central nervous system, evidently for physical environment in which he lives.
processing there. This has an effect upon the central For its biochemical survival, every organism
nervous system and the peripheral release of neuro requires the ability to rapidly construct, destroy and
transmitters and neuropeptides. reconstruct the constituents of the ground substance.
While struggling with this extremely complicated The ground substance itself has a polygonal net struc
information, my partner suggested that the axon reflex ture. The smallest unit of the ground substance is
and the transmission of immune-related substances, called the matrisome. The matrisome structure is ori
through sensory nerves to the nervous system for pro ented in a self-repetitive (redundant) manner through
cessing there, may be one of the reasons that people many anatomical layers of organization throughout
feel better and get well faster when lovingly stroked. the ground substance. No matrisome is identical to
Sometimes all this complex scientific nomenclature another but all have the same pattern of organiza
and information needs to be so translated into more tion. A dividing plane through any matrisome yields
human terms! a polygon. The matrisome may be imagined as a series
The system of ground regulation has four main sys of identical line drawings placed one over the other,
tems of communication. One is chemical, as in the with each one a bit more rotated and further away
many processes described above. The others are elec than the last (see the diagram). This creates the
trical impulses through the nerves, electrochemical appearance of hyperboloid spiraling tunnels through
synapses (found between fibroblasts and between the many layers (Heine, 1997, p. 52).
functional organ cells helping them to act together), Between the molecules that make up the ground
and electromagnetic vibrations. Thus the wide vari substance there are minimal surfaces. The formation
ety and vast quantity of internal and external infor of soap bubbles provides a well-known example of
mation is coded and exchanged in only these four
ways. This simplification is necessary for the creation
and maintenance of living systems. However, this also
presents the danger of false transmission of infor
mation through genetic or environmental influences.
And poor nutrition or environmental pollution can
change the chemistry of the ground substance so that
incoming signals are incorrectly processed. All this
indicates that the genetic and environmental factors
cannot be considered separately or simply additively.
They are inseparably networked together in the
ground substance.
No other system unites the huge amount of genetic,
biochemical and environmental information like bio
logical medicine with its basic foundation in the sys
tem of ground regulation. In this system, the individual
is not only seen to be a product of his genetic com
position, but rather is considered in the rich network
DIAGR AM OF A MATR ISOME
of functional relationships of his DNA and the com
plete environment around it, including the mecha
nisms of the cell, the ground substance, the circulatory the formation of minimal surfaces. Their spherical
system, and the totality of the mental, emotional and shape arises because it is the smallest possible surface
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF A PPLIED KINESIOLOGY 55
that contains the volume of air that the soap bubble millivolts must be applied. Pressure upon nerve recep
encompasses. When one dips a bent clothes hanger tors can create adequate voltage to fire the nerve cells.
or other metal wire into a solution of soap, the so However, holding a homeopathic remedy or a gem
formed soap membrane has a surface that describes stone near the body cannot logically cause the nerves
the minimal surface connecting every point on the to directly fire. And yet, AK muscle testing reveals
ring. that the body does selectively respond to such reme
Between the molecules of the ground substance dies, even through glass bottles. How is this possible?
there are not only minimal physical surfaces like in The ground substance requires only a shift of one
a soap bubble but also minimal electrical surfaces. electron to set up a process that can cause a nerve to
These surfaces are not minimal in size but rather in fire. Apparently, holding some "energized" remedy
potential energy. Minimal electrical surfaces have a near the body can be somehow registered in the
negative gaussian curvature like a saddle or folds in a extremely sensitive ground substance, which then
skirt (Schnering, 1991). evokes far-reaching responses throughout the body.
The electrical charging and discharging of the Many authors contend that remedies, gemstones,
materials of the ground substance cause electromag etc., have an electromagnetic field that affects the
netic field oscillations (photon fields). The interfer human body. Fritz A. Popp, a world authority on sub
ence of these fields creates short-lived (from 10-9 to tle biological energies, has another idea. In private
up to 10-5 seconds) tunnels through the ground sub conversations with the author, he agreed that there
stance (Popp, 1987). Through these tunnels, shaped is no measurable electromagnetic field around such
like the hole through a donut, large chemicals may substances that could have an effect upon the body.
traverse from capillaries through the ground sub He suggested that the effect might be due to some
stance and into the functional cells of organs and back kind of "echo" phenomenon similar to sonar (for
again. All metabolic processes depend upon this trans example, how a bat sends out auditory signals and
port mechanism. maneuvers his flight according to the sound waves
The self-repetitive structure of the ground sub bouncing back). The human body produces various
stance identifies it as a system of determined chaos. electromagnetic fields. Perhaps these pass through
The cyclic appearance and disappearance of the tun the remedy held in the hand and return to the body
nels through the matrisomes identifies them as attrac changed. This returning electromagnetic field may
tors (Heine, 1997, p. 27). The spontaneous appearance carry information specific to the remedy. This may
of order in chaos and chaos in order is well known in cause changes in the ground substance that resonate
chaos theory. The mathematics of minimal surfaces through the body and brings about the changes
shows that tiny changes in one area can cause large revealed by muscle testing. But this theory can only be
changes in distant areas of the same (ground) sub true if humans can be shown to have magnetic field
stance. Coupling and resonance are qualities that receptors as yet unknown to science.
always appear in the non-linear systems of determined Many animals are capable of detecting the mag
chaos. Under the conditions of minimal surfaces as netic field of the earth and use it for orienting them
found in the ground substance, the energy of one sin selves. Birds migrate accurately using the magnetic
gle photon can cause extensive effects throughout the field of the earth, even when cloudy weather prevents
ground substance (Heine, 1997, p. 55). This is the likely them from visually orienting themselves. In one exper
explanation of the phenomena of homeopathy, iment, humans were blindfolded, rotated so as to lose
acupuncture and bioresonance, in which the applica orientation, driven many miles from their original
tion of tiny stimuli may produce system-wide changes. location, and then asked to point in the direction of
In order for a nerve to fire, a stimulus of about 60 the location where they were blindfolded. In the
56 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
countryside, most people were able to do this fairly All the systems of the body are interconnected into
accurately. But when this experiment was repeated a functional network. Like many pendula linked by
in a city, where trains, trams, electric wires, radios, etc., springs, the various systems of the body have an
often produce fields far stronger than that of the earth, energy coherence; they vibrate together. This creates
people were unable to orient themselves toward the and is an expression of order or health in the system.
point of origin. The ambient electromagnetic fields All chemical reactions create small electromagnetic
present in modern industrial life appear to disorient energies. But major ordering energy structures in the
our electromagnetic receptors. body are created by the ground substance. One of
The eyes are electromagnetic receptors that these is collagen. The chains of collagen in the ground
respond to a small spectrum of wavelengths of elec substance are not only able to conduct energy, they
tromagnetic radiation. With the exception of the eyes, also generate energy themselves. Collagen has piezo
scientists haven't yet discovered human electromag electric properties. Like quartz crystal, collagen in the
netic field receptors and their neurophysiology. How ground substance and the more stable connective
ever, the above-described experiment indicates that tissues (fascia, tendons, bones etc.) transforms
we likely do have them. If so, then the following mechanical energy (pressure, torsion, stretch) into
hypothesis could describe the modus operandi of electromagnetic energy, which then resonates through
many hitherto unexplained phenomena observed and the ground substance (Athenstaedt, 1974). However,
applied by therapists who use AK: if the ground substance is chemically imbalanced, the
energy resonating through the body loses coherence.
1. The human hand has a small magnetic field. For example, repeatedly feeding the body highly
oxidative white flour or white sugar can cause such
2. All magnetic fields are circular, returning toward
loss of coherence of energies with disastrous conse
their source.
quences for the body.
3. When a substance is held in the hand, the hand's Any stressor (disease to a specific organ, trauma,
own magnetic field passes through the substance. focus) causes changes in the system of ground regu
lation in the local area. If this stress continues, other
4. The hand's magnetic field is altered by passing
systems are affected until the system of ground reg
through the substance.
ulation for the whole body becomes involved. This is
5. The altered field returns to the hand and is what occurs in the adaptation response described by
detected by the postulated electromagnetic field Hans Selye. In this condition, the body is then liable
nerve sensors. to break down under any new stress. For example, the
extra stress caused by a chill may result in an attack
6. These nerve sensors fire in response to the
of rheumatism. When the system of ground regula
received field.
tion is stressed and out of balance, the probability of
7. The ground substance is affected by the received the occurrence of chronic illness also increases.
signal, either directly or through the sQ.condary' Pischinger originated the concept of the system of
firing of nerves. ground regulation. He found that one main block to
the function of the system of ground regulation is
8. The whole body is affected by nervous system sig
infection. The popular medical terminology is "focus
naling and by the transmission of information
of infection." The typical areas of focal infection
through the system of ground regulation.
include the tonsils, teeth, appendix and gall bladder.
9. Thus the tiny stimulus of a substance held in the Further experimentation by Pischinger revealed that
hand may have system-wide effects. foci that block the function of the system of ground
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF A PPLIED KINESIOLOGY 57
regulation include areas that have no infection such as located in the ground substance and in all connective
scars and dead teeth. Such a tooth can be rotted out tissues. There are many levels of electromagnetic fields
but upon examination is found to no longer contain within the body. Atoms at body temperature vibrate
any active infection. For this reason, already in the at more than 10-15 Hz. Molecules (groups of atoms)
1960s, Pischinger gave up the term "focus of infec vibrate at about 10-9 Hz. Cells (groups of molecules)
tion" and replaced it with the term "focus." The treat vibrate near 10-3 Hz. The human organism as a whole
ment of scars with laser, neural therapy or various vibrates with a frequency between 7 and 10 Hz. Thus
creams (Bach Rescue Cream@, APM Creme@, Ionen the community of cells and ground substance also
Salbe Forte@, etc.) may remove the disturbances that vibrates at 7-10 Hz.
scars may produce. Dead teeth may be "provoked" These frequencies are found in nature as well. The
with an osteitis nosode. If a long-term or extreme atmosphere between the surface of the earth and the
inflammation around the tooth results, it is advisable ionosphere forms a resonant body with a resonant
to have the tooth pulled. If the reaction heals quickly, frequency from 8-10 Hz (Schumann, 1 954). This
the body can clear up the focus and the tooth may be means that all electrical discharges around the earth
able to stay without negatively influencing the health. are damped except for those of 8-10 Hz (the main
Since foci interfere with the system of ground reg Schumann frequency), which can resonate freely and
ulation and thus with the health of an organism, extend around the earth (Bergsman, 1 994). We live
removing foci is of utmost importance in the healing within this constant, vibrating field. This rate of vibra
process. This may involve surgically removing dead tion can be detected upon the surface of the brain
teeth or an organ, or removing pathogenic agents and and especially in the hippocampus, an ancient brain
fetid matter from an organ such as the large intestine structure in vertebrate animals that uses smell and
in order to restore it to normal function. visual input to direct behavior. In the hippocampus
Organisms are energetically open, highly net the decision is made as to whether a situation is of
worked systems. Open systems are generally capable emotional importance or not. In mammals and espe
of rhythmic oscillation. Biorhythms are an example cially in humans, the hippocampus is connected to the
of such rhythms (Heine, 1997, pp. 18-20). Open sys limbic system (including the hypothalamus) that con
tems require a regular input of energy in a form that trols the emotional reactions and the function of
they can utilize and which can dissipate throughout memory. As the hypothalamus is the main director of
the system (food). They are feedback-coupled, which the autonomic nervous system and directs the func
defines them as non-linear. Because of this they are tions of the master gland, the pituitary, anything that
capable of self-organization. That means that although affects its function has far-reaching effects upon health
they seem to be without fixed rules and no accurate and behavior.
long-term prognosis can be made, they do have an It is highly possible that the human body as a
ordered structure (determined chaos). This order is whole, and the hippocampus specifically, vibrate at
characterized by coherence, meaning that they, like this rate because of having evolved within the Schu
a laser, contain phase and frequency-identical bun mann waves upon the surface of the earth. In this way
dles of energy. at least, we are in resonant harmony with our envi
The order within an organism is maintained by a ronment. However, in industrial countries, humans
coherence of electromagnetic field oscillations. These are subjected to powerful electromagnetic fields of
arise from reactions within the body and from elec similar frequency. For example, the alternating-cur
tromagnetic fields in the environment. The most rent electricity that powers trains in Europe has a fre
important fields within the body are created by the quency of 1 5 Hz. It is likely that these external
piezoelectric and pyroelectric qualities of collagen electromagnetic fields have a negative effect upon
58 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
brain and other bodily functions. We are the first few e lectrically charged metal ions in the ground sub
generations to be subjected to such human-generated stance. Together they function as bio-sensors that sig
fields. It may take a number of generations before we nal electrically the smallest changes that occur within
become aware of the consequences that such fields the organism. Collagen fibers are diodes; they allow
produce upon human structure and functioning. electrons to pass through them in only one direction.
The hypothalamus directly and indirectly controls Collagen fibers in the ground substance are arranged
the release of neurotransmitters and related chemi so that some of them allow energy to move toward
cals called neuropeptides. The hypothalamus is the the cells (afferent) and others provide an electrical
area of the brain where emotions are generated. Via path away from the cells (efferent). So defined, the
the hypothalamus, emotional states cause the release afferent paths of collagen fibers bring the coherent
of a great variety of neuropeptides including adren electromagnetic energy from the neuronal net of the
aline, serotonin, dopamine, endorphin, insulin and ground substance into the cells. The efferent paths
glutamine. These directly affect the ground substance send energy out of the cells into the ground substance.
and thereby the health of the whole body. Specific The bio-sensor network in the ground substance
neuropeptides are generated in the brain and travel is quite different from other typical electric circuits
through the nerves to target organs. Some of these characterized by a classical cause-effect and yes-no
are disease-preventing. Others promote disease in logic. A normal network will fail when any of its com
the target organ. It seems likely that this is one of the ponents fails. Until measured values reach a defined
ways that emotional states affect health. critical level, no correction occurs. The biosensor net
Research by Heine indicates that unresolved emo work functions in quite a different manner, one that
tional traumas cause the release of the neurotrans can be best described by a concept from quantum
mitter substance P from nerve endings in the junction physics termed "fuzzy logic" (Heine, 1997, p. 143).
of muscles and tendons. This causes the collagen to Fuzzy logic is used in modern video cameras to pro
take on a hexagonal structure, which he has observed duce a stable picture. This is effectively a kind of "cam
under the electron microscope. This hexagonal form era homeostasis" that maintains a steady picture even
of collagen is far more ordered than the forms colla when the camera is held unsteadily. Working on a
gen normally has in the body. And as we have dis "when-then" rule, fuzzy logic networks are very
cussed, too much (or too little) structure means death. robust. Many parts can fail but the function itself,
This form of collagen is present in the exact areas of though reduced in intensity, does not suddenly fail.
the pain produced by fibromyalgia. Heine refers to Such systems only step-wise lose their capacity to
this overly-structured collagen as an "emotional scar." function. Thus, even under duress, the bio-sensor net
(Heine, 1990, pp. 127-159). His breakthrough research work allows the ground substance to continually make
provides an important scientific verification that dis small "when-then" type adjustments to maintain bod
eases can have psychological causes. ily homeostasis. When such a system has suffered par
Many electromagnetic fields originate within the tial debilitation, internal repair mechanisms or
body. All chemical reactions generate electromag external therapy can usually return it to full function.
netic fields. Some of the most important electromag The biosensors are set to recognize patterns, not
netic fields are generated in the ground substance and absolute values. This provides a good example for
in the related connective tissues. Collagen fibers are comparing the parallel differences between New
piezoelectric and pyroelectric. This means that tonian and quantum mechanics on one hand and
stretched or warmed, they produce an electrical between classical and biological medicine on the other
potential. The collagen fibers and the sugar-protein hand. Classical medicine looks for absolute values. If
complexes that are attached to them bind water and you complain of discomfort, one of mainstream or
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF A PPLIED KINESIOLOGY 59
"school" medicine's major tools is laboratory analy occupied by the ground substance. In fact, the cells
sis of the current condition of your blood. If your must be warmer than the ground substance. When
blood sugar, for example, is found to be above a spe the difference is small, metabolic processes take
cific level, that constitutes a specific problem. School longer to occur. When the difference is zero, meta
medicine characteristically then prescribes a specific bolic processes don't occur at all, which means death.
chemical to offset this rise. Thus it tends to treat the Since all life processes occur through the ground sub
symptom, often without seriously looking for an stance, it is important that the energy- and heat-pro
underlying cause and only very rarely looking for pos ducing chemical processes of the ground substance
sible multiple causes. require less energy than those of the cell.
By contrast, biological medicine looks for con The functions of the ground substance form a sys
nections among the patterns in behavior, structure tem of regulation for the whole body. This system of
and functioning. Health is considered to depend upon ground regulation contains various levels of subsys
the continual monitoring and correcting of the intake tems that, while relatively independent, have an effect
of nutrients and water, exercise, electromagnetic fields, upon and are affected by the whole system and all of
the social situation and all the various inner and outer its parts. This fractal repetition of patterns of func
factors that have an effect upon the ground substance. tion on many levels is typical of all non-linear sys
By testing for all likely causative factors, often with tems of determined chaos, as discussed earlier in this
the techniques of Applied Kinesiology, the biologi chapter.
cal medicine practitioner develops a much broader Acupuncture points have a functional connection
picture of what is amiss throughout the patient's entire with the system of ground regulation. The concept of
system. He or she is then in a position to treat causes the acupuncture "point" once hindered research
rather than symptoms. The practitioner is able not greatly. G. Kellner, under the direction of Pischinger
only to effect immediate corrective measures, but also at the University of Vienna, searched for special nerve
to instruct a patient that with the concepts of biolog endings in the skin that might be the physical aspects
ical medicine, every day one has the chance to make of acupuncture points. He came to the conclusion that
choices that improve the quality of the ground sub there is no definite physical structure corresponding
stance and thereby one's overall health. to acupuncture points (Kellner, 1979).
The combination of collagen fibers and sugar-pro However, in the Mandarin Chinese language, the
tein complexes produces its highest piezoelectric word translated as "point" (Xue-Wei) actually means
energy values at 37 C, the temperature of the human "hole." Applying this literal translation has proved to
body. And the liquid crystal molecular structure of be more fruitful in defining acupuncture points.
water is highly ordered with minimum energy also at Indeed, 82 % of the 361 classical acupuncture points
37. This combination allows signaling to traverse the have been found to be located over perforations of
watery medium of the ground substance of the human the superficial body fascia. The smallest (e.g. Lung 8)
body easily and with practically no energy loss and are about 2 mm in diameter. The largest (e.g. Blad
no consequent warming (Heine, 1997, p. 142). Thus a der 52) are about 8 mm. Most the remaining 18% are
disturbance anywhere in the body is registered almost over other kinds of perforations through bones and
immediately everywhere within the body. dura mater or in other well-marked anatomical areas.
This transfer of energy through the ground sub In all cases, the acupuncture points consist of a small
stance allows information transfer throughout the bundle of nerves and blood vessels wrapped in a loose
body. Without it life would cease! In addition, for life coating of connective tissue that penetrates other tis
to be possible, there needs to be a difference of tem sues to reach near the surface of the skin (Heine, 1997,
perature between the cell and the intercellular spaces pp. 179-186; Zerlauth, 1992).
60 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Both the water and chemical contents of this bun libration of energy potential between the nerves and
dle of blood vessels and nerves are electrically con the ground substance in the area, which temporarily
ductive. In comparison, fascia tissues are electrically inhibits the pain. This can also promote a lasting
resistant. For this reason, acupuncture points have a regeneration of the local ground regulation that elim
greater conductivity than other points on the skin. inates the disturbing symptoms. Simply placing a nee
Small devices for measuring electric conductivity are dle (without injecting any substance) into the point
popular for locating the exact position of acupunc creates a short-circuit between the nerves and the
ture points. As we shall see, groups of acupuncture ground substance with similar results. Moreover, the
points (meridians) are associated with the function process of healing the tiny wound produced by the
of particular organs and operations in the body and needle involves an inflammation; a prolonged, com
therefore may be meaningfully assigned to particu plex, bio-chemical process which produces a contin
lar systems of regulation. When the system of regu uing therapeutic stimulation in the area where the
lation associated with the particular acupuncture point needle was placed.
is out of balance, the electrical conductivity of the The chains of muscles and connective tissue upon
point will change measurably and the point may which the acupuncture points are located are the
become painful to the touch ("trigger points"). Proper physical carriers of the meridians of oriental medi
stimulation of such "active" points may have pro cine. Goodheart's research has correlated the vari
found therapeutic effects upon the system of regula ous muscles, glands and other organs of the body and
tion. Thus the acupuncture points are a window for their function into fourteen groups associated with
detecting and affecting the functioning of the systems the fourteen major meridians of oriental acupunc
of regulation (Bergsman, 1990). ture. All AK treatments are aimed at affecting one
In traditional Chinese medicine, the acupuncture or more of these fourteen systems.
points are connected by lines that we in the West refer Based upon the work of Pischinger, it is indicated
to as meridians. The acupuncture points of a merid to define any area of the body that is connected to a
ian lie along muscles and tendons that are connected specific meridian-organ system as belonging to one
with each other. These muscle groups work together (sub-)system of regulation. So defined, it is the work
in producing specific bodily movements. Therefore of AK to determine and correct whatever is interfer
the muscles and related connective tissues (fascia and ing with the function of these fourteen systems of reg
tendons) upon which the meridians are located are ulation. By specifically correcting imbalances, the
referred to functionally as kinetic chains. This has ground substance in these systems is improved in
been demonstrated by Bergsmann and Bergsmann quality and function.
(1988) and further developed by Stecco (1996) in elec Hauss (1994) determined that there is an "unspec
tro-myographic studies. These authors showed that ified reaction of the mesenchyme" in the most com
during simple motions such as straightening the arm, mon diseases of the industrially developed countries.
the frequency of muscle contraction potentials along Mesenchyme is the mother of all the connective tis
the complete chain of fascia-muscle-tendon increased, sues including the ground substance. Which disease
even in muscles not involved in the motion. Further and which organ is affected depend upon genetic fac
more, stimulation of "active" acupuncture points may tors, the type of stress or injury, and the individual
cause pain to appear at areas remote from the points stress factors such as foci, nutrition and disturbing
but always along the related chain of muscles and fields of energy.
connective tissue. All the techniques of biological medicine have the
In neural therapy, painful trigger points are injected same goal: to improve the function of the ground
with a local anesthetic. This causes a temporary equi- substance. In the multi-dimensional approach of
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF A PPLIED KINESIOLOGY 61
biological medicine, all the various factors that influ that needs attention. If muscles test hypertonic
ence the ground substance are considered in the diag because of histamine-related allergies, holding a bot
nosing and prescribing of corrective measures for any tle of histidine will likely make the hypertonic muscle
illness. These methods promote the health and optimal test weak. And holding a bottle of histamine in home
functioning of the ground substance through personal opathic dilution D 12 will likely make the hypertonic
attention to the individual and all aspects or his or muscle test normotonic. The various methods of
her life situation. improving the health of a system of regulation can
AK provides an ideal diagnostic method for bio be similarly determined by using a weak-testing mus
logical medicine. Individual stresses may cause weak cle from that system and testing what makes it nor
ness or hypertonicity in the muscles associated with motonic.
the affected system of regulation. Sufficient stress of In the example above, the rectus femoris was made
any kind will eventually cause the body to go into an weak by placing candida antigen upon the tongue. If
adaptation reaction. This is usually accompanied by the candida antigen remains upon the tongue, the rec
general hypertonicity and blocks many functions of tus femoris will continue to test weak, making it an
the ground substance throughout the body. Much of excellent indicator for possible anti-candida treat
the primary work in modern AK (at least in the ments. The anti-candida substance (lapacho, grape
leAK-D) has the goal of removing the blocks to the fruit seed oil, Nystatin, Ampho-Moronal, etc.) that
function of the system of ground regulation as makes the rectus femoris normotonic is the one that
revealed by muscle testing. will work best for this particular patient (Gerz, 1996,
The various causes of disturbance to any of the p. 291). If no weak-testing muscle from that system
systems of regulation can be determined by testing can be located, therapy localization to the affected
the items that make a normotonic or a hypertonic organ or bodily area itself may be used to provide a
muscle related to that system test weak. For exam weak-testing indicator muscle related to the chosen
ple, if the rectus femoris (which correlates with the system of regulation. These genial and simple tech
small intestine) tests hypertonic, a tiny quantity of niques are rapidly making AK the tool of choice for
candida antigen may be placed upon the tongue. If diagnosis and for determining the proper individual
the hypertonic muscle now tests weak, there is very treatment in biological medicine today.
likely an overgrowth of candida in the small intestine
1
J
1
1
Theory, Procedure, and Interpretation something going wrong and creating false results in
muscle testing are smaller with Applied Kinesiology
of Muscle Testing
muscle testing.
Muscle testing is the central tool of Applied Kinesi Perhaps both types of muscle testing have their
ology. Muscle testing, when performed with the nec own particular merits and areas of application. Be
essary sensory awareness and exper ience, accurately that as it may, it behooves any serious student of kine
tests the physiological reaction of the muscle, its nerve siology to study and learn the original concepts and
receptors, and the nerves involved with its contrac techniques of Applied Kinesiology. In any field of
tion. It is a strong muscle test, requiring activation of endeavor, it is wise to go to the source first, before
the full strength of the muscle tested. It is a patient-ini exploring the value of subsequent diversions.
tiated muscle test, which gives the examiner the full To perform an Applied Kinesiology muscle test,
responsibility of reacting correctly by applying equal the bones attached to each end of the muscle are posi
counterpressure to the patient's continually increas tioned to place the muscl e into a partial or a com
ing pressure. Since the patient initiates the test and plete contraction. The test position is chosen to make
the examiner responds, the patient does not have to the tested muscle the prime mover with as little syn
be specially trained before being tested. ergistic help from other muscles as possible. The test
For those who muscle test and have so far tested position and the point of contact are also chosen to
in ways that differ from the AK muscle test technique, give the examiner a clear mechanical advantage. This
a study of AK techniques and a comparison of the ensures that the examiner can almost always be able
results may bring an enlightening surprise and enrich to more than match the strength of the pressure
ment. In the sort of muscle testing that one learns in applied by the patient. E xceptions occur when a
a Touch for Health course, the examiner initiates the l ightly built examiner tests a powerful and heavily
test pressure. The responsibility is placed upon the muscled patient.
cl ient to react correctly to the examiner's slowly The examiner makes a broad soft contact with his
increasing, gentle pressure. (Touch for Health prac hand upon an area of the body appropriate for exert
titioners have "clients" not "patients"). For this pro ing pressure against the contraction of the desired
cedure, the client must first be taught how to react muscle. This is usually upon the distal (away from the
correctly. Since (hopefully) the examiner has more trunk) end of the bone upon which the insertion of
experience than the client/patient, the chances of the muscle is attached. W hen possible, direct pressure
63
64 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
upon joints or bones lying near the skin is avoided. they are capable of doing in normal circumstances.
Care is taken that pain is not produced in the area We have a r eserve of energy (estimated to be at least
where the test pressure is appl ied. The examiner 30%) above what is willfully available. The second
must continually incr ease the counter-pressure, but part of the muscle test requires that the patient mus
onl y fast enough to exactly match the steadil y cularly resist more than she normally can, which puts
increasing pressure exerted b y the patient. Any mus her into stress. Thus, the muscle test examines if she
cle will test weak, even with a small amount of pres can involuntarily access some of this extra reserve of
sure, if the counter-pressure is applied by the examiner energy available for stress situations.
too rapidly. For AK muscle testing to function, the one receiv
In Applied Kinesiology muscle testing, the patient ing the muscle test (the patient) must mentally agree
receiving the muscle test contracts the muscle tested to being tested and decide to r esist the pressures
with increasing force until maximum force is achieved. applied. The pressure upon her limb will then be mon
The examiner provides r esistance, in a dir ection itored by var ious nerve receptors in her muscle (ten
exactly opposite that produced by the patient's con dons, l igaments, j oints, and skin) and transmitted
traction of the muscle, to maintain the limb or other through the sensory nerves to the central nervous sys
body part in its original test position. The critical part tem. The central nervous system processes this incom
of an Applied Kinesiology muscle test is a subsequent ing nerve signal and generates the needed signal to
attempt by the examiner to move the insertion away r esist the test pressur e. This signal is then transmit
from the origin and thus extend the contracted mus ted through the motor nerves to the muscl e being
cle. W hen the examiner senses that the patient has tested. The muscle reacts by contracting. Ordinarily, a
"locked" the joint against his test pressure, i.e., has muscle will be unable to resist the test pressure if any
reached a maximal or near maximal strength of con link of its nervous and muscul ar circuit is malfunc
traction in the muscle tested, the examiner presses a tioning. In this case, it is said to test weak.
bit (only 2-5%) more firmly. Either the patient can It is easy for an experienced examiner to differ
match this extra pressure and the body part r emains entiate between weak-testing muscles and normo
in position (the muscle tests strong), or she can't resist tonic muscles. A normotonic muscle being tested feels
this extra pressur e and the body part tested moves like pushing upon a wall. The muscles lock the bones
away from the initial test position (the muscle tests in place without a great sense of effort, and can resist
weak.) the extra pressure appl ied after the muscles reach
In the first stage of the muscle test, the examiner maximal conscious contraction. O n the other hand,
and patient exert identical counter-pressures and the a weak-testing muscle soon gives way and feels mushy
muscle contracts without movement (isometric con or melting.
traction). In the second part of the muscle test, the A "weak-testing" muscle is not necessarily the same
examiner pushes past the patient's maximal isomet as a muscl e that is muscul arly weak. P hysically
r ic contr action and begins to lengthen the patient's strengthening a truly weak muscle requires weeks of
muscle (eccentric contraction). To maintain the initial fitness training. Correcting a weak-testing muscl e so
test position, the patient must exert more than her that it tests strong usually requires only moments. This
maximal strength. How could this be possible to is the unusual and valuable basis for the muscle test
accomplish? ing and strengthening techniques. And fitness train
The maximal strength one can willingly exert is ing proceeds more r apidly and with less chance of
less than the amount available in a stress situation. injury when the muscles test strong in muscle testing.
W hen a child or pet is under a car, people can and Applied Kinesiology muscle testing does test if the
have lifted cars. This strength goes far beyond what muscle can exert a reasonable degree of brute mus-
THE MUSCLE TEST 65
cular strength. The patient is given every possible is actually a fine-tuning of the nervous system's aware
advantage. She starts the test and increases the pres ness and control of the body. This conditioning process
sure at her own rate. During the first part of the test, produces a higher level of personal functioning. For
she need not adapt to the examiner. On the contrary, a discussion of muscles that test "too strong," see the
it is the examiner's responsibility to exert an equal section "General Hypertonicity" page 93.
and opposite steadily increasing isometric pressure.
The examiner must then be able to estimate when
Examiner Prejudice
the strength of contraction in the muscle tested
approaches maximum. Although brute strength is a or Impartiality
factor measured here, it is not the most important fac The r esponsible examiner will try to keep an open
tor being tested. Brute strength is a measure of how mind at all times concerning the new discoveries and
much weight or force the muscle can support. Sequen developments in AK. This openness should also
tially lifting objects of increasing weight until the extend to his or her muscle testing of patients. As soon
patient reaches the maximum that can be lifted into as the examiner expects the muscle should test strong
the test position would be one way to measure the or weak, this thought is likely to influence the results
brute weight-bearing strength of the muscle. Placing of muscle testing.
a weight upon the patient that he must support upon E ven well-known professional therapists can
his outstretched arm would be another way to meas become prejudiced about the outcome of their mus
ure brute strength. In both these examples, the weight cle testing and thereby arrive at misleading results.
is taken by the patient all at once. Therefore the force In an example of this, John D iamond, who made
upon the patient, after taking the weight, remains con Applied Kinesiology popular through his books and
stant. During muscle testing, the force is constantly who works exclusively with the "delta" muscle (the
increasing. middle deltoids), was convinced that everyone would
In the second part of the test, muscle testing meas test weak with white sugar in their mouths. The one
ures the capacity of patient's nervous system plus the exception, he contended, occurs if the patient is
"system of ground regulation" (Pischinger, 1975) to "switched" (see Neurologic D isorganization, page
automatically call upon reserve energy to match the 84). When other examiners tested this hypothesis, not
extra test pressure applied after the nor mal
maximal contraction has been reached. At this
stage, muscle testing measures how well the
nervous system is monitoring and responding
to the test. It is at this point that the muscl e
tests strong (holds) or weak (gives way). How
ever, some patients will be unable to attain the
beginning position of the test or apply pres
sure at all . A muscle in this condition is also
considered to have tested weak, though more
extremely so.
All people have, at least under certain con
ditions, "weak-testing" muscles. Making these
muscles test normotonic again is one of the
main goals of Applied Kinesiology. The so
called strengthening of a weak-testing muscle THE ARM PULL-DOWN OR "DELTA" TEST
66 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
knowing whether the test patient had the sugar in his being controlled by his prejUdices. An excellent exam
mouth or not, the same r esults were not obtained. iner has only neutral curiosity, not preconceptions.
Indeed, in cases of low blood sugar, white sugar was He is interested only in finding out what is true, not in
found to sometimes even strengthen weak-testing proving his own preconceptions to be correct.
muscles. If one desires dependable results in muscle
testing, if one desir es to determine the true reaction
Applications of Muscle Testing
to the stimulus, it is best to avoid having opinions as
to the expected outcome. There are two applications of muscle testing. In the
first as descr ibed above, one tests various mus
cles without permitting any other stimulus to
be involved (muscle testing in the clear). In this
type of muscle testing, one is simply investigat
ing the functional integrity of the complete cir
cuit of that portion of the nervous system
involved with that muscle, the "system of
ground regulation" ( Pischinger), plus the func
tion of the muscle itself. This type of muscle test
ing is taught in standard medical school
curricula. For example, after an injury to the
spine, a doctor will test the muscles connected
to nerves that emerge from the spine near the
area of the injury. If these muscles test weak,
this is consider ed evidence that the injury has
THE DELTA MUSCLE TEST WITH SHOULDER ROTATION pinched or damaged the nerve activating the
weak-testing muscle.
Beyond the problem of prejudice in the examiner, In the second type of muscle testing, one uses a
many therapists who use AK contend that the delta muscle that tests normotonic in the clear as an indi
muscle test itself, which John D iamond uses exclu cator muscle to assess various possible problems and
sively, is one of the least reliable muscle tests. Since functions. For exampl e, the examiner can apply a
the patient may rotate the shoul der (consciously or "challenge" by presenting the patient with some kind
unconsciously) without changing the position of the of stimul us (nutrition, medicine, allergen, emotion,
hand, this change of the parameters of the test may assuming poor posture, stressful memory, etc.). and
go unnoticed. Since such a change brings other mus check the effect of this challenge upon the results of
cle fibers into play in the muscle test, the results may muscle testing. Also, if a patient touches a bodily area
vary from test to test. where a problem exists, a previously normotonic indi
When the examiner wants or fears a specific result cator muscle will usually test weak. Th is phenome
in muscle testing, his mental-emotional state will non, wher ein the muscle's test strength may be
change how he tests. He may press in a slightly dif affected by the patient touching himself or herself, is
ferent direction or with a different pressure or veloc known as "therapy localization." Therapy localization
ity. Mental intention may also influence the results of is actually a "touch challenge." Much of the magic of
muscle testing. Th e examiner should be pleased when AK lies in the fact that most factors that influence
the r esults are not always as he expects. This likely health may be tested using an indicator muscle with
indicates that the results of his muscle testing are not challenge or therapy localization.
THE MUSCLE TEST 67
The following areas can be investigated: The dynamic (rebound and non-rebound)
challenge, and
Medicines and all other kinds of healing remedies
The r espiratory challenge.
D isturbing fields or foci
Allergens and other substances that the body has The Sustained (or Static) Challenge
difficulty digesting or otherwise processing
D efinition: "A sustained or static challenge is a form
Toxins of mechanical challenge in which one or more struc
tures of the body are moved and remain in the new
P sychological problems
position until the following AK muscle tests are com
All other stress-causing factors (environmental, geo pleted." (Gerz, 1996, page 69.)
pathic, etc.) In the "sustained" challenge, the effect of a change
of position or the application of a static pressure upon
The results of examination with challenge shoul d be the body is tested. It is often observed in AK exami
compared with the clinical experience, the physiol nation that muscles that were strengthened while the
ogy and with good common sense. Above all , with patient was lying become weak-testing again when
difficult decisions or examinations, this is urgently the patient stands. Thus in this example, standing is a
recommended. In no case should AK-examination be sustained mechanical challenge. Mechanical challenge
used alone as the single diagnostic method. (Gerz, may al so be used to determine if various kinds of
1996, page 66). physiotherapy would be useful to the patient. Stati
In order to perform challenge correctly, the exam cally pressing and holding a subluxated (out of posi
iner needs to know what to look for. As Goodheart tion) bone in the direction it needs to go will
often said, "You can only find what you know." The strengthen a muscle that tests weak due to the sub
success of applying challenge lies in knowing what to luxation.
challenge for and how to perform the challenge pre The Dynamic
cisely and adequately. Anything that causes too much (Rebound and Non-Rebound) Challenge
stress to the organism should, when tested correctly,
produce a positive challenge. Definition: "A dynamic challenge is a mechanical chal
lenge in which one or more structures of the body are
Th ere are four major forms of challenge: actively or passively moved and then released before
or during an AK muscle test." (Gerz, 1996, page 68.)
Structural or mechanical An example of a positive dynamic challenge that is
Emotional often encountered in AK examination is the return
of weak-testing muscles after walking, climbing stairs,
Functional-neurological or some other physical activity is performed.
Chemical-physicallEnergetic-electromagnetic Cl assical osteopathy calls all problems between
bones "lesions." German manual therapists call these
1. STRUCTURAL OR MECHANICAL CHALLENGE "Blockier ung". Certain schools of American chiro
practors further divide these lesions into "subluxa
In this kind of challenge, the examiner can test the
tions" and "fixations." Goodheart studied in one of
str uctures named in the definition above (a-f). There
these chiropractic schools. For these reasons, AK also
are three sub-divisions of this category:
divides lesions between bones into the subgroups of
The sustained (or static) challenge, subluxations and fixations.
THE MUSCLE TEST 69
a) SubLuxations b) Fixations
When the two bones that meet in a joint (articula D efinition: In AK, a fixation refers to a dysfunction
tion) of the extremities are not in proper alignment between two or more bones without being out of nor
(a subluxation), stress is produced by movements of mal alignment. Sometimes vertebrae become locked
the articulation. In such a case, a structural challenge together (fixated), preventing motion between them.
(movement of the two bones by the examiner) can Unlike to subluxations, fixations cannot be detected
reveal both the existence of the subluxation and the
direction of the corrective thrust needed to real ign Challenge of a Subluxation
the bones. In practice, most examiners test articula of an Extremity
tions of the extremities by pushing the two bones in
opposite directions, releasing them and then subse
quently testing if this challenge weakens an indica
tor muscle. Unless they have an assistant, they don't
have enough hands to hold this new position static
while they test an indicator muscle. So, as performed,
this is a type of dynamic challenge. But unlike chal
lenges of the vertebrae, pelvic and cranial sutures, the
rebound effect is not being tested. Gerz calls this type
of challenge a "non-rebound challenge."
If a specific muscle tests weak because of the sub
luxation, the non-rebound challenge direction that
most strengthens the muscle is the correct adjust
ment direction. This is the preferred technique. If THE DIRECTION OF PRESSURE USED TO CORRECT
such a muscle cannot be located, or cannot be tested, A SUBLUXATION WILL STRENGTHEN A MUSCLE
THAT TESTS WEAK BECAUSE OF THE SUBLUXATION
almost any muscle of the body that tests normotonic
in the clear may be chosen as an indicator muscle. In
this case, the joint is challenged to deter mine the
direction that most weakens the indicator muscle.
Th is is the direction in which the joint is subluxated.
The adjustment is then performed in the opposite
direction. In both cases, the adjustment is performed
in a dir ection toward the natur al position of the
bones involved. For this reason, it is called a "direct"
correction. Classical chiropractic technique is to per
form one or more single strong thrusts in the cor
r ection direction. Some examiners prefer to press
gently and wait until the body releases and goes back
to its natural position. When successful, such an adjust
ing thrust or more gentle mobilization brings the
bones back into proper orientation, and further chal THE DIRECTION OF PRESSURE THAT INCREASES
lenge of the joint will no longer weaken the indicator A SUBLUXATION WILL WEAKEN MOST
muscle. STRONG-TESTING INDICATOR MUSCLES
70 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
by TL to the area alone ( Gerz 1996, p. 203). Some pressure that most weakens the indicator muscle is
times adjacent vertebrae are immobile because of the direction for the corrective thrusts or gentle manip
muscular and proprioceptor disturbances in the area. ulations. Then the patient holds various phases of res
They ar e then said to be in fixation. Movement piration while the direction of most positive challenge
between them is reduced or absent altogether. Such is repeated. The test may look like this:
fixations cannot be identified by TL alone. To check 1. The patient breathes halfway in and holds his
for such fixations, the examiner may palpate the breath. The examiner presses the bone in the pre
vertebrae for freedom of movement, or dynamically viously weakening direction and tests the indica
challenge the suspect ver tebr ae by pushing them tor muscle.
simultaneously in opposite directions. This may be
accomplished in a general way by applying TL to the 2. This process is repeated while the patient breathes
area while the patient flexes and extends that part fully in and then holds his breath.
of the spine. To do so more specifically, the tip (spin 3. This process is repeated while the patient breathes
ous process) of one vertebrae may be pushed to the half out and then holds his breath.
left and the tip of the next one to the r ight with a
twisting pressure applied by the examiner 's thumb 4. This process is repeated while the patient breathes
and first finger. Neither the patient flexion (or exten fully out and then holds his breath.
sion) nor the twisting pressure applied by the exam In one of these phases of respiration, the muscle will
iner need to be held during the subsequent testing. not weaken. In AK, the corrective thrusts are pro
In both cases, the TL to the suspect area must be vided gently and repeatedly in the direction that pre
applied during the motion and be continued while viously weakened the indicator muscle while the
muscle-testing an indicator muscle. If the motion of phase of respiration that abolished the indicator mus
the spine causes the indicator muscle to weaken, a cle weakening is held by the patient.
fixation may exist between the vertebrae in the area Notice that in this example, the phase of respira
moved. To correct a fixation, one of the involved ver tion is a "respiratory challenge." Since the breath is
tebrae must be stabilized while the next one is held, it is also a kind of sustained challenge. When
moved. An audible r el ease (crack) may be hear d holding a phase of respiration alone causes an indi
when the fixed vertebrae move apar t from one cator muscle to weaken, cranial faults (or problems
another. However, the correction may occur without with the diaphragm or other muscles involved in
a sound being produced. breathing) are indicated. The specific phase of breath
The Rebound Challenge that makes an indicator muscle test weak or a weak
The Respiratory Challenge testing muscle test strong indicates the specific kind of
cranial fault. For the exact correspondences, chal
The term "rebound challenge" is in itself illogical. In lenges and corrections, the reader is directed to the
reality, rebound is not a form of challenge, but rather l iterature ( Walther , 1983, Vol . II; Gerz, 1996, pp.
a possible reaction to a dynamic challenge applied to 195-219). After r espiratory challenge has revealed
a specific part of the body. Be that as it may, the term the presence of a cranial fault, it is then confirmed by
"rebound challenge" is utilized in AK to refer to a challenging the fault. Note that simple cranial suture
dynamic challenge used to determine the direction faults will therapy-localize, but most cranial faults will
for correction of misaligned vertebrae, cranial or pelvic not. Therefore, the presence of cranial faults must be
bones. The bone in question is pushed with 0.5-3 kg confirmed by challenge.
pressure and then released. Then a normotonic indi Originally in AK, the phenomena of rebound chal
cator muscle is tested for weakening. The direction of lenge were explained as follows: Pushing the bone
THE MUSCLE TEST 71
toward its normal position further stretches the overly when the gentle corrective pressures are released.
tight muscles that are holding it out of position. It was However one describes the challenges and cor
believed that when the bone is released, these mus rections, the AK technique for detection and correc
cles respond by temporarily tightening even further, tion of cr anial faul ts is r elatively fast and easy to
which pulls the already subluxated bone further out perform. Unlike osteopathic methods, it does not
of position, causing enough stress that indicator mus require fine palpatory ability. The precise vector for
cles subsequently test weak. This is the "rebound" the corrections can be tested in advance. A tested
aspect of this kind of challenge. This belief still appears phase of breath assists the correction. And both the
to be correct with respect to vertebral and sacral sub examiner and the patient are involved in the process
luxations and simple sutural faults of the cr anium, of diagnosis and correction.
but not with other cranial faults or faults of the As the well-intentioned but untrained practitioner
extremities. can easily and unintentionally inflict injury, all bone
Formerly in AK, it was believed that the direction manipul ations should be left to the trained chir o
of positive rebound challenge to a cranial bone indi practor or osteopath.
cated the direction the bone needed to move to return
2. EMOTIONAL CHALLENGE
to its natural position. However, osteopaths correct
such cranial faults in exactly the opposite direction! "In an emotional challenge, the patient is muscle
This discrepancy was solved by AK changing its word tested during or immediately after being exposed to
ing to "we are moving the bone into further lesion a potentially positive or negative emotion or imagi
and accompanying it back into its correct position." nation." (Gerz, 1996, page 69)
By taking the phase of respiration that abolishes the Mental-emotional factors may be challenged by
positive challenge, this AK technique does work. But having the patient look at, visualize, or think of any
the description of the technique and how it functions possible factor while the examiner tests an indicator
needed to be changed to be in agr eement with muscle. For example, thinking of a stressful emotional
osteopathy and with the actual physiology involved. experience will weaken an indicator muscle. The pec
For this reason, the term "rebound challenge" is also toral is major clavicular muscle associated with the
being questioned and redefined. W hat examiners stomach and with Chapman's emotional reflex will
using AK do with cranial faults may be more accu more consistently weaken with emotional stress than
rately described as a kind of "rebound correction! " other indicator muscles.
The cranial bone is not pushed toward its natural posi Sensory impressions from any of the five senses
tion but rather pushed toward further lesion on the may become mental factors that function as emo
phase of breath that neutralizes the positive TL. For tional challenges. Such challenges may include look
this reason, this method is called an "indirect" cor ing at someone or at oneself in the mirror, listening
rection. It appears in this case that the therapist is to someone or to one's own voice, thinking of being
pushing the cranial bone into greater lesion while the heard, smelling one's own body odor, etc. Psycholo
held phase of breath is providing a pressure out of gists may use this technique to quickly identify unre
lesion toward correction. When he does so, the elas solved emotional stresses requiring attention.
tic tissues connecting the cranial bones are stretched. In general, an "emotional challenge" involves the
When they are released, they tend to pull the bones patient experiencing any emotion or imagination of
back toward their natural position. O ne could also a situation and testing the effect upon an indicator
correctly say that the phase of breath held during the muscle. If a normotonic muscle becomes weak-test
correction is a motive force in the correction, mov ing or hypertonic, the tested emotion had a negative
ing the cr anial bones toward their actual position effect.If a weak-testing or hypertonic muscle becomes
72 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
normotonic, the tested emotion had a positive ther P hysical therapy treatments
apeutic effect. "Geopathic energies"
If the patient has emotional difficulties with being Light, color
touched, such mental factors may be inadvertently Sounds, Music (Gerz, 1996, pages 69-70)
tested when the examiner touches the patient to per
form a challenge. To eliminate such possibilities, the Chemical-physical challenges include oral, nasal, and
examiner is wise to first assess the effect (upon an skin contact challenges that test the influence of sub
indicator muscle) of touching a new patient in some stances such as foods, allergens and medicines. Also
bodily area known to be distant from reflex points or included in this group are the electromagnetic and
possible disturbances. "subtle" energies and energetic medicines such as
homeopathic remedies and flower essences. Such chal
3. FUNCTIONAL-NEUROLOGICAL CHALLENGE lenges may test the effect of temperature, any kind
The test for "ocular lock" (see page 85) is an exam of physical therapeutic technique, geopathic energies,
ple of a c hallenge of neurological function. In such sounds and music, light and colors.
c hallenges, complex movements that require inte A positive challenge may be given to the chemi
grated function of various proprioceptors, the right cal side of the triad of health by placing a nutritional
and left sides of the brain and the related centers in substance (food, vitamin, mineral, gland extract, or
the brain are tested. These types of challenges form other nutritive factor) or a medicine in the mouth and
an important part of the advanced AK diagnostic instructing the patient to chew and taste it. This is an
techniques. "oral c hallenge." If the c hewed substance makes a
weak-testing muscle normotonic, it is an appropriate
4. CHEMICAL-PHYSICAU corrective measure. Conversely, a substance that has
ENERGETIC-ELECfROMAGNETIC CHALLENGE
a negative effect upon a specific organ will, when in
"This is the AK testing during or immediately after the mouth, cause the associated muscle and possibly
the patient is exposed to a chemical or physical test many or all other muscles to temporarily weaken or
stimulus." (Gerz, 1996, p. 69.) become hypertonic. For the testing of individual nutri
Chemical-physical challenges include ents, the use of extremely pure samples not mixed
with other chemicals, binders, coloring agents, etc., is
Healing remedies of all sorts
highly recommended.
All foods and drinks
Th e standard AK method to test non-toxic mate
All other non-toxic substances taken into the
rials is to put them in the mouth or, if they have an
mouth (dental repair materials, mouthwash, mild
odor, they may be tested by smelling them-a "nasal
drugs . . . )
challenge." Walther (in Synopsis, p. 13S) recommends
Room air tests
testing and applying herbs, homeopathic preparations
Air tests of carpets, mattresses, pillows, closets, etc.
and B ac h Flower R emedies by inhalation using a
Material tests for toxic or allergic vapors (carpets,
vaporizer. Inhaling the odor of an herb and testing if
wood, etc.)
this can make a weak-testing muscle normotonic is
All kinds of cosmetics
an excellent application of nasal challenge. Air sam
All kinds of perfumes, essential oils, and other sub
ples may be gathered in a clean bottle and sniffed for
stances with fragrance
testing. Similar tests can be made of the gases exuded
E nergetic-Electromagnetic Challenges by carpets, furniture, etc. To do so, the bottle should
Homeopathy, B ach Flower Remedies, etc. be left open against the item to be tested for 30 min
Temperature utes and then closed. Better still is to test the item
THE MUSCLE TEST 73
directly, but this is not always convenient. The aroma missing the lactose intolerance with hand-held test
of essential oils can be therapeutic. Aromas of all ing. These problems are immediately revealed by put
kinds can be tested by smelling them and assessing ting the test substance on the tongue. If the examiner
their effect with muscle testing. puts such a tablet upon the tongue of someone with
While acceptable with herbs, Walther's recom a lactose intolerance, most normotonic muscles will
mendation to use nasal testing of a vaporized Bach weaken or become hypertonic. To differentiate suc h
Flower Remedy or homeopathic remedies is not a problems, pure lactose tablets may also b e tested.
good idea. Such testing causes the patient to absorb Hans Selye considers extremes of temperature to
small quantities of these substances, which are effec be maximally stressful to the body. This c an easily
tive even in extreme dilutions. Testing many differ be tested by applying hot or cold to the body as a
ent remedies in this manner would definitely not be a challenge.
good idea! This standard ICAK technique is, in the Heat, cold, microwaves, electrical stimulation and
ICAK-D, considered obsolete. other techniques of physical therapy can be applied as
Subtle energy medicines such as B ac h Flower a c hallenge and the effect muscle-tested for appro
Remedies and homeopathic preparations appear to priateness. A helpful therapy form will, when applied
have an extra energy component that can be tested to the area to be treated, strengthen a muscle that
accurately by skin contact, even through a glass bot tests weak due to the problem. Alternately, TL to the
tle. Various well-established European diagnostic problem area may be used for suc h testing.
methods utilize this phenomenon (e.g. Voll Electro The effect of geopathic energies can be determined
Acupuncture). The mechanism is not fully understood by muscle testing. To do so, the examiner accompa
and will likely be found in the extremely sensitive nies the patient and tests her in various areas of her
ground substance and in the energy fields of the home and place of work.
human body. Various systems of music and color therapy are
Babies and c hildren often respond accurately to popular today. With muscle testing and challenge, the
skin testing of any substance. There is no clear divid effects of sound, music, light and colors can be tested
ing line as to when this questionable technique will for their usefulness as therapeutic measures.
work or not. For this reason, it is highly recommended For a step-by-step description of the use of chal
to test all normal , non-toxic substances by oral or lenge, see the section entitled "Testing Substances
nasal application. and O ther Stimuli" (page 119).
In order to avoid errors, the various forms of sub
stances must be tested in particular ways. A vial of a
Therapy Localization
homeopathic remedy like Traumeel may test per
fectly to negate a weakness caused by a injury, etc. A If a patient touches a bodily area where a problem
tablet of Traumeel will test just the same when held in exists, a previously normotonic indicator muscle will
the hand. The energy component of such homeopathic test weak. Goodheart named this phenomenon ther
remedies is easily tested when the remedy is held in apy localization. It is not a form of therapy but rather
the hand. However, homeopathic tablets are made a diagnostic technique. It could be more accurately
with a base of l actose. With hand- held testing, the called "diagnostic localization."
body doesn't seem to recognize the nutritional sub Goodheart discovered therapy loc alization quite
stance lactose but does recognize the energetic reme accidentally. With a female patient, the results of
dies in Traumeel. If a patient is intolerant to lactose, muscle testing kept changing for no observed reason.
hand-held testing will not detect this problem. Gerz Various muscles would test strong, then weak, then
reports causing major neurodermatitis reactions by strong again without Goodheart doing anything. He
74 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
called a colleague in to perfonn the muscle tests upon produce a different response than with another fin
this patient while he watched what was going on. He ger. To avoid this problem, Gerz recommends per
observed that the woman crossed her arms and held forming TL with two or three fingertips together.
one wrist with the other hand. Then she would switch Therapy localization can be used to determine, in
hands and grasp the other wrist. He experimented advance, which treatment(s) will be effective for a
and found points upon the area of the wrist where specific problem. If a reflex point is involved with the
the pulse is taken that, when touched, will weaken or muscle weakness, the weak-testing muscle will test
strengthen the various muscle tests. He later learned strong when that reflex point is touched by the
that these points are well known in Chinese medical patient. For example, if a muscle tests weak, rubbing
diagnosis. As so often occurred in the history of AK, its associated neurolymphatic points will often make
Goodheart utilized this anecdotal observation to cre it test strong. To see if this will work in a specific case
ate a very useful AK technique. (before any correction is performed), the patient
Therapy localization is actually a "localization chal touches a neurolymphatic point for this muscle. While
lenge." In contrast to other kinds of challenge, where touching this point, the muscle is retested. If this touch
the examiner applies some stimulus to the patient, alone causes the muscle to temporarily test strong,
therapy localization involves the patient touching her applying the correct stimulus (firm massage for neu
self (or the examiner touching her). In most cases, it rolymphatic points) will cause the muscle to subse
makes no difference whether the patient or the exam quently test strong and remain so. Other reflex points
iner touc hes the point. However, in some c ases, the or correction techniques that could strengthen a
results are different when the examiner touches the weak-testing muscle may similarly be tested for their
point. To avoid such errors, it is recommended, when potential strengthening effect.
ever possible and convenient, to instruct the patient Therapy localization can be used to test how long
to touch herself for all tests of therapy localization. to treat a point. W hen a muscle tests weak, touching
A positive therapy localization (one that c hanges its neurolymphatic point may cause it to temporarily
the response of the muscle test) indicates that some test strong. If so, after massaging the neurolymphatic
thing is wrong at, or related to, the point touched. The point, the muscle will most likely test strong and con
indicator muscle may at first test weak, normotonic tinue to do so. Even though this is the case, the mus
or hypertonic. Any c hange of tonus in subsequent cle may still need more such neurolymphatic massage.
muscle testing that is produced by touching the body To determine if this is the case, therapy-localize the
is a positive TL. Areas that will therapy- loc al ize neurolymphatic point while retesting the muscle. If
include damaged tissue, infection, muscle dysfunc this c auses the muscle to again weaken, the neu
tion, subluxation, diseased tissue, malfunctioning or rolymphatic point massage was incomplete. When
damaged proprioceptors, active reflex points and massage is sufficient, touching the point will no longer
active acupuncture points. However, therapy local weaken the muscle.
ization alone does not, in itself, indicate what is wrong The main use of therapy localization is as a tech
at the point touched. Other diagnostic techniques must nique for discerning the causes of known problems.
be used to find out what is causing the positive ther For example, a successful treatment to a subluxated
apy localization. ankle may be lost when the patient stands or walks.
To simplify the search for areas of active TL, large Having the patient touch the ankle with one hand
areas may be touched using the whole surface of the will weaken an indicator muscle. If another point can
hand. If this produces a positive TL, the precise area be found by searching, i.e., by having the patient touch
may be determined by touc hing with an individual with her hand, in succession, a series of likely points,
finger. This is standard AK practice. However, due to one point may be found, which (when touched by the
minute differences in polarity, TL with one finger may patient's other hand at the same time as the ankle)
THE MUSCLE TEST 75
causes the muscle to restrengthen. It is then reason strength, neurolymphatic massage of the point is indi
able to infer that something associated with that cated. 1t is not fully understood why particular points
strengthening point is a probable cause of the ankle that need treatment may not therapy-localize when
problem. Correcting the problem associated with that tested alone but do when TL is applied to another
other point will usually prevent the recurrence of the factor simultaneously. This appears to be due to some
ankle subluxation. Note that since both of the mechanism of compensation in the body.
patient's hands are used in this process, a leg muscle Touching an active point for too long (more than
must be used as an indicator. This two-handed ther 10 seconds may be too long in some cases) may cause
apy localization (double TL) is an accepted Applied the point to no longer therapy-localize. As the active
Kinesiology technique used to search for the under "positive" therapy localization soon returns, this seems
lying causes of a problem. not to be therapeutic. For this reason, do not let the
As mentioned, touching a problem area with one patient touch any point too long or the positive ther
hand will usually cause the indicator muscle to test apy localization may be temporarily lost. It is also
weak. If simultaneously holding the forehead with important to have the patient hold her hands away
the other hand (two-handed or double TL) causes from her body during muscle testing to avoid the pos
the weakened indicator to test strong, a main cause sibility of inadvertently touching active points and
of the problem is emotional in nature. thereby changing the results of the tests.
In some cases, a muscle tests normotonic even W hen skin sensation is absent, therapy localiza
though the associated organ/gland is known to be tion will normally not function. However, Goodheart
malfunctioning. However, having the patient therapy found that by activating the half of the brain oppo
localize (touch) over the organ (or over a reflex point site the side of the body which lacks sensation, ther
to the organ) usually causes the associated muscle to apy localization could sometimes be brought to
weaken and may cause any normotonic indicator mus function in areas lacking skin sensation. The left hemi
cle to weaken. Any challenge (medicine, nutritional sphere can be activated by doing mental mathemat
substance, or other therapeutic intervention) that ics such as reciting aloud the multiples of 7. The right
restrengthens the muscle while the point is again hemisphere can be activated by humming an impro
touched should help the gland or organ to regain vised melody-a melody spontaneously composed
proper function. Note that in this example, the patient on the spot. Though not always effective, this tech
provides a therapy localization by touching herself, nique is worth attempting with clients who have points
which makes the indicator test weak. At the same to be tested that are located upon body areas lack
time, the challenge provided by the correct medicine, ing skin sensation.
nutritional substance or therapeutic intervention Walther reports that a "high-gain" therapy local
makes the muscle test strong again. ization can be obtained by holding the thumb and lit
Sometimes a reflex point for a condition needing tle finger tips together and touching the body with
treatment will not therapy- localize unless another the other three fingers. W hen the results of therapy
factor is tested simultaneously. For example, swollen localization are unclear and more sensitivity is desired,
tissue may indicate the need for better lymph drainage this technique may be useful. It is postulated that by
to the area. Touching the tissue itself may therapy activating the opposing thumb (which is unique to
localize, but touching the related neurolymphatic humans and has made our precise use of tools possi
point (which should improve the lymph drainage to ble), higher brain centers are activated, resulting in
the area) may not therapy-localize by itself. If simul the therapy localization being more sensitive.
taneously touching the tissue (which weakens the Some evidence suggests that therapy localization
indicator muscle) and touching its related neurolym is an energy phenomenon with electromagnetic char
phatic point causes the indicator muscle to regain its acteristics. Therapy localization energy appears to
76 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
fl ow through a metal wire connecting an active point simply because we c an' t explain exac tly how they
to the patient's hand because touc hing with a wire function. Extensive c linical application has repeat
held in the hand has the same effect as touching edly demonstrated the value of TL in
directly with that hand. Cutting the wire in half and 1. locating hidden problems,
inserting a diode between the two lengths limits elec
trical energy to fl owing in one direction only. Using 2. locating treatment modes for known problems,
such a test circuit, it can be demonstrated that ther and
apy localization energy fl ows from the patient's hand 3. determining when treatment has been adequate.
to an active point before treatment. After incomplete
treatment of a point, it c an be shown that therapy
localization energy fl ows from the active point to the Surrogate Testing
hand. Why the direction of energy flow reverses is In some c ases, muscle testing is not possible. The
unknown. However, this experiment does at least sug patient who is unconscious, in a coma, or physically
gest that therapy localization is a phenomenon simi injured c annot be muscle tested. P atients who are
lar in some respects to electricity. extremely weak may not have enough muscle strength
Dehydration will weaken the effect of therapy to be easily muscle tested. Children may be too young
localization. Drinking water or wetting the fingertips to understand and perform the muscle test procedure.
will increase the effect of therapy localization upon For all people who cannot be directly muscle tested,
muscle strength. As electric ity flows more easily surrogate testing may be used.
through a wet junction, this provides a bit more evi Goodheart inadvertently discovered surrogate test
dence that therapy localization has certain c harac ing even before he learned of therapy localization.
teristics in common with electricity. The teres minor muscle of a woman tested strong. He
Like electric ity, therapy localization energy is was interrupted by a phone call. When he returned,
blocked by ceramic pottery and synthetic materials he tested the teres minor again and it tested weak.
such as nylon and plastic. However, therapy localiza She was holding her child, so he had her put her child
tion energy will flow through substances known to down and retested the teres minor. It was again
bloc k electricity such as wool, cotton, paper, and strong. He suspected that the weakness had to do with
wood. Furthermore, it will not travel through lead, how she was holding her child. To test this hypothesis,
although lead will conduct electricity. There are likely he had her simply reach out and touch the child with
many other types of energy than just those with which one hand. Teres minor again tested weak. Goodheart
we are currently familiar. Nonetheless, it is puzzling reports, "I thought I was taking leave of my senses."
that such evidence clearly demonstrates that therapy ( You'll Be Better, c hapter 3, page 2.) Further experi
localization is not exactly comparable to electricity. ments revealed this to be a demonstrable and repeat
In any c ase, therapy loc alization does indicate the able phenomenon. He reasoned that some kind of
presence of a complex system of signaling in the body energy transference was taking place.
about which there is still much to be learned. The c hances of error with surrogate testing are
Perhaps the ancient Chinese concept of the merid greater than when testing a patient directly. Care
ian system is nearer to the truth about energies, such must be taken that the surrogate does not have a
as those involved in therapy loc alization, than any reaction to the TL or c hallenge, or this may be inter
Western conc epts yet developed. E ven though we preted as the patient's reaction. A change in posture
lack a complete understanding or explanation of the or other parameter may also change the results of
mechanisms involved in therapy localization, it would muscle testing.
certainly be foolish not to employ such techniques
THE MUSCLE TEST 77
to the body of the patient. Medicines or foods because, for example, a child only wants to be
should be tested directly in the mouth of the touched by its mother, a third person can serve as
patient. surrogate. In this example, the examiner tests the
surrogate who touches the mother who touches
4. If the muscle tests weak, it can be used with TL or
the child. Surrogate testing will work through such
challenge to identify the medication, food, or
a chain of people, but the chance of errors arising
other therapy that will have a positive effect upon
increases with each extra person in the chain
the patient. These will make the muscle test
( Gerz, 1996, p. 85).
normotonic.
5. If the simple contact of the surrogate and the Goodheart recommends using the surrogate tech
patient makes the surrogate's indicator muscle nique only in difficult situations where the patient is
test hypertonic, either change the surrogate or try not directly testable ( Goodheart, You 'll Be Better,
to find out what will make the muscle normotonic. chapter 3, page 2). For an example of using a surro
This can be difficult as the cause can lie with the gate to test a baby's foods, see Appendix VIII, "Case
patient, the surrogate, or the interaction between Histories."
the two. If the surrogate cannot be changed
* CHAPTER 4
PRETESTS
How to Prepare an Indicator Muscle neurolymphatic reflex points that are consistently
active
for Accurate Testing
congestion of the lymphatic system and/or
Before one can use a muscle as an indicator for other
therapy localization does not function well
functions (by using challenge or therapy localization)
until the patient wets her fingers first.
its own function "in the clear" must be established.
A scale requires a "pre-test" calibration in which it is Many of these items may only become evident later
set to zero before it can be counted upon to measure in an examination. Dehydration is very common.
weight accurately. Similarly, until certain pre-checks Almost no one drinks too much water. Other drinks
and necessary corrections are completed, one may do not have the same positive effect as pure water.
receive unreliable results when using a muscle as an Unless there is some suspicion of kidney failure or
indicator. This explains why many novices to muscle congestive heart disease, recommending that the
testing receive, at best, mixed results. For an indica patient drink more water is always a good idea.
tor muscle to give accurate results, it must be in a nor Furthermore, when the body of the patient lacks
motonic state: It must test strong yet be able to be adequate water, therapy localization may not func
weakened. Furthermore, the nervous system as a tion well. If the examiner touches the patient for TL
whole and especially those portions of the nervous tests, he too must be adequately hydrated. It appears
system associated with that muscle must be func that therapy localization is an electrical-type phe
tioning in an organized manner as described below. nomenon, which requires adequate water in the tis
sues for the exchange of energies. For the following
A . Is DEHYDRATION P RESENT? pretests, therapy localization must function correctly.
There is no single direct test in Applied Kinesiology Therefore, it is a good practice for both the examiner
for dehydration. However, it is to be suspected when and the patient to drink a glass of water before begin
the patient has: ning to perform these pretests.
dry, scaly skin
B. DOES THE MUSCLE TEST STRONG
dry mouth IN THE CLEAR?
edema To muscle-test, the examiner first asks permission. If
many muscles that test weak but become normo the patient is new to muscle testing, the examiner
tonic after drinking water explains what it is, and what is actually being tested.
79
80 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
I.
part tested) against the examiner's stabilizing hand. I.
I.
She should take about two seconds to build up her I.
I.
tension to the maximum contraction of which she is
capable. She is to press only once with a continuous Ti m e
would make a weak-testing latissimus dorsi appear (patella). A ligament connects the kneecap to the shin
to test strong. Leg muscles are the best choice because bone (tibia). The rectus femoris flexes the thigh over
they leave both of the patient's hands free for dou the hip socket and extends the leg around the knee. In
ble TL. Rectus femoris is an excellent choice. It is one the muscle test of the rectus femoris described below,
of the strongest muscles in the body and can with only the action of flexing the thigh is tested.
stand repeated testing without tiring. However, the
Muscle-Testing Rectus Femoris
rectus femoris of a strong client may be extremely
strong. If so, a lightly built examiner may not be able
1 . First the examiner demonstrates the test. The ini
to repeatedly resist the complete contraction of the
tial position is with the patient supine, the knee
muscle as is required for AK muscle testing. In such
and hip bent 90. This brings the rectus femoris
cases, an excellent alternative indicator muscle is the
into a position of partial contraction. It is tested
piriformis. To use the piriformis as an indicator mus
by pushing or pulling upon the thigh just superior
cle, the knee of the patient can be stabilized against
to the knee in a direction away from the head
the therapist's chest (see page 1 89).
(inferior).1bis moves the leg straight down toward
The rectus femoris connects the pelvis just supe
the table and toward a resting position parallel
rior to the hip socket (acetabulum) with the kneecap
with the other leg. No rotation of the thigh is
allowed during the test.
2. While explaining the test to the patient, the exam
iner guides her through the range of motion (the
arc) of the test without the patient resisting. This
alerts the involved portion of the nervous system
to anticipate similar moves during the upcoming
test. Then he brings her leg back to the beginning
position.
3. The examiner makes contact with his open hand
proximal to the patient's knee on the upper thigh.
muscle will continue to test strong even after being point on the meridian. This should inhibit (weaken)
tested a few times. However, a weak-testing mus the related muscle for approximately 1 0 seconds.
cle will test weaker when tested more than once. c) Spindle cell manipulation.
If the muscle does test weak, he may use it in its
weak state to determine by TL or challenge, what Contact is made in the center of the muscle belly so
is needed to make it test strong. Or if he desires that the fingertips of each hand are oriented toward
to begin with a normotonic indicator muscle, he each other at a distance of about 5-10 cm apart. The
may either strengthen it or choose another muscle two hands are then pushed together five times with
and begin again. short bursts of relatively intense pressure, which
approximates (shortens) the muscle belly and its
C. CAN THE MUSCLE BE WEAKENED? fibers. This should inhibit (weaken) a muscle for up
In AK, four techniques are typically used to check to 1 0 seconds.
that a normotonic muscle can be weakened (i.e., is d) Either of the two poles of a strong, axially polar
normotonic and not hypertonic). These are neuro ized magnet (minimum 2000 Gauss), centrally
muscular spindle cell manipulation, meridian seda placed upon the belly of the muscle, should tem
tion points, application of a magnet and stroking the porarily inhibit (weaken) the muscle. Regarding
associated meridian against its natural direction. In the effects of the N and S pole of magnets on the
tests performed by AK diplomats in the European strength of muscles, seemingly contradictory
meeting in Monte Carlo in 1 994, it was determined responses have been observed. Therefore, at this
that TL to the meridian sedation points is statistically time, it is suggested that both poles be tested.
the most effective technique for checking if a muscle
If none of the above methods causes weakening of
can be made to test weak. Spindle cell manipulation
the muscle, it is defined as hypertonic. It is recom
was next best, but finding the exact location of the
mended that at least two of the above procedures be
spindle cells in a large muscle may be difficult. In that
used when evaluating the status of a muscle (Gerz,
meeting the European AK diplomats decided upon
1 996, p. 27).
a working definition of "normotonic" and "hyper
tonic" muscles: Muscle-testing rectus femoris as an indicator muscle,
continued:
Definition of Normotonic Muscles
7. After applying one of the four weakening stimuli
When a muscle has been identified as strong, a fur
described above, the examiner retests the rectus
ther differentiation must be used to determine if this
femoris. If it tests weak, it passed the second test
muscle is hypertonic or normotonic. In AK, a nor
for preparing an indicator muscle. When it tests
motonic muscle is defined as one which is strong, but
weak, the new patient receives his or her first clear
is perceived as weakening when one of the following
experience of a weak-testing muscle.
procedures is used:
a) TL to the sedation point of the meridian asso 8. When the examiner removes the magnet or the
ciated with that muscle, on the side of the body T L from the sedation point, the muscle should
where the muscle being tested is located. again test strong. If spindle cell manipulation or
"running the meridian" was used, the muscle
b) "Running the meridian in reverse."
should test strong again after about 10 seconds.
The associated meridian can be contacted and stroked The examiner should retest the rectus femoris to
lightly, but quickly, with the palmar aspect of the hand, confirm that it again tests strong before pro
in the direction from the highest point to the lowest ceeding. If the rectus femoris now tests strong
PRETESTS 83
Hypotonicity in an antagonist muscle can cause this technique of stretching and then tensing the mus
the muscle tension of the agonist to increase and cle and its antagonists sends to the central nervous
become palpatory hypertonic. Such muscles also typ system a flood of sensory information about the two
ically test hypertonic. In these cases, Goodheart extremes of contraction and extension of the muscle.
strengthens the hypotonic muscle, which has the The neuromuscular spindle cells and other proprio
effect of lowering the tension in the hypertonic ago ceptors then respond more accurately. Now when
nist and making it test normotonic. This is an exam these "freshly activated" neuromuscular spindle cells
ple of the structural cause and correction of are pinched, they should cause the muscle to test
hypertonic muscles. weak.
Another possible structural cause of hypertonic Individual hypertonic muscles are a nuisance but
muscles is dehydration. The upper trapezius is par may be corrected by one or more of the above tech
ticularly prone to this problem. During a kinesiology niques. A much greater problem is caused when most
training course, I had very tight and painful upper or all muscles test hypertonic. This will be discussed
trapezius muscles. As a massage therapist was pres in detail in the section, "General Hypertonicity"
ent in the course, she was asked to massage the tight page 93.
muscles. She walked away, returned with two large
glasses of water and commanded, "Drink them!," Is NEUROLOGIC DISORGANIZATION
which I did. About twenty minutes later she asked, ( SwrrClllN G) PRESENT?
"How are your tight muscles now?" Amazingly, all Neurologic disorganization indicates a lack of proper
pain and most of the excess tension was gone! integration, that is, a state of confusion in the nerv
Richard Vtt, founder of Applied Physiology, is the ous system and body. Neurologic disorganization is
discoverer of the seven states of contraction of a mus popularly referred to as "switching" because diag
cle. This concept was introduced into AK by his ther nostic results may be reversed. Switching can change
apist and teacher, Sheldon Deal. Richard Vtt created the results of muscle testing, giving false information.
the following technique that can sometimes make When switching is present, indicator muscle-testing
individual hypertonic muscles testable: The patient may locate a problem on the left side of the body,
extends the muscle to the maximum. The examiner which is actually on the right side. For example, a
supports the limb in this position and then has the patient may be carrying his right shoulder high. This
patient contract the muscle (isometrically) against could logically indicate that either the upper trapez
the examiner's supporting pressure. Next the muscle ius (which lifts the shoulder) is hypertonic on the right
is put into a position of complete contraction, the limb side or that the latissimus dorsi (which pulls the shoul
is supported in this position, and the patient attempts der down) is hypotonic on the right side. Yet muscle
to extend the muscle (contract its antagonists.) This testing may reveal that the latissimus dorsi is weak
activates all the nerve receptors in the muscle itself, in not .on the right as expected but rather on the left
its antagonists, and in its tendons and joints at both side! In this case, the visual body language and the
extremes of the muscle's activity. results of muscle testing do not concur. The results
A tennis player awaiting the serve jumps about to are switched from side to side. When such a lack of
activate the proprioceptors in his muscles. This sends integration exists, as indicated by diagnostic results
a flood of sensory information to his central nervous that are contradictory, it is necessary to correct it (with
system about the exact position and weight of his the techniques explained below) before proceeding
body parts. With all this kinesthetic information, the with other tests. Otherwise, the results of some tests,
central nervous system can direct more accurate and the application of therapy based upon such
responses. Like the tennis player's jumping about, results, will be inaccurate. Pretests E through H that
PRETESTS 85
follow are all tests and corrections for neurological ing the words from right to left). After each of the
disorganization. above procedures, an indicator muscle is tested. Weak
ening of the indicator muscle indicates ocular lock.
E. OCULAR LOCK A more modern test has been devised to easily
One popular test for neurologic disorganization check all positions of the eyes. The patient visually
(switching) is ocular lock, a disturbance of the coor follows the examiner's finger as he traces a circle
dination of the two eyes. clockwise in front of and around her face. Then he
Until the two brain hemispheres begin to syn tests an indicator muscle. The circle is then traced
chronize their activity, normally at an age of 2-5 counterclockwise and the indicator muscle is tested
months, a child cannot synchronize the movements again. The circles should be made large enough that
of the two eyes. In some cases, the desired synchro the patient must look about as far as she can in all
nization does not become stable and may easily be directions. The circles should be far enough away from
lost, even decades later in life. Under enough stress, the patient that she has no difficulty focusing on the
we all may lose certain aspects of proper synchro examiner's finger. Otherwise, the effort to focus may
nization and go into a state of switching. make the indicator muscle weak even when ocular
Patients with neurologic disorganization (switch lock is not present.
ing) often have difficulty coordinating the two eyes. The patient's eyes will usually make erratic, jerky
When patients have this "ocular lock" condition, look motions when passing over the problematic direction.
ing in one specific direction will cause an indicator If they do, the direction of difficulty has been located.
muscle to test weak. The original test for ocular lock Looking specifically in this direction will make the
involved the patient looking as far as possible in one indicator muscle test weak. Some patients experience
direction, and then testing an indicator muscle. The disturbing emotional states and develop excessive
directions typically tested are up, down, right, and left. muscular tension in the back of the neck or other
Some examiners also test the four diagonal directions. muscle groups when the eyes are maintained in the
However, in some patients with ocular lock, the precise weak-testing direction.
angle for the eyes must be obtained very specifically or Permanent correction of ocular lock usually
the indicator muscle will not weaken. The above eight requires chiropractic correction of cranial and pelvic
eye positions may all test strong because the exact faults. Until this is performed, certain physical activ
problem angle lies between two of them. ities such as walking will cause the condition of ocu
People who cannot stay awake when attempting lar lock to return. Ocular lock can be temporarily
to read in bed often suffer from ocular lock. The activ corrected by massaging the navel and the end points
ity of moving the eyes back and forth in reading dis of the kidney meridian (the K 27s). This is the same
turbs their neurologic functions enough that they correction that is performed to correct switching as
become uncontrollably sleepy. As driving a car also described below. Most effective is to have the patient
requires back-and-forth motions of the eyes to look in the weakening direction while the K 27s and
observe the road conditions, driving may make such navel are massaged.
people sleepy, which could be very dangerous. Although the above simple correction for ocular
Leaf (1995) tests ocular lock by having the patient lock is most often only temporary in its effect, it can
turn her head to one shoulder and look in the oppo be very helpful for the patient to use on her own
site direction. This is repeated with the patient turn before reading or other activities that require coor
ing the head toward the other shoulder. Another dinated eye movement. As with all types of switch
popular test for ocular lock is to have the patient read ing corrections, this will improve the accuracy of
aloud normally (from left to right) and reversed (read- further kinesiologic testing. Therefore it is recom-
86 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
TL TO THE NAVEL TL TO CV 24
PRETESTS 87
the simple techniques in this section before per Muscle Testing Pretests
forming any further AK tests.
A Summarized Overview
To discover the causes and more lasting correc
tions of switching (neurologic disorganization), do The following is a brief summarized description of
not massage the navel and the K 27s or stimulate the the pretests. They serve as a kind of calibration of the
GV and CV points. Instead, TL the active switching muscle test and should be conducted in order to
points and simultaneously TL (double TL) or chal ensure the accuracy of muscle testing results. The
lenge suspect causes of the switching. Any TL or chal reader should review any pertinent portions of the
lenge that eliminates the active TL to the switching previous text for more complete information. The
points is a cause of the switching. Correctly treating labels A-H are the same in this and the previous, more
this cause should provide a more lasting correction extensive, description of the pretests.
for switching. Typical causes can be on any of the three
sides of the triad of health-structural, chemical and A. Is DEHYDRATION PRESENT? (PAGE 79)
mental.
When a patient is dehydrated, therapy localization
Structural causes include dental occlusion, jaw
may not function well. For this reason, before begin
function, cranial faults and subluxated bones. When
ning to muscle-test, the examiner and patient should
ocular lock is present, the cause of switching is almost
both drink a glass of water.
always structural. The most common areas of sub
luxation that cause switching are in the cervical spine,
the pelvis and the feet but may be anywhere in the B. DOES THE MUSCLE TEST STRONG
body. Other structural causes of switching include IN THE CLEAR? (PAGE 79)
cloacal synchronization, "pitch, roll and yaw," the gaits,
1. Ask permission to test.
and dural tension.
Chemical causes of switching may relate to nutri 2. Describe what muscle testing is. Explain that the
tional substances that influence the neurotransmit patient is to initiate the muscle test and steadily
ters. Typical substances to test are adrenal substance, increase the force of contraction to attain maxi
choline, and RNA. mal contraction within 2 seconds. Provide resist
When double TL to the active switching points plus ance to prevent any movement during the
the forehead (frontal bone eminences) eliminates the contraction. Then apply a bit more pressure. The
positive TL, the cause of switching is mental/emo patient is to resist so that the arm or other body
tional. Emotional switching is also indicated when part tested does not move.
the cross K 27 TL is active. In this state, same-sided
3. Gently guide the patient into the correct position
arm and leg movements will test strong, and oppo
for the test.
site-sided (contralateral) movements will test weak.
Normally the results are just the opposite. Also, when 4. Demonstrate the range and direction of the test
cross K 27 is active, sensory disturbances including without resistance. Explain any patient postural
hypersensitivity will occur. Cross K 27 is often present requirements such as holding the elbow com
in cases of schizophrenia. However, active TL to the pletely extended during the test.
cross K 27s in itself does not indicate schizophrenia.
5. Place your hand where it needs to be for apply
Again, it is highly recommended that all the above
ing the resistance.
pretests and at least the temporary corrections be
performed before attempting other Applied Kinesi 6. Stabilize the patient with your other hand as
ology procedures. needed.
PRETESTS 91
7. Say "Press as hard as you can" to indicate that the D. Is THE INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE HYPERTONIC?
patient is to begin the test. (PAGE 83)
8. Resist until you feel the muscle lock the joint and If the muscle cannot easily be weakened with the
the force of contraction reach a maximum. (At above techniques, try to correct the muscle with the
maximum, the force of contraction will stop following techniques:
increasing. ) 1. Ask your patient to "Relax. Be here with me now.
9. Then add about 2-5% more pressure. Tense only the muscle we are testing. Breathe dur
ing the test and be testable."
10.If the muscle continues to hold the test position,
it tested strong. If it "breaks" and the tested body 2. Move the limb to put the muscle into extreme con
part gives way and moves, the muscle tested weak. traction. Stabilize it there and have the patient
attempt to move the limb toward extension of the
If the muscle remained strong, it passed the first test. muscle. Then move the limb to put the muscle into
If not, either strengthen it before continuing or find extreme extension. Stabilize it there and have the
another muscle that tests strong. patient attempt to move the limb toward con
traction of the muscle. Pinch the neuromuscular
C. CAN THE MUSCLE BE WEAKENED?
spindle cells together as in step C (1) above and
(PAGE 82) retest the muscle.
1. Firmly pinch the spindle cells in the belly of the
3. Have the patient drink a large glass of water. Then
muscle together, parallel to the length of the mus
retest the muscle.
cle. Avoid the extreme ends of the muscle.
4. Try any other technique you know that may make
Other options include:
hypertonic muscles normotonic.
a) TL or tap the acupuncture sedation point
5. Apply one of the four weakening techniques listed
for the meridian associated with this muscle.
above and retest the muscle. Try with at least two
b) Place the north pole of a magnet upon of the weakening techniques. If the muscle still
the belly of the muscle. "North pole" means cannot be weakened, choose another muscle and
the one that has the same polarity as the begin again.
north pole of the earth. A compass needle
For the treatment of bilateral hypertonic muscles or
will point toward this end of the magnet or,
general hypertonicity of many or all muscles, see the
c) Stroke along the meridian against its natural section on "General Hypertonicity," page 93.
direction.
Is NEUROLOGIC DISORGANIZATION
2. Retest the muscle. If it now tests weak, it passed ( SWITCIDNG) PRESENT?
the second test. After the weakening stimulus has
been removed, the muscle should self-correct E. OCULAR LOCK PAGE ( 85)
within 10 seconds. Test it to confirm that it again
1. Guide the patient to look at your hand as you
tests strong.
move it around in a clockwise circle in front of
3. If it did not weaken, either clear the hypertonicity her face. Make the circle large enough that the
so that it can be weakened, or find another muscle patient has to look about as far as possible in all
that passes both tests (tests strong and can be directions without moving her head. Watch the
weakened). patient's eyes for any erratic movements.
92 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
2. Test an indicator muscle. 5. If ocular lock was present before massaging the
K 27s, it should now be absent. Have the patient
3. The patient looks at your hand as you move it
look in the previously weakening direction and
around in a counterclockwise circle. Watch the
retest the indicator muscle. If the indicator muscle
patient's eyes for any erratic movement.
now tests strong, ocular lock is no longer present.
4. Test an indicator muscle.
6. If ocular lock is still present, have the patient look
5. If looking around in either direction causes the in the weakening direction while massaging the
indicator muscle to test weak, ocular lock is pres K 27s.
ent.
7. If ocular lock is still present, have the patient look
6. Have the patient look in the direction where the in the weakening direction and take two deep
patient's eyes jumped or made jerky movements sniffing inhalations.
and retest the indicator muscle.
8. Test the indicator muscle while the patient con
7. If the indicator muscle tests strong, have the tinues to look in the weakening direction. If the
patient look in a slightly different direction and indicator muscle tests weak, tap on both sides of
retest. the bridge of the patient's nose for about one
minute.
8. The direction in which the eyes look that weak
ens the indicator muscle is the direction of ocu 9. Have the patient look in the previously weaken
lar lock. This will be corrected and retested in the ing direction and take two sniffs.
next step below.
10. Retest the indicator muscle. It should now test
strong, indicating that ocular lock is no longer
F. KIDNEY 27 AND OCULAR LOCK CORRECTION
present.
(PAGE 86)
1. TL the navel. If this weakens the indicator mus G. AUXILIARY K 27
cle, apply Bach Rescue Remedy cream, APM (PAGE 89)
Creme, Ion Salbe Forte, or the light of a laser
1. If signs of neurologic disorganization are still pres
to clear the influence of the navel scar.
ent (conflicting diagnostic information still exists),
2. Muscle-test an indicator muscle while the patient therapy-localize each of the auxiliary K 27 points
touches the navel and the left kidney 27 located located lateral to the transverse processes of tho
just below where the clavicle meets the sternum. racic vertebra 11 (T11/L2).
Repeat the test with TL to the navel and the right
K 27. Test T L to both K 27s. Test crossover TL to 2. Test the indicator muscle.
both K 27s. 3. If the indicator muscle tests weak, massage the
3. If the indicator muscle weakens on any of these active auxiliary K 27 point (lateral to T111 L2) and
four tests, massage the two points that tested weak the navel simultaneously.
for 20 seconds.
4. Again therapy-localize lateral to T111 L2 and retest
4. Test the indicator muscle while touching the two the indicator. If the indicator muscle now tests
points that tested weak. This should no longer strong, this problem has been corrected.
weaken the indicator muscle.
PRETESTS 93
H. CENTRAL (CONCEPTION) VESSEL AND ing with the simple categories of "strong=normal"
GOVERNING VESSEL (CV 24, GV 27, GV I ) and "weak=too little-not ok."
(PAGE 89) For anyone with some knowledge of the scientific
process, AK muscle testing is easy to understand. It
1. Therapy-localize CV 24 (below the lower lip) and is just an experiment. The muscle tests strong or weak.
test an indicator muscle. If it tests strong, it is OK. If it tests weak, there is a
2. Therapy-localize GV 27 (above the upper lip) and problem. When it tests strong, other factors can be
test an indicator muscle. added to the equation (the test situation) to see what
will cause the muscle to test weak. The factors that
3. Therapy-localize GV 1 (tip of coccyx) and test an weaken a strong-testing muscle are considered to
indicator muscle. have a negative effect upon the body. When the mus
4. If touching either CV 24, GV 27 or GV 1 weak cle tests weak, other factors can be added to the test
ens the indicator muscle, press firmly CV 24 and to see what will make the muscle test strong. The fac
CV 2 (on the top center edge of the pubic bone) tors that strengthen a weak-testing muscle are con
for 20-30 seconds. sidered to have a positive effect upon the body and
especially upon the organs and glands associated with
5. Then gently hold GV 1 (at the tip of the coccyx) the weak-testing muscle. This simple "strong or weak"
and the navel for 20-30 seconds. model is still used by many in AK and by most in the
6. Therapy-localize CV 24 and test the indicator Touch for Health-based kinesiologies today.
muscle. Therapy-localize GV 27 and test the indi However, in the field of medicine, the results of
cator muscle. Both tests should now test strong. diagnostic measurements are judged as being too low,
the right amount, or too high. The right amount is
7. An alternate correction is simply to massage the usually a range of values within which the body is
CV 24, GV 27 or GV 1 that tested weak. Again considered to be functioning normally. Blood pres
TL the previously weak-testing point and test the sure, heart rate, amount of nutrients, constituents of
indicator muscle to confirm the correction. the blood, level of hunger, temperature, reactions of
the skin, reflexes and most other parameters tested
General Hypertonicity in medicine are rated as being too low, in a normal
"General hypertonicity" refers to the state in which range, or too high.
most or all muscles are hypertonic (test strong but As discussed above, AK historically defined the
cannot be weakened by the usual techniques). The results of muscle tests as too low (weak) or strong
causes of general hypertonicity in muscles are also (normal). Where is the "too high" result? The hyper
the causes of the major health disturbances in the tonic muscle is logically this missing "too high" result.
patient. Finding and correcting these causes will often If AK is to be recognized as the effective medical
eliminate many secondary problems, including neu diagnostic method it is claimed to be, a reliable tech
rologic disorganization. For this reason, many exam nique to test this third category of "too high" needs
iners experienced with this aspect of AK techniques to become part of the standard AK diagnostics. This
no longer make it a standard practice to test for has been provided recently by Wolfgang Gerz and is
switching at the start of an examination. now accepted by the ICAK-D as standard practice.
The theme of hypertonic muscles is receiving more ICAK in America moves much more slowly. Typi
attention lately by those who use AK. Until recently, cally, any new AK technique requires ten or more
most examiners analyzed the results of muscle test- years of consideration before being officially accepted
94 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
by the ICAK in America. But medicine moves more the case of AK hypertonic muscles (that test strong
swiftly than the ICAK. The many medical doctors who and cannot be weakened) appears to have been
use AK in German-speaking lands cannot wait ten mostly ignored. Goodheart only mentions that such a
years or more for new knowledge to become official. state may exist but does not explain how to correct
They want theoretical models and therapeutic tech it. And no mention is given in the early literature of
niques that can be integrated with their medical work cases in which many or all muscles test hypertonic.
to increase their ability to help their patients now. One reason for this is that twenty years ago, there
German medical doctor and ICAK diplomat Wolf were few such cases. The phenomenon has emerged
gang Gerz acquired the extra diploma to practice only recently as a widespread problem. The pollution
complementary medicine (Naturheilverfahren). His of food, water and air plus the stress of modern
work has done much to integrate the various diag lifestyles are suspected to be the major causes of this
nostic and therapeutic techniques of AK with allo increase in the prevalence of general hypertonicity
pathic and complementary medicine. His medical of muscles.
background provided him with the needed knowl Walther in Synopsis writes about a lack of corre
edge to recognize and tackle the missing "too high" lation between other diagnostic factors and the mus
result in AK muscle testing. cle test: "Persistence in investigating an apparent lack
In his practice, Dr. Gerz noted that in more and of correlation finds that there is muscle association;
more of his patients, all muscles tested strong and however, it may be a hypertonic muscle or a subclin
almost nothing provided a positive challenge or ther ical involvement." (1988, p. 15.) By "subclinical" he
apy localization. Many of these patients had obvious means that there is a problem but the body has com
health problems, but the muscles associated with the pensated for it. Thus the problem is not directly
diseased organs all tested strong. However, further observable. For example, the body may tighten mus
testing revealed that many or all such muscles could cles and alter the posture to avoid putting painful
not be weakened by normal means: They were in a stress upon an injured knee. As long as the body
hypertonic state. But Gerz did not know what to do. remains in this compensated posture, the pain in the
He read the available literature and found general knee may well be absent. However, the problem still
information indicating the existence of the problem, exists and may be provoked by removing the com
but few ideas concerning how to correct it. pensation, i.e., by having the patient stand and walk
The basic problem was stated in a general way by upright with correct posture. Walther goes on to
the founder of chiropractic, D. D. Palmer, "I wish that describe how to search for subclinical involvements
all chiropractors could take in this basic principle of (by muscle stretch reaction, etc.), but fails to define,
our science - that too much or not enough energy is discuss or give any directions whatsoever concerning
disease." hypertonic muscles.
Early in AK, in You'll Be Better, (Chapter 6, page 7) In Brussels in 1992, W. Gerz asked Goodheart
Goodheart said, "If the liver has a disturbed energy about hypertonic muscles. Goodheart said that he
pattern, this disturbance 'overflows' into a muscle was aware of hypertonic muscles and that in his expe
associated with that energy pattern, and the muscle rience they were usually caused by meridian imbal
will test either too strong or too weak." Walther (1981, ances, especially of the triple heater meridian. It is
p. 167) discusses an example of individual palpatory noteworthy that the triple heater meridian is associ
hypertonic muscles under the topic of reactive mus ated with the thymus and thyroid glands, which are
cles. The treatment to lower the tension of a palpa always involved in stress reactions.
tory hypertonic muscle in the case of a reactive muscle With so little offered in the literature and training,
is through manipulation of the nerve receptors. But many examiners using AK techniques as well as those
PRETESTS 95
in other branches of kinesiology simply ignore the ened. Gerz named any challenge that makes a hyper
phenomenon of "hypertonic muscles." If a muscle tonic muscle normotonic a normotonic challenge
tests strong, they consider it to function correctly and (NC). The superchallenge was found to indicate the
devote no further attention to it. Other examiners, cause of the hypertonic muscles. The normotonic chal
upon finding a muscle that tests strong but cannot be lenge is often precisely what the patient needs to cor
weakened, simply ignore it and find another muscle rect the cause of the hypertonic muscles.
that can be weakened to use as an indicator muscle. Furthermore, a challenge can make either a weak
But when all muscles test strong and cannot be weak testing or a normotonic muscle hypertonic. Such a
ened, some kind of solution must be found. challenge is a hypertonic challenge (HC). The body
A sentence by Michael Lebowitz, nc., finally gave is extremely stressed and immediately put into a
Gerz a clue: "Sometimes, in the all-muscle-strong strong adaptation reaction by such a challenge.
patient with a multitude of problems, copper helps." Gerz determined that all patients with general
(Lebowitz/Steele, 1 989.) From his complementary hypertonicity were extremely stressed. And, as
medicine training, Gerz recognized that copper is expected, he found that these patients had stress
given as a homeopathic remedy for cases of muscle related disturbances of the immune system such as
spasticity and cramping. Spasticity and cramping are allergies, low resistance, rheumatic problems, clinical
examples of extreme hypertonicity. Experiments ecology illnesses, disturbances of the intestine includ
revealed that giving orthomolecular (pure substance) ing overgrowths of candida, psychosomatic com
amounts of copper or copper in homeopathic dilu plaints, weakness of the adrenal and/or thymus glands,
tions sometimes caused the hypertonic muscles to and "vegetative stress syndrome." Often such patients
become normotonic. In such cases, the expected mus are taking antirheumatic medicine, cortisone or
cle weaknesses characteristic of the patients' prob "mood-altering" medication. (Gerz, 1 996, p. 312.)
lems appeared. However, the oral application of Gerz found that when he therapy-localized or chal
copper only produced these desired results in a small lenged the causes of the stress/hypertonic muscles,
proportion of the patients in whom all muscles test some or all of the hypertonic muscles tested weak (a
hypertonic. superchallenge). Thus this provides a useful method
With one patient who had all muscles hypertonic, to locate the cause of the patient's stress and dis-ease.
suddenly and unexpectedly many muscles tested Besides T L to triple heater 3, the superchallenges
weak. Gerz noted that the patient was holding one that are most often effective include histidine, pcck,
hand in the other. Experimenting, he found one spe "eyes up," the antigen substance of candida, emo
cific point that, when therapy-localized, often makes tional challenge, the challenges that reveal neuro
blocked muscles test weak. The spot was triple heater logic disorganization (switching), and TL to the
3, located proximal to the space between the hand thymus, adrenals, pectoralis minor NL, neurovascu
knuckles of the little and ring fingers. This confirmed lar stress points on the frontal eminences of the fore
Goodheart's observation that blocked muscles relate head, and to functionally disturbed focal points such
to imbalances in the triple heater meridian. Gerz rea as the tonsils, teeth, sinuses or scars. (Gerz, 1 996, p.
soned that this was a new kind of challenge. He 312.) For example, if TL of a dead tooth makes the
named any challenge that could make one or more hypertonic muscle test weak (a superchallenge), the
hypertonic muscles test weak a superchallenge (SC). tooth is likely a focus and may need to be removed.
Further experiments revealed that various chal If the candida antigen is a superchaUenge, the patient
lenges could "break" the hypertonic muscle. Some likely has an overgrowth of candida in the intestine
challenges had the effect of making the hypertonic and needs a candida cure. The examiner ought to test
muscle test normotonic-strong but able to be weak- many different possible superchallenges. He or she
96 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
should determine and perform the indicated thera 5. If many or all the muscles test hypertonic, this
peutic steps (or direct the patient to the needed ther problem of general hypertonicity needs to be
apy) for each positive superchallenge. addressed.
The substances Gerz found that make hypertonic
muscles normotonic (a normotonic challenge) are the
How TO CORRECf HYPERTONICITY
substances that are effective in correcting the above
IN INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES
conditions: zinc, magnesium, copper, histamine D12,
homeopathic remedies (mostly single substances in This technique will often work for both palpatory
mid to high potencies), neural therapy to the focal hypertonic muscles and AK hypertonic muscles (test
points that one found as active superchallenges, Bach strong but cannot be weakened).
Flower Remedies and Iliocaecal valve treatment, etc.
1 . Locate a normotonic indicator muscle.
(Gerz, 1996, p. 312.)
Finding the cause and determining how to correct 2. T L various points in the contractile part of the
general hypertonicity as described above is certainly hypertonic muscle. Points that TL are malfunc
more difficult than just finding and massaging the tioning neuromuscular spindle cells. If an active
switching points with an active TL. But the results not T L point is found, continue with the following
only produce a more long-lasting correction for step:
switching they also reveal the most important steps
3. Place a finger on each side of the malfunctioning
needed for improving health.
neuromuscular spindle cell. Press into the muscle
A full explanation of all the above causes of stress,
and then press the fingers toward each other. In
superchallenges and normotonic challenges will not be
other words, pinch the spindle cell together in a
attempted here. For further information, the inter
direction parallel to the fibers of the muscle.
ested reader is advised to peruse the literature; espe
Repeat this process, pressing firmly several times.
cially Gerz's book quoted above. Sources for the
superchallenge and normotonic challenge substances 4. Check that the area no longer has an active TL.
listed above are given in the appendix, "Contact If more than one area had an active TL, repeat
Addresses and Sources." this technique with the other active TL areas.
5. TL the junction of each end of the muscle with its
How TO DETECf HYPERTONIC MUSCLES
tendons. Points that TL here are malfunctioning
1. Test a muscle. Golgi tendon organs. If a active TL point is found,
continue with the steps below.
2. If weak, strengthen it with the techniques you
know. It should test strong before you continue. 6. Press the fingers into the muscle on the muscle
belly side of the malfunctioning Golgi tendon
3. Pinch its spindle cells together, touch or tap upon
organ and pull it toward the tendon/bone end of
the associated meridian's sedation point, place the
the muscle.
north pole of a magnet upon the belly of the mus
cle, or stroke the meridian against its natural direc 7. Check that the Golgi tendon organ no longer has
tion and retest the muscle. an active TL.
4. If the muscle fails to weaken after application of 8. The muscle should now feel softer (palpatory
at least two of the above weakening techniques, normotonic) and should weaken when normal
it is hypertonic. weakening techniques are applied.
PRETESTS 97
How TO CORRECf HYPERTONICIlY 5. Repeat the process (steps 4 and 5) with each of
IN BILATERAL MUSCLE PAIRS the superchallenges found in step 3 above.
Bilateral hypertonicity logically indicates an adapta 6. If possible during the session, apply the thera
tion reaction in the system of regulation (organ, gland, peutic corrective measures corresponding to each
etc.) associated with the muscle. To correct such a of the normotonic challenges.
problem, use the same technique as for General
7. Check the chosen muscle and the other muscles
Hypertonicity. The normotonic challenge will likely
tested in step 1. If the chosen muscle or other mus
be a remedy or corrective technique known to
cles are still hypertonic, locate other superchal
improve the function of the associated organ of the
lenges and repeat the process. Note also that the
system of regulation.
tested therapeutic procedures may need to be
How TO CORRECf GENERAL HYPERTONICIlY implemented for a period of time before the
hypertonic muscles return to being normotonic.
1. Test many muscles, attempt to weaken them, and
note their reaction. Though most test hypertonic, 8. Instruct the patient concerning further processes
a few may test weak or normotonic. for a more complete correction of the state of gen
eral hypertonicity. The patient may need to have
2. Choose a hypertonic muscle that is convenient dead teeth removed, clear foci and waste from the
to test. sinuses, the intestines, the tonsils, etc., avoid aller
3. Find the superchallenge(s) that weaken it. This gic substances, get more exercise in the fresh air,
gives information about the nature of the stres improve posture, replace missing nutrients, and
sors against which the body is currently fighting. reduce all kinds of stress.
DIAGNOSIS
AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES
The Origin-Insertion Technique tion of the muscle with its tendon. The small lumps
that indicate the need for the origin-insertion tech
As mentioned in the section on the history of Applied nique are located where the tendon attaches to bone.
Kinesiology, in 1964 Goodheart first strengthened a In many muscles, these two areas are very near each
weak-testing muscle quite inadvertently. He was try other. Golgi tendon organs require a linear pushing
ing to detect a reason why one of his patients had one or pulling for optimal stimulation. The origin-inser
shoulder blade that stuck out from the back of his rib tion technique requires only a heavy massage on the
cage. It had been this way for fifteen or twenty years. lumps.
He recalled reading about" ...a muscle that pulled Part of the muscle-strengthening effect of the ori
the shoulder-blade forward so that it would lie flat on gin-insertion technique is likely due to the vibrating
the chest wall." (Goodheart, You'll Be Better, Chapter stimulation given to the nerve receptors and nerves
1, p. 2). He looked in a copy of MuscLes-Testing and in the area massaged. It is an established fact that rel
Function, the original reference on this topic by atively slow vibratory stimulation, such as the mas
Kendall, Kendall and Wadsworth ( 1 949). There he saging hand produces, facilitates the activity of the
read that the serratus muscle pulls the shoulder blade alpha motor neurons responsible for raising the tone
against the rib cage. Upon testing, he found that the in a muscle.When the alpha motor neurons are facil
serratus muscle did test weak, but only on the side itated, they send more nerve impulses per second to
where the shoulder blade protruded. While palpat the muscle. Thus, the muscle has a greater force of
ing the serratus muscle of his patient, he detected contraction (tests stronger) when tested.
small, sensitive, "BB"-sized lumps at the origin of the It is theorized that the need for origin-insertion
serratus muscle on the ribs on the weak-testing side. treatment results from a prior trauma that partially
As he was firmly touching a few of them to try to tore the tendon away from the periosteum, the skin
identify them, they disappeared. He strongly mas that surrounds bones. It is believed that the little
saged the rest of these lumps, which also disappeared. lumps are micro avulsions-small areas where the
Subsequently, the shoulder blade lay flat and the ser tendon is partially torn away from the periosteum.
ratus muscle tested strong. When the little lumps are felt in the tendon-bone junc
This technique was often successful in strength tion, the need for this treatment is confirmed. Treat
ening other weak-testing muscles.It is likely that some ment consists of firmly pushing and rubbing the
of the time, the effect was due to the stimulation of tendon back down upon the periosteum of the bone
the Golgi tendon organs (page 29), located in the junc- to which it is attached.
99
100 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Neurolymphatic Reflexes
Goodheart's first method of strengthening weak-test
ing muscles was the origin-insertion technique. When
this technique worked, the muscle returned to test
ing strong, and the function of the related organ
improved. This was so successful that many other chi
ropractors began using muscle testing and Good
heart's origin-insertion technique. In many cases,
however, the origin-insertion technique failed to
strengthen the weak-testing muscle. In such cases,
Goodheart and other chiropractors including Walther
prescribed exercises to increase the strength of these
muscles. Exercises often did slowly increase the mass
and weight-bearing ability of these muscles, but they
still tested weak. This was the beginning of the real
MASSAGE OF THE INSERTION
ization that a weak-testing muscle is not the same as
OF PERONEUS TERTIUS
a physically weak muscle.Other solutions to the prob
lem of weak-testing muscles had to be found.
THE ORIGIN -INSERTION TECHNIQUE context of trying to solve the problems his patients
brought to him. He had a patient with sciatic nerve
Indications: pain on one side when lying, sitting or standing.Only
A weak-testing muscle with a known history of walking brought relief.The fascia lata muscle, which
prior trauma and/or small, palpable lumps where covers the outer part of the thigh and moves the leg
the muscle's tendon attaches to bone. diagonally forward and away from the body, tested
weak on this side. Neither chiropractic efforts nor his
The weak-testing muscle tests strong when these origin-insertion could make it test strong. Goodheart
lumps are therapy-localized. reasoned that since walking pumps the lymph out of
A normotonic muscle weakens when the origin the muscles, perhaps his patient's problem involved
or insertion of the suspect muscle is therapy-local inadequate lymph drainage.He palpated the lymph
relief that I've ever gotten." Goodheart remarked, osteopath Frank Chapman had postulated in the
"That's what you came here for." (Goodheart, You'll 1930s. Chapman used his reflex points to stimulate
Be Better, Chapter 1 , p. 3.) In reality he was quite the elimination of excess lymph in various areas of
astonished at his quick success! He continued to pal the body. Goodheart experimented with Chapman's
pate and massage these two areas, and the patient's reflexes and had success using them to strengthen
pain completely disappeared and never returned. various weak-testing muscles. He also discovered a
He next tried out this technique with a woman's few more such reflex points that strengthened mus
weak-testing neck muscles, but massaging the area of cles for which none of Chapman's reflex points were
the muscles didn't work at all.He reasoned that his effective. Chapman had correlated these reflex points
prior success must have been not because he was with specific organs and with various health prob
pressing upon the lymph nodes in the muscle itself, lems. This added evidence to Goodheart's growing
but perhaps because he inadvertently stimulated some conviction of a connection between specific muscles
kind of reflex points for lymph drainage like the and organs.In fact, Goodheart found through x-ray,
102 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Subclavius
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
\f!E!I.-'--"-+-i--- Deltoids
Trapezius
Hamstrings
Respiration and all activities that raise the abdom Whenever there is infection in the body, the next
inal pressure (coughing, sneezing, lifting, evacuating lymph nodes in the direction of the circulation of the
the bowel) pump the lymph from the legs and lymph become swollen and tender. In order to pre
abdomen toward the ultimate destination at the base vent further spread of infection, the purulent mate
of the neck. There the lymph empties into the venous rial is gathered into the lymph nodes and given over
system. to the white blood cells.
The human body has twice as much lymph as blood The lymph circulation through the body is slow. It
and twice as many lymph vessels as blood vessels. The needs to be slow to have enough time to filter out and
blood capillaries carry nutrients to the cells. Fats and break down large bits of matter that cannot be safely
proteins leave the capillaries and bathe the cells. Some passed back into the blood. However, if lymphatic
are used by the cells as needed. The unused fats are drainage of the tissues is inadequate, lymphatic con
too large to return to the (blood) capillaries. They are gestion occurs.
received into the lymph capillaries through tiny one
way valves. If the proteins from the blood capillaries
Lymphatic Congestion and the Need
the lymph capillaries to be eventually returned to the When the lymph circulation is too slow, the proteins,
blood. Because the blood contains so much protein fats, waste products of cellular metabolism, and infec
already, the protein that leaves the capillaries cannot tious material (if present) build up in the interstitial
return directly to them due to osmotic pressure. It is spaces. This buildup of fluids, which inflates of the
estimated that every 24 hours, 50% of the total spaces between the cells, is called edema. Edema
amount of protein circulating in the blood exits the moves the cells further away from their capillaries,
capillaries, is mostly unused by the cells, and is then which interferes with their proper nutrition. It is with
reabsorbed back into the lymph system from which this disturbance of the lymphatic system that Applied
it is delivered back into the venous blood through Kinesiology methods appear to have influence.
ducts near the base of the neck. Edema stretches the tissues and makes them more
Besides transporting water, fats and proteins, the porous. If this has become chronic, it will be more dif
lymph system is mainly a waste removal and defense ficult to achieve a lasting correction, as fluids can eas
system. In the lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus ily return through the more porous tissues. For this
and spleen, lymphocytes (white blood cells) are gen reason, corrective measures must be applied over a
erated. These agents of the body's defense reside long period of time to reestablish proper lymph sys
mainly in the lymph system. White blood cells there tem function.
act as "phagocytes," which surround and digest the Medical authorities agree that excess lymph in the
filtered waste particles and pathogens in the lymph tissues does not become observable until it has
nodes. reached a level 30% above normal. This is likely the
The waste products of cell metabolism exit the cells reason why Applied Kinesiology techniques indicate
and gather in the interstitial (intercellular) spaces. The the need for increased lymphatic activity, although
waste fluids then flow by osmotic pressure into the no edema is observed.
lymph vessels. When any tissues are infected, the infec Symptoms of lymphatic congestion include edema
tious material and products of cellular destruction (especially in the extremities), low resistance, infec
(pus) are also gathered into the lymph system. There tions, and wounds that do not heal. Lymphatic con
they are transported to the lymph nodes, which filter gestion may often be seen in the eyes as a "string of
out the tissue remnants, foreign bodies and microor white pearls" around the outer part of the iris. In some
ganisms to be digested by the white blood cells. cases there may no apparent symptoms at all.
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 105
When a lymphatic problem is acute, the reflex three further tests of the same muscle, it tests weak. In
points will be swollen and firm but squishy over the such patients, it is impossible to find an adequate indi
whole area where the reflex can be stimulated. When cator muscle. 1)rpically these people never exercise
a problem is more chronic, the center of the reflex and are extremely sedentary, spending most of their
point will feel firm but rubbery. When the problem is time sitting (likely in front of the TV). These are often
very chronic (has existed for a long time), there will be patients with vast quantities of excess lymph in their
small, hard, BB sized lumps (in the fat just under the bodies. A seeming paradox, these patients are often
skin) in the middle of the reflex area. dehydrated. Their excess water is not where it needs
Chapman's reflex points are located in the inter to be in the tissues, but rather in the lymph system
costal spaces between the ribs anteriorly where they diluting the concentrated waste products there. These
meet the sternum and posteriorly where they meet patients respond well to the extended massage of neu
the vertebrae. There are also some on the lower rolymphatic reflex points as performed in the cor
abdomen, around the scapula, on the low back and rection for repeated muscle failure (page 123). When
on the legs. Most of the reflex points are about 3 cm most or all muscles test weak, the patient is in the
in diameter. Some, such as those for fascia lata, cover exhaustion phase of Selye's stress reactions and
large areas. urgently requires recuperation (see pages 35-39).
Active lymphatic points are massaged with a firm, Clearing the body of such extreme amounts of
rotary pressure for at least 15 seconds. In certain cases, lymph requires that the patient assist the process
such as for the correction of repeated muscle weak between treatment sessions. One of the best tech
ness (page 123), the points are massaged for 2-4 min niques for eliminating excess lymph from the whole
utes or even longer. The points on the anterior side body is bouncing on a trampoline. When one bounces
of the body are generally more tender. The more up, one is weightless. When one bounces down, one
chronic a condition, the greater the amount of ten effectively has as much as double the normal weight.
derness. When the points are very tender, they should Remember bouncing on the family scales as a child,
be massaged more gently and for a longer time. trying to "weigh" as much as possible? These alter
As mentioned, Goodheart correlated Chapman's nate states of "weightless" and "very heavy" act like
reflex points with specific muscles (and organs). Each a pump upon all the tissues of the body. For those
muscle was found to have at least one anterior and whose joints cannot withstand jumping on a trampo
one posterior reflex point. Goodheart also discovered line, bouncing while seated on a large gymnastic ball
a method to determine when massage of these reflex is an excellent and more gentle alternative.
points would be useful in strengthening weak-testing When ill, most people remain in bed nearly
muscles. If therapy localization of the reflex point motionless. Without muscular activity, the lymph gath
makes a previously weak-testing muscle test strong, ers and the tissues swell. During illness, the lymph is
massage of the point is indicated. After adequate mas full of pus and infectious material. Allowing it to
sage, the muscle should test strong. To confirm the remain and gather in the body is counterproductive to
correction, the patient again therapy-localizes the goal of returning to health. If able, the ill person
(touches) the point and the same muscle is again should be moderately active. Taking walks is recom
tested. In Applied Kinesiology, if (after successful mended. At the very least, bouncing gently on a gym
strengthening) the muscle again tests weak with ther nastic ball is advised as an excellent lymphatic system
apy localization of the treated reflex point, further "pump." Activating the muscles (through muscle test
stimulation of the same point is indicated. ing or other activities) followed by massage of the
In some patients, every muscle in the body will test neurolymphatic reflex points and finished by activat
weak. A muscle may test strong, then after two or ing the muscles again will assist the body greatly in
106 APPLlED KINESIOLOGY
eliminating excess lymph from the tissues. NEUROLYMPHATIC REFLEX POINT TECHNIQUE
When many different muscles require neurolym
Testing to determine if NL massage will strengthen
phatic stimulation, there is a generalized lymphatic
a weak-testing muscle:
problem. This is usually caused by dehydration. Water
is the most common nutritional element needed for
1. Test muscles.
general problems with the lymphatic system. The body 2. When one tests weak, have the patient therapy
needs water to cleanse itself via the lymphatic sys localize (touch) one of the neurolymphatic points
tem. Whenever lymphatic problems exist, it is a good associated with the weak-testing muscle. It is often
practice to advise the patient to drink at least eight, 8 easier for the patient to touch the anterior point
ounce (2.5 dl) glasses of water each day. The same than the posterior one.
effect is not achieved by tea, coffee, cola or any other
3. While the patient touches the point, retest the
kind of drink. For their digestion these other drinks
muscle.
apparently activate specific metabolic processes that
interfere with the body getting the maximal positive 4. If the muscle now tests strong, it can be strength-
effects of the water these drinks contain. Imagine tak ened with neurolymphatic massage.
will assist the therapist in convincing the patient of 1. Retest the muscle. If still weak, and therapy local
the need for drinking much more water daily. ization of the neurolymphatic point makes it again
It is believed that massage of Chapman's reflex strong, the point requires further stimulation. If
points stimulates nerves that effect better lymphatic NL therapy localization no longer strengthens the
drainage in the associated organs and body areas. Fol muscle, it requires some other kind of strength
lowing this reasoning, in Applied Kinesiology, Chap ening technique.
man's reflex points are called "neurolymphatic
reflexes." The exact anatomy and physiology involved 2. If the muscle now tests strong, again therapy-local
in these reflexes has yet to be demonstrated. How ize the neurolymphatic point and retest the mus
sage of these points does stimulate lymphatic 3. If the muscle remains strong, the NL massage was
drainage. In this case, the "proof is in the pudding." adequate and successful.
We don't know exactly what the neurolymphatic
4. If the strengthened muscle again weakens with
points are or how these reflexes function, but the evi
therapy localization of the NL, further stimula
dence of numerous clinical trials has proven their
effectiveness. tion of the same point is required.
Neurovascular Reflexes the organ and/or gland associated with the muscle in
Goodheart's own research. This further confirmed his
While Goodheart was giving a lecture upon his dis muscle-organ/gland associations. The Bennett reflexes
coveries, a young boy had an acute asthma attack. used in Applied Kinesiology are called "neurovascu
When he was placed upon his back, Goodheart lar reflexes."
noticed that one leg rotated out much further than The stimulation of the neurovascular reflexes is
the other. The sartorius muscle tested weak on this effected by lightly pressing upon specific points upon
side. Goodheart had already noticed a connection the skin and then gently pushing or pulling tangen
between the sartorius muscle and the adrenal glands. tially to the skin ("tugging") in various directions until
Adrenaline is given in cases of acute asthma, so the a strong pulsation is felt. The examiner experiments
connection seemed logical. However, he could not carefully until the precise direction which produces
correct the sartorius muscle with any of his techniques. maxirnun pulsation is detected. This precise direction
Trying to find something that would help, Goodheart of tugging is then gently and motionlessly held for at
attempted to make an adjustment of the cranial bones. least 20 seconds.
While doing so, he happened to notice a pulsation The amount of pressure needed to feel the pulse
under his fingers upon the posterior fontanel, one of at the wrist is adequate for stimulation of the neu
the "soft spots" on a baby's head. The pulsation was rovascular reflex points. The pulsation felt during this
not the same as his own heart rate nor that of his procedure is typically between 70 and 74 beats per
patient's. He continued to hold and feel this pulse, minute and is independent of the rate of heart con
which grew stronger. Then the young patient took a traction. It is speculated that this pulsation is caused
deep breath, continued to breathe easily, and the leg by the contraction of the tiny layer of muscles that
turned back in! (Goodheart, You'll Be Better, Chapter surrounds each of the blood capillaries in the scalp.
1, p. 78.) This theory has not been conclusively proven, so the
Fascinated by this unexpected success, Goodheart exact physiological basis for this observed pulsation
explored these "vascular reflexes" that had already remains unknown.
been researched and mapped out by the California Using sensitive thermometers, Goodheart discov
chiropractor, Terrence Bennett. Dr. Bennett was a cli ered that properly tugging on the neurovascular reflex
nician and not a theorist. He never attempted to points causes warming of tissues in areas of the body
explain why his reflex points affected vascular circu far removed from the point. When the stimulation is
lation. Using an x-ray fluoroscope, he observed that adequate, the distant area continues to remain warm
holding specific points caused an increase of blood even after the finger contact upon the neurovascular
flow into specific internal organs, which then swelled reflex point is removed. If the examiner changes the
with the extra blood. Fascinated, he spent hundreds direction of tugging and loses the pulsation (which
of hours observing the effect of holding his reflex can easily happen if he is not fully attentive to the
points. As a result, radiation poisoning is said to have sensation), the thermal elevation slows and the pos
been cause of his death. itive effect of holding and tugging upon the neu
Goodheart found many (but only a portion) of rovascular point may be reversed and lost. Returning
Bennett's reflex points to be effective in the strength to the correct direction of tugging results in the return
ening of weak-testing muscles. The points that Good of thermal elevation. When adequate attention is
heart found useful lie mostly upon the head. He also given to this detail (tugging the neurovascular reflex
found (as with Chapman's reflexes) that when one of point in the direction of maximal pulsation), the
Bennett's reflex points strengthened a weak-testing results of using neurovascular reflex point holding
muscle, it also had an apparent positive effect upon greatly improve.
108 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Goodheart's research, however, revealed no pre The amount of blood circulating in the tissues is
dictable pattern to this warming. Different reflex controlled by the tone of the muscles surrounding the
points sometimes warmed the same areas. The areas blood vessels. The tone of the muscles surrounding
over the corresponding muscles were not specifically arteries and veins is increased by the hormone vaso
warmed. The patterns of warming have not yet been pressin, which is produced in the hypothalamus and
plotted. But this research conclusively demonstrates stored in the posterior part of the pituitary, from which
that holding and correctly tugging the neurovascular it is released into the blood. The tone of the muscles
reflex points does affect vascular circulation in remote surrounding arteries and veins is neurally controlled
areas of the body. by the vasocenter of the brain. This is located in the
lower third of the pons and the upper two-thirds of
VASCULAR CIRCULATION
the medulla oblongata. The upper lateral portion of
FROM THE ARTERIES TO THE VEINS the vasocenter sends continual signals for the con
Arteries (vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the traction of the muscles around all arteries and veins.
tissues) branch into smaller and smaller arterioles. The medial and lower portions of the vasocenter send
Arteries have a heavy muscular coat that gets thin inhibiting signals to the upper lateral center, which
ner and thinner until it is only one cell thick sur results in fewer signals with less intensity being sent
rounding the tiniest arterioles. The smallest arterioles to the vascular muscles, thereby creating vasodila
branch into the capillaries. Oxygen and nutrients for tion. Both the vasodilation and vasoconstriction
the cells diffuse through the somewhat porous walls effects of the vasocenter are influenced by various
of the capillaries. Some of these traverse the ground higher centers of the brain.
substance and enter the cells. Carbon dioxide and At the beginning of a branch of an arteriole into
small-sized waste products diffuse from the cells a smaller arteriole (and from the tiniest arteriole into
through the ground substance and back into the cap a capillary) is a circular ring of muscle that controls
illaries. Unused molecularly large nutrients (mostly the passage of blood. Surprisingly, the vasocenter has
protein and fats), and large waste products from the little or no control over these tiny circular muscles.
cells cannot enter the capillaries. These gather in the Some believe that when the tiny circular muscles (and
interstitial spaces, producing enough pressure to push the tissues of the surrounding area) require oxygen,
them into the lymphatic vessels where they are the tiny muscles cannot contract effectively. They then
processed and eventually delivered back into the open and allow more oxygen-rich blood to flow in.
venous blood. Another theory is that the waste products of cell
The tiny veins that gather the blood from the cap metabolism act as vasodilators, increasing the blood
illary bed are called venules. The venules converge circulation to remove the waste products from the
into larger and larger veins . Like the arteries, veins tissues. Also, the presence in the bloodstream of hor
also have a muscular cover, but it is much thinner mones such as adrenaline definitely affects vasodila
than the heavy muscular coat of the arteries. Venous tion and vasoconstriction, even at the arteriole level.
blood, which carries oxygen-depleted and carbon It is postulated that stimulation of the neurovas
dioxide-enriched blood and waste products away from cular reflex points has its effect by reducing the ten
the tissues, returns to the heart. The heart pumps the sion in the tiny arteriole ring muscles and thereby
venous blood through the lungs where the carbon increasing local blood circulation. It is further postu
dioxide is expelled and oxygen absorbed. This oxy lated that the reflex effect upon organs is due to the
gen-rich blood returns to the heart where it is pumped organ and the particular tissues of the neurovascular
back into the main artery, the aorta, which branches reflex point having a common origin in the embry
into all of the other arteries of the body. onic tissues. While these theories offer a way to con-
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 109
ceive of how the neurovascular reflex points could Confirming the correction for A & B:
function, the truth is that we just don't know how they
1. Retest the formerly weak-testing muscle (A) or
function. But evidence conclusively indicates that
the formerly normotonic muscle (B).
when correctly stimulated, they do both increase local
circulation and circulation far from the point, do make 2. If it now tests strong, challenge the correction by
weak-testing muscles test strong, and do have a pos therapy-localizing the NY point.
itive effect upon the organ or gland related to the
3. If the muscle still tests strong, the application of
muscle so strengthened.
the NY holding was correct and is complete.
NEUROVASCULAR REFLEX POINT TECHNIQUE 4. If therapy-localizing the NV point makes the
A. To determine if neurovascular (NV) stimulation strengthened muscle again test weak, repeat the
is indicated for the strengthening of a weak-test same NY point-holding.
ing muscle:
5. When therapy localization to the treated NY point
1) Have the patient therapy-localize a NV point no longer weakens the strengthened muscle, the
associated with the weak-testing muscle. correction is complete.
2) Repeat the muscle test.
C. When it is suspected that a neurovascular reflex
3) If the muscle now tests strong, NV is involved with a problem that therapy-localized,
point-holding is indicated. but the related neurovascular points do not ther
In a more complex example, when a muscle first apy-localize (see "Hidden Problems" later in this
weakens after it has been muscle-tested several times chapter, page 121):
repeatedly, therapy-localize the related NY point and 1) Therapy-localize both the area of the
again test the muscle several times. If the muscle tests problem and the NY point simultaneously.
strong and remains strong while its NY point is ther 2) Test an indicator muscle (that tested weak
apy-localized, the neurovascular reflex is involved with therapy localization of the problem area
and requires stimulation for the correction of the alone).
repeated muscle test weakness (see "Repeated Mus 3) If the indicator muscle now restrengthens, the
cle Testing," page 123). NV reflex is involved with the problem.
B. To locate hidden problems in a normotonic Correction:
muscle:
1. Touch the NV(s) with the fingertips and gently
1) Have the patient therapy-localize a NV point tug the point(s) in various directions until maxi
for the normotonic muscle. mal pulsation is achieved.
2) Retest the muscle. If it now tests weak, NY
2. Hold this position of maximal pulsation for at least
holding is indicated.
20 seconds.
Correction:
Confirming the correction for C:
1. Touch the NV(s) with the fingertips and gently
3. Simultaneously therapy-localize the problem area
tug the point(s) in various directions until maxi
and the NY that previously tested weak with such
mal pulsation is achieved.
therapy localization. Test the indicator muscle.
2. Hold this position of maximal pulsation for at least
4. If the indicator muscle tests weak, repeat the cor
20 seconds.
rection procedure.
1 10 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
1. Pectoralis major
clavicular
Sacrospinalis
Peroneus (tertius, longus and brevis)
Rhomboids (Walther)
2. Pectoralis major sternal
Rhomboids (Leaf)
3. Serratus anticus
Supraspinatus
Subscapularis
Deltoids
4. Rectus abdominis
S. Latissimus dorsi
6. Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia lata
Rectus femoris
Piriformis
7. Hamstrings
Trapezius, middle and lower
8. Sartorius
9. Teres minor
Teres major
Subclavius
10. Trapezius, upper
Pectoralis minor
1 1. Gluteus maxim us
Adductors
12. Iliopsoas
13. Sterno-cleido-mastoideus
5. If this double therapy localization no longer respond to this treatment, he prescribed exercises.
weakens the indicator muscle, the correction is These often made the muscles able to lift more
confirmed. weight, but they still tested weak. As a result of the
failure of this attempt to make the weak-testing mus
The Meridian System cles test strong, Goodheart realized that although
The meridian system is one of the most important the origin-insertion technique was a valuable break
sources of diagnostic information used in Applied through discovery, it obviously was not enough.
Kinesiology. By comparing and combining the muscle Goodheart's next breakthrough began when he
organ-gland correspondences discovered by George experimented with Frank Chapman's reflexes. Good
Goodheart with the organ-gland-meridian corre heart found that massage of Chapman's reflex points
spondences of traditional Chinese medicine, muscle for lymphatic drainage of specific organs and glands
meridian correspondences were discovered. This not only positively affected those glands and organs,
became the first bridge between Eastern and West but also strengthened the muscles associated with
ern medicine and brought with it many new and very them. These "neurolymphatic reflex" points became
effective muscle-strengthening techniques. the second technique for strengthening weak-testing
Before the meridian system was included in AK, muscles. With these he was able to strengthen many of
there were four stages of development of techniques the muscles that his "origin-insertion" technique was
to strengthen weak-testing muscles. First, as already unable to strengthen.
discussed, Goodheart noticed correspondences The third discovery involved the correction of
between specific weak-testing muscles and problems blocks in the natural motion of the cranial and pelvic
with specific organs and glands. He discovered that bones and the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid.
massaging the junction of the weak-testing muscle's This forms an important part of AK diagnosis and
tendon against the bone where it attached often made treatment. A few cranial faults were found to corre
a weak-testing muscle test strong and positively spond to specific weak-testing muscles. But most could
affected the related organ. This "origin-insertion" not be correlated with specific muscles. The only
procedure was the first technique for strengthening example of a cranial fault and muscle correlation that
weak-testing muscles. For the muscles that didn't will be discussed in this text is the opening of the sagit-
112 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
tal suture as a method to strengthen the rectus abdo Chinese medicine, this and their many further dif
minis muscles (page 193). ferentiations of chi do not as yet have useful appli
Then Goodheart found that Terrence Bennett's cation in AK and therefore will not be discussed in
reflex points for increased circulation in organs often any detail in this text.
strengthened the weak-testing muscles he had already For some readers, the Chinese explanations of a
associated with those organs. These "neurovascular mysterious life-force circulating through invisible
reflex" points became the fourth technique for meridians running along the skin are very foreign to
strengthening weak-testing muscles. Goodheart's list our way of thinking. The existence of meridians and
of correspondences between weak-testing muscles how they function may sound mystical and appear to
and organs/glands was rapidly expanding. lie beyond experimental proof. Nonetheless, the cor
The next great breakthrough occurred when Good respondences between meridians and observed con
heart began to investigate the meridian system. In ditions of the body and mind (general health, glands,
Chinese medicine, the "meridians" are considered to organs, etc.) have been repeatedly documented for
be invisible energy lines that run along the surface at least three thousand years. Treatments based upon
and through the body. Knowledge of the meridian "balancing" the meridian energies have provided
system was brought to the West from China and Japan undeniable benefits for a like period of time.
through the technique of acupuncture. The term In general, modern science only accepts the valid
"meridian" is a Western term borrowed from sea nav ity of such healing claims when they are repeatable
igation to describe what in Chinese medicine is seen under identical circumstances. The phenomena con
as a channel for the life energy that the Chinerse call nected with the meridian system are definitely repeat
chi. able under identical circumstances. However, the
The meridians are not made up of any known kind explanations from traditional Chinese medicine as to
of tissue. They are anatomically invisible. Despite why these phenomena occur may seem very unusual
their vague nature, over thousands of years, uncount to the Western mind and may require revision at a
able Chinese medical practitioners have agreed upon later date when we have a greater scientific under
their location. Meridians have a superficial portion standing of the processes involved. It is my opinion
that lies just under the skin and a deeper extension that the unusual oriental explanations available today
that reaches into the inner part of the body and in no way affect the worth of our using the meridian
touches the organ bearing the occidental name of system concepts for diagnosis and therapy. This should
the meridian. be held in mind when one begins to consider the phi
Most of the acupuncture points lie upon the lines losophy and principles of Chinese medicine.
of the meridians. And they lie upon the superficial part Applied Kinesiology research has documented that
of the meridian where they are accessible for treat meridian balancing techniques do have a measura
ment. Upon charts and anatomical dolls, the acupunc ble effect upon the results of muscle testing and upon
ture points are numbered in the direction of the flow the health of the related organs and glands (Walther,
of the energy. By stimulating the acupuncture points, 1988, pp. 203-273).
one can influence the meridian energy, causing excess In Chinese acupuncture theory (more precisely,
energy to flow away from (sedation) or to a point that the theory of the five-elements), the meridians are
has a deficit of energy (tonification). associated with organs and glands. Proponents of Chi
The Chinese define a plethora of differentiations of nese medicine believe that when the "yin" or "yang"
chi energy. For example, they content that in each energies in a meridian are deficient (or in excess), the
meridian both Yin (female) and Yang (male) ener corresponding organs and glands are affected and
gies circulate. Although very important and useful in may become diseased or otherwise dysfunctional.
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 113
Even more importantly, practitioners of Chinese med When acupuncture was introduced into the West, a
icine believe, and for centuries have demonstrated, few open-minded Western doctors were successful in
that their techniques of meridian energy balancing using it to produce anesthesia in their patients. How
can positively affect organs and glands; and thereby ever, no one could explain why it worked. Nonethe
influence health in general. less, every true scientist recognized that there had to
With his unique willingness to consider concepts be some "scientific truth" in any such completely
and techniques from other fields of healing, Good repeatable phenomenon. At that time, there was no
heart initiated new research into this ancient Chinese way of relating it logically with Western science. The
diagnostic and healing system. For him, the existing anatomy and physiology of muscles, however, are a
correlations between meridians and organs/glands researched and accepted area of Western medicine.
were especially fascinating. He found that by using Goodheart's discovery of the connection of meridi
new-to-him Oriental meridian balancing techniques, ans with muscles created the first bridge of under
he could strengthen weak-testing muscles. By plac standing between oriental and occidental medicine.
ing a needle, tapping or simply touching the first seda In Oriental medicine, the state of health requires
tion point, he could make normotonic muscles test that a normal quantity of energy circulate through all
weak. Moreover, the organs and glands associated of the meridians. From the AK viewpoint, an "imbal
with the meridians proved to be the same organs and anced" meridian may have an excess of energy or it
glands that his own research associated with specific may have a deficit of energy circulating through it.
muscles. In fact, the meridian system proved to fit When a meridian is in a deficient energy state, some
"like a glove" with his already-established system of or all of its associated muscles will test weak. There
correspondences. With this extra piece to the puzzle, fore, through testing muscles, we can swiftly and eas
his muscle-organ/gland correspondences became asso ily determine energy imbalances in the meridians. The
ciated with the meridians. energy state of the meridian system indicates the
There are twelve bilateral meridians (and two that imbalances underlying a patient's problems. This pro
lie on the medial line of the body). Goodheart found vides the examiner with knowledge of areas of pos
that one of the established meridians corresponded sible dysfunction in the muscles, organs, glands and
with almost every muscle he tested. This provided a functions associated with the meridian. Such knowl
simple and useful framework with only fourteen cat edge is the essential first step toward evaluating those
egories for all muscles. According to Chinese medi dysfunctions. Goodheart's discovery and elucidation
cine, every structure and function of the human body of the connection between specific muscles and spe
belongs to one or more of these fourteen categories. cific meridians swiftly made the meridian system one
In this book, these will be referred to as the fourteen of the most important diagnostic factors in Applied
systems of regulation. Through experiement, Good Kinesiology.
heart determined that any technique which improved Goodheart acquired his knowledge of the merid
the balance of energy in a meridian could often ian system from one early book on the topic,
strengthen the weak-testing muscle associated with Acupuncture, Ancient Chinese Art of Healing by the
the same organ and gland as the meridian. Conversely, English physician, Felix Mann. Like Felix Mann,
the techniques he had already developed for strength Goodheart never attempted to differentiate between
ening a weak-testing muscle often helped to balance the amounts of yin versus yang energy within each
the energy of the corresponding meridian. meridian. This finer differentiation, which forms an
Until this time, Western science somewhat con important portion of Chinese meridian diagnosis, still
temptuously considered meridians to be merely a does not exist within Applied Kinesiology.
vague and esoteric concept of oriental medicine. Within the ICAK-D, the medical doctor Hans
114 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Garten is the current authority for Chinese medicine. tions before they manifest as illness.
In 1991, he and Wolfgang Gerz became the first Ger Typically, when meridians become deficient in
man medical doctors to receive the status of AK energy, their associated muscles that normally test
diplomat. Hans Garten went to China several times strong become unexpectedly weak. This weakening
to study acupuncture. He was in charge of the edu often occurs one to three days before the emergence
cation program of the German Medical Acupuncture of the first symptoms of a simple illness such as a cold.
Society (DA GfA) for several years. He has devel If effective corrective measures are taken to bring the
oped methods of using muscle testing plus Chinese meridians back into balance (for example, strength
herbal remedies to perform detailed diagnosis of pat ening the weak-testing muscles) and steps are taken
terns described in traditional Chinese medicine. In to increase body resistance (vitamins, good food, extra
private communication, he observed that there is "no rest and sleep, drinking extra water, immune system
AK-way of diagnosing Yin and Yang as they are only stimulators such as echinacea, etc.), the illness may be
acronyms for a myriad of similar qualities." Even with shorter and milder, or may not appear at all. Illnesses
out this aspect of Chinese medical diagnosis, AK may be thus "nipped in the bud."
applications of meridian knowledge are extremely Assessment of the meridian system through AK
useful. muscle testing not only provides information about
The most commonly used aspects of meridian the the meridians but also indicates both the probable
ory in AK are the acupuncture sedation points. When weak-testing muscles and the organs and glands that
the sedation point for a meridian is therapy-local may be dysfunctioning. Conversely, when a patient
ized, all the associated muscles should test weak. Tap has a specific organ or gland that is known to be mal
ping upon this point will usually weaken the functioning, the energy in the associated meridian
associated muscles for about 10 seconds. This is sim will be out of balance. The testing and strengthening
ple to perform and is the most accurate test for hyper of all the muscles associated with this meridian will
tonic muscles. Quickly stroking along a meridian in do much to correct the functioning of the organ or
the opposite direction of its natural flow of energy gland. For specific examples of this process, see the
should also weaken the associated muscles for about section, "Case Histories" #2 and 3 on pages 257 and
10 seconds. If touching or tapping upon the corre 258.
sponding sedation point or stroking the meridian Oriental meridian-balancing techniques have a
backward does not weaken a strong-testing muscle, it positive effect upon both the weak-testing muscles
is in a hypertonic state. and the associated organs and glands. Oriental diag
When an organ or gland is dysfunctioning, the cor nostic and correction techniques for the meridian sys
responding meridian will be found to be in an imbal tem are not included in this text. For these, the reader
anced energy state. Is such cases, the corresponding is directed to the literature and to personal training
muscles will usually test either weak or hypertonic. in oriental medicine. However, for the examiner who
However, an imbalance in meridian energy does not wishes to experiment with the concepts and tech
necessarily mean that the corresponding organ or niques of oriental medicine, the correspondences
gland is already dysfunctioning. The meridian system between muscles, meridians, organs and glands (see
is highly sensitive. Meridian diagnosis can reveal pages 244) will provide a useful starting point.
imbalances long before they could manifest as notice For a summary of recent research on acupuncture
able dysfunction in the related organs and glands. points and the meridian system, see the discussion in
Thus, it is possible that through diagnosis of the merid the section on "Biological Medicine and the Systems
ian system (by means of AK muscle testing), we can of Regulation," pages 59-60).
become aware of potential organ and gland dysfunc-
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 1 15
The Meridians
GOVERNING MERIDIAN
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
KIDN E Y CIRCULATION-SEX
detect negative effects of any substance (or other two the application of warmth is recommended. To
stimulus) upon the regulating systems. However, when test which will help, TL the injury and test an indica
an allergic reaction is suspected, or the substance is tor muscle. This should make the indicator muscle
somewhat toxic, it should be greatly diluted and/or test weak. Now continue the weakening TL and apply
presented in only a minute quantity for testing. Highly cold to the injury. Retest the indicator muscle. Repeat
toxic substances should not be ingested in any quan this test with the application of warmth. The stimu
tity. The examiner should follow the old rule, "Pri lus of cold or warmth that makes the indicator mus
mum nihil nocere!" or, The first thing is don't poison cle normotonic is the correct one to apply.
(injure) the patient. The examiner should neither For further discussion of these topics, see "Chal
provoke an allergic reaction nor injure the patient in lenge" (pages 67-72).
any way. 1. Locate an organ that has a known dysfunction.
It is a good idea to present stimuli in the way that Palpate the organ and its neurolymphatic points
the patient normally contacts them. Flowers, perfumes, for tenderness.
auto exhaust or anything with an odor should be
smelled. A face cream, lipstick or other cosmetic 2. Test the muscles related to the organ or gland.
should be freshly applied (and smelled). Music (or Find at least one that tests weak. If none can be
noise) should be listened to. To test the effect of cig found, TL the organ. If this weakens an indicator
arettes or alcohol, it is best to test the first cigarette muscle, the TL plus indicator muscle combination
inhalation or drink of the day. can be used for subsequent tests.
In most cases, substances that have a negative 3. Place a nutritional or medicinal substance known
effect upon one regulating system will create a weak to have a positive effect upon this organ or gland
ening of m uscles from all regulating systems. Thus into the patient's mouth and have her chew and
almost any muscle may be chosen for an indicator taste it.
muscle in nutritional testing. However, some sub
4. Retest the related muscle. If the previously weak
stances only have a negative effect upon muscles from
testing muscle now tests strong, retain the substance
specific regulating systems. For example, excess alco
in the mouth, TL or tap the sedation point (or apply
hol is known to have deleterious effects upon the
another weakening technique), and test again. If
liver. To determine if a client's liver has problems with
the muscle does not weaken, the substance has
alcohol, the examiner would be wise to choose an
made the muscle hypertonic. Such a substance
indicator muscle such as pectoralis major sternal from
should not be taken! If touching the sedation point
the liver regulating system.
makes the muscle test weak, the muscle is now nor
Combinations of foods may be similarly tested.
motonic and this nutrition or medicine will be use
For example, protein and carbohydrates may each
ful for correcting the dysfunction in the associated
test normotonic when tested separately. However,
organ regUlating system.
they often cause the indicator muscle to test weak or
hypertonic when placed together in the mouth. This S. If more than one substance makes the muscle nor
technique can be used to create a personal nutritional motonic, the one that (when held in the mouth)
plan defining which foods to eat together at one meal. most reduces the tenderness in the organ or its
Almost any possible stimulus can be similarly neurolymphatic point is the one to recommend
tested. The effect of hot or cold is best tested by direct to the patient. Also give anything else clinically
application to the area of the body in question. For needed to solve the problem as long as it doesn't
example, immediately after a sports injury, the appli weaken a strong-testing indicator muscle or make
cation of cold (ice) is recommended. After a day or it hypertonic.
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 121
TESTING FOR POSSmLE POSmvE 4. Retest the indicator muscle. If it now tests weak,
EFFECTS OF STIMULI or if it tests strong but cannot be weakened
(hypertonic), then this nutritional substance has
1. To determine if some stimulus has a positive effect
a negative effect upon the regulating system
upon some problem, find a muscle that tests weak
tested.
because of the problem.
lowing test, continue to apply the TL or challenge lem, but the associated muscles all test strong. And
that causes an indicator muscle to test weak. the muscles are not hypertonic but rather normotonic,
i.e., they can be weakened by spindle cell pinching,
3. Apply the stimulus. touching or tapping their sedation points, stroking
4. Test the previously weak-testing indicator mus the corresponding meridian backward, or placing the
cle. If the indicator muscle only tested weak with north (south seeking) pole of a magnet upon the
TL or challenge, apply that weakening TL or chal tested muscle's belly. It seems that in such cases, the
lenge during this and the following step as well. body has compensated for the problem. Some "Rob
bing Peter to pay Paul" has occurred and the origi
5. If the indicator muscle now tests strong, attempt to nal problem is no longer visible via testing of the
weaken it. (Tap the sedation point, pinch the spin
related muscles.
dle cells, stroke the associated meridian backward
Often in such cases, the muscle will test weak when
or apply the north pole of a magnet to the belly
reflex points to the muscles and/or the ailing organ
of the muscle.) If the muscle can be weakened, it
or gland are simultaneously therapy-localized. The
is in a normotonic state. This indicates that the
exact neurological basis for this seeming compensa
applied stimulus may be used and will have a pos
tion is not yet understood. When this procedure
itive effect upon the problem tested.
reveals a weakness, it is corrected by applying the
6. If the indictor muscle cannot be weakened, the proper type of stimulation for the reflex point
stimulus has put it into a hypertonic state. This touched. After correction, the muscle may be retested
stimulus should not be used to correct the tested with the same therapy localization to confirm the cor
problem. rection.
1. Consider which regulating system(s) may likely 2. Observe, examine and question the patient to
2. Find a normotonic indicator muscle from the reg 3. Test muscles known to be associated with any dys
ulating system to be tested. functioning organ or gland. If an area of the body
has a problem, but no specific muscle is known to
3. Place the nutritional substance into the patient's be associated with that area, have the patient ther
mouth and have her chew and taste it. Or, if the apy-localize the area and test an indicator mus
nutritional substance has an odor, have her smell cle. If the patient has to get into a particular
the substance. position to provoke the problem, have the patient
get into this position and touch the problem area.
122 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
4. If the chosen muscle or indicator muscle in #3 tests Activation of the Right and Left
weak, use standard techniques to locate and per
H alves of the Brain
form the needed corrective measures to
strengthen the muscle. If, however, the muscle or The two hemispheres of the brain have different tasks.
indicator muscle remains strong, use the follow Hidden problems may emerge and be testable only
ing technique to locate the cause of the hidden when the brain is involved in a one-sided activity. The
problem: mechanisms involved are unknown. The most popu
lar hypothesis is that by "activating" one half of the
5. Test this muscle (or an indicator muscle) while
brain, the brain is somehow in better touch with the
stimulating the problem as in #3 while touching
problem, which then shows up with muscle testing.
reflex points or other associated points, one at a
When skin sensation is lacking, therapy localiza
time.
tion generally does not function. Goodheart found
6. If a point is found that makes the muscle test that in some cases of paralysis with lack of skin sen
weak, the proper corrective technique for this sation, activating one half of the brain made therapy
point will help to correct the cause of the hidden localization function. In classic Goodheart style, he
problem. took this finding and developed the following impor
Correction: tant therapeutic application. He reasoned that if uni
lateral brain activity could produce therapy
1. Perform the correction procedure appropriate for
localization when it was previously absent, then the
that point.
brain-body connection was improved. To check this
Confirm the correction: hypothesis, he asked a paralyzed patient to attempt
2. Retest the muscle (or indicator muscle plus TL or to lift his right leg while reciting the multiplication
position) while touching the point that made it tables. Mental math is a left-brain activity. The left
test weak. brain controls the right side of the body. When the
3. If the muscle now remains strong, the correction man reached 2 x 39, his leg lifted! Furthermore, hum
is confirmed. ming (a right-brain activity) while attempting to lift
the left leg produced movement in the leg after only
4. Return to #6 above and repeat the process until
two minutes of effort. This technique has helped many
no points can be located which weaken the mus
paralyzed individuals to move again.
cle/indicator muscle.
A problem with the regulating system associated
For further techniques to reveal hidden problems, see with a particular organ may be evident, but the asso
the following section on right hemisphere-left hemi ciated muscles may all test strong. Even touching the
sphere brain activity. Muscles may also only test weak reflex points of a muscle associated with the regulat
after multiple tests, after being stretched, or after ing system (as discussed above in the section on hid
other muscles contract first. For these topics, see the den problems) may not weaken the muscle and thus
sections on repeated muscle testing (page 125), mus may not reveal the existence of the suspected prob
cle stretch response (page 126), and reactive muscles lem. When further hidden problems are suspected,
(page 131). the patient is directed to activate the left hemisphere
To do everything possible to improve the function of her brain by performing some mathematical activ
of a particular muscle, or to positively influence the ity like reciting the multiplication tables. While she
function of the associated organ or gland, the muscle does so, she again therapy-localizes the various reflex
should be tested in all of the above ways and any points for the muscle while the examiner tests it. This
detected imbalances should be corrected. is repeated while she activates the right hemisphere
of the brain by humming an improvised tune (one
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 123
without words that she thinks up on the spot). 2. If the muscle no longer weakens with the simul
Although neither the therapy localization nor the taneous therapy localization plus brain activity,
humming (or mental math) alone weaken the indica the correction is confirmed.
tor muscle, both together may well do so. When the
combination of humming or mental math plus T L to Repeated Musc l e Testing
a reflex point weakens the indicator muscle, the ther
At times, a muscle will test strong, none of its reflex
apy-localized reflex point is then treated. Afterwards,
points have an active T L, but it fails after repeated
the muscle is retested with therapy localization to the
use. This is often a problem with athletes who begin
reflex point plus the brain hemisphere activity that
their sport very well but tire out before they finish.
caused the muscle to test weak. If the muscle no longer
Goodheart first observed this in a competitive skier
weakens, the correction is confirmed.
who could not remain in his tightly tucked position
DETECTING HIDDEN PROBLEMS throughout the downhill run. When he muscle-tested
ThROUGH ACTIVATING this skier, all of his leg muscles tested strong. Since
THE RIGHT AND LEFf HALVES OF THE B RAIN: the problem only emerged at the end of the race,
Goodheart experimented with testing each muscle
1. Test muscles and perform all needed corrections. again and again, imitating the constant demand placed
2. Consider the still-existent problems and deduce upon the muscles by the sports activity. T his is an
which muscles may be involved. example of a basic principle of Applied Kinesiology:
to test the patient in conditions duplicating the situ
3. Have the patient therapy-localize reflex points for ation in his life that causes problems. When he tested
the suspect muscle and retest it. If this produces the skier's hamstring muscles, one side remained
an active T L, treat the hidden problem as strong during repetitive testing, but the other side
described in the previous section. If this fails to weakened after being tested about five times. Good
produce an active T L, retest the indicator muscle heart was fascinated and remarked, "I have an
while performing the activities in 4 and 5 below: answer, but I haven't asked a question." (Walther,
4. T L each of the reflex points for this muscle again 1984, p. 230.)
while the patient recites the multiplication tables. Goodheart next looked for something that would
abolish this repetitive muscle test weakening. He had
5. T L each of the reflex points for this muscle again the client therapy-localize a neurolymphatic point for
while the patient hums an improvised melody.
the hamstrings and again tested the weak hamstring
6. If the muscle tested weak with either math or muscles repetitively. This time they remained strong.
humming, the muscle has a hidden problem. Note that in this case, the muscle tested strong and
therapy localization of the neurolymphatic points did
Correction:
not weaken it. T he muscle only tested weak after
1. Perform the appropriate correction for the ther repeated testing. Therapy localization of the neu
apy-localized reflex point. rolymphatic points for that muscle allowed the mus
cle to continue contracting repeatedly without
Confirm the Correction:
weakening. Goodheart experimented and found that
1. Have the patient again therapy-localize plus per prolonged massage of the muscle's neurolymphatic
form the brain activity that previously weakened points caused the muscle to remain strong in subse
the muscle, and test the muscle again. quent repeated testing. Based upon this successful
therapeutic finding, he reasoned that the muscle
weakness upon repeated testing was due to the lymph
124 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
system not functioning properly. He suspected that fibers cannot be supplied with fuel fast enough to sus
this problem is due to lack of adequate lymphatic cir tain repeated strong contractions. Thus, it is natural
culation through the muscle tissues. that they become exhausted rapidly. The slow fibers
Goodheart, of course, knew that all muscles con oxidize sugar completely. This very economical
sist of both fast and slow fibers. Fast fibers can only process creates many times the amount of energy
contract a few times before they tire. Since in repet from the same amount of sugar. They can also use
itive muscle testing, the muscle tests strong for the fats for fuel. As long as oxygen and fuel are ade
first few contractions, he reasoned that the fast fibers quately supplied, slow fibers can support repeated
must be functioning correctly. The skier's problem contractions for extended periods of time. However,
must then logically lie with the slow fibers, which were if lymph circulation is poor, slow fibers quickly use
failing in their job of sustaining continuous or up their available fuel. Under these circumstances,
repeated contractions over a long duration. the fuel is not replaced rapidly enough to sustain
Both the fast and the slow fibers are fueled by glu repeated contractions. If for these reasons, the red
cose. The body makes glucose from glycogen, the stor (slow) fibers cannot continue to contract, the mus
age form of sugar in the body, as the need arises. Since cle unlocks during repeated testing. This is Good
the fast fibers stopped contracting, the supply of avail heart's hypothesis of why muscles may weaken with
able glucose (already transformed from glycogen) repeated use.
appeared to be used up. It is then logical that the red Another possible explanation lies in the chemistry
slow fibers would also not have adequate glucose within the muscle fibers. The white muscle fibers are
available for fuel. anaerobic and produce the energy needed for con
The slow fibers can also use fat for fuel. When they traction by splitting glucose into lactic acid. When the
cease functioning after several contractions of the lymph system does not remove lactic acid from the
muscle, their fat supply must logically be in deficient muscle tissues fast enough, they become acidic (their
supply. The fat they use is delivered to them by the pH level sinks.) It is the presence of lactic acid in the
blood capillaries and the lymph system. The lymph muscular tissues that causes the discomfort felt in
system is not only a waste transport system. It also fatigued muscles. When the pH level in a muscle is
absorbs nutritional fats through the finger-like too low, the muscle fibers cease to contract. This pro
"lacteals" of the small intestine and delivers this fat tects the muscle from producing more lactic acid and
into the bloodstream, which delivers it to the muscles further sinking the pH to levels so acidic that the mus
for fueling of the slow fibers. cle fibers could be destroyed. Thus elevation of the
If the lymph is not circulating adequately, the flu lactic acid levels may also be a reason why a muscle
ids that leak out of the blood capillaries plus the waste fails after several initial contractions.
products released from the cells build up in the inter Whether lactic acid buildup or Goodheart's
stitial spaces (between the cells). Since in such con hypothesis is the explanation for why a muscle fails
ditions of lymphatic congestion, there is little after several contractions, inadequate lymphatic cir
movement of the lymph fluids, the cells absorb the culation is the logical cause in both cases. In order to
sugars and fats that are immediately next to the cell stimulate the sluggish lymph system in the area of the
wall, and are then not supplied with further fuel. muscle, the muscle's associated neurolymphatic reflex
The fast fibers can contract and thereby give the points require lots of stimulation. Extended stimula
muscle strength for a few strong contractions before tion of the neurolymphatic points (2-4 minutes or
they are exhausted. Since for energy, the fast fibers even longer) will give such a muscle the ability to
split sugar quite uneconomically, they run out of fuel remain strong upon repeated testing. This may need
quickly. Even under the best of conditions, white (fast) to be repeated by the patient at home for several
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 125
weeks to bring a sluggish lymphatic system into white muscles should be tested about 20 times in ten
proper activity. seconds. These tests are performed more rapidly than
The Australian Touch for Health teacher Joan normal Applied Kinesiology muscle testing. The
Dewe (co-founder of the Professional Kinesiology patient clearly does not have adequate time to build
Practitioner system, PKP) related the following story: the tension up to a maximum level during each swift
In an Australian bar, the men practiced a competitive contraction. A sub-maxima/ level of contraction is
sport. They strapped an iron weight onto their shoe. adequate for repeated muscle testing.
With this weight they extended their leg as many Many times, lasting correction of repetitive mus
times as they could. The strongest man there per cle weakness requires nutritional supplementation.
formed 16 extensions. Joan asked to try. They laughed Iron is used for muscles that have a predominance of
because a woman wanted to attempt their test of slow fibers. Pantothenic acid is the choice for pre
strength. She asked if they were afraid of being bet dominantly fast-fiber muscles. When patients have
tered by a woman. They let her try. With the weight many different muscles that all test weak upon mul
on her shoe, she crossed her arms over her chest. This tiple testing, they may not have enough quality nutri
allowed her to use her fingers surreptitiously to mas tional fats to fuel their slow red muscle fibers. In such
sage under the anterior edge of her rib cage (the neu cases, fatty acids such as oil, evening primrose oil,
rolymphatic areas for the quadriceps muscles sesame oil and/or fish oils are often needed.
including rectus femoris, which extend the leg). The In muscles that show weakness during multiple
men stared with disbelieving eyes and gaping mouths testing as above, check whether therapy localization
as she exceeded sixteen repetitions. Through her mas of the neurolymphatic and/or neurovascular points
sage of her quadriceps neurolymphatic reflex areas, for the muscle eliminates the weakening. The points
her quadriceps muscles were supplied with fuel and that negate the weakening are those needed for the
the waste products of muscular contraction were more application of corrective treatment.
swiftly carried away, allowing her to perform better When muscles show weakness in repeated testing,
than all the men present. the application of the above techniques will increase
In some cases, the weakness upon multiple testing their capacity for endurance significantly. Anyone can
is due to poor vascular circulation in the tissues of benefit from increased endurance. This will benefit
the muscle. This is more often the case with muscles the elderly who tire before reaching the top of the
that contain a higher concentration of fast fibers. In stairs. This can also greatly assist athletes to attain
these cases, therapy localization of the neurovascu their highest performance potential.
lar points will abolish the test weakness encountered
after repetitive muscle tests. And stimulation of the
Repeated Mu s c l e Testing Techn i q u e
neurovascular points will eliminate the problem. Some
cases may require both neurolymphatic and neu Test:
rovascular stimulation before the repeated muscle
1. Test the muscle. If it tests weak, strengthen it
testing weakness is eliminated.
before continuing.
Aerobic red muscles contract more slowly than
anaerobic white muscles. Mirroring this natural dif 2. Test aerobic (postural) muscles about 10 times in
ference in function, muscles that contain a predomi 10 seconds, or
nance of aerobic red fibers are tested slowly and
3. Test anaerobic (phasic) muscles about 20 times in
rhythmically about 10 times in 10 seconds. Muscles
10 seconds.
with a higher concentration of fast fibers contract
faster and should be tested faster. Such anaerobic
126 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
If you don't know which type the muscle is, try both Fasc i al Rel ease
types of testing.
or Chi l l and Stretch Techni ques
4. If the muscle unlocks during the repeated testing,
for Muscle Stretch Reacti on
have the patient "insalivate" (chew, mix with saliva
and retain in the mouth) a source of iron, then Normally, when a muscle is gently stretched, its level
pantothenic acid, then fatty acid. of tone will temporarily increase. For example, in mus
cle testing one applies an increasing force upon the
5. Perform the repetitive muscle testing after insali limb tested, which stretches the neuromuscular spin
vation of each substance. If one of these abolishes dle cells and signals the need for increased tension to
the repetitive muscle weakness, recommend that hold the limb steady under the increasing force. When
the client include it in her daily diet. Have her a muscle tests strong, but tests temporarily weak after
rinse her mouth and check that the muscle again gentle stretching, it is said to have an abnormal stretch
weakens with repetitive testing before proceeding. reaction. For example, a ball thrower reaching back
6. Have the patient touch a neurolymphatic reflex in preparation to throw the ball stretches the muscles
point for the muscle. used in the action. This should facilitate them. If the
stretch reaction is present, these muscles will be inhib
7. While she touches the NL point, perform the
ited just when they are most needed, resulting in less
repeated testing again.
than optimal strength and coordination in the throw
8. Have the patient touch a neurovascular reflex ing motion.
point for the muscle. To test for muscle stretch reaction, the muscle is
9. W hile she touches the NV point, perform the first tested in the clear. If weak, standard AK tech
repeated testing again. niques are applied to strengthen it. When it tests
strong, the muscle is fully extended and given a slight
10. If the muscle can contract ten times during repet tug or push toward further extension to stretch the
itive muscle testing (with therapy localization of fibers. The examiner must be careful not to give a
the NL or NV) without weakening, perform the powerful stretch as this will temporarily weaken any
following correction. muscle. The muscle is immediately retested. If it tests
Correction: weak after this stretching, the muscle has an abnor
mal stretch reaction.
1. If NL contact strengthened the test, deeply rub
Postural muscles such as the sacrospinalis, ham
all the neurolymphatic points for the muscle for
strings, and quadriceps that work most of the time
2-4 minutes.
need to be stretched rather slowly to demonstrate the
2. If NV contact strengthened the test, lightly hold abnormal stretch reaction. Muscles that are usually
(and tug in the direction of maximal pulsation) inactive and contract for swift action (phasic muscles)
the neurovascular points for the muscle for at least need to be stretched rather swiftly to reveal an abnor
1 minute. mal stretch reaction when one is present. When the
Confirm the correction: muscle type is unknown, test after a fast stretch and
again after a slow stretch.
3. Repeat the repeated muscle test (without touch To correct the abnormal stretch reaction, Good
ing the reflex points). If the muscle no longer heart recommends two techniques: the fascial release,
weakens, the correction was successful. and the chill and stretch (both explained in detail
below). Fascial release seems to be the best choice
when the associated gland or organ has dysfunction.
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 127
Chill and stretch is indicated when there is pain in or active, indicating the need for increased drainage of
near the muscle tested. the lymph fluids. Before performing the fascial release
Around every muscle and organ is a thin, strong, technique, it is advisable to increase the circulation
connective tissue (fascia) sack. The fascia is a slightly and drainage of the affected areas. Otherwise the
elastic membrane that allows organs and muscles to pressure applied upon the tissues swollen with excess
slide smoothly against one another. Ideally, the fas lymph could stretch and damage the lymph vessels.
cia sack should be the same length as the muscle and For this purpose, the neurovascular and neurolym
free to slide smoothly along other tissues. After injury phatic reflexes to the affected muscle should be
to a muscle, the fascia may shorten and thicken like checked and corrected as necessary. Furthermore, the
any scar tissue in the body. Injury and certain inflam tissues should be drained of excess fluids mechani
matory illnesses can cause the fascia membranes to cally. To do so, the examiner uses the whole surface
stick to one another. This limits the range of motion of the hand to squeeze the proximal (toward the
of the muscles involved and likely inhibits the free heart) end of the muscle firmly for 20-30 seconds. At
circulation of blood and lymph fluids. the same time, he moves his hand toward the heart
Nerves and stretch receptors embedded in the fas as far as the excursion of the skin allows. As the fluids
cia and in the muscle may cause pain when stretched, are squeezed out, the tissues can be felt to slightly
incorrectly signaling the nervous system to react by shrink. Then the examiner moves his hand along the
contracting and thus further shortening the muscle. muscle distally (further away from the heart),
When for any reason a muscle isn't stretched for a squeezes and moves his hand toward the heart again.
long period of time, the fascia around it shortens. This This moves the fluids toward the heart end of the mus
structurally limits the range of muscle lengthening. cle. After holding this second hand position for about
Self-applied attempts to stretch it typically produce 10 seconds, he continues to maintain it and also
only limited success and a lot of discomfort. For this squeezes the first position again. Then he moves to a
reason, one who habitually slumps may find it diffi third position more distal than the second and repeats
cult and painful to assume upright posture. the process. He continues squeezing the fluids toward
When the fascia around a muscle is shortened or and through the heart end of the muscle until the
adheres to other fascial tissues, the function of the entire muscle feels more soft and pliable. Performing
organ or gland associated with the muscle is often this maneuver first helps to prevent injuring the tis
disturbed. Applying the fascial release technique can sues when applying the more aggressive fascial release
help the organ or gland to return to normal function. technique.
For example, the teres minor muscle is associated To perform the fascial release, the body is first
with the thyroid gland, which is involved in temper brought into a position that gently stretches the mus
ature regulation. If teres minor needs and receives cle. The muscle is kept stretched during the whole
fascial stretch, the body temperature may change procedure. Oil is spread on the skin above the tissues
swiftly and measurably. When patients with hypothy to be manipulated. To avoid rupturing small blood
roid activity (which often causes low body tempera and lymph vessels, the examiner begins at the end of
ture) receive fascial stretch to the teres minor, thyroid the muscle away from the heart. The examiner presses
activity increases, and a rise in body temperature of his fingers, thumbs, or knuckles into the muscle and
0.5-1.5 C within minutes is usual. This is an exam slides with pressure along the muscle toward the
ple of how fascial stretching of a muscle can affect heart. The flat surface of a fingernail or the side of
the associated organ or gland. the thumbnail may be used for a deeper, more aggres
AK testing confirms that when there is an abnor sive effect. The movement is like ironing in that it
mal stretch reaction, the neurolymphatic reflexes are smooths out the kinks and irregularities in the fascial
128 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
STEP 1 STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
STEP 5
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 129
tissues. The examiner massages, kneads, and slides his trigger point may be deduced. Pressure on active trig
hands along the muscle several times. Often the ger points produces a predictable pattern of pain near
smoothing out of the fascial tissues can be felt dur and sometimes rather distant from the trigger point
ing the process. The last step of the treatment is to itself. Muscles with active trigger points are usually
stimulate the neurolymphatic and neurovascular shortened and overly tense (palpatory hypertonic).
reflexes for the muscle. One cannot fully extend such muscles without diffi
The abnormal stretch reaction may also be caused culty and pain. If a muscle with active trigger points is
by palpatory hypertonic muscles. In this case, small, gently tensed and then plucked like the string of a
extremely sensitive "trigger" points may be located musical instrument, it will quickly contract. This is
in or near the muscle. Trigger points for specific mus called the "jump sign." Further analysis of trigger
cles have been well mapped by Travel and Rinzler points will not be pursued in this text. Pain upon
(1952, 1976). For illustrations of the location of trigger extension of a muscle and the jump sign are the diag
points, the reader is referred to this source or to nostic indicators for use of the following treatment:
Walther, 198 1 , pp. 171-180 and Gerz, 1996, pp. The treatment of hypertonic muscles with trigger
132-138. From the patient's report of the areas of points involves applying cold to the muscle while gen
pain, and comparison with illustrations of the areas tly stretching it. The spraying of a chilling fluid for
of pain related to trigger points, the specific active this technique (as recommended in the AK literature)
should be left to those professionally trained in its
use. Goodheart refers to this technique as "spray and
stretch." Its improper use can cause damage to the
tissues by freezing them. Sliding along the affected
tissue toward the heart with an ice cube (while stretch
ing the muscle) is a relatively safe way to achieve the
same effect. A convenient tool for this purpose can
be made by freezing a wood dowel into a paper cup
full of water (like a popsicle).
The fascia will often lengthen during the applica
tion of the ice. As it does so, the examiner takes up
the slack and continues to extend and stretch the
muscle further. This "chill and stretch" technique is
capable of blocking and eliminating pain, even when
underlying causes have not been corrected. There
fore, this technique should not be used repeatedly.
When pain returns after such treatment, other causes
should be diagnosed and corrected.
After the application of these techniques as
required, stretching a muscle should no longer cause
it to test weak. Combined with manipulation of the
Golgi tendon organs and neuromuscular spindle cells,
the fascial release technique (or "chill and stretch"
as required) can swiftly return full extension to a
THE FACIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUE shortened muscle. Application of these techniques
130 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
may remove pain, increase the range of motion and, 5. If it is difficult and painful to extend the muscle,
of special interest for athletes, dancers, etc., signifi have the patient gently contract the extended mus
cantly improve performance. cle. Then "pluck" it like the string of a musical
instrument. If the muscle responds by "jumping,"
it needs the chill and stretch technique. (In this
case, pressure on the trigger points will cause a
predictable pattern of pain.)
6. Whether the muscle needs the fascial stretch or
the chill and stretch, first drain it of excess fluids as
outlined below.
3. Put oil on the whole surface of the muscle. 9.If the pain returns, do not repeat the chill and
stretch technique. Determine and correct the
4. Begin at the distal end of the muscle (away from
underlying causes. If the muscle stretch response
the heart). Use the fingers, thumb or knuckles to
returns, there is likely an organ or gland involved
press in and slide along the tissues of the muscle
and the muscle will require the fascial release tech
toward the heart. Massage, knead and "iron" out
nique.
any irregularities in the fascia.
5. Repeat this process, covering the whole area of
Reactive Musc l es
the muscle, always sliding parallel to the fibers of
the muscle. Elevated tonus in a muscle causes a change of tonus
in other muscles. It is physiologically normal that cer
Confirm the correction: tain muscles are inhibited while other muscles are
6. Repeat the muscle stretch. Retest the muscle. The activated (reciprocal facilitation and inhibition). When
muscle should no longer weaken. contraction of one muscle causes the subsequent
weakening of another muscle, an undesirable reac
7. Stimulate the neurolymphatic and neurovascular tive condition exists. In AK, one says that the mus
reflexes for the muscle. cles that are inappropriately stimulated to react are
in a "reactive state" or there is a state of "reactive
PERFORMING THE CHILL
muscles." The muscle with elevated tonus that is caus
AND STRETCH TECHNIQUE
ing the reactivity is called by Bruce Dewe (former
1. Determine if this technique is needed ICAK member) in his PKP program the "reactor."
(see "Muscle Stretch Response" above.) This is an accurate description but is not generally
accepted in the ICAK. In You 'll Be Better, Goodheart
2. Drain the muscle of excess fluids. called this muscle "hypertonic," "over-reactive," "the
3. Extend and gently stretch the muscle and hold it first muscle," "primary muscle" or simply "primary."
in this position. This gay array of terms has caused much confusion
to students of AK. In this book, the term "primary
4. Slide ice slowly across the muscle from its distal muscle" will be used. The primary and the reactive
end toward the heart. muscles are called a reactive muscle pair or a reac
5. As the muscle lengthens, continue to extend and tive muscle group if there is more than one reactive
stretch it further. muscle involved. The reactive muscles are reactive to
the primary muscle.
6. Continue to slide the ice firmly until the whole Because reactive muscles may test strong in the
surface of the muscle has been covered. Do not clear, they may be overlooked by an examiner using
excessively chill the muscle. AK. When pain exists after a session, or when prob
Confirm the correction: lems recur (such as a muscle again testing weak) soon
after treatment, an examination for possible reactive
7. Retest the muscle stretch response. Stretching muscles should be performed.
should no longer cause the muscle to test weak. Reactive muscles are often a problem for athletes.
Range of motion should be better. Pain should be Consider the case of a baseball pitcher. In throwing,
absent. the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid muscles
8. Cover and warm the muscle. are the prime movers. In preparation for throwing,
the antagonists tighten to pull the arm back. This
132 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
lengthens and stretches the prime movers in prepa Furthermore, most people raise their shoulders every
ration for their action. As contraction of the antago time they do anything with their hands. This also
nists (teres major, teres minor, trapezius, middle and places repeated unnecessary stress upon the upper
posterior deltoids, rhomboids, etc.) becomes com trapezius muscles. As a result, at the end of each work
plete, reciprocal facilitation of the prime movers ing day, most people complain of tension and pain in
occurs. Thus, reaching back should immediately the upper trapezius muscles. Note that this is not a
increase the tension in the muscles used for throw natural result of the daily work activities performed.
ing forward. These mechanisms help the muscles to The extra strain is produced by unnecessary postural
quickly apply full power. However, if the pectoralis errors.
or deltoid muscles are reactive to the rhomboid mus By reason of poor alignment of the head upon the
cles (located between the shoulder blade and the spine and excess lifting of the shoulders, the upper
spine) or other muscles involved in pulling the arm trapezius muscles are continually tightened. This
back, reaching back (activating the antagonists) will excess tension causes the upper trapezius muscles to
temporarily weaken the throwing action. Just when become primary muscles, which then turn off their
the athlete needs the greatest strength, he does not main antagonists, latissimus dorsi. This is one expla
have it! A similar case may exist for any ball throwing nation for the common experience of examiners using
or striking action such as in baseball batting, golf AK techniques that latissimus dorsi tests weak in
"driving" or playing tennis. almost every patient and is again weak at the start of
Primary muscles have usually received some form every new session. This problem is easy to demon
of prior injury, perhaps due to overexertion, sudden strate. After strengthening the latissimus dorsi, the
stretching, sudden contraction, a direct blow, or other patient lifts her shoulders up to her ears (which tight
trauma to the muscle. Asking a patient about such ens the upper trapezius) and then relaxes. Within the
injuries can help the examiner locate possible pri next 10 seconds, her latissimus dorsi is tested. If there
mary muscles. Having the patient take the position is a primary-reactive relationship between these two
he was in when an accident occurred can be especially muscles, latissimus dorsi will again test weak. Until
helpful in identifying suspect primary muscles. The the excess tension in the upper trapezius is eliminated
muscles that were traumatized by an accident are sus (by reactive muscle treatment and by improved pat
pect primary muscles. terns of posture and use), the weakness of latissimus
Primary muscles are not only created by accidents. dorsi will continue to return.
Any muscle that is held constantly tight tends to The exact neurophysiology of reactive muscles is
become over-tensed, hard and painful. This continual still unknown. It is suspected that the level of nerve
tension causes the muscle to become a primary mus signaling of proprioceptors (neuromuscular spindle
cle and certain other muscles to become reactive to cells or sometimes the Golgi tendon organs) in the
it. A classic example is the upper trapezius muscles primary muscle is inappropriately high. Thus nor
which lift the shoulders and, when contracting on both mal contraction of the primary muscle causes the
sides at the same time, pull the head back. Most peo proprioceptors to send strong signals into the cen
ple carry their heads far forward of the line of grav tral nervous system, which causes the continued inhi
ity through their trunk. This improper posture puts bition (weakening) of the reactive muscles. Since
continual stress upon the upper trapezius, which must treatment of the proprioceptors in the primary mus
hold the head back to prevent it from nodding for cle often corrects the reactive muscle condition, this
ward. In this poor but typical posture, were the upper hypothesis is likely correct.
trapezius to relax, the chin would fall upon the chest. When looking for reactive muscle groups, first
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 133
locate a possible primary muscle. A suspect primary synergists and stabilizers may be overly inhibited. In
muscle is one that is palpatory hypertonic, painful, this case, it is the synergists and stabilizers that are
stiff, shortened and/or was involved in an accident. the suspects for reactivity. Reactivity as a result of the
Next, consider which muscles work in opposition to improper signaling of the Golgi receptors is less com
it. Reactive muscles are most often the antagonists mon but should be considered, especially when acti
to a primary muscle. Synergists can also be reactive vation of a muscle subsequently causes its synergists
to a primary muscle. Sometimes a muscle on one side to weaken.
of the body is reactive to the same muscle on the Synergists may also weaken due to dysfunctioning
other side; This is often the case with the upper trapez neuromuscular spindle cells in the prime mover. Per
ius (located on top of the shoulder between the shoul haps the logical explanation for this unexpected phe
der and the neck). In this case, the shoulder will be nomenon is the following: When one muscle is
elevated on the side with the primary upper trapezius tightening more than is necessary to perform an activ
muscle. An interesting primary-reactive muscle rela ity, its synergists (though theoretically facilitated) do
tionship may exist between corresponding muscles not need to contract to aid in the action and so remain
in the two diagonal extremities. For example, the relatively relaxed. Their job of contraction has been
biceps (the flexor of the arm) on the right side may usurped by the overly tight agonist. So when a muscle
be reactive to the biceps femoris (hamstrings, the causes one or more of its synergists to become reac
flexor of the leg) on the left side. This relationship is tive, check both the neuromuscular spindle cells and
called muscle interlink. the Golgi tendon organs to determine which one is
Before testing for reactive muscles, the suspected dysfunctioning.
primary and reactive muscles must test strong in the Often therapy-localizing the affected propriocep
clear. If not, appropriate strengthening techniques tors in the primary muscle will eliminate its effect
are applied as needed until they do test strong. Next, upon the reactive muscles. If so, this may be used to
the possible primary muscle is tested and the sus determine the exact location of the involved neuro
pected reactive muscles are then tested within the muscular spindle cells or Golgi tendon organs requir
next 10 seconds. If a muscle tests weak immediately ing treatment. To do so (after identifying a
after testing the suspected primary muscle, it is reac primary-reactive pair of muscles), test the primary
tive to the primary muscle. muscle and immediately test the reactive while ther
Treatment of a reactive muscle most often requires apy-localizing the belly of the reactive muscle (for
sedation of the neuromuscular spindle cells located the neuromuscular spindle cells) and then each end
in the belly of the primary muscle. When the level of of the muscle (to test the Golgi tendon organs). If
signaling from the neuromuscular spindle cells is too therapy localization to one of these areas of the mus
high, the muscle itself (its synergists and stabilizers) cle prevents the reactive muscle from weakening, the
will be overly facilitated and palpatory hypertonic. It proprioceptors that need treatment are located there.
may also be hypertonic (tests strong but cannot be Use the fingertips for more specific therapy localiza
weakened). In either case, some or all of its antago tion to identify the exact position of the problematic
nists and perhaps other muscles will be overly inhib proprioceptor(s).
ited and thus reactive to the overly facilitated main One can often feel the affected proprioceptors
muscle. as fibrous lumps in the muscle. Treatment is applied
However, when the level of signaling from the to the neuromuscular spindle cells (of the primary
Golgi tendon organs is too high, the muscle itself will muscle) by squeezing them together in the direction
be inhibited. This will facilitate its antagonists, but its of the muscle fibers, which are usually parallel to the
1 34 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
length of the muscle. The Golgi tendon organ treat ribs. His deltoid muscles "remembered" the incident
ment (less frequently required) is effected by pulling and remained tight to protect him from such an acci
the Golgi tendon organ away from the bell y of the dent happening again. The continual tension in the
muscle toward the attachment of the tendon to the deltoid muscles caused the rhomboids to be reactive.
bone at one end of the muscle. Notice that two-point This excess tension also perpetuated the pain. As a
contact is necessary to push the neuromuscular spin result, during the whole year after the incident, he
dle cells together whereas only one point of contact is had continual pain and was unable to l ift his arm
needed to pull the Golgi tendon organ away. If the above the level of his shoulder.
Golgi tendon organs at both ends of the muscle are In the example of my father's body surfing acci
involved, treat first one and then the other end of the dent, a single reactive muscle treatment restored the
muscle to avoid stretching the neuromuscular spin range of motion of his shoulder joint and eliminated
dle cells in the belly of the muscle. most of the pain. However, the next day he said, "What
Sometimes, years after an injury, reactive muscle did you do to me?" He complained his shoulder had
conditions may still cause pain. Treatment of the about 1 0% of the same terrible pain he had when the
affected proprioceptors in the primary muscle will accident occurred. This seems to be the effect of mus
often eliminate such long-standing pains. Proper treat cle memory being released by the reactive muscle
ment of reactive muscle conditions can also result in treatment. Two further reactive muscle corrections of
an immediate increase in the possible range of move the same muscles were required to eliminate all of the
ment of the affected body parts. Postural analysis com pain. This re-emergence of the original pain does not
parison before and after reactive muscle treatment always occur, but it is a good idea for the examiner to
will often reveal positive improvements. mention the possibility. The client should know that
Often the muscles that "could have saved you if it is a positive sign, indicating the release of the orig
they had tightened enough" remain tight (and painful) inal trauma, and that if it does occur, the muscles may
even after the injured tissues have healed. This phe need another treatment or two before they will remain
nomenon is known as "muscle memory." In case such in balance and pain-free.
an accident should ever happen again, these primary Fluid buildup (edema) in the primary muscle (often
muscles are already tensed and ready to protect you. present in the acute stages soon after an injury) may
And they may remain tensed and ready for years after cause improper signaling from proprioceptors. In such
the original incident! cases, massage, lymph drainage, or neurolymphatic
Here's an example from my own family: At age 67, massage point stimulation should be employed to
my father had an accident body surfing in Santa Mon drain the excess fluid from the muscle tissue. Scar tis
ica, California, with high surf at low tide. With tons sue in a primary muscle may cause improper propri
of water driving him forward and down, he saw sand oceptor signaling in chronic cases long after an injury.
with little water below him. He turned to take the Or poor posture may have allowed the fascial sack
blow on the back of his shoulder. The impact broke around the muscle to shorten. Attempting proper pos
his shoulder blade as well as three ribs on the oppo ture may then stretch the fascial sack again, causing
site side of his chest. One year later, his deltoid mus improper proprioceptor signaling. In these cases, deep
cles on the side of impact were still extremely hard stretching massage techniques (see "Muscle Stretch
and painful. Had his deltoid muscles performed the Reaction," page 126) may be needed to break up the
superhuman task of lifting his elbow strongly enough adhesions and lengthen the fascial sack.
to hold his body off the sand during the accident, he Very large or very tight muscles may require lots of
would theoretically not have broken his shoulder and neuromuscular spindle cell treatment. As the effect
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 135
of spindle cell weakening may only last about 15 sec quate, the former reactive muscles should now remain
onds, it is wise to reset the reactives (by testing or strong.
simply having the patient tighten them) after each
10-15 seconds of spindle cell weakening of the pri ThE REACTIVE MUSCLE TECHNIQUE
mary muscle. The best technique is neuromuscular
Indication:
spindle cell pinching of the primary muscle, test the
reactive to reset it, and repeat this cycle several times. Any overly-tight muscles may be primary muscles.
This is effective for large muscles like sacrospinalis Suspect the existence of reactive muscles when any
primary-abdominals reactive (see "Case Histories" strengthened muscles become weak after certain
#1, page 257). For these two groups of muscles, it is activities. After the patient has had her weak-testing
easiest to do the neuromuscular spindle cell weak muscles strengthened, ask her to walk around, bend
ening of sacrospinalis and the tightening of abdomi over, climb stairs and especially to perform any activ
nals with the patient lying on the side. Otherwise, the ities that she knows may cause her problems. Then
patient must lie on the stomach for the neuromuscu recheck the muscles. If some muscles again test weak
lar spindle cell work and roll over each time for after activity, there is likely one or more primary mus
abdominal testing. For abdominal activation on the cles responsible for turning off the reactive muscles
side, the patient can press the knees against the exam (making them test weak subsequent to the action of
iner's leg while the examiner pushes upon the the primary muscles).
patient's chest. In the same position, the examiner Test:
can reach over the back and do the neuromuscular
1. Individually test the suspect primary and reactive
spindle cell pinching.
muscles. If any test weak, strengthen them.
After the reactive muscle treatment, test the pri
mary muscle and then immediately test the reactive 2. Test the primary and immediately (within 10 sec
muscles. If treatment has been appropriate and ade- onds) test the suspect reactive muscle. If it now
NEUROMUSCULAR SPINDLE CELL WEA K ENING POSITION FOR T ENSING TO RESET THE A BDOMINALS
OF THE SACROSPINALIS
136 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
tests weak, the primary-reactive muscle relation muscle. If Golgi tendon organ treatment to weaken
ship exists. the muscle is required, pull the affected Golgi ten
don organ away from the belly and toward the end
3. Test the primary muscle and immediately test the
of the muscle. Optional: Test the primary muscle
reactive muscle while therapy-localizing the belly
to confirm that it has been weakened.
of the reactive muscle. If this causes the reactive
muscle to remain strong, a neuromuscular spin 2. Immediately test the reactive muscle to activate
dle cell in this area requires treatment. Therapy it. Or more easily, have the patient tighten the
localize smaller areas to determine its exact reactive muscle strongly.
position.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 several times.
4. If no neuromuscular spindle cell can be located,
Confirm the correction:
test the primary muscle and immediately test the
reactive muscle while therapy-localizing the Golgi Perform the test step 2 again. If you have corrected
tendon organs at each end of the muscle. If this the primary-reactive relationship, the formerly reac
causes the reactive muscle to remain strong, treat tive muscle will now test strong.
ment of the Golgi tendon organ is required. No list of reactive muscles is complete. Any mus
cle that was active when the body received a trauma
5. If TL to neither neuromuscular spindle cells nor may become involved in a primary-reactive muscle
the Golgi tendon organs causes the reactive mus relationship. The list given below is only a guide to
cle to remain strong, assume that neuromuscular help the examiner look for possible reactive muscles.
spindle cells are at fault. Some muscles that are not illustrated in this book are
Correction: listed here for examiners familiar with these addi
tional muscle tests. When looking for primary-reac
1. Pinch the neuromuscular spindle cells of the pri tive muscle pairs, also test contralateral muscles
mary muscle together to weaken it. If the exact (muscle interlink) and all antagonists and synergists
location could not be determined, pinch them to the main muscle.
together over the whole range of the belly of the
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 137
Exercise muscle and places some body weight upon it. Then
wait and breathe deeply until the muscle and other
For health and optimal functioning, the body requires tissues let go and your extension increases. Be sure
an adequate quantity of the right quality of move you are warmed up and stretched before per
ment. In his AK courses, Goodheart often said that forming any exercises that require strength.
as long as the muscles of the body test strong in AK
4. Be sure that the muscles test strong when mus
muscle tests, normal daily activities will provide for
adequate fitness. Goodheart himself played tennis for cle-tested. Exercises produce less benefit, and may
up to three hours several times per week! With his cause damage if they are performed with weak
level of "normal daily activity" further exercise was testing muscles. If you have no one to test you, at
not needed. least contract the muscle, rub its neurolymphatic
However, most of us need more exercise than we points, and contract the muscle again before begin
get. The need for exercise for training muscle strength ning with the exercises for this muscle. To
is becoming an increasingly popular topic in AK. The strengthen the abdominals, also pull the sagittal
following is a short description of how to perform the suture open (see "Rectus Adominis," page 192).
type of movements needed for health and for cor 5. Only perform motions that follow the natural
rection of typical postural problems. motions of the joints and respect the structures
of the body.
BASIC FORMULA FOR AN EXERCISE ROUTINE
The bones of the neck are designed to bend forward
1. Warm up and backward, lean right and left, and rotate to the
right and the left. Other motions such as circles with
2. Stretch
the head should not be performed! Also, do not lean
3. Exercise (whether light aerobic exercise such the head backward while standing. Due to years of
as running, or heavy anaerobic exercise the ubiquitous but incorrect posture of pulling the
such as weight-lifting) head back upon a neck that is slumped forward and
down, the cervical intervertebral discs are thinner on
4. Stretch
the back side of the body. Pulling the head back places
5. Cool down extra pressure on the already compromised posterior
portion of these discs. Even when stretching with no
Basic Formula for Exercise added weight, only perform this movement when on
1. If you have or suspect any physical problems, the hands and knees or bending forward to remove
inquire of a doctor or sports therapist as to which the weight of the head from pressing upon the thin
exercises you may do, and how to perform them portion of these discs.
without danger of injury. The lumbar vertebral discs are usually pinched
posteriorly like the cervical discs. To avoid placing
2. Warm up your body with light aerobics such as
weight upon these already compromised discs, avoid
bicycle riding or easy gymnastics. Wait until you
leaning extremely backward while standing. To stretch
begin to sweat before continuing.
this area, arch the back while on the hands and knees
3. Stretch the muscles you intend to exercise. Do not upon the floor (the yoga posture of the cat). To pro
bounce your weight upon a stretched muscle but tect this often-injured area, normal sit-ups should also
rather take a position that gently stretches the be avoided.
140 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
6. Begin gently and over a period of weeks gradu Two TYPES OF EXERCISE: AEROBIC
ally increase the weights used (if you exercise with AND ANAEROBIC
weights) and the number of sets of each exercise.
1. Aerobic exercises are easy-to-do exercises that
7. After exercising, again stretch the muscles that are repeated for extended periods of time. Light
were used. Also thoroughly stretch all shortened weight lifting, running, swimming, bicycling, tram
muscles, especially those of the pectoralis group. poline springing, and dancing are typical aerobic
exercises. Since many people don't make time for
8. Gradually cool down (i.e. walk after running).
exercise at all, and exercise is necessary for health,
some English doctors have recommended enthu
BASIC FORMULA FOR MUSCLE INJURIES: "RICE"
siastic love-making as a good aerobic exercise. Aer
1. Rest obic exercises are performed near but not over a
2. Ice heart rate of 180 minus your age. If you are out of
3. Compression shape, lower this number even further. If you are
very fit, your aerobic heart rate may be safely cho
4. Elevation
sen a bit higher than 180 minus your age. This type
of exercise uses oxygen to burn fat for fuel. It
If you injure a muscle, first of all rest it. Don't con
results in more slender muscles capable of sus
tinue with your workout. Place ice (wrapped in a
tained activity. It is wise to build up aerobic fitness
towel and then in a plastic bag) upon the injured mus
before including anaerobic exercises in your rou
cle. Apply compression such as wrapping it gently in
tine. For aerobic fitness, at least 20 minutes of exer
an elastic bandage to prevent swelling. Elevate it
cises in the target heart beat range (180 minus age
above the level of your heart. This will also help pre
for the maximum, 15-20 below this rate for a min
vent swelling. After a day or so, TL the injured area
imum) is recommended. An electronic heart mon
and muscle-test an indicator muscle. If this weakens
itor makes this easy to control. This device makes
the indicator muscle, test whether the application of
one sound when the heart goes over the desired
cold or warmth makes the indicator test strong, and
maximum and another sound when it goes under
apply this kind of stimulus. Other possible treatments
the desired minimum. Aerobic exercises can be
can be tested in the same way. Enzymes such as found
performed with good results 4-6 days per week.
in fresh pineapple and in the many digestive and
metabolic enzyme products available without a pre 2. Anaerobic exercises are strenuous exercises that
scription are recommended to dissolve the blood one cannot perform for more than 12 repetitions
released into the tissues by the injury. The following before exhaustion of the muscles used occurs.
day, when you again start calisthenics involving that Weight lifting near maximum weights, chin-ups,
muscle, begin slowly. If such calisthenics do not invoke dips, and hand-stand push-ups are typical exam
pain at the time, and these can be performed without ples. Anaerobic exercises push the heart rate up
provoking pain or swelling the following day, the higher than aerobic exercises. The body cannot
intensity of the exercises can be gradually increased. burn fat with oxygen this rapidly so it breaks down
When you proceed to your usual weight-exercise, use blood sugar for fuel. This lowers the amount of
less weight than normal and perform less strenuous sugar circulating in the blood, which may produce
maneuvers. Gradually build up to your normal work intense hunger. Anaerobic exercise produces
out over a period of several days or weeks as needed thicker muscles capable of exerting great force for
for recovery. short periods of time. Rest between anaerobic
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 141
exercises. Avoid elevating the heart rate exces to allow the head to come forward and up, the
sively. Aerobic exercises may be performed the back to lengthen and widen.
next day, but one should rest one day to allow the
5. Because AK muscle testing and balancing both
muscles to recuperate before again performing
improve posture and change the subjective sense
anaerobic exercises.
of what feels right, better posture and patterns of
use are automatically assumed without having to
Muscle and Fitness magazine reported research in
consciously attend to them.
which half of the subjects lifted weights but did not
have to lower them. The other subjects only had to
lower the weights but not lift them. Lowering the 'TYPICAL POSTURAL DIFFICULTIES
weight is called "negative" exercise. Surprisingly, low In the upper torso, almost everyone has stronger mus
ering the weights produced a greater increase in cles on the front than the back. We are oriented for
strength and muscle mass than lifting the weights. ward and down toward our desks, sinks, automobiles,
Considering this finding, be sure to lower the weights etc., so naturally the muscles on the front of the chest
slowly to get the greatest benefit from weight lifting, are more fit than those on the back. In these and other
or from exercises in which you lift your own body activities we mostly perform motions that inwardly
weight. rotate the shoulders. Even sport and fitness enthusi
asts typically do more bench presses than rowing
IMPROVING POSTURE movements. So they too have stronger pushing mus
cles (pectoralis major clavicularis, pectoralis major
1. A depressed attitude is reflected in a slumped pos
sternal, pectoralis minor, anterior deltoid, middle del
ture. And a slumped posture predisposes toward
toid, triceps, coracobrachialis, etc.) than pulling mus
depression. The two mutually influence one
cles (rhomboids, trapezius, posterior deltoids,
another. Change the underlying attitudes-the
latissimus dorsi, teres major, teres minor, supraspina
mental posture-and the physical posture may fol
tus, infraspinatus, biceps, etc.). This is easily seen in
low. But body habit can be strong enough to pull
the deltoid (shoulder) muscles. The deltoid is typi
you back. Change your physical posture, and your
cally large in the anterior and middle sections but
mental/emotional attitudes will change. Specific
quite small in its posterior portion. For various rea
mental-emotional states are only achievable from
sons, even athletes who consciously exercise their
specific postures. For example, you cannot feel
pulling muscles, tend to ignore the external rotators of
depressed without collapsing your chest down
the shoulder. Although latissimus dorsi and teres
ward.
major are used in popular pulling motions like chin
2. Perform exercises to strengthen the muscles ups and rowing, they are also internal rotators of the
needed to support upright posture. shoulder.
As a result of these imbalanced activities, the most
3. Stretch the muscles whose prior shortening have
used muscles of the chest (the pectoralis group) and
pulled the body into poor posture.
the inward rotators of the shoulders tend to be com
4. The procedures of Alexander Technique likely paratively over-strong and shortened. This is called
provide the best training in posture and move "adaptive shortening." Their opponents tend to be
ment. Private sessions with a qualified teacher are weak, to muscle-test weak and be overly lengthened.
recommended. In such lessons, you will learn to The shortened pectoralis muscles and internal rota
release the tight muscles at the back of your neck tors pull the shoulders forward and down, rotate them
142 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
inward and round the back. These changes establish functionally weak. To better support the low back and
a new and incorrect norm of balance between these protect it from pain and disc damage, strong abdom
sets of muscles. The weakness in the external rotators inal muscles are needed. However, the typical "sit
of the shoulders predisposes them to the common up" exercises mostly strengthen the iliopsoas muscles,
"rotator cuff" injuries. The rotator cuff muscles hold which connect the inner femur with the lumbar ver
the humerus into the shoulder joint. Actually, the tebrae and the pelvis. These cannot pull the ribs to
shoulder joint is structurally quite unstable. It is like the pubic bone like the abdominal muscles do. If iliop
a ball pulled onto an open pan by the four rotator soas is short or overly tense, it pulls the lumbar ver
cuff muscles: the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres tebrae forward, creating a hollow low back. Overly
minor and subscapularis. These little muscles need to exercising the iliopsoas may increase low back prob
be strong to protect the shoulder from injury. To cor lems. Plus, sit-ups put tremendous pressure on the
rect these postural problems, specific exercises are intervertebral discs and can damage them and/or
needed to strengthen, and thereby shorten the neg pinch the nerves that exit the vertebral column
lected muscles and also to stretch the incorrectly between the lumbar vertebrae.
shortened muscles. Before exercising the abdominals, first test and cor
rect them with Applied Kinesiology techniques so
SPECIFIC EXERCISES FOR THE MOST COMMONLY that they test strong. Then to exercise the abdominals
NEGLECTED MUSCLES safely, lie on the back, bend the knees and sit up only
The following is in no way intended to be a complete until the scapulae leave the floor. The function of the
exercise plan but rather a list of specific exercises for abdominals is only to pull the lower edge of the front
the muscles often ignored and most in need of exer of the rib cage toward the pelvis. When doing sit-ups,
cise. Performing these exercises as described will this motion is complete before the low back leaves
improve posture, prevent injuries and relieve many the floor. T he rest of the normal sit-up motion is
pains. accomplished by the hip flexors such as iliopsoas.
Low back pain is the most common physical diffi Doing sit-ups this modified way only changes the
culty that causes discomfort and makes people unable angle between all the lumbar vertebrae by a total of
to work and function well. Typically people have about 3, thus minimizing any pinching of the discs.
overly contracted low back muscles combined with As an easy control, reach with the hands as you sit
weak abdominal muscles. T his produces a "sway up until the hands are beside the knees. Do not sit up
back" with eventual pinching of the discs. Making the further than this. In order to avoid the typical poor
abdominal muscles test strong with AK techniques postural habit of collapsing the chest, some authori
will usually temporarily remove the pain. Perform ties recommend doing sit-ups with the shoulders held
ing the reactive muscle technique with the primary back and the shoulder blades pulled together. Begin
sacrospinalis and reactive abdominals will provide a with 5-10 repetitions and increase the number as your
longer-lasting correction (see page 135). But in most strength increases. When doing 25 repetitions becomes
cases, for lasting freedom from pain, the abdominal easy, put the hands behind the neck for more resist
muscles also need to be physically stronger. ance and decrease the number of repetitions. Do this
Sit- Ups
exercise both with the feet supported (held down to
the floor) for more lower abdominal activity and
Rectus abdominis, the muscle that appears like a unsupported for more upper abdominal activity.
"washboard" on the abdomen, is the main abdomi For the neglected upper body muscles, perform
nal muscle. More than any other muscle, the abdom exercises of the external shoulder rotators and those
inals often not only muscle-test weak but are that pull the arm and shoulder back (posterior). Take
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 143
SIT-UPS: WITH HAND BEHIND HEAD SIT-UPS: WITH HAND BEHIND HEAD
BEGINNING POSITION FINISHING POSITION
care that the arm is not raised to the front or side strong muscles. Exercise them with small weights (1-6
higher than 60 (measured between the body and the pounds) and gradually work up to no more than 20
arm ) with internal rotation ("hunching" the shoulders pounds. Lift and lower the weights sl owly with
forward). This can cause impinchment syndrome (of absolutely no jerking movements.
the tendons of supraspinatus, biceps or the bursa of
Lying L Flyes
the joint) and lead to tendinitis in the shoulder. There
is not much space between the head of the humerus The term, "lying L flyes" refers to the posture in which
and the acromion of the shoulder joint. External rota the elbow is bent 90 and a movement like flying or
tion of the shoulder (pulling the shoulders back) allows flapping the wings is performed. Lying L flyes are an
the tendons and bursa to more easily clear the roof of excellent exercise for the teres minor, a true external
the shoulder when the arm is raised. rotator muscle of the shoulder. To perform them, lie
Most of the external rotators of the shoulder (listed on a bench on your right side. Support yourself with
below) are rather small and functionally not very your right arm folded under your head or extended
144 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
down upon the floor. Choose one of the following Which ever of these three initial positions you choose
three initial positions: to assume, next bend your left elbow 90 and prop it
upon a firm pillow on your left side. Bring your fore
1. Bend both legs and place your left leg upon your arm down across your chest. Begin with a very light
right leg. Place your head on your folded right arm. weight (-1 pound) in your left hand. Rotate the
2. Alternatively, you may place your left foot flat on weight up as high as it is comfortable to do, keeping
the bench with the left knee straight up in the air. the elbow in place. If you are rehabilitating an injury
In this position, you may rest your right hand over to the shoulder, only lift the weight to slightly above
your right thigh. This is a good position if placing horizontal. Lower the weight and repeat the move
your arm under your head is uncomfortable. ment for 6 to 8 repetitions. Repeat on the other side.
Do not allow the elbow to slip off to the side or the
3. Extend your right arm down below the table onto
back to rotate with the motion. Keep the elbow bent
the floor on holding on to the leg of the table for
90 and down upon the side. As your strength
support. You may hook your right foot over the
increases, increase the weight but never use more than
edge of the bench for increased stability.
1 5 pounds with this exercise.
LYING L FLYES: WITH THE ARM UNDER THE HEAD LYING L FLYES: HOLDING THE THIGH
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 145
Bent-Over F/yes stress to the low back. Use two dumbbells (or soup
cans or bottles of water, etc.). Start with the arms
Bent-over flyes put the main work of contraction into hanging downward. Begin to lift the weights by
the posterior deltoids. These are small muscles that spreading the arms and continue to lift them to hor
are often ignored in training programs, so go lightly izontal and in line with the ears. Keep the elbows gen
at first with the weight (1-5 pounds). To perform this tly bent and rotate the arms externally a bit as you
exercise, bend forward at the hips until the back is raise them. When you use heavier weights, support
near horizontal. Keep the knees gently bent to reduce your chest on a narrow bench.
Lying flyes put even more activity into the posterior Lying supraspinatus flyes target the supraspinatus
deltoids than bent-over flyes. Also, this exercise muscle. Like the lying flyes, this exercise includes the
includes the first 90 of the motion of the posterior first 90 of supraspinatus and deltoid motion that most
deltoids that is missed by the bent-over flyes. Strength other exercises of these muscles omit. Performing this
in this range of the motion is important in various exercise with the arm externally rotated puts more
sports: An example is the tennis backhand stroke. work into the anterior and middle deltoids. With the
Begin in the same lying-on-the-Ieft-side position as arm internally rotated, the supraspinatus and poste
for lying L flyes. Hold a very light dumbbell down rior deltoids are more active. To perform this exer
toward the floor in your right hand with your palm cise, lie in the same position as for the lying L f\yes
facing inward toward the bench. Begin with 1-4 and the lying flyes. Use a very light dumbbell. Begin
pounds and work up to no more than 10 pounds. The with the weight held in the nearly straightened arm
posterior deltoid has poor leverage in this position down toward the floor. Lift the weight slowly, paral
so don't overload it ! Keep the elbow gently bent lel to the bench, first toward your feet and then on
throughout the motion. Slowly lift the weight until up to about 60 above horizontal. With internal rota
your arm is nearly vertical. Do not roll back as you tion, never raise the arm more than 60 above hori
lift the weight. Slowly lower the weight and do 6 to 8 zontal! Slowly lower and repeat for 6 to 8 repetitions.
repetitions. Repeat with the weight in the left hand. Repeat with the other arm.
DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES 1 47
LYING SUPRASPINATUS FLYES: BEGINNING POSITION WITH LYING SUPRASPINATUS FLYES: END POSITION WITH INNER
INNER ROTATION ROTATION
LYING SUPRASPINATUS FLYES: BEGINNING POSITION WITH LYING SUPRASPINATUS FLYES: END POSITION WITH OUTER
OUTER ROTATION ROTATION
148 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Bent Rowing
BENT ROWING WITH ONE SUPPORTING ARM BEGINNING BENT ROWING WITH ONE SUPPORTING ARM END
POSITION POSITION
Chin- Ups
STANDING IN A DOORWAY
WITH HORIZONTA L A R M
POSITION
STRETCHING THE
PECTORALIS MUSCLES
STANDING IN A DOORWAY
WITH DIAGONAL A R M
CHIN-UPS STANDING ON A STOOL, POSITION
REVERSE GRIP: END POSITION
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
j
{
* CHAPTER 6
Muscle Tests
153
154 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
ADDUCTORS
TESTED SUPINE
MUSCLE TESTS 155
ADDUCTORS
TESTED STANDING
Deltoids: Anterior, Middle, examiner should watch that the patient does not lean
the trunk, rotate the humerus, bend or extend the
and Posterior
elbow or otherwise change position during the tests.
Origin: Middle deltoid from the upper surface of the
Muscle Test: The examiner makes contact upon the
acromion process. Anterior deltoid from the lateral
distal aspect of the humerus near the elbow. For test
third of the clavicle. Posterior deltoid from the lat
ing all three deltoids, the main pressure applied is
eral inferior scapular spine.
adduction. For anterior deltoid, the test pressure is
Insertion: All three divisions of the deltoid insert applied along the line of the forearm in a direction
into the deltoid tubercle on the lateral side of the mid downward and posterior. For middle deltoid, pres
humerus. sure is pure adduction. For the posterior deltoid, the
test pressure is applied along the line of the forearm
Action: Anterior deltoid-abduction, flexion and
in a direction downward and anterior.
medial rotation of the humerus.
Front Neurolymphatic: Between ribs 3 and 4 near
Middle deltoid-pure abduction of the humerus.
the sternum.
Posterior deltoid-abduction, slight extension and
lateral rotation of the humerus. Back Neurolymphatic: Between the transverse
processes of thoracic vertebrae 3 and 4.
Position: With the patient sitting or standing, the
arm is abducted 90 and the elbow is flexed 90. This Neurovascular: Upon the bregma.
flexion of the elbow allows the examiner to observe
Reactive Muscles: Rhomboids, pectoralis majors
for any rotation of the humerus, which should not be
and minor, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis.
allowed during the test. For the anterior deltoid, lat
erally rotate the humerus about 45 (which places Meridian: Lung.
the hand higher than the shoulder) and slightly flex
Organ/Gland: Lung.
the shoulder (which brings the elbow around toward
the front of the body). For the middle deltoid, the Nutrition: Vitamin C, RNA, beta-carotene, water.
forearm remains parallel to the floor. For the poste
Discussion: Bilateral weakness in any division of
rior deltoid, position the humerus with a slight inter
the deltoids may indicate a vertebral fixation at the
nal rotation and slight extension (elbow slightly
junction of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. This
posterior).
may be confirmed by having the patient place one
Stabilization: For the anterior deltoid, stabilization hand there while the weak-testing deltoid division of
is posterior on the shoulder tested. Stabilization may the other arm is again tested. If therapy localization
not be required for the middle deltoid test. However, of this area strengthens the deltoid, the fixation is con
if the patient has the tendency to elevate the shoul firmed. In this case, chiropractic correction of the fix
der, the examiner should place his hand over the ation may be needed to obtain a lasting correction of
shoulder to prevent this. For the posterior deltoid, the deltoid.
stabilization is anterior on the shoulder tested. A lower trapezius bilateral weakness can hide a
For all deltoid tests, the scapula must be fixed. If bilateral weakness in any division of the deltoids. For
the muscles that do so (the upper and middle trapez this reason, the lower trapezius should be tested and
ius, serratus anticus, pectoralis minor and the rhom corrected before testing the deltoids.
boids) test weak, the examiner must either strengthen Sometimes the anterior deltoid will be palpatory
them first or stabilize the scapula during the tests. The hypertonic while the middle and posterior divisions
MUSCLE TESTS 157
test weak. For this problem, the examiner should uti release, or the chill and stretch techniques upon the
lize the proprioceptor techniques (neuromuscular palpatory hypertonic anterior deltoid as indicated
spindle cell or Golgi tendon organ), the fascial by the specific case.
ANTERIOR DELTOID
ANTERIOR DELTOID
MIDDLE DELTOID
ANTERIOR DELTOID,
TESTED STANDING
MUSCLE TESTS 159
POSTERIOR DELTOID
POSTERIOR DELTOID
160 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Gluteus Maximus Action: Extends and helps rotate the thigh laterally.
When the hip is fixed as in standing, the gluteus max
Origin: On the posterior medial edge of the ilium imus extends the pelvis on the thigh.
where it meets the sacrum and on the dorsal surface Position: The patient lies prone, bending his leg at
sacrum and lateral margin of the coccyx. least 90 and extending his hip (by lifting his leg from
Insertion: Into the lateral posterior superior part of the table) maximally.
the femur plus into the iliotibial tract (long flat ten Stabilization: The examiner stabilizes the opposite
don/ligament) of the fascia lata. hip down against the table. Do not allow the patient
to straighten the leg (which allows the ham
strings to get involved) or rotate the pelvis
during the test.
Muscle Test: With a hand near the back
of the knee, the examiner pushes the leg
down toward the table (toward flexion of
the hip).
Front Neurolymphatic: A wide stripe
along the whole length of the anterior lat
eral surface of the thigh.
Back Neurolymphatic: In the depressions
between LS and the PSIS.
Reactive Muscles: Sacrospinalis, pectoralis major usual. However, if the palpatory hypertonic muscle
clavicular, iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, piri does not release with the usual techniques, lean the
formis, adductors, tensor fascia lata. heel of the hand heavily upon the tight gluteus max
imus until it is felt to relax.
Meridian: Circulation-sex.
Suspect gluteus maximus weakness when the
Organ/Gland: Reproductive organs and glands. patient complains of difficulty climbing stairs. Glu
teus maximus weakness may be associated with a lack
Nutrition: Vitamin E, niacin, zinc.
of sexual drive and problems with the sexual organs.
Discussion: One-sided weakness
of gluteus maximus will cause the
pelvis to sink and rotate forward on
the side of weakness. When gluteus
maximus is weak on both sides,
there will be a sway back and diffi
culty with walking. This double-sided
weakness may be the result of a fix
ation of the upper cervical spine. If
gentle rotation of the head and neck
does not free this fixation, it may
require chiropractic correction. Glu
teus maximus is often weak on one
side and palpatory hypertonic on the
other. Strengthen these muscles as
G LUTEUS MAXIMUS
162 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
G LUTEUS MEDIUS
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT CIRCULATION-SEX 7
164 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
HAMSTRINGS
MUSCLE TESTS 165
HAMSTRINGS
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT KIDNEY 1
170 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
INFRASPINATUS
MUSCLE TESTS 171
INFRASPINATUS
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT TRIPLE HEATER 10
172 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT SPLEEN 5
MUSCLE TESTS 173
To prevent unwanted bending of the elbow, instruct even after successful strengthening techniques have
the patient to imagine clamping a newspaper between been applied (see "Reactive Muscles," page 133).
the upper arm and the side of the chest. During the Latissimus dorsi is a good indicator of blood sugar
test, the examiner must avoid accidentally touching imbalances and digestive problems. It often tests weak
(challenging) the alarm points along the radial artery by reason of some malfunction in its associated gland,
of the wrist. the pancreas. When so, a left-side weakness often indi
Latissimus dorsi often test weak secondary to cates problems with insulin production. A right-side
hypertonic upper trapezius on the same side. Until weakness often correlates with an imbalance in pan
the hypertonicity of the upper trapezius is adequately creas enzyme production.
reduced, the latissimus dorsi weakness will return;
LATISSIMUS DORSI,
TESTED FALSE
LATISSIMUS DORSI,
TESTED WITH THE ELBOW
LATISSIMUS DORSI H YPEREXTENDED
174 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Organ/Gland: Stomach.
PECTORALIS MAJOR CLAVICULAR,
TESTED STANDING
MUSCLE TESTS 175
ANTERIOR NL
POSTERIOR NL
ANTERIOR NL
POSTERIOR NL
palpating the muscle perpendicular to the direction and rowing muscles of the back. This can be easily
of its fibers. When it is shortened, the shoulders are seen in the comparative size of the large and strong
pulled forward and inward (anterior and medial), pro anterior deltoids (shoulder flexors) and the typically
ducing a very common "slumped" postural appear small and weak posterior deltoids (shoulder exten
ance. A bundle of nerves and veins passes under the sors). As a result, all the pectoralis muscles become
pectoralis minor muscle. When the muscle is tight, overly trained, shortened and tight compared to their
these get squeezed between the pectoralis minor and antagonists. For further discussion of this topic, see
the rib cage. This may cause pain and stiffness in the the section "Exercise" on page 14l.
shoulder joint. The thoracic duct and the right lym Pectoralis minor may be shortened in response to
phatic duct empty the lymph gathered from the entire a bilateral weakness in the middle or lower trapezius
body into the junction between the subclavian and muscles. If these muscles test weak, they must be
internal juggler veins. They both rise in an arch under strengthened first before reassessing pectoralis minor.
the clavicle and return caudal before entering the Middle trapezius may be bilaterally weak due to a
veins. The pectoralis minor does not pass directly over fixation of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, which
these ducts. But all the structures of the neck are requires chiropractic correction before any correc
invested in connected fascia. The pull exerted upon tion of pectoralis minor will hold.
the facial structures of the neck by a tight pectoralis To lengthen a shortened pectoralis minor, use pro
minor can squeeze the lymphatic ducts, limiting the prioceptor manipulation of the neuromuscular spin
flow of lymph and thereby blocking the entire lymph dle cells and Golgi tendon organs, fascial stretch
drainage of the body. technique, "chill and stretch," and reactive muscle
Pectoralis minor is seldom found to be undertoned. work as indicated for the specific case.
This is because almost everyone has more developed For lasting correction of shortened pectoralis minor
muscles on the anterior side of their bodies than the muscles, training to increase the strength of the shoul
posterior side. Just about everyone orients themselves der extensors (teres minor, teres major, latissimus
toward their desks, steering wheels, etc. This gives dorsi, trapezius, rhomboids, posterior deltoids, etc.)
their "pushing" muscles lots of activity. Few people, is usually required.
even weight lifters, give equal exercise to the pulling
180 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
PECTORALIS MINOR
MUSCLE TESTS 181
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT STOMACH 4S
182 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Peroneus Longus and Brevis Reactive Muscles: Tensor facia lata, tibialis anterior
and posterior, peroneus tertius.
Origin-Longus: On the lateral head of the tibia, and Meridian: Bladder.
on the head and upper two-thirds of the lateral sur
face of the fibula and on the intermuscular septa. Organ: Urinary bladder.
Brevis: On the distal two-thirds of the fibula on the Nutrition: Calcium, potassium, B complex, avoid
lateral surface plus on the intermuscular septa. foods containing oxalic acid (coffee, cranberries,
plums, etc.) . If the patient cannot hold the breath
Insertion-Longus: Wraps around the lateral side of longer than 30 seconds, repeat the tests (peroneus
the foot and affixes to the lateral side of the proxi and holding the breath) with thiamine chewed and
mal end of the first metatarsal and the lateral side of held in his or her mouth.
the adjacent bone, the medial cuneiform.
Discussion: Peroneus tertius, longus and brevis all
Brevis: Into the lateral side of the proximal end of stabilize the ankle laterally. As the heel leaves the
the 5th metatarsal. ground, peroneus tertius is first active. When walk
Action: Flexes the sole of the foot (plantar flexion) ing, if the peroneus tertius is weak, the heel and ankle
and turns the foot outward. Also provides lateral sta will jerk laterally as the heel leaves the ground. As
bilization to the ankle. the heel rises high from the ground, peroneus tertius
is inhibited and peroneus longus and brevis become
Position: The foot must be completely straightened active.
(plantar flexed) and then turned out laterally The peroneus brevis has the same action as the
(everted) as far as possible. With maximal plantar longus and is tested at the same time. Peroneus longus
flexion, the range of motion to the side is small, per and brevis test weak in many patients. Many begin
haps 10-30. The patient will attempt to extend the ning examiners fail to find weakness in peroneus
toes and dorsiflex the foot. If so, instruct him not to because of allowing dorsal flexion of the foot (in the
do so and start the test again. It may take several tries peroneus longus and brevis test) and extension of the
to get the test parameters right. toes in either test. A screening test for peroneus weak
Stabilization: Upon the medial side of the leg just ness is to have the patient lie supine with knees
proximal to the ankle. directly up (no outward rotation at the hips) and hang
the feet over the edge of the table. If the foot rotates
Muscle Test: With contact on the lateral side of the in (inverts), peroneus will likely test weak. Recurrent
foot (and not against the toes), the examiner applies spraining of the ankle is often due to weak-testing
pressure to turn the foot back inward (in the direc peroneus muscles. Peroneus longus and brevis are
tion of inversion). often reactive to the peroneus tertius, especially after
Front Neurolymphatic: On the inferior edge of the peroneus tertius has been injured by spraining the
pubic bone. ankle. Correcting this reactivity may be an important
step in preventing further ankle sprains. (See "Case
Back Neurolymphatic: Between L5 and the PSIS. Histories" # 2, page 257.)
Neurovascular: On the frontal bone eminences.
MUSCLE TESTS 183
INSERTION OF THE
PERONEUS LONGUS
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT BLADDER 6 5
184 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Peroneus Tertius
PERONEUS TERTIUS
MUSCLE TESTS 185
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT BLADDER 6 5
186 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
PIRIFORMIS
188 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT CIRCULATION-SEX 7
190 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Popliteus of the tibia during the test. This can be most easily
detected by watching the head of the tibia (the tibial
Origin: On the lateral distal end of the femur, on the tubercle) and the head of the fibula. Since the fibula
posterior horn of the lateral meniscus, and on the is attached to the tibia, they rotate simultaneously. If
head of the fibula. during the test, the tibial tubercle rotates and causes
the head of the fibula to no longer protrude so far lat
Insertion: Into the posterior surface of the proximal erally, the popliteus tested weak.
end of the tibia.
Front Neu rolymphatic: In the intercostal space
Action: With the femur fixed, the popliteus rotates between ribs 5 and 6 from the mammillary line to the
the tibia medially. With the tibia fixed, the popliteus sternum on the right side.
rotates the femur laterally on the tibia. As the heel
strikes the ground in walking or running, the popli Back Neurolymphatic: Between the laminae of tho
teus contracts, which bends the knee and thus creates racic vertebrae 5 and 6 on the right.
a shock absorber effect. When the knee is flexed, Neu rovascular: On the medial aspect of the knee
popliteus withdraws the lateral meniscus. Popliteus (over the meniscus).
stabilizes the knee posteriorly.
Reactive Muscles: Gastrocnemius, lateral ham
Position: The patient lies prone or supine. The knee strings, quadriceps and upper trapezius.
and the ankle are both flexed 90. The tibia is rotated
medially on the femur. Meridian: Gall Bladder.
Stabilization: The patient must be able to fix the Organ/Gland: Gall Bladder.
ankle and there must be no pain or problems in the Nutrition: Vitamin A, betaine, essential fatty acids
foot, ankle or knee. The patient must also fix the femur (vitamin F), gall salts.
to prevent rotation during the test. The examiner sta
bilizes the lateral aspect of the heel. Discussion: When popliteus is weak, the knee in
standing is typically unstable and most often hyper
Muscle Test: Pressure is applied with a broad, soft, extended (or bent more than usual). When the popli
hand contact on the medial and under side of the foot teus is weak, the lateral meniscus often has problems.
near (but not upon) the toes. The opposite hand pro If the popliteus tests weak bilaterally, therapy-local
vides counter-pressure on the heel. The effort is to ize the mid-cervical vertebrae. If this strengthens the
laterally rotate the tibia. Rotation of the foot may popliteus, there is a mid-cervical fixation that may
take place even without popliteus weakness. The require chiropractic correction. Hyperextension
actual motion during the test is very small. The indi injuries to the knee strain the popliteus.
cation of weakness of the popliteus is lateral rotation
MUSCLE TESTS 191
POPLITEUS TEST,
BEGINNING POSITION
POPLITEUS TEST,
END POSITION WHEN IT TESTS WEAK
POPLITEUS
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT GALL BLADDER 3 8
192 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Stabilization: Patient's leg flexors must fix the hips Di scussion: If the patient has a history of low back
to the legs. If they cannot, they must be strengthened disc problems, test with the knees bent to put less
before this test can be performed. Examiner must stress on the discs. To support the patient, the exam
hold the patient's legs down toward the table. iner must lean weight against the thighs near the
knees to keep the patient's feet upon the table.
Muscle Test: Examiner places one hand on the ster When the rectus abdominis tests weak, it cannot
num and pushes the upper body away from the legs. provide support to the pelvis, which then tips forward
Alternately, using one arm, the examiner places his (tilts anteriorly), creating an excessive lordosis (hol
elbow on one of the patient's shoulders and his hand low low back). This places a great stress upon the discs
on the other shoulder. During the test, a strong iliop between the lumbar vertebrae.
soas can hold the lumbar spine forward, giving the When the patient has any chronic disturbances in
impression of strong abdominals. The examiner should the small intestine, the rectus abdominis will typically
observe carefully if the patient can stabilize the ribs test very weak, and the neurolymphatic reflexes will
toward the pubis. Any separation of the ribs from the be extremely tender. In such cases, dietary correc
pubis indicates weak-testing abdominals. tions, and other lymphatic corrections including the
MUSCLE TESTS 193
RECTUS ABDO M I N I S
MUSCLE TESTS 195
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT SMALL INTESTINE 8
196 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Rectus Femoris Muscle Test: With a hand anterior and just proximal
to the knee, the examiner pushes to extend the hip.
Origin: Tho heads, one on the anterior inferior edge
Front Neurolymphatic: Under the anterior inferior
of the ilium (hip bone) and the other just below the
border of the rib cage. Be careful not to press directly
first and attached to the superior edge of the hip
below (caudal to) the sternum. The xiphoid process
socket.
extends below the sternum and can be easily broken.
Insertion: Into the top of the patella (knee bone)
Back Neurolymphatic: T8-T11 laminae.
and on from the patella to the tibial tubercle just cau
dal to the knee. Neurovascular: Over the posterior part of the pari
etal eminence (on the side of the top of the head,
Action: Extends the lower leg on the knee and flexes
above and behind the ear).
the thigh on the hip.
Reactive Muscles: Gastrocnemius, hamstrings, rec
Position: The hip and knee are flexed 90 with no
tus abdominis, sartorius, gluteus maximus, adductors.
rotation. Rotation inward will bring fascia lata too
much into play. Rotation outward will allow too much Meridian: Small intestine.
activity of iliopsoas and sartorius. These muscles are
Organ/Gland: Small intestine.
synergists and will be somewhat active in this test,
even with no rotation. Nutrition: Vitamin B complex, vitamin D, calcium,
coenzyme QlO, acidophilus.
Stabilization: With the patient sitting or supine, sta 'I
bilization is not required. In standing, hold the Discussion: Problems with the function of the small
patient's pelvis firmly and have the patient lean one intestine can often be improved by extended stimu
hand upon the examiner's shoulder. The patient's lation of the neurolymphatic reflexes for quadriceps.
abdominal muscles must be strong enough to prevent Goodheart often calls rectus femoris "quadriceps"
movement between the pelvis and the trunk. in the literature. Rectus femoris is one of the four
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT SMALL INTESTINE 8
MUSCLE TESTS 197
quadriceps muscles, which all have the same reflex In many athletic injuries, quadriceps is often found
points. For a discussion of the use of the neurolym to be involved in reactive muscle relationship, either
phatic reflexes to allow quadriceps to continue to con as the primary or a reactive muscle. Correcting this
tract at full power for extended lengths of time (useful reactive muscle relationship can help the athlete to
to athletes!) see the section on repeated muscle test return more quickly and without pain to his or her
ing (pages 123). sport.
RECTUS FEMORIS
Leaf comments that weakness of the rhomboids of the shoulder. Then he levers the patient's arm ante
allows the scapula to excessively rotate during ele riorly, which pulls the scapula away from the verte
vation of the arm to the front. This can stretch the bral column. This lengthens the rhomboids, producing
suprascapular nerve and thereby weaken the infra more space for the neuromuscular spindle cell
spinatus muscle. manipulation.
The rhomboids are often involved as the primary When the rhomboids are overly tight, they inhibit
or the reactive muscle in combination with various the ability to extend the arms (and shoulders) ante
other shoulder muscles. Since in normal posture, riorly, as one would to give or receive a hug. Inter
there is little space between the medial edge of the estingly, in my work as a psychologist, I have often
scapula and the vertebral column, pinching the neu observed a correlation between hypertonic rhom
romuscular spindle cells of the rhomboids (as boids and an inability to reach out-a fear of open
required to sedate a primary muscle) is difficult to ing oneself to another person. This is just an anecdotal
perform. To make more room for such treatment, the observation and does not (yet) fonn a part of Applied
examiner stands behind the patient and reaches Kinesiology.
under the armpit and then grasps the superior aspect
SACROSPI NAllS
SACROSPI NAllS
204 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Position: The client lies supine, slightly flexes the Meridian: Circulation-sex and sometimes triple
knee and the hip joints, and rotates the thigh later heater.
ally (knee out). Gland: Adrenal.
Stabilization: Normally not required. If the client Nutrition: Vitamin C, pantothenic acid, adrenal
slips on the table, she may hold on to the sides of the extracts, tyrosine, B6, B12, folic acid.
table.
Discussion: The sartorius is the longest muscle in
Muscle Test: With one hand, the examiner grasps the body. It is an anterior pelvic stabilizer. Weak
the leg above the ankle and pulls to extend the knee. ness in sartorius can cause the ilium on the side of
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT CIRCULATION-SEX 7
MUSCLE TESTS 205
weakness to subluxate posteriorly and can result in and adrenal exhaustion influence sartorius. Con
"knock knees." In these conditions, the sartorius' con versely, balancing the sartorius can positively influ
tinual effort to stabilize the problem joints will make ence the function of the adrenals including all the
the origin and/or insertion of sartorius very tender. above-listed adrenal-related problems.
All functions and imbalances associated with the If the client is strong, the examiner may need to
adrenals (low blood pressure, hypoglycemia or low use rotation of his or her pelvis to deliver the force
blood sugar, hyper insulin production, allergies, and needed for the test. Sartorius often reveals weakness
asthma) can influence sartorius function. Infections only when the patient is tested in sitting position.
Action: Pulls the scapula laterally and rotates it to Nutrition: Vitamin C, water, beta-carotene.
place the shoulder joint more vertical. Holds the ver Discussion: The test determines if serratus can sta
tebral border of the scapula down upon the rib cage bilize the scapula. The arm is used as a lever. No
(as does its synergists in this activity, rhomboids and movement should occur at the shoulder joint during
middle trapezius) . With the scapula fixed, serratus the test. The deltoid and supraspinatus must be strong
anticus lifts the ribs and assists in forced breathing. in order to test the serratus. When serratus anticus is
Position: The straightened arm is flexed at the shoul weak, pushing with straight arms to the front is diffi
der to 100-150 (various angles to test the various cult. If a weight is held straight out to the front, the
fibers of this muscle) and abducted about 30. vertebral (medial) edge of the scapula will flare up
away from the back.
Stabilization: Not generally needed for this test.
SERRATUS ANTICUS
I nsertion: Upon the lateral surface of the mastoid Reactive Muscles: Neck extensors, upper trapezius,
process and the superior nuchal line of the occiput. pectoralis major clavicularis, opposite sternocleido
mastoideus.
Action: One-sided contraction pulls the head toward
the shoulder on the same side as the muscle and Meridian: Stomach.
rotates the head toward the opposite side. Bilateral Organ: Sinuses, lymphatic drainage of the head.
contraction flexes the head upon the neck.
Nutrition: B6, B3 (niacinamide or niacin), organic
Position: The patient lies upon the back. The arms iodine, herbal and homeopathic remedies for the
are flexed and lifted above the head to avoid press sinuses, especially nosodes and lymph drainage reme
ing on the table during the test. To test bilaterally, the dies. Leaf recommends a 5-to-1 ratio of niacinamide
patient flexes (lifts) the head from the table. To test or niacin to B6 as being most effective.
unilaterally, the patient fully rotates the head away
from the side to be tested and lifts it from the table. Discussion: The sternocleidomastoideus (SCM) is
The examiner places his other hand upon the table actually a group of several associated muscles. The
under the head to catch it in case of weakness. contraction of the sterno-cleido-mastoideus is easily
visible, springing out of the neck during the muscle
Stabilization: Tested supine, the table provides the test. Although quite useful as a general test, the bilat
necessary stabilization. If this test is performed stand eral test does not adequately isolate the SCM. In this
ing, the examiner must provide stabilization with one test, the scalenes and several other neck flexor mus
hand upon the upper back. When testing in this posi cles are also active. To best isolate the SCM, the head
tion, as soon as the muscle demonstrates any weak should be maximally rotated, and the SCM of each
ness, the test pressure must immediately cease. Great side tested independently. The examiner observes for
care must be observed to never push the head back any attempt to reduce the angle of rotation during
and down, which could damage the neck. the test. This usually indicates a weakness of the SCM
Muscle Test: Bilateral: Using a broad area of con and an attempt to recruit the scaienes, which are most
tact, the examiner places his hand upon the middle active at 10 of rotation. Inability to remain in the full
of the forehead of the patient and presses posterior, rotation or pain upon doing so should be considered
carefully following the arc of the anatomical move a sign of muscle weakness and treated without put
ment. Under no conditions should the pressure be ting the patient into unnecessary stress or pain that
straight down toward the table, which could injure could be caused by testing. Pressure is applied in the
the intervertebral discs. In the unilateral test, the direction of the tangent of the arc produced by the
examiner places his hand upon the parietal bone. The anatomical motion of contraction of the SCM. Apply
exact area of contact is defined by how far the patient ing test pressure with a broad contact of the palm
can rotate his head. The direction of pressure is pos avoids possible tugging on the skin, which can pro
terior and slightly lateral, in a curve following the duce a false weakness of the muscle test.
MUSCLE TESTS 209
Patients with chronic sinus conditions or problems trapezius muscles and other neck extensors. After
in the upper vertebrae of the neck may have effective treatment, contraction of the neck exten
extremely weak-testing neck flexors. In such cases, sors should no longer weaken the neck flexors.
this test is only to be performed with very gentle test Reactive conditions may also exist between uni
pressure. lateral SCM and upper trapezius muscles and also
The neck flexors are functionally much weaker between the SCM muscles on each side. A notewor
than their opponents, the neck extensors. Due in part thy reactive condition may also be observed between
to the postural habit of holding the head far forward the reactive SCM on one side and the contralateral
of the line of gravity, the neck extensors rarely relax. psoas muscle. The author observed and treated this
This often creates a pattern of (chronically tight) pri condition in a European soccer player. After hitting
mary muscle-neck extensors to (chronically weak, the ball very hard with one side of his head, he found
inhibited) reactive muscle-neck flexors. If this condi that the SCM on that side became hypertonic. Sub
tion exists, treatments to strengthen the neck flexors sequently, the insertion of the psoas on the opposite
will only have temporary success until the treatment side of his body became extremely tender to the touch
for reactive muscles is applied. To test for such reac and painful when he stood or ran. Not only was the
tivity, the neck flexors must first test strong or be tem contralateral psoas insertion tender, it also tested
porarily strengthened, for example, by massage of the weak on this side. The inhibition of the contralateral
appropriate neurolymphatic reflex points. Then the psoas muscle, created by the hypertonic SCM, also
neck extensors are contracted bilaterally. If the patient caused him to be out of balance and unstable when
is supine, this may be easily accomplished by having upright. Reactive muscle treatment directed toward
the patient firmly pull the head back down upon the the hypertonic SCM eliminated the pain and
table. improved his balance and coordination.
Immediately following this contraction of the neck Notice in this case how the activity of the unilat
extensors, the neck flexors are bilaterally tested. If eral SCM nearly mirrors the activity of the con
they now test weak, treatment for reactive muscles is tralateral psoas. The contraction of the right SCM
indicated. In this case, such treatment consists of neu pulls the head forward and pulls the right ear toward
romuscular spindle cell pinching of the belly on the the midline. The contraction of the left psoas lifts the
upper trapezius muscles and other neck extensors left leg forward and pulls it toward the midline.
located parallel to the spine in the neck, parallel to Though the whole trunk lies between them, so con
the contracting length of the muscles. Areas of pal sidered, these two muscles may be seen as having a
pable hardness are repeatedly and deeply pinched. related and opposing function. This is an example of
Support must be given to the forehead so the neck the complex relationship often observed between
extensors are not contracted against the force muscle pairs involved in reactive conditions.
required for the neuromuscular spindle cell pinching Reactive muscle treatment should be long-lasting.
treatment. This may be accomplished by having the However, the postural problem that caused the
patient sit next to the table, place his elbows upon the chronic contraction of the neck extensors needs to
table, and his forehead upon the heels of his hands. be corrected, for example, by lessons in Alexander
Alternatively, he can lie prone with his forehead upon Technique (training in optimal posture and move
his forearm or a hard pillow. It is important to pinch ment of the body). Or, if the cause of the muscular
deeply into the muscle and not only upon the skin. imbalance was a trauma, emotional stress release
Then the neck muscles are tested bilaterally to reset methods may need to be performed. If these steps
them. This process is repeated several times, focusing are skipped and the reactivity is only treated manually,
upon the areas of hardness and/or pain in the upper the reactive condition with the associated patterns of
210 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
tension, pain and possible malfunction of the gait The patient steps forward on his right foot and puts
mechanism is likely to recur. much of his weight upon it. Some weight is also upon
Malfunction of the neck flexors often causes the ball of the left foot with the heel raised as would
peripheral nerve and vascular entrapments in the be the case when taking a step in walking. In this posi
shoulders and arms. When this is suspected, have the tion, the SCM and upper trapezius muscles are tested.
patient lie supine and test the function of various arm If the gait mechanism is intact, in this position the
muscles that should test strong. Then retest the same left SCM and the right upper trapezius should be
muscles with the head elevated and rotated to con inhibited and therefore test weak. Since the upper
tract the neck flexors. If the muscles now test weak, trapezius is typically in a state of chronic tension, the
have the patient expand and lift the rib cage. If this weakness produced in this test may be difficult to
does not cause a strengthening of the formerly weak ascertain.
testing muscles, a nerve entrapment has been located. Unilateral weakness of the SCM and/or upper
These may be corrected with AK procedures such as trapezius muscles can produce a lateral tilt of the
chill and stretch or fascial release, carefully applied head, which may cause occipital or upper cervical
to the SCM. subluxation and improper stimulation of the head
The SCM is particularly interesting because it has on-neck reflexes, with consequent disruption of the
double enervation from C2-C3 and from the tenth equilibrium mechanism. In cases of dizziness, this
cranial nerve. The only other muscle in the body that possible cause should be considered.
has double enervation is the upper trapezius, which In my work as a psychologist, I have observed that
is the major neck extensor. These two muscles have bilateral weakness of the neck flexors is often cou
a finely attuned simultaneous interaction without pled with a weakened ability to effectively overcome
which the fine coordination of the walking (gait) pat obstacles and push one's will through against the
tern would not be possible. Goodheart suggests that opposition of others. These muscles must be strong
the double enervation of these muscles is necessary in order to "butt heads" effectively, as observed in
for the correct function of the gait coordination. In dominance rituals in the animal kingdom. Weak-test
walking or running, there should be a well-orches ing neck flexors may be associated with being a
trated facilitation and inhibition of the next flexors "pushover." These are only anecdotal observations
and extensors. When the left leg steps forward, the and do not (yet) form an official part of Applied
right shoulder moves forward. In order to keep the Kinesiology.
head facing forward, the right SCM as well as the left
upper trapezius (and other left neck extensors) are
inhibited. This is the normal walking or gait coordi
nation. Goodheart devised a method to test for the
normal facilitation and inhibition of these muscles:
STERNO-CLEIDO- MASTOIDEUS,
BILATERALLY TESTED
MUSCLE TESTS 21 1
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT STOMACH 4 5
212 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
SUBCLAVIUS,
UNILATERALLY TESTED
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT HEART 7
214 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR NL NEUROVASCULAR POINT HEART 7
MUSCLE TESTS 215
may be helped by strengthening the subscapularis. of the scapula away from the back, allowing the exam
When the origin or proprioceptors of subscapularis iner to reach under the scapula. For neuromuscular
require treatment, have the patient lift the hand up spindle cell manipulation, the examiner will have to
behind the back. This position lifts the medial edge reach under both edges of the scapula.
SUBSCAPULARIS SUBSCAPULARIS
216 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
SU PRASPINATUS,
TESTED STANDING
MUSCLE TESTS 217
Anterior N L
POSTERIOR N L
SU PRASPINATUS
N e u rovas c u l a r Po i nt
2 18 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Tensor Fascia Lata Muscle Test: With contact proximal to the ankle, the
examiner pushes the leg toward adduction and exten
Origin: On the anterior lateral border of the ilium. sion of the hip (toward the other leg).
I nsertion: Into the middle one-third of the iliotibial Front Neurolymphatic: These are the largest neu
tract, the long tendinous ligament that connects the rolymphatic areas in the body, extending in a wide
outer hip (iliac crest) with the tibia. band on the sides of both legs from the hips to the
knees.
Action: Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the thigh.
Pulls upon the iliotibial band, which stabilizes the Back Neurolymphatic: Two triangular areas from
knee against bending laterally. the hips up along the lumbar vertebrae. While stim
ulating these areas, the examiner must avoid press
Position: The patient lies supine with the knee com ing too firmly upon the kidneys.
pletely extended. The leg to be tested is slightly
abducted, medially rotated as much as possible and Neurovascular: On the posterior portion of the pari
slightly flexed at the hip. The correct position for the etal eminence.
test will cause the patient to feel strong contraction Reactive Muscles: Adductors, peroneus tertius, glu
in the fascia lata. teus maximus, hamstrings.
Stabilization: With the patient lying on the back, the Meridian: Large intestine.
examiner can stabilize the opposite ankle. With the
patient standing, the examiner should grasp around Organ/Gland: Large intestine.
the patient's hips and clamp the hips to the exam Nutrition: Acidophilus, fenugreek, comfrey, folic
iner's chest. The patient should further place a hand acid, and vitamin D. If bilaterally weak, suspect iron
upon the examiner's shoulder and/or the other hand deficiency.
upon a table for further stabilization.
MUSCLE TESTS 219
Discussion: Fascia lata is often related to colon prob above the hip and massage vigorously down to below
lems. When so, there is often severe lymph conges the knee. Then continue at the side of the left knee
tion. In such cases, stimulation of the neurolymphatic and massage up (in a direction cranial) to the left hip.
areas for the fascia lata and the colon can be helpful. Repeat this several times.
Such stimulation may need to be continued by the I visited a friend whose small dog had just had sur
patient as "homework." gery for a blocked colon. She was worried that he
The function of the large intestine can be stimu might not survive because two days after the surgery
lated by massage of the neurolymphatic areas for fas he was listless and had not yet had a bowel move
cia lata on the sides of the thighs. The direction of ment. I moved his legs against his resistance to acti
muscular contraction and thus of the contents of the vate the fascia lata muscles. Then I massaged his
large intestine is ascending on the right abdomen, neurolymphatic reflexes as described above. Finally,
then transverse behind the stomach, and then I moved his legs again against his resistance to acti
descending on the left side of the abdomen. Follow vate the muscles. Within minutes he had a bowel
ing this direction with the corresponding neurolym movement. Later in the day he was back out in the
phatic massage may be most effective in stimulating garden digging vast holes, his favorite activity.
a lazy or constipated intestine. Notice that when one Bilaterally weak fascia lata muscles are often a sign
is standing, the reflexes on the thigh are located in of iron deficiency anemia. Goodheart postulates that
the opposite direction to the movement of the colon, if the lymph system is not draining properly, the pres
i.e., the ascending colon goes down (caudal along) the sure of the excess lymph can interfere with the pro
right thigh. If the knees are pulled up to the chest, the duction of red blood cells. Getting the excess lymph
reflexes exactly follow the colon. To do so, use the fin removed has first priority (see "Neurolymphatic
gers or knuckles to actively massage the neurolym Reflexes" on pages 100-106). Then such cases of ane
phatic reflexes for fascia lata. Following the direction mia often respond well to homeopathic dosages of
of the colon, begin on the side of the right leg just iron.
220 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR N L POSTERIOR N L N EUROVASCU LAR POI NT LARGE INTESTIN E 2
222 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Position: The patient places the wrist upon the back Nutrition: When there is excessive sweating, organic
of the hip with the arm bent 90. The elbow is brought iodine as found in kelp. Organic minerals. When the
as far back (posterior) as possible. patient has difficulty tasting foods, zinc. Acid-alka
line balance may need evaluation.
Stabilization: With the patient prone, the posterior
side of the opposite shoulder must be held down Discussion: If the rhomboids or trapezius muscles
against the table. With the patient standing, the ante are weak-testing, the scapula will move laterally dur
rior side of the same shoulder must be stabilized. For ing the test, making a strong teres major appear to
bilateral testing (prone), no stabilization is required. test weak. To determine if teres major or teres minor
is responsible for a "frozen shoulder," have the
Muscle Test: The examiner presses the elbow in the
patient attempt to raise the arm with it rotated medi
direction of abduction and flexion (in an arc out and
ally (teres major) or rotated laterally (teres minor).
around the body). For bilateral testing, the examiner
The rotation that produces the greatest difficulty in
crosses his arms.
raising the arm defines which muscle is responsible.
Front Neurolymphatic: Under the clavicle between Often bilateral weakness indicates a vertebral fixa
ribs 2 and 3 about 7 cm from the midline of the ster- tion of the thoracic spine. If stretching and twisting
nUID. do not help, this fixation may require chiropractic
adjustment.
Back Neurolymphatic: In the intertransverse space
between 1'2-3.
TERES MAJOR,
BILATERALLY TESTED
TERES MAJOR
TERES MAJOR,
UNILATERAL, PRONE
224 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
TERES MINOR
MUSCLE TESTS 225
TERES MINOR
S EDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR N L POSTERIOR N L N EUROVASCU LAR POINT TRIPLE H EATER 10
226 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
S EDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR N L POSTERIOR N L N EUROVASCU LAR POINT SPLEEN 5
MUSCLE TESTS 227
LOWER TRAPEZIUS
LOWER TRAPEZIUS
228 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
MIDDLE TRAPEZIUS
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR NL POSTERIOR N L N EUROVASCULAR POINT SPLEEN 5
230 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Trapezius , Upper Muscle Test: The examiner uses both hands to pull
the shoulder and head apart.
Origin: From the base of the skull to the 7th cervi Front Neurolymphatic: A-7 cm-Iong line between
cal vertebra spinous process. the anterior and middle deltoids.
Insertion: Into the lateral one-third of the clavicle Back Neurolymphatic: Under the base of the skull
and the acromion process of the scapula. over the posterior arch of the atlas.
Action: Rotates the scapula so the shoulder joint Neurovascular: Above the cheekbone, 2-3 cm
socket faces upward. When acting with the other por behind the outside edge of the eye, where the tem
tions of the trapezius, it pulls the scapula in medially. poral and sphenoid bones meet.
With reversed origin and insertion, it pulls the head
forward and rotates the head away from the side of Reactive Muscles: Latissimus dorsi, biceps, sub
contraction. Bilateral contraction against resistance scapularis, contralateral upper trapezius, neck flexors.
pulls the head back upon the neck. Meridian: Kidney.
Position: The patient raises one shoulder and leans Organ: Eye and ear.
the ear toward the shoulder. The head is slightly
rotated away from the side tested. The shoulder Nutrition: Vitamins A, B, F, G, calcium and water.
should remain a few inches away from the ear to Discussion: The upper trapezius is often involved
avoid over-shortening and thereby locking the mus in certain eye problems, especially strabismus. Hearing
cle. Experience shows that if the patient is allowed to loss can sometimes be corrected (though more in the
bring the shoulder and ear together, upper trapezius lower ranges than the higher) by testing and correct
almost never tests weak. ing the upper trapezius. Neurolymphatic (and some
Stabilization: Test pressure provides adequate times neurovascular) stimulation has the best effect
stabilization. upon related eye and ear problems. Dehydration can
SEDATION POINT,
ANTERIOR N L POSTERIOR N L N EUROVASC U LAR POINT K I D N EY 1
MUSCLE TESTS 231
cause pain and tension in the upper trapezius. It is a and the shoulders lifted, mainly by the upper trapez
good first measure for excess tension in upper trapez ius muscles. This instinctual response protects the
ius to drink two glasses of water and wait 20 minutes medulla (located at the lower posterior part of the
to assess the effect. cranium) . Heartbeat and respiration are controlled
Excess upper trapezius tension is extremely com from the medulla. As a direct blow to the medulla
mon. It is often found to be a primary muscle, caus could cause death, instinctual protection of this area
ing continued weakness in its antagonist, latissimus is important to survival. In patients with continual
dorsi. In the "fright" response, the head is pulled back fear, tension in this area is more or less constant.
I. Glos sary of Anatomical Internal-An internal (or medial) rotation of the leg
brings the toes inward toward the medial line of the
Te rminology
body.
In defining the origin and insertion of muscles upon
bones, I have not always used the correct anatomical External-An external (or lateral) rotation of the leg
nomenclature. In order to do so, extensive definitions brings the toes outward away from the medial line of
of the topography of bones would have been neces the body.
sary. Instead of this, I have described their physical Anterior-Situated on the front side (in human
location upon bones and the relation to known struc anatomy).
tures. For the correct scientific nomenclature of the
origins and insertions of muscles, the reader is referred Posterior-Situated on the back side (in human
to anatomical texts (Walther, 1 981, 1 988; Leaf, 1995; anatomy).
Platzer, 1991). Cephalic (Cranial)-Situated or directed toward the
I also attempted to describe the positions and head.
motions for the muscle tests with everyday vocabu
lary such as "to the front, to the side, rotate inwardly, Caudal-In the direction of the tail end of the trunk
pull the arm back," etc. This proved to require excess or torso.
verbiage and could still be unclear. For example, "up" Superior-Situated on the upper aspect (toward the
can mean different directions, depending on the posi head).
tion of the body. I was able to be more clear and use
fewer words by mostly using the correct anatomical Inferior-Situated on the lower aspect (toward the
terminology. For those unfamiliar with anatomical feet).
terms, a brief list of definitions is given here: Dorsal-The vertebral side.
ANATOMICAL POSmONS AND DIRECTIONS Ventral-The belly side.
Lateral-Of or pertaining to the side. Notice that Axillary-Toward the armpit.
the lateral side of the hand is the little finger side,
even though the hand can invert. A lateral rotation Proximal-Near to, toward the middle.
of the arm rotates the thumb over the little finger Distal-Away from the center, toward the extremi
to a position with the thumb pointing away from the ties. Thus the distal joint of a finger is the one with
body. A lateral rotation is also referred to as an the fingernail.
external rotation.
Prone-Lying upon the belly. In standing posture, the
Medial-Toward the middle. A medial rotation is the pronated hand has the palm posterior.
same as an internal rotation.
Supine-Lying upon the back.
233
234 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Flexes-Closes the joint, pulls the attached bones Humerus-The upper arm bone.
together.
Radius-The forearm bone on the thumb side.
Extends-Opens the joint, pulls the attached bones
Ulna-The forearm bone on the little finger side.
apart.
Carpals-The bones that form the base of the hand
Adduct-Pull or push in medially.
at the wrist.
Abduct-Pull or push out laterally.
Metacarpals-The bones that form the body of the
Eversion-To turn outward. Used here to describe hand.
the abduction of the straightened foot and ankle
Digits-The bones of the fingers (and toes).
caused by the contraction of peroneus longus and
brevis. ThE HEAD
Lambda-The posterior fontanelle where the occiput Iliac spine-Four small, pointed, raised areas of the
and both parietal bones meet. pelvis.
Lambda suture-The junction of the occiput and each PSIS-The posterior superior iliac spine. The top edge
parietal bone. of the pelvis across the back from the side to where it
meets the sacrum and fifth lumbar vertebra.
Mastoid process-The portion of the occipital bone
directly behind the ear lobe. Ischial tuberosity-The "sit bones" at the base of the
pelvis.
Occiput-:-The bone in the back and underside of the
back of the head. Symphysis pubis-The area in the front center of the
pelvis where the two pelvic bones meet caudal to the
Occipital condyles-The two knobs on the inferior
navel.
occiput that sit into the two depressions (facies artic
ularis superior) in the atlas (the first vertebra) . Pubic crest-The superior ridge on each side of the
symphysis pubis.
Vertical auricular line-An imaginary line arising ver
tically from the hole in the ear to the top of the head. Tuberculum pubicum-The two protuberances 2-3
cm to the right and left of the center of the pubic
THE VERTEBRAE, PELVIS AND LEGS
bone.
Atlas-The first vertebra upon which the head sits.
Acetabulum-The hip socket into which the head of
The condyles of the occiput rest in two depressions
the femur inserts.
on the superior aspect of the atlas. The movement of
the cranium upon the atlas is a tiny rocking move Femur-The thigh bone.
ment, forward and backward, sometimes called "the
The greater trochanter-The knob at the superior
atlas rock."
lateral side of the femur, which can be felt on the side
Axis-The second vertebra. The atlas rotates upon of the leg at the height of the pubic bone.
the axis.
The lessor trochanter-The small knob on the medial
Cervical-The seven vertebrae of the neck. side of the femur just below the hip socket, upon
which the iliopsoas muscles attach.
Thoracic-The twelve vertebrae with ribs attached.
Patella-The flat bone of the knee-the "knee cap."
Lumbar-The five lowest and most massive
vertebrae. Meniscus-The cartilage discs within the medial and
lateral sides of the knee joint.
Sacrum-The "keystone of the pelvic arch." The ver
tebral column rests upon the sacrum, which hangs on Tibia-The shin bone in the lower leg.
strong short ligaments between the two Ilia, the two
Fibula-The smaller, more lateral, lower leg bone.
pelvic or hip bones.
Malleoli-The lower heads of the tibia and fibula, the
Coccyx-The tail bone at the caudal end of the
ankle bones.
sacrum.
Achilles tendon-The large tendon connecting the
Ilia-Plural for ilium, the pelvic bones.
calf muscles to the posterior aspect of the heel.
Iliac crest-The edge of the "pelvic bowl," palpable
Calcaneus-The heel bone.
as the top and front edges of the pelvis.
236 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Active-An active reflex point, acupuncture point or BB-A spherical ball about 3 mm in diameter.
other area upon the body is one that will therapy
localize (will change the results of muscle testing). Bennett's reflexes-Points used to stimulate vascu
lar circulation in chosen body areas. Called in AK
Acupressure-Acupuncture with only pressure "neurovascular reflex points."
applied to the surface of the skin, without needles or
penetration of the skin by any object. Bilateral muscle weakness-A muscle that tests weak
on both sides of the body. When possible, the muscles
APPENDICES 237
on both sides of the body are tested simultaneously technique utilized after a successful correction to
to determine if bilateral muscle weakness exists. check if the correction is complete. Usually this chal
lenge consists of reapplying the stimulus that previ
Biological medicine-A new movement in medicine
ously made the normotonic muscle weak, or the
and biology that integrates the insights of quantum
weak-testing muscle strong, after the correction has
and chaos theories to view and treat the patient as a
been made. If the stimulus can no longer change the
whole, including his nutrition, posture, social situa
strength of the indicator muscle, the correction was
tion and all the various areas of his life that affect his
performed adequately.
health. In biological medicine, not the cell but rather
the relationship of the ground substance, nerves and Chapman's reflexes-The neurolymphatic reflex
cells is seen as the basic building block of the body. points that, when massaged, activate the drainage of
lymphatic fluids from specific organs and body areas
Biology-The scientific study of life and living mat
(and strengthen the associated weak-testing muscles).
ter, including all of its forms and processes.
Chemical challenge-Applying nutrition, medicine
Biomechanics-The mechanics involved in the pos
or other chemicals to the patient and observing the
ture and movement of living beings.
effect upon the results of muscle testing.
c Chi-The Chinese name for life energy. The energy
Calibration-The adjusting of a device so that accu that flows through the meridians.
rate measurements can be made. The initial muscle Chiropractic-A technique of improving health and
tests and pre-tests often performed by examiners can overall functioning by improving the structural align
be considered an act of calibrating the muscle test ment of the body.
reactions of the patient's body. Subsequent to such
calibration, the results of further tests will be more Circulation-sex-A meridian without an organ name.
accurate. The function of this meridian is the circulation of bod
ily fluids. The circulation-sex meridian is associated
Capillaries-The smallest blood vessels, located with the adrenal glands and with all the reproductive
between the arterioles and the venules. organs and glands.
Central meridian-The meridian that flows directly Compensation-The body's reaction of adjustment
up the anterior midline of the body. Also called the to a chronic problem. This may mask and effectively
conception vessel. hide the original problem, which will no longer show
Central nervous system-The brain and spinal cord. up in muscle testing without special techniques (see
"Hidden Problems").
Cerebrospinal fluid-The fluid that circulates through
the spinal column and around the brain, providing Conception vessel-Another name for the central
shock cushioning and delivering various chemicals to meridian.
the brain. Condyle-The rounded end of a bone that makes up
Challenge-The Applied Kinesiology technique of part of a joint.
measuring the response of an indicator muscle to Connective tissue-The unstretchable tissues that
some external stimulus. give the body structural stability. This includes liga
Challenging a correction-The Applied Kinesiology ments, tendons, blood vessels, and all types of fascia
238 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
in the body. Every organ contains connective tissue Fast fibers-The white anaerobic "twitch" phasic mus
that gives the organ its internal and external structure. cle fibers that enzymatically split glucose for energy.
They contract very rapidly and tire quickly.
Cranial fault-A misalignment of the bones of the
cranium. Five-element theory-The Chinese principle of the
five phases of life (active growth, maximal activity,
Cranium-The skull. All the various bones that make
balance, decline, rest) used in Chinese philosophy to
up the head except for the jaw.
order and understand all growth processes. Under
D
standing and use of this principle reveals the func
tional unity within all phenomena.
Dehydration-A state in which the body does not
have adequate water for optimal functioning. Fixation-The locking together of two or more ver
tebrae maintained by unnaturally high tension in the
Double therapy localization-An accepted Applied little intervertebral muscles. Fixations may also occur
Kinesiology technique for locating the cause of a between other structures of the body.
problem. If therapy localization of a problem area
makes an indicator muscle test weak, any other point Fixation, patient-In many muscle tests, the patient
therapy-localized simultaneously that makes the must be able to hold (fix) certain body parts motion
weakened muscle then test strong is considered to be less as a platform for the testing of specific muscles.
involved as a cause (and to indicate a possible cor Flaccid-Used here to describe a muscle lacking in
rection) of the problem. most or all tone, usually as a result of not receiving
Dysfunction-Not functioning correctly. adequate motor impulses to contract.
Efferent nerve-A nerve that transmits nerve Fluoroscope-An x-ray machine used in the early
impulses from the spinal cord to other structures of part of this century.
the body. In this text, the efferent nerves described Foramen-An opening, a hole through a bone such
transmit nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the as the sacrum.
muscles.
G
Endocrine-A gland that produces hormones and
releases them into the bloodstream. Gland-An organ that produces fluids which are
Exocrine-A gland that produces and releases chem delivered inside or upon the surface of the body.
icals onto the internal or external surfaces of the body. Glucose-The form of sugar that the body uses as a
source of energy. As the available glucose is used up,
F
glycogen is transformed into glucose to replace it.
Facilitation-Literally "aiding." When a muscle con Glycogen-The body's storage form of sugar.
tracts, its synergists and stabilizers are automatically
contracted (facilitated) at the same time. Golgi tendon organ-Proprioceptors in the junction
where muscle becomes tendon (before connecting to
Fascial release-A technique to stretch and smooth bone). Golgi tendon organs measure the tension in a
fascial tissues.
APPENDICES 239
muscle. When the tension increases too rapidly or ICAK-D-The German branch of the ICAK.
becomes too intense, they signal for the muscle to
IMAK-The International Medical Society for
relax which protects the muscle (and other attached
Applied Kinesiology (Austria/Germany).
structures) from possible injury.
In the clear-Without the application of any extra
Governing vessel-The meridian that runs up the
stimulus.
spine, over the head and down to the area between
the nose and upper lip. It is the partner to the central In the clear muscle testing-Testing muscles in and
meridian (conception vessel). of themselves with neither therapy localization nor
challenge.
Ground substance-The viscous fluid-gel and the con
nective tissue that surrounds and interconnects all Indicator muscle testing-Using a muscle that tests
cells. The ground substance forms a network for infor strong in the clear as an indicator for some other
mation transfer throughout the body and determines applied stimulus.
which chemicals enter and exit the cells.
Inhibition-The blocking or holding back of one
H
physiological process by another. In muscle function,
when a muscle is active, it lowers the tone of (inhibits)
Hidden problem-A problem that (when therapy its antagonists.
localized or challenged) does not weaken a normo
tonic indicator muscle. This may be a muscle that Insertion-The attachment of a muscle to the bone
tests strong in the clear because of compensation. that moves when the muscle contracts.
The hidden muscle problem will only be revealed if Intercostal-Between the ribs.
some other particular stimulus (such as touching a
reflex point, performing an activity with only one Interstitial-Between the cells.
side of the brain, etc.) is presented while the muscle
is tested.
Joint-The moveable articulation between two neigh
Hormone-Information-carrying chemicals produced
boring bones.
in endocrine glands and distributed through the blood.
Even in very dilute concentrations, hormones in the K
blood influence the metabolism of specific tissues in
characteristic ways. Kinesiology, traditional-The science of human and
animal posture and movement-also referred to as
Hypertonic-Refers to a muscle that will not test biomechanics.
weak, even when weakened with techniques such as
spindle cell pinching or TL to its sedation point. See L
also Palpatory hypertonic.
Lacteals-The small intestine's four million small,
Hypotonic-Refers to a muscle that has less than nor finger-like protrusions that extend into and greatly
mal tone. See Palpatory hypotonic. increase its inner surface area. In each lacteal are cap
illaries and lymph vessels that absorb digested nutri
tional substances.
ICAK-The International College of Applied Kine Ligament-A strong connective tissue band provid
siology, founded by Dr. George Goodheart and his ing structural stability between bones.
colleagues in 1974.
240 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Ligament stretch reaction-The pathological condi (contract) in a muscle under the influence of a signal
tion revealed by an indicator muscle testing weak from a motor nerve.
after the gentle stretching of a ligament.
Muscle proprioceptors-Neuromuscular spindle cells
Locking-When a muscle tests strong, one can feel and Golgi tendon organs.
it holding the joint motionless (locking the joint).
Muscle stretch response-The reaction when a nor
Lymph-The fluid that gathers between the cells con motonic muscle tests temporarily weak after it is
sisting of the blood plasma that was exuded from the extended and then stretched a bit more. In such a
capillaries and waste products from the cells. The case, it requires fascial release or the chill and stretch
lymph also transports fats from the lacteals of the technique.
small intestine. There is about twice as much lymph
Muscle tone-The continual, gentle, unconscious con
in the body as blood.
traction of a muscle active in maintaining the posture
Lymphatic drainage-The natural job of the lymph of the body.
system is to drain lymph from between the cells and
Myosin-Partner of actin, the two chemicals that
return it to the bloodstream. When the lymph system
make up the contracting fibers of a muscle.
isn't doing its job well enough, techniques that assist
the lymph to better drain may be applied. N
Normotonic-A muscle that tests strong and can be Palpatory hypotonic-The state of a muscle (or other
weakened by standard means such as TL to its seda tissue) that has too little tone, and feels soft and
tion point. mushy to the touch.
Protein-A large family of organic chemicals con Sensory nerves-Nerves that connect nerve recep
structed from amino acids that make up the bulk of tors with the central nervous system, bringing in infor
the substance of the body. mation about what is going on in or upon the body.
System of ground regulation-The interconnected sides of the triad, affecting each other in health and
system of nerve endings, ground substance and cells disease.
responsible for the control of most bodily processes.
Triple heater-The yang partner of the yin circula
T
tion-sex meridian. The triple heater has a connection
with the thyroid and thymus glands and has the func
Temporomandibular joint-The jaw hinge. tion of the distribution of bodily warmth. When a
Tendon-A strong connective tissue band connect patient has cold hands or feet, meridian therapy to
ing muscle to bone. the triple heater is often indicated.
III. Sedation
Points
H 7- Subclavius, Subscapularis
SI 8- Rectus abdominis,
Rectus femoris
IV. Ste p-By-Ste p Plan fo r Co nduct i n g direction while in extreme contraction and
extension
a Ses s i o n with AK Tech nique s
Or: Contract the muscle in the opposite direction
(using the techniques described i n this book)
while it is in a position of extreme contraction
Obviously, an AK session could include a vastly and extreme extension.
greater range of techniques and a more complex
Or: Drink water.
methodology than are found in the following direc
tions for conducting a session. I designed this simpli If you find a case of bilateral hypertonic mus
fied treatment plan to include only the techniques cles or general hypertonicity, and you wish to
described in this book. treat it now, see the section on "General Hyper
tonicity," pages *** )
1. (If qualified to do so) take a case history. Consider
the results of lab tests. Inquire about the present E. Ocular Lock (page 85)
ing problem. Observe the body language.
Test eye rotation clockwise, counterclockwise.
2. Perform the pretests and any pretest corrections Locate the weak-testing direction.
necessary. The individual page numbers given
F. Kidney 2 7s? (page 86)
below indicate where to find more complete
descriptions of the pretests: TL each Kidney 27 plus navel, both K 27s, cross
K 27s and muscle test each. If any pair of points
A. Dehydration (p. 79)
test weak, massage them both for 20 seconds.
Examiner and patient both drink a glass of water. Check that any positive TL and ocular lock has
been eliminated.
B. Does the Muscle Test Strong? (page 79)
G. Auxiliary K 2 7s (page 89)
Ask, explain, show, "Press as hard as you can,"
provide isometric resistance to maximal con TL lateral to the transverse processes of Tll
traction. Increase examiner pressure 2-5%. (or Ll-2). If weak, massage point plus navel.
If strong, ok. If weak, strengthen it or choose H. Conception Vessel 24, Governing Vessel 27
and test another muscle. (page 89)
C. Can the Muscle Be Weakened? (page 82) TL and test CV 24 and GV 27. If either test
weak, press CV 24 and CV 2 (top of pubic
Pinch the neuromuscular spindle cells, TL or
bone). Then hold navel and GV 1 (tip of coc
tap the sedation point, stroke the meridian back
cyx). Or massage the CV 24 and/or GV 27 that
ward or place the north pole of a magnet upon
had a positive TL.
the belly of the muscle and retest (weak).
3. Identify all muscles that may have a connection
D. Is the Individual Muscle Hypertonic? (page 83)
with the problem. This connection may be due to
Spindle cell or Golgi tendon organ correction location of the problem (e.g., all leg and hip mus
to the muscle itself, "Be here with me now, relax, cles for problems with the knee), or by the
breathe and be testable," contract in opposite organ/gland associations (e.g., muscles associated
A PPENDICES 247
with the bladder meridian for urinary bladder muscular spindle cells, the junction of the muscle
problems). and its tendons for Golgi tendon organs, the NL
(neurolymphatic reflex points), and the NV (neu
4. Identify, if possible, the priority muscle to work
rovascular reflex points), and apply corrective
with first.
techniques to the one(s) that made the muscle test
For structural problems (e.g. muscular or joint pains), strong.
it is a good idea to test and correct as needed all the
7. After correcting, TL the same point again and
muscles surrounding or affecting the area. If the struc
retest the muscle. If it is again weak, repeat the
tural problem therapy-localizes, use double therapy
treatment.
localization to the problem and to associated mus
cles to identify the priority muscle with which to start. 8. If (or when) the muscle tests strong, TL any points
For a palpatory hypertonic painful muscle, begin by (I/O, spindles, Golgis, NL or NV) not yet treated
strengthening all its antagonists. Then check if the and test the muscle again. If any make the mus
hypertonic muscle itself is a primary muscle weak cle test weak, treat them until they cease to do so.
ening other (reactive) muscles. If so, clear this condi
9. If the muscle does not test weak initially and no
tion with the reactive muscle technique.
points can be found that make it test weak (or if
For a dysfunction in an organ (or gland), use double you suspect that there is more to do with this mus
therapy localization of the organ and the muscles cle), use the activation of the right and left halves
associated with the organ to locate the priority mus of the brain (page 122) to locate what needs to be
cle to investigate and correct. If no muscle can be done and do it.
found that (when touched) eliminates the first TL to
10. Perform repeated muscle testing. If this weakens
the organ, double therapy-localize the organ and
the muscle, check the related nutrition. Then check
another organ. If TL to the second organ eliminates
whether TL of the NL or NV points eliminates
the TL of the first, the presenting problem is a sec
the repeated muscle test weakness. Massage the
ondary result of a problem in the second organ. In
neurolymphatic reflex points for 2-5 minutes or
this case, therapy localization to the second organ will
hold and tug the neurovascular points for about
likely weaken an indicator muscle. If so, again use
1 minute as required. Retest to confirm that
double therapy localization to find the priority mus
repeated muscle testing no longer weakens the
cle that eliminates an active TL to the second organ.
muscle.
5. If the muscle tests weak, have the patient taste a
1 1 . Completely extend and then further stretch the
tiny amount of each of the various nutrients asso
muscle. If this weakens the muscle, extend and
ciated with the muscle/organ and retest the mus
pluck it like a string instrument. If the muscle has
cle. If any of them make the muscle test strong,
pain when extending it, twitches when plucked
advise the patient to eat them at a later time. Have
(and has extremely tender "trigger" points), it
the patient wash out her mouth with water after
needs the chill and stretch technique (page 131).
each nutrient is tested. The muscle should again
This is more often the case with structural prob
test weak for further testing.
lems. If there is no twitch reaction, employ the fas
6. If the muscle tests weak, next TL the 0/1 (origin cial release technique (page 1 30). This is most
and insertion), the belly of the muscle for neuro- often needed for problems of dysfunction in the
248 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
related organs. After application of the chosen rect this condition with the reactive muscle tech
corrective technique, confirm that stretching no nique here briefly described. Refer to the text on
longer weakens the muscle. pages 131-138 for a more detailed description of
the treatment of reactive muscles.
12. Consider which muscles could be primary mus
cles to the muscle tested above (hereafter referred 13. For structural problems, test for and correct the
to as the "main muscle"). Test one of them and next priority muscle. If no further muscle shows
immediately test the main muscle. Repeat this test as a priority, and the problem still exists, test and
with the other suspect primary muscles. If the main correct all the muscles in the area of, or related
muscle tests weak after testing a suspect primary to, the problem.
muscle, neuromuscular spindle cell weaken the For organic problems, therapy-localize the organ. If
primary muscle and immediately test the main it still therapy-localizes, repeat the process (with the
muscle strongly to reset it. Retest the primary next priority muscle). If the problem no longer ther
muscle and then the main muscle to confirm the apy-localizes, but the problem still exists, continue as
correction. Also test if the main muscle is a pri above with the other muscles associated with the
mary muscle to other (reactive) muscles. If so, cor- organ.
APPENDICES 249
v. Applied Kine s i o l ogy Technique s examiner should be familiar with traditional diag
nostic procedures such as feeling the tissues (palpa
o f Exam ination and Diagno s i s
tion) and laboratory tests such as blood and urine
This section describes A K techniques used i n a ses analysis. When a patient needs such tests, the examiner
sion by the doctor, chiropractor or other therapist should perform them or refer the patient to the appro
with a license to diagnose. As many of these tech priate specialist or lab. The results of AK testing
niques are not otherwise mentioned in this book, this should in general concur with the results of other
will give the reader a foretaste of methods that go diagnostic procedures. When a patient has a health
beyond the scope of this introductory book. problem that has not progressed far enough for him
When examining a patient to determine the prob to notice, or far enough to produce identifying symp
able causes of his health problem, a professional toms, his doctor cannot be faulted for failing to per
examiner using AK investigates the interaction of all form the specific diagnostic tests that could reveal the
three sides of the triad of health (structural, chemi problem. On the other hand, muscle testing has turned
cal, mental). The primary assumption is that the body up problems that neither the patient, his examiner
and all of its systems and functions form an integrated, using AK nor his doctor suspected. For example, heart
interacting whole. Based upon this assumption, and problems have been revealed by muscle testing before
assuming that the primary cause of the problem is symptoms become extreme enough for the patient to
not readily detected, the examination procedure is to notice. Once muscle testing results indicate the pos
first analyze and correct possible secondary problems sibility of the existence of heart problems, the nature
and compensations in order to reveal the primary and extent of the problems can be confirmed by stan
cause of the health problem. dard medical diagnostic tests (Omura, 1979).
The work is a combination of various tasks begin Sometimes lab testing will locate problems missed
ning with the search for bodily malfunctions. Then by muscle testing. Conversely, muscle testing may find
the therapeutic options are tested to determine the subclinical problems missed by lab tests. Since each
optimal treatment for the problem(s) found. When may locate problems missed by the other, it is wise
this is found, it is carried out. Finally the correction (whenever practical) to perform both kinesiologic
is challenged to see if it was performed successfully. If muscle testing and standard laboratory tests and com
the health problem is not eliminated, or if it recurs pare the results.
(during the examination or later), the process is con To diagnose, the examiner will ask about the
tinued and the area of search is expanded. When the patient's symptoms and also observe characteristics
primary causes have been located and suitably of the patient's body including color, odor, skin and
treated, the health problem should be permanently hair quality, etc. In fact, to really master his trade, he
corrected. needs to be able to recognize and interpret more sub
An AK examination does not depend only upon tle factors of "body language" such as tone of voice,
the symptoms reported by the patient. The observa posture, movements, breathing, coloration, etc. The
tions and tests made by the examiner often reveal examiner should give careful consideration to all fac
potential health disturbances before symptoms of ill tors of body language that can be either observed,
ness emerge. Corrective measures may then be imple or revealed by testing. For such examination of body
mented before tissue pathology and illness develop. language, the examiner may touch the patient or oth
This is true preventive health care. erwise present a stimulus (challenge) and observe
AK techniques of examination do not replace the effect this has upon manual muscle testing. The
more standard diagnostic procedures. Moreover, the examiner may ask the patient to touch herself upon
250 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
specific spots (therapy localization) and check the meridians of oriental medicine. Examiners originally
effect with muscle testing. used all three of these diagnostic methods early in an
Originally in AK, the three most important tech examination because they evaluate the body function
niques for evaluating the state of health of patients as a whole and often provide direct indicators of the
during the first examination were postural analysis, bodily areas involved in health problems. While pos
palpation of the temporal sphenoidal line, and eval tural analysis and evaluation of the meridian system
uation of the meridian system. In AK, the muscles, are still commonly used, the palpation of the tempo
organs and all bodily functions are grouped into four ral-sphenoidal line is seldom employed in AK today.
teen "regulating systems" related to the fourteen main
APPENDICES 251
V I. Ad ditional Tips fo r Correcting When a muscle tests weak, reflex points that (when
properly stimulated) will make it test strong are said
Weak-Te st i n g Mus c l e s
to be "active." This means that they will therapy-local
ize. Similarly, a muscle that tests strong but has hid
Test, treat, test den (subclinical) problems will often test weak when
For a correction technique such as massage of the the points needing treatment are touched. This phe
neurolymphatic points to be effective in strengthen nomenon may be used to locate the precise position
ing a weak-testing muscle, the muscle must be acti of an active reflex point. To do so, the patient (or the
vated immediately before and after application of the examiner) may use the whole palm of the hand to
strengthening technique (i.e., by testing or otherwise therapy-localize the area. The results are more
contracting it). If simply massaging the neurolym dependable when the patient touches the area to be
phatic points would strengthen the associated mus tested. But if the point lies where the patient cannot
cles, a whole-body massage would make all muscles reach (like between the shoulder blades), or if the
test strong. Experience shows that this is not the case. examiner wants to save time by not having to explain
Many muscles have the same neurolymphatic points. and demonstrate where the patient should touch, TL
And yet, even though one of these muscles has been (actually a challenge) by the examiner will usually
strengthened by massaging its neurolymphatic points, give the same results. If this touch causes the weak
another muscle that shares the same points may still testing muscle to restrengthen (or the normotonic
test weak. When the other muscle is tested and then muscle to weaken), touch with the fingertips to locate
the same neurolymphatic points are rubbed again, the precise area that therapy-localizes. Voila! That is
the effect of this treatment is connected with this mus the exact location of the treatment point. This tech
cle and usually it too will subsequently test strong. nique will give the examiner the needed "hands-on"
It appears necessary to activate a specific muscle's experience. With practice and attention, finding the
neural circuits before Applied Kinesiology correc exact location of treatment points will become sec
tion techniques will have the desired effect upon the ond nature.
function of the muscle. It appears that the corrective
effort will only strengthen a muscle if that muscle's CHALLENGE ALL CORRECTIONS
circuit has been freshly awakened by contracting the Whenever a weak-testing muscle has been strength
muscle. The energy freed by the correction seems to ened, challenge the correction by therapy localizing
become coupled with the muscle and its circuit by the point that was used to strengthen the muscle. If
again testing the muscle after the correction is applied. this causes the muscle to again test weak, repeat the
This second muscle test after the corrective effort correction.
"locks in" (and confirms) the correction. The effec Challenge all the work done in a session as well.
tive formula is: "Test, treat, test." After a complete session, have the patient get up and
move. If any activity caused problems before (such
LOCATING ACTIVE REFLEX POINTS as climbing stairs), have the patient perform that activ
The position of many reflex points (and other treat ity. Do whatever is necessary to attempt to cause the
ment points such as the origin and insertion of mus problems to return. Then retest all the muscles that
cles) is often difficult to determine from the were found to test weak during the session. Any weak
description in words, drawings or pictures in a book. nesses that have returned need to be more deeply
How can one determine the exact position of the var explored and treated. Reactive muscles are often the
ious treatment points used in Applied Kinesiology? cause of these recurring weaknesses. If so, find and
252 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
correct them. Provoke the recurrence of problems the vertebral column, a cranial fault, a damaged nerve,
while the patient is still in the office and correct them a brain tumor or many other causes not discussed in
so they cannot return later. this text. If none of the techniques described here suc
ceed in strengthening a weak-testing muscle, advise
"UNSOLVABLE" PROBLEMS the patient to seek the assistance of an examiner qual
Some weak-testing muscles will not restrengthen with ified in AK techniques, a medical doctor or other qual
the techniques given in this book. A muscle may test ified health professional.
weak because of a subluxation in a joint, a fixation in
APPENDICES 253
VII. How to Im p rove and M a i ntai n tines very rapidly. When eaten together (meat with
potatoes, cheese with bread), the carbohydrates are
Opti mal Health
forced to move slowly with the protein and therefore
have time to ferment. Fermentation of carbohydrates
GENERA L HEALTH TIPs FOR THE ThERAPIST in the intestines produces gas, alcohol, ketones, and
TO TELL TO HIS PATIENTS other toxic chemicals.
Health depends upon regular repeating cycles of bio Vary your diet. Each food has its own mixture of
chemical activity in your body. You can assist the vitamins, minerals and trace elements that your body
process by living on a regular schedule. Make a reg needs. Learn to enjoy various grains (buckwheat, mil
ular daily time schedule for sleep and meals. let, oats, quinoa, amaranth, etc.) instead of only eating
Eat approximately the same amount of similar rice and wheat products.
kinds of food at the same time each day. This helps Many people muscle-test as sensitive to wheat and
your body to prepare the proper amount and type of milk products. If you do, avoid these. Avoid all foods
digestive enzymes to digest your food well. (and other substances) that have a negative effect
Eat a big nourishing breakfast, a good solid lunch, upon your body as revealed by muscle testing.
and a small dinner. Oriental medicine states that the Do not make a habit of repeatedly grabbing some
stomach meridian has its highest energy at 8 AM and thing and throwing it in your mouth between other
its lowest energy at 8 PM. This means that your stom activities. However, if your blood sugar falls (hypo
ach is most capable of digesting food in the morning glycemia), take one nourishing snack between each
and least capable in the evening. meal. The hypoglycemic person eats too much sugar,
Eat the highest-quality, freshest, untreated foods her blood sugar rises quickly, her pancreas overreacts
possible. If vegetables are cooked, steam or stir-fry and produces more than enough insulin to bring the
them rather than boil. Otherwise their minerals are blood sugar down, the blood sugar falls too low, crav
lost in the boiling water. Do not overcook vegeta ing for sweets occurs, she eats sweets again and the
bles. They should be crisp and crunch when you bite cycle repeats. Other symptoms of hypoglycemia
them. Avoid prepared and refined foods such as include hunger that suddenly arises and cannot be
white flour and sugar, pasta, fast food, etc. Butter is controlled, bad moods, lack of concentration, dizzi
more healthy than margarine, which is made from ness, attacks of hunger soon after eating and possi
hardened oils. Avoid all hardened oils. Do not over ble coffee addiction. If this cycle of eating sugar, which
heat oils. Some research indicates that overheated produces high and then low blood sugar is not bro
oils stick to the lining of blood vessels. B uy good ken, there may come a time when the pancreas gets
quality oils in small quantities and store them closed, exhausted and cannot make the needed insulin any
cool and in the dark. Virgin olive oil is excellent, but more. Then the blood sugar will rise and not come
be sure the quality is good. Eat at least a tablespoon down. The result is that excess blood sugar is excreted
of flax seed oil daily. Buy it fresh and keep it refrig in the urine, which draws a great amount of water and
erated! minerals out of the body, producing excessive thirst.
Do not eat raw foods or excess amounts of food This illness is called diabetes. Do not snack on sweets.
for dinner. Otherwise, these will ferment in the gut These make the hypoglycemic problem worse. A
during the night. Separate proteins and carbohydrates hearty vegetable soup makes an excellent snack. A
whenever possible. Proteins travel through the intes mixture of various whole grains cooked in water
tines very slowly. Carbohydrates move through intes- makes an excellent breakfast for the hypoglycemic
254 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
person. Each type of grain digests and turns to sugar are acidic. Higher numbers are basic. Ideally the
at a different rate, keeping the blood sugar level rel morning pH of the saliva should be between 6.6 and
atively constant for several hours. 7.2. Typically, most people are too acidic. Degenerative
Eat consciously. Taste the foods and chew them diseases (rheumatism, arthritis, tumors, etc.) typically
very well before swallowing. Do not read, watch TV, begin only in a body that is too acidic. If you are too
discuss or mentally involve yourself with any stress acidic, you may use an alkali powder (also from the
while eating. Pay attention to your food and invite it, pharmacy). Check the formulation of the powder.
with gratitude, to become you. Some companies use aluminum, nickel or other toxic
Replace nutritional factors missing in your diet. substances in their alkali powder. Do not take such
Chew at least a small amount of each supplement you poisons! If you have difficulties with milk products,
take. This alerts your body, via taste, to prepare for avoid mixtures that contain lactose or milk powder. If
assimilating and utilizing the nutrients. your pharmacy doesn't have a good formulation, have
Whenever possible, when taking nutritional sup them make up the following recipe:
plements, take them with natural foods that contain
Sodium bicarbonate 15.0
the same nutrients. The natural factors that make the
Potassium bicarbonate 2.5
nutrients more biologically active are in the natural
Calcium phosphate 3.5
sources of the same nutrients. For example, when tak
Calcium citrate 3.5
ing extra vitamin C, eat an orange or drink some
Magnesium citrate 0.5
fresh-squeezed diluted lemon j uice. Eat some of the
white inside peel the citrus as well. The biotlavonoids When you find a good product, take a spoonful in
that help make veins, skin and other tissues elastic water before sleeping until your morning pH is in the
are concentrated there. In a study, rats were fed a diet desired range. Do not take it near mealtime as it will
lacking vitamin C until their bones got soft. Then one neutralize the hydrochloric acid that the stomach
half received powdered chemical vitamin C. The other releases for digesting food. Also, do not depend upon
half received dried orange juice with a known amount such an alkali powder. Use it for a limited time to
of vitamin C content. Both vitamin C sources elimi break out of the excess acid condition. Then keep
nated the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. But to your pH in the desired range by changing your diet.
have the same clinical effect, the amount of chemical In general, fruits and vegetables make the system
vitamin C had to be twenty times as great as the vita more alkaline. Grains, sugars and meats make the sys
min C in the orange juice powder. This demonstrates tem more acidic. The only grains that are not acid
how much more effective vitamin C is when admin producing are quinoa and millet. Potatoes, as long as
istered with the various other chemicals with which you have no allergies to the nightshade family of
it is found in nature. According to Helmut Heine, vita plants, are one of the most alkaline-producing of
min C is the most important vitamin for furthering foods. Get a good book that lists the acid or alkaline
the health and proper functioning of the ground sub reactions of foods and experiment with your diet until
stance. you know how to eat to preserve a good pH balance.
Maintain a good acid-base balance. Buy pH paper Drink lots of pure water with minimal mineral con
with a range of 5.5-8 from a pharmacy. Before drink tent. Mineral waters with a high content of mineral
ing or brushing your teeth, test the pH value of your salts are only recommended for the treatment of spe
morning saliva. The color of the pH paper wet with cific ailments. Drunk regularly, such mineral water
saliva compared to a scale provided with the paper can leave mineral salts in your joints like they do in
reveals the pH value. 7.0 is neutral. Lower numbers pipes. Get your minerals in organic form from foods.
A PPENDICES 255
A reverse osmosis and/or carbon block water filter is tonic rectus femoris normotonic), see pages 95-96).
recommended. Candida feeds mainly upon sugars, all carbohy
Breathe lots of fresh air. Take a run in the woods. drates (pasta, grains, bread, fruits, etc.), and milk prod
At least regularly open the windows and breathe ucts. Fermented products (vinegars, sourdough, soy
deeply several times. When you exercise, you natu sauce, etc.) should also be avoided. For an anti-can
rally breathe more deeply. In the morning, there are dida diet, eat only non-starchy vegetables, nuts, seeds
less pollutants and less ozone in the air. For this rea (sunflower, poppy, sesame, etc.), and meats. While on
son, it is advised to exercise early in the morning. this diet, eat high quantities of the natural intestinal
Get sunlight on your skin (before 10 AM and after flora Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidis. After the
3 PM to avoid excess UV radiation). In sunlight, vita diet, continue to eat less of the foods that feed can
min D is produced in the oils excreted by your skin. dida. Antibiotics destroy the natural intestinal flora
To be of use to the body, these oils need to be reab thereby allowing the candida to proliferate freely. If
sorbed by the skin. For this reason, do not shower for antibiotics must be taken, take an antifungal sub
at least 20-30 minutes after sunning. stance simultaneously. Replace the natural intestinal
Wear sunglasses when the sun shines. Ultraviolet flora for at least a few weeks beginning on the last
light can permanently damage the lenses of your eyes. few days of taking the antibiotics.
Eliminate the foci (of infections or prior infections Get adequate sleep (7-8 hours). The hours before
in the teeth, tonsils, appendix, sinuses, gall bladder, midnight are important so go to sleep no later than
intestines, or anywhere else in the body). Use muscle 11 PM. Twenty-minute naps can refresh and increase
testing to determine effective methods of purification alertness and energy. When you take naps, you need
for your individual case (homeopathic remedies, fewer total hours of sleep per day.
nosodes, nutrition, colonics, etc.). If the infection can Keep the body warm and the head cool. Thermal
not be cleared with less aggressive methods, the chilling or overheating is a major stress factor for the
affected organ or structure may need to be removed body.
surgically. But let this always be a last choice after Do warm-ups, stretching, aerobic and anaerobic
natural remedies and methods have all been tried. exercises.
Correct the energy blockages that are caused by Get rid of excess fat. You can do so by either eat
scars. Use neural therapy, application of the light of ing less or exercising more. If you eat less, be sure you
a laser, Bach Rescue Cream, APM Cream, or are getting adequate quantities of the nutrients your
Ionen Salbe Forte as muscle testing reveals best for body needs daily. A good multi-vitamin, mineral, trace
your individual case. element supplement is recommended.
Clear out candida overgrowths and fetid matter Do not do things that poison your body (smoking,
from the intestines. Excess candida depresses the func drinking excess alcohol, drugs, breathing poisonous
tion of the immune system. It is important not to fast vapors, using hair dyes that contain lead, etc.).
or go on a candida diet without taking an antifungal Use natural herbs, vitamins, minerals, trace ele
substance. If starved, candida may change into an ments, enzymes, homeopathic remedies, nosodes,
invasive form, penetrate the intestinal wall, and via essences, etc., as determined by muscle testing for cor
the bloodstream invade other tissues. Use muscle test recting various imbalances.
ing to determine which antifungal substance such as Reduce stress. B alance mental stress with physi
lapacho (pau d'arco), cat's claw (unicaria tormen cal stress such as exercise. Balance intellectual stress
tosa), grapefruit seed extract, nystatin or a systemic with creative stress (such as playing music). Practice
anti-fungal drug works best for you (makes the hyper- forgiveness and gratitude. Perform good deeds. Praise
256 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
yourself for the things you do right. Carefully choose immune system. People who get and naturally over
what you expect as this will tend to come true. Be j oy come infections a few times each year have a reduced
ful and laugh lots. Laughter is biochemically health rate of cancer. Use no medications that when taken
promoting. over a long period of time can cause damage and
When you do get ill, allow your body to fight other diseases. Use allopathic chemical medicines for
against the illness in its natural way. Your body needs short periods of time only, and only as a last resort
to fight against infectious agents to strengthen the for severe or life-threatening illnesses.
A PPENDICES 257
(and the posterior reflexes) eliminated the repeated and insertions caused no weakening of the peroneus
muscle weakness. This had to be performed three longus and brevis.
times at an interval of two days each before the Peroneus tertius was found to be a primary mus
repeated muscle testing weakness ceased to recur. cle to reactive peroneus longus and brevis. Neuro
Therapy localization to both the origin and inser muscular spindle cell pinching of the belly of peroneus
tion of peroneus tertius was positive. Deep, heavy tertius was exquisitely painful to the patient. Imme
massage was painful and eliminated the TL to the ori diately after this treatment, peroneus longus and bre
gin and insertion. As the ankle had not been sprained vis were reset by testing them strongly. After this,
for several months, it was decided that the peroneus contraction of peroneus tertius caused no subsequent
could be stretched without danger of further damag weakening of peroneus longus and brevis.
ing injured tissues. Muscle stretch reactions were pres After this work with peroneus tertius, longus and
ent in peroneus tertius. Stretching and plucking brevis, the bladder infection ceased without any other
peroneus tertius produced no jump sign. Application sort of treatment. This was surprising as the patient
of the fascial release technique was exquisitely painful usually had to take strong antibiotics to stop her blad
to the patient. After this treatment, stretching the per der infections. In the one and one-half years since this
oneus tertius no longer caused weakness. This single treatment, the bladder infection has not occurred
treatment did not have to be repeated. Peroneus ter again.
tius remained free of muscle stretch reactions during
3. A professional tennis player stated that he felt that
subsequent sessions. No primary muscles were found
he couldn 't hit the ball as hard as he believed he
to weaken peroneus tertius. After this treatment, none
should be able to do. Further questioning revealed
of the various types of tests (single, hidden, repeated,
that he couldn't perform a single chin-up. He was
muscle stretch, reactive) caused weakness of peroneus
able to make the chin-up motion with great weights
tertius.
when pushing with his elbows upon an exercise
Peroneus longus and brevis tested strong. Careful
machine. But when grasping the bar above his head,
observation revealed that the patient was not per
he had not the strength to lift himself.
forming the test properly. It required several attempts
for the patient to achieve the proper test position Latissimus dorsi (the main muscle involved in the
without pulling the toes back or flexing the foot on chin-up motion) tested strong but became extremely
the ankle. When the proper test position was achieved weak when he grasped anything with his hand. Spe
(foot extension and eversion), peroneus longus and cific testing revealed that when he pulled his thumb
brevis tested extremely weak. across his palm (activating opponens pollicis, the mus
Therapy localization of the underside of the pubic cle that connects the entire radial side of the first
bone (the anterior neurolymphatic reflex point for metacarpal bone of the thumb to the wrist), latissimus
peroneus) caused peroneus longus and brevis to test dorsi and pectoralis major sternal became subse
strong. After massage of the anterior and posterior quently weak. This confirmed the primary- opponens
neurolymphatic points (the same ones as for peroneus pollicis to reactive-latissimus dorsi and pectoralis
tertius), peroneus longus and brevis tested strong. major sternal muscle relationships.
Repeated testing again weakened peroneus longus Opponens pollicis was weakened by pinching its
and brevis. Prolonged stimulation of the neurolym neuromuscular spindle cells. Latissimus dorsi and
phatic reflex points allowed repeated testing to be pectoralis major sternal were reset immediately by
performed without weakening. testing them strongly. This was performed on both
TL of the neurovascular points and of the origins sides of the body. After this treatment, the client
A PPENDICES 259
could perform chin-ups for the first time in his life posterior point was performed. Gluteus medius then
and could hit the tennis ball more strongly. tested strong. Subsequent therapy localization of the
4. A young mother had a weak-testing pectoralis neurolymphatic reflex point did not weaken gluteus
major sternal. The muscle strengthening tech medius.
niques in this book including manipulation of the Therapy localization of the neurovascular point
neuromuscular spindle cells and Golgi tendon for gluteus medius caused it to again test weak. Neu
organs plus various meridian balancing techniques rovascular point-holding was performed. TL of the
(acupressure, etc.) all failed to strengthen the mus neurovascular point again weakened the gluteus
cle. Pectoralis major sternal is associated with the medius. Neurovascular point holding was again per
liver meridian. The main nutrition for this muscle formed with great care to find the exact direction of
and meridian is vitamin A. A source of vitamin A tugging that caused the greatest pulsation. After this,
(some parsley, which was growing in the window TL of the neurovascular point no longer weakened
box) was placed in her mouth and she was the gluteus medius.
instructed to chew it and keep it in her mouth. Therapy localization of the origin and insertion of
Immediately, the weak-testing pectoralis major gluteus medius both weakened the gluteus medius.
sternal tested fully strong. During the next ses Heavy massage of these areas removed this positive
sion, testing revealed that cod liver oil made the therapy localization.
pectoralis major sternal muscle normotonic. She Repeated testing of gluteus medius caused weak
was advised to include a spoonful of cod liver oil ness. Prolonged stimulation of the neurolymphatic
in her diet daily. She did so and her pectoralis reflexes removed this finding.
major sternal was no longer found to test weak Stretching of the gluteus medius caused weakness.
during subsequent sessions. Extending and plucking it caused no jump sign nor
were there active trigger points. Therefore the fas
5. A patient had painful menstrual cramps. Therapy cial release technique was employed. This caused the
localization of the uterus weakened an indicator patient great pain. Afterwards, stretching the muscle
muscle. Double-handed therapy localization of had no further weakening effect.
the uterus and the gluteus medius muscle No primary muscle could be found to weaken the
restrengthened the indicator muscle. Double TL gluteus medius. No muscles were found to be reac
of the uterus and of the other circulation-sex merid tive to gluteus medius.
ian muscles (associated with the reproductive After this extensive work on gluteus medius, the
organs and glands) did not have the restrengthen menstrual cramping ceased and did not return during
ing effect. Therefore, corrective efforts were con this menstrual cycle.
fined to the gluteus medius muscle.
6. When babies begin to eat solid food, many suffer
The gluteus medius muscle tested weak. A small
from colic. The gas, diarrhoea and obvious suffer
quantity of vitamin E oil placed in her mouth
ing with crying and sleeplessness are common
returned gluteus medius to testing strong. She was
symptoms. When the family doctor is asked about
advised to include vitamin E in her daily diet. After
these symptoms, many mothers receive the answer,
rinsing her mouth, gluteus medius again tested weak.
"Ah, this is colic. It is normal. It will go away in
Therapy localization of the pubic bone (the ante
about six months to one year."
rior neurolymphatic reflex point for gluteus medius)
made gluteus medius test strong. Neurolymphatic The examiner visited the mother with a baby suffer
reflex point massage of this anterior point and the ing from colic. All the foods that the baby had been
260 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
eating were placed upon the table. The mother was After the testing, the mother was advised to not
muscle-tested and an easily testable normotonic mus give her baby the foods that had tested weak. She did
cle was located. With the baby in her lap and skin so and the colic disappeared and did not reappear.
contact between the mother and child, a bite of one
kind of food was placed in the baby's mouth. The 7. During a holiday in France, one of the group
mother was again muscle-tested. This was repeated brushed her bare leg against a bush of stinging
with all of the foods. When a food in the baby's mouth nettles. Touching the spot provided an active TL.
caused the mother's muscle to test weak, the baby Leaves from plants growing nearby were gathered
was given a drink of water and the mother's indica and placed one at a time upon the spot. The active
tor muscle-tested to ensure that it again tested strong TL was abolished by contact with plantain. A mash
before proceeding. of plantain leaves rubbed upon the area soothed
the itch and reduced the swelling.
A PPENDICES 261
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in: Proceedings of Summer meeting, Santa Mon tions in the General Practice, Applied Kinesiology
ica, California, ICAK, 1 985. Study Program, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1981.
Lebowitz, Michael, and Steele, Mark, Correcting Schnering, H.G., "Die Krtimmung chemischer Struk
chronic health problems. A doctor's manual, turen," in: Nova acta Leopoldina NF, 65, 1991, pp.
Reprint: Mtinchen, AKSE, 1989. 89-103.
Lippert, Herbert, Lehrbuch Anatomie, Mtinchen Schumann, w. o. , " U ber die strahlungslosen Eigen
Wien-Baltirnore, Urban & Schwarzenberg Verlag, schwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer
1990. Luftschicht und einer lonospharenhtille umgeben
ist," in: ZeitschriJt fUr Naturforschung 7a, 1954, pp.
Mandelbrot, B enoit B., The Fractal Geometry of
149-154.
Nature, W. H. Freeman, 1 982.
Selye, Hans, EinfUhrung in die Lehre vom Adaption
Mann, Felix, Acupuncture. Ancient Chinese art of heal
ssyndrom, Stuttgart, Thieme, 1952.
ing, London: Heinemann Medical Books.
Selye, Hans, Stress Without Distress, New York, Signet,
Maturana, Huberto, and Varela, Franzisco: Der Baum
1974.
der Erkienntnis, Mtinchen, Goldmann, 1987.
Stecco, L., La manipolazione neuroconnettivale,
Omura, Yoshiaki, "Acupuncture and Related
Roma, Marrapese, 1996.
Unorthodox Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment:
. . . Applied Kinesiology," ACUP UNCTURE & Travel, Janet, "Myofascial trigger points-clinical
ELECTRO- THERAPEUT. RES., [NT. J., 1979, 4: view," in: Advances in pain research and therapy,
pp. 69-89. Vol. I , editors Bonica, J.J., and Albe-Fessard, D.,
New York, Raven, 1976.
Pischinger, A., Das System der Grundregulation.
Grundlagen fUr eine ganzheitsbiologische Theorie Travel, Janet, und Rinzler, S.H., "The myofascial gen
der Medizin, Heidelberg, Haug, fourth edition 1975. esis of pain," in: Post-graduate medicine, Vol. II,
Number 5, May 1952.
Platzer, Werner, Taschenatlas der A natomie fur
Studium und Praxis, Band 1: Bewegungsapparat, Virchow, R., Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Bedeu
Stuttgart/New York, Thieme, 1991 . tung auf physische und pathologische Geweb
slehre, Berlin, Hirschwald, 1858.
Popp, A., Neue Horizonte in der Medizin, Heidelberg,
Haug, second edition 1987. Voll, R., Topographische Lage der MefJpunkte der
Elektroakupunktur, Uelzen, Germany, Med. Lit.
Prigogine, I., Vom Sein zum Werden, Mtinchen and
Verlagsanstalt, 3 Bande, 1973-1976.
Ztirich, Piper, 1979.
Walther, David S., D.C., Applied Kinesiology Synop
Schaffler, Arne, M.D., and Schmidt, Sabine, M . D.
sis, Pueblo, Colorado, Systems DC, 1988.
( Hrsg.), Mensch, Korper, Krankheit; Anatomie,
Physiologie, Krankheitsbilder; Lehrbuch und A tlas Walther, David S., D.c., Applied Kinesiology, Volume
fUr die Berufe im Gesundheitswesen, Neckarsulm, 1, Basic Procedures and Muscle Testing, Pueblo,
Germany, Jungjohann Verlag, 1 993. Colorado, Systems DC, 1981.
A PPENDICES 263
Wiener, N., Kybernetik-Regelung und Nachrich Zerlauth, B., etc., "Histologie der Akupunkturpunkte,"
tunubermittlung im Lebewesen und in der Mas in: Deutsche ZeitschriJt fUr Akupunktur, 35, 1 992,
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264 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
third-party assaying ofpurity and potency and third Standard Process Inc., 1200 W. Royal Lee Dr.,
party research data on their formulations plus excel Palmyra, WI 53156, 414-495-2122,
lent educational support material for patients. 414-495-2512, 800-848-5061
Standard Process Inc. has made whole-food (ani
Nutri-West Home Office, 307-358-5066 mal and vegetable source) nutritional supplement prod
Fax 307-358-9208, 800-443-3333 ucts for over 70 years. They find foods that are high in
marcia@nutri-west.net naturally occurring nutrients and combine them and
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The owner and operator is Dr. Paul White, an orig cific organs and organ systems and specific nutritional
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est Nutri-West distributor. their own 1 000 acres offarms and carefully extracted
Nutri-West products are known for their quality, in-house. Standard Process has long been a favorite
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award for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices). As and Catalyn are their most popular products with chi
a spokesman and formulator for Nutri-West, Dr. John ropractors.
Brimhall has taught thousands of chiropractors and
AK-inclined practitioners his successful protocol. He Thorne Research, Inc., 25820 Highway 2 West,
has developed a line ofproducts that have passed rig Dover, ID 83825, 208-263-1337, 208-265-2488,
orous muscle testing and field tests for efficacy, includ tia@thorne.com, http://www.thorne.com
ing the top-selling Nutri-West product, DSF (De-Stress Thorne p roducts are known for their purity and
Formula) which includes adrenal glandular. good acceptance by hypersensitive patients. They now
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Nutri-West South, 800-343-0754
South 99 White Bridge Rd, Ste. 202 TPCS, 660 W. Baker Street, Suite 229,
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615-352-4455, 615-352-4491 714-760-1475, kimtpcs@aol.com, www.health
drobeone@mindspring.com tpcs.com
Ask for Mary for AK seminar information for the This is John Thie's company, the makers of Iosol,
Southern US states ofAlabama, Georgia, Tennessee, a liquid organic iodine used especially for female prob
Louisiana, Mississippi and A rkansas. lems.
Metametrix, Inc.
Bio-Apotheque 5000 Peachtree Ind. Blvd., Ste. 1 10
Frauenstr. 17, 80469 Miinchen Norcross, G A 30071
Tel. 011 49 89-225630, Fax 01 1 49 89-2289300. 770-446-5483 ext. 325.
They supply AK Test sets with orthomolecular sub
stances, Pure Encapsulations products, imported nutri Great Smokies Diagnostic Lab, Inc.
tional supplements and medicines. The small-sized 63 Zillicoa St.
bottles make this set good for travel. Asheville, NC 28801-1074
828-253-0621 .
Fa. Centropa
Waltherstr. 27, 80337 Miinchen Diagnostechs
Tel 089 544229-0, Fax 089 54422988. 6620 S. 192nd Place, Ste. 1104
They provide AK test sets with large size samples. Kent, WA 98032-1948
425-251-0596.
TABLES AND TOOLS
WEB SITES
Foot Levelers, Inc.
518 Pocahontas Ave NE http://www.akse.de (German and English)
Roanoke, VA 24027 This site was initiated by Wolfgang Gerz, M. D. ,
800-553-4860. leAK diplomate and former president ofthe leAK-D.
They do shoe inserts, etc. Goodheart uses them. The author is the webmaster for the English side of
this site. Here may be found charts, graphics, articles
Impac by leading AK authors, links to other AK sites, an AK
PO Box 535, Salem, OR 97308 "chat room, " sources of AK books, upcoming AK
503-581-3239, 503-364-7754 courses and other useful tools. This is a place to learn
www.impacinc.net of the advancements in AK made by diplomates and
lmpac makes adjusting tools (the "Arthrostem " and other members of European and world-wide leAK
various percussors) for osteopaths. groups.
In many European countries, chiropractic is not a
HesscoIWessco recognized profession. Those who practice AK there
2344 Hwy 33/POB 170 are mostly medical doctors, dentists and other licensed
Saukville, WI 53080 therapists. The medical doctors there have critically
909-676-81 16. analyzed A K and developed methods of using AK
They distribute therapy tables. muscle testing for accurate medical diagnosis.
Although these and other breakthroughs made in
MANUFACTURERS OF TABLES
Europe have so far been ignored by the leA K in
America, it is highly recommended that those inter
Lloyd, Zenith, Hill, Kyro. ested in AK make themselves aware of these advance
Kyro's DC101 ments to the field through this site. leAK members,
A good, strong AK table with variable height. world-wide, are invited to submit their papers with
abstracts for addition to this site.
APPENDICES 267
ICAK-RUSSIA ICAK-UK
Lyudmila Vasilyeva Tracy S. Gates, D.O., M.R.o., DIBAK
Stroiteley 98, Novokuznetsk, 654006, Russia Doneechka Clinic, Mill Straight, Southwater
Fax: 7 3843469821 West Sussex, RHI 3 7EY, England
Email: root@drenagkemerovo.su Phone: 44 1403 734321
Fax: 44 1403 732689
ICAK-SCANDINAVIA Email: tracy@tsgates.demon.co.uk
Patrick Wennergren, D.e., DIBAK
Kirropracetur Centrum, Kungsgatan 1 OB
FRACTALS
Goteberg, 411 19, Sweden
Phone: 46 317116600
Email: oddny@algonet.se The Julia set fractals in this book were created with
the formula: NEW z = OLD z l\ 2 + c where c =
269
270 APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Endocrine 18, 19, 53, 162, 238, 239 1 98, 200, 209, 239, 241 , 242, 246, 247, 255, 257
Hypotonic 6, 8, 17, 28, 33, 83, 84, 239, 241
F
Facilitation 34, 1 3 1 , 132, 210, 238, 242
Fascial release 126-131, 1 57, 186, 210, 212, 224, ICAK-The International College of Applied
238, 240, 247, 258, 259 Kinesiology 12, 13, 73, 93, 94, 1 19, 131, 239, 262,
Fast fibers 15-17, 124, 125, 238, 241 264-268
Five-element theory 1 12, 238 ICAK-D-The International College of Applied
Fixation 68-70, 156, 161, 166, 179, 1 86, 190, 222, Kinesiology, Germany 13, 61, 73, 93, 1 14, 119,
226, 228, 238, 252 239, 266, 267
Flaccid 6, 17, 238 In the clear 2, 66, 69, 79, 80, 90, 126, 131, 133, 239
Fluoroscope 9, 107, 238 Indicator muscle 2, 26, 28-30, 32, 37, 61, 66, 67,
Foramen 1 1 , 22, 1 86, 238 69-75, 77-89, 91-94, 96, 100, 103, 1 10, 1 1 1 , 1 1 9-
123, 140, 164, 176, 186, 212, 237-242, 247, 259,
G
260
Galilei, Galileo 41 , 42
Inhibition 25, 34, 131, 132, 209, 210, 239, 242
Garten, Hans 83, 1 14, 267
Insertion 4, 17, 63, 64, 80, 99, 100, 1 1 1 , 153, 205,
Gerz, Wolfgang 13, 36-39, 61, 68-78, 82, 89, 93-96,
209, 233, 239, 241 , 247, 251 , 257, 258, 259
1 14, 129, 178, 212, 261, 266
Intercostal 103, 1 90, 208, 234, 239
Gland 9-1 1 , 1 8-20, 38, 39, 42, 52, 53, 57, 60, 72, 75,
Interstitial 101 , 102, 108, 124, 239
93-95, 97, 106, 107, 109, 1 1 1-1 14, 1 1 9-122, 126,
127, 129, 131, 153, 154, 173, 238, 239, 243, 244, J
246, 247, 259, 262, 264, 265 Jenny, Hans 46, 261
Gleditsch, Jochen 43, 261 Joint 1 , 3, 6, 15, 18, 22, 25, 33, 34, 36, 64, 67, 69, 80,
Glucose 16, 124, 238 84, 91, 103, 134, 139, 142-144, 149, 150, 179, 186,
Glycogen 124, 238 205, 224, 228, 233-235, 237, 239, 240, 243, 247,
Golgi tendon organ 22, 29-33, 96, 99, 129, 132, 252, 255, 264
133, 136, 157, 179, 238, 240, 246, 247, 259 Julia, Gaston 48, 268
Goodheart, George 1 , 3-11 , 27, 3 1 , 33, 39, 50, 60,
K
67, 68, 73-77, 84, 94, 95, 99-102, 106-108, 1 1 1-
Kepler, Johannes 41, 42
1 13, 122-124, 126, 129, 131, 139, 170, 196, 198,
Kinesiology, traditional 1-3
210, 212, 219, 239, 241, 257, 261, 265, 266
Copernicus, Nikolaus 41 , 42
Governing vessel ( Governing meridian) 86, 87,
89, 93, 222, 239, 244, 246 L
Ground substance 51-61 , 73, 108, 237, 239, 243, Leaf, David 13, 85, 1 19, 178, 198, 200, 208, 212,
254 233, 261, 262
Lebowitz, Michael 95, 262
H
Ligament 15, 22, 52, 64, 81, 153, 159, 166, 218, 235,
Hauss, W. H . 60, 261
237, 239, 240
Hidden problem 1 1 , 76, 109, 121-123, 237, 239
Ligament stretch reaction 240
Hormone 19, 20, 40, 52, 108, 154, 238, 239
Lymph 4, 9, 1 1 , 22, 39, 43, 45, 52, 53, 74, 75, 79, 80,
Hypertonic 6-1 , 17, 26-30, 32, 33, 37, 38, 61, 65, 67,
100-104, 108, 1 1 1 , 124, 127, 134, 178, 179, 208,
71-74, 78, 82-84, 91, 93-97, 104, 1 14, 1 19-121,
219, 239, 240
128, 131, 133, 156, 157, 161, 170, 1 73, 176, 1 86,
INDEX 271
Subluxation 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 89, 210, 242, 252, Tonic muscles 24
261 Touch for Health 10, 63, 93, 125, 257
Switching - See Neurologic disorganization Triad of health 4, 5, 1 1 , 67, 72, 90, 243, 249
Synergist 17, 24, 25, 29, 63, 133, 136, 198, 238, 242, Triple heater 94, 95, 170, 205, 224, 243, 244
System of ground regulation 40, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57,
U
59, 61, 64, 66, 243
Utt, Richard 6, 84
T
V
Temporomandibular joint 36, 243
Varela, Franzisco 33, 262
Tendon 1 , 4, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 29-31, 52, 56, 58, 60,
Vascular system 19, 101, 108, 179, 243
64, 84, 96, 99, 1 1 1 , 134, 143, 153, 235-242, 247,
257, 259 W
Therapy localization 2, 8, 1 1 , 26, 30, 32, 61, 66, Walther, David 12, 13, 49, 70
73-76, 79, 89, 90, 94, 103, 104, 109, 1 1 1 , 121-125, Water 16, 18, 37, 40, 5 1 , 58-60, 76, 79, 84, 90, 91,
133, 156, 170, 1 86, 238, 239, 243, 247, 250, 258, 94, 102-104, 1 14, 129, 134, 146, 156, 166, 178, 193,
259 206, 230, 231, 238, 245, 247, 253-255, 260
I N D EX O F TH E MAI N M U SC LES
D I SC U SS E D I N TH I S TEXT