Lipa City

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The transformation of the office workplace since the late 1800s can be attributed

largely to the harnessing of electricity to operate devices and machinery. (Tuazon,

2004)

An office can be a commercial, governmental, institutional, or inductrial

workplace. The word itself can suggest one room or a small number of rooms where

one type of activity occurs. Today the variety and number of office activities, which

include record keeping, servicing, consulting, and clerical work, demand a continuous

improvement of office equipment and machinery.

Electronic automation has improved the versatility, cost and productivity of the

office. Basic office tasks involve the production, documentation, storage, and relay of

information. Essential to all of these tasks is the need to write, to make copies of what

one writes, and to transmit copies to other locations.

Originally, of course, all writing was done by hand, and copies were made the

same way. With perfection of the typewriter in 1867, this process was speeded up
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greatly. Within ten years carbon paper had been invented to facilitate making copies as

the pages were typed.

In 1881, the stencil duplicator, or mimeograph, was invented in England. This is a

copying machine that uses a stencil, a coated fiber sheet through which ink is pressed.

The need for carbon paper and stencils was reduced greatly, if not altogether

eliminated, by the introduction of photocopying machines.

In the past centuries and even decades man uses his own hands to accomplish

the transactions simply and manageably. Office records have been found several

thousand years ago in various parts of the world. Even before the birth of Christ,

evidences show that accounting system was used in Greece. Romans kept records

expressed in the letter of the alphabet. The Italian merchants borrowed the Arabic

numbered system and later arithmetic which later evolved into the double entry

bookkeeping. Recording transactions is indeed difficult to understand and practice. Lots

of people noticed the decreasing level of productivity by using their manual system;

number of people increased and demands for even more advanced technology was

needed. As the years passed by when the learning of man was truly enhanced and

developed, there is an instrument invented which could be used to save time and which

was also used to settle other things. This was called the COMPUTER.
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Computers are everywhere; at work, in school and at home. It is one of the

outputs of technology. It is also one way of communicating to almost billions of people.

Even employees nowadays use computer to easily record the transactions. It gives

opportunities for different firms to do more chargeable work faster and with better client

information. The major function of computers in business is particularly to contribute to

the level of productivity, not only to the employees but to the firm as well.

Since the uses of computer were spreading all over the world, computers

become a part of mans life and study. People are continuing to search on what kind of

computer will provide information in a quicker time. Many of computer manufacturing

firms continue in producing more computers, which is basically hi-tech, the instrument

offer the users a great help in processing of date and transactions. The computer gives

convenience which provides business and gives great help for the rush works, the quick

processing of papers and elimination of the manual processing system.

Lipa City is one of the developing cities not only in Batangas Province but also in

the Philippines, which has successful exploration of business ventures, high quality

education, existence of different kinds of fast-food chains, different kinds of commercial

centers, and most importantly high quality banking institutions. And now, commercial

banks in Lipa City have been using computers in response to the fast and ever

changing environment and to improve the quality of service to the people. Todays
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computers are marvels of miniaturization. It is this context that the researchers wanted

to conduct a study on the effects of using computers in public and private offices in Lipa

City. This will enable them to gather knowledge about the advantages and

disadvantages of computers in the workplace, which they will appreciate as part of their

future profession as managers.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effects of using computers in public and private

offices in Lipa City.

The researchers seek to answer the following questions :

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of :

a. Age;

b. Civil Status;

c. Gender;

d. Educational Attainment; and

e. Length of Service

2. What personal benefits do the respondents get for having knowledge about

computers?
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3. What are the advantages of using computers both in public and private offices?

4. What are the disadvantages of using computers both in public and private

offices?

5. Is there any significant difference between ------

Conceptual Framework

This study is geared towards the idea that for every decision, there is always a

negative and equal reaction. This means that every aspect of a persons decision both

involves the advantages and disadvantages.

As such, like any other step people make, using computers offers both

advantages and disadvantages. There could be both beneficial and harmful effects as

an individual adopt the use of computers in the workplace. Needless to say, the

productivity of an individual could be improved or affected by the use of computers.

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USE OF
COMPUTERS

Public Offices EMPLOYEES Private Offices

ADVANTAGES /
DISADVANTAGES

Figure 1

Research Paradigm
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Theoretical Framework

This study makes use of some theories which are helpful in making the research

more reliable and meaningful.

In Productivity, New Paradigm for Management, Accountant and Business

Environment, credited by Daghani (2011), many of management accounting experts

and productivity assessor organizations, including Asian productivity organization,

European Union and American productivity center, believe that productivity

measurement is one of the primary objectives in evaluating company activities for long

term period. Therefore, management team is always requested to provide decision

makers with reports about the way of implementing strategic plans of company and their

results. In this way, they would be able to evaluate companys performance by

comparing it with successive periods and also with other similar companies. Hence,

discussions related to productivity measurement and its methods, e.g. Total Factor

Productivity (TFP) and Total factor productivity Growth (TFPG) can help decision

makers in this evaluation.

Productivity, in a way that it has turned to be a new paradigm in the modern

business world. Neo-classicists believe that companies have to operate with full

production capacity. Although the experience of production units has revealed that this
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is impossible, it is the certain economic fact for economists and is used for decision

making in theoretical economy era.

The concept of productivity is linked closely with the issues of efficiency and

encompasses several efficiency elements such as price efficiency, allocate efficiency,

technical efficiency and scale efficiency. The overall productivity level of an organization

depends on all these elements. Improvements in efficiency and productivity gains can

be considered as one of the goals of a firm in a competitive market. Therefore,

measurements in efficiency and productivity gains provide supplementary information

about the firms performance. These measurements can be considered as non-financial

performance indicators as they consider all of the contributors to the firms performance.

In any organization, whether it is profit-oriented or not, measurements of productivity

help to analyze the efficiency of resource use in the organization. Moreover, productivity

indices help to set realistic targets for monitoring activities during an organizational

development process by highlighting bottle-necks and barriers to performance. (Kamau

2011)
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Significance of the Study

This study which focuses of the effects of using computers in public and private

offices in Lipa City shall benefit the following :

The managers and employees of public and private offices. They will be able to

find out the effects of using computers in offices in doing clerical and other office

related works. This will help them weigh their decision whether or not they should apply

more computers in the different domain of their offices.

The researchers. This study will help them apply their knowledge of using

computers as learned from their previous subjects and likewise expand their

understanding of computers not just in school but also in office in the near future.

Future researchers. They will be guided on their undertakings in dealing with

computer - related research particularly a follow-up on this study, which focuses on the

application of computers in the arena of work and other investigations on some

endeavor. v
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Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study shall focus on the demographics and views of people who are working

in public or private offices in Lipa City. Their views shall include their opinions on the

advantages and disadvantages of using computers in relation to their works.

Furthermore, this study shall involve the analysis on whether or not the

responses from the respondents significantly differ from each other.

Moreover, this research cover only thirty (30) randomly selected employees from

both public and private offices.

Definition of Terms

In order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding on this research, the following

terms are defined :

Computer. It is a device capable of solving problems or manipulating data by

accepting data, performing prescribed operations (mathematical or logical) on the data,

and supplying the results of these operations. (Spencer, 2004)

Effects. This is something produced as a cause or a desired result. It is also a

technique, which produces an intended impression. (Moraleja, 2007)

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Public Office. This office relates to or affects all the people or the whole area of

a nation or state. It is accessible to or shared by all members of the community.

(Mirriam Websters Collegiate, p.944)

Private Office. This is the office intended for or restricted to the use of a

particular person, group, or class; belonging to or concerning an individual person,

company, or interest. (Mirriam Websters Collegiate, p.927)

Office. This is an office of authority to exercise a public or private function and to

receive whatever emoluments may belong to it; a place in which the functions of public

and private officers are performed. (Mirriam Websters Collegiate, p.807)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and related studies found

significant to broaden the perspectives and insights on the topic inquired in this study.

Related Literature

Information and Communication. Computers now and in the future will

significantly influence developments in the information and communications technology.

It is said that in the coming decades, information will be the most extensively used

resources by man. With the wide use of personal computers, it will be a radical change

in the media that information will normally originate from (Aguirre, pp.20-21)

James O. Hicks Jr. stated that a computer is an information processor capable of

performing substantial computations, including numerous arithmetic or logical

operations, without intervention by a human operation. According to him, the usefulness

of a computer system for business is largely determined by the characteristics of the

central processing unit (CPU) and storage devices. The CPU is the centerpiece of the

computer system, and strictly speaking, it is the computer. Of course software and

input/output devices are also important, but it is the trait of the CPU and storage devices

such as primary storage size, that determine whether certain business application are
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feasible on a given computer system. Therefore, understanding these basic

characteristics is of importance to business users of computers (Hicks Jr., p.12).

Donald H. Sanders stated that in the last years of the 1980s, personal computers

by tens of millions were found in workstations in offices, factories, laboratories, schools,

homes, hospitals, government agencies, bank and retail stores. Its expected that by

1989, most information worker would have access to these systems. He said that

people should be familiar with the common uses of applications of computers. They

should feel comfortable working with available prewritten instructions program that

allows them to use computers to produce the application results they designed. The

computer is one of the most powerful forces in the society today. It is of use

everywhere. It is seen in homes and organization of all sizes and no one can doubt that

this usage is having a strong impact on many people. The computer is the driving force

behind an informative revolution, and as in any revolution some innocent people may

learn. He also stated that each day computers help millions of people do their jobs more

effectively. For instance, they can help managers decide on a further course of action

and they can help with the follow-up checks on performance to see if a planned goal is

being achieved (Sanders, p.126)

Related Studies
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The study conducted by Bautista and Dalisay on operation of computer in

Batangas City used descriptive method and analyzed the collected data through the use

of frequency distribution percentage and ranking tools. Actual interview of the owners

and distributed questionnaires are used as the tools for collecting information regarding

the study.

According to the study of Matibag et.al, (2002) entitled The Effects of Mobile

banking to Business Operation of Some Selected Banks in Batangas City and Lipa

City, mobile banking helps the bank in bill collections, faster fund transfer, checkbook

requests and account statement planning. Mobile banking is deemed to contribute in

having better and faster banking transactions and gaining more clients.

The study made by Samson et.al (2001) stressed that computer contributes a lot

in doing things. This is reflected in terms of improved productivity of employees,

enhanced quality of service, and high satisfaction and percentage of clients. The

perception of the bank managers on the effects of computerization are not affected by

or related to the type of bank, branch office classification, type of transaction engaged

in, and type of computer technology used.

Meanwhile, a great percentage among the respondents moderately agreed with

the given statements concerning with the effectiveness and advantages of

computerization in lending investors. Computerization is effective and therefore

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acceptable to the respondents as a great percentage pointed out how important the said

innovation is in processing information more effectively and efficiently. These are the

conclusions drawn from the study conducted by Austria and Bartolome (2000) entitled

The Effectiveness of Computers among Selected Lending Investors in Bauan,

Batangas.

Synthesis
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter introduces the details of methods of research, sources of the data,

sampling techniques, data-gathering procedure, research instrument, validity of

instruments, and statistical treatment of data.

Method of Research

Travers as cited by Sevilla, et al. (2002) the principal aim of descriptive (method

of research) is to describe the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study

the causes of particular phenomena. In the same book Sevilla et.al cited Gays

definition of descriptive research. Gay defines it as, a research involving collection of

data in order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of

the subject of the study. A descriptive study determines and reports the way things are.

Just as historical research has no control over what was, descriptive research has no

control over what is, and it can only measure what already exists.
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Subjects of the Study

The subjects in this study are the employees from public and private offices in

Lipa City. There are thirty (30) randomly selected respondets. They will be asked to

answer the questionnaire which was prepared by the researchers.

Data Gathering Instrument

Questionnaire will be used as the main instrument of the study to determine the

data needed in accomplishing this research. The questionnaire will contain the design

questions focus on The Effects of Using Computers in Public and Private Offices in

Lipa City.

In developing the questionnaire, data related to the said topic will be gathered

from books, magazines, and internet.

The letters of transmittal will be prepared and submitted for approval to the

professor and the manager of different commercial banks in Lipa City. The letter of

transmittal will be a letter done to distribute legally a questionnaire to the respondents in

a certain area.
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Validity of Instrument

Validity is verification of the quality of the research instrument. It tries to see

whether the questionnaire or tests are clear or uncertain to the respondent. It also tries

to see whether the questions are too easy or difficult.

Research experts of the University of Batangas Lipa City particularly the

Development director and the consultant shall be referred to validate the instrument to

be used in the gathering of data for this study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Using the survey method, the researchers gathered the data from the

respondents who are the employees working with computers in Lipa City. Permissions

is to be requested from the managers so that the researchers would be given access to

the employees. When permission was granted, the researchers were given a

questionnaire to accomplish and also explanations of what they should do specifically

when answering the said instrument.

The questionnaires were retrieved right there and then. The respondents were

requested to accomplish the questionnaire at that very moment to make sure that all

copies distributed would be retrieved.

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The data contained in the answer sheets were then tabulated. These were

transferred to a master sheet, which later was double checked by the researchers for

accuracy. When accuracy was assured, the researchers proceeded to the statistical

treatment of data.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

Percentage and weighted mean will be used by the researchers to convert to

numerical data the data gathered from the questionnaire. Only tallying, getting of

percentage, and getting of weighted mean will be the methods needed to come up with

a conclusion on this study. Descriptive statistics which include basic summary of the

data gathered will be used to explain further the result of the study. The descriptive

statistics used frequency, percentage, and weighted mean. These things would be

explained further in the following:

a. Frequency. The (f) pertains to the number of respondents that have the same

answer in a specific question

b. Percentage. The % is used to determine the ratio of respondents that have the

same answers with the general number of respondents

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Wherein:
Formula:

% = percentage

% =f /N x 100
f = number of respondents that

answered the question

N = total number of

c. Weighted Mean. The WM is used to show the central tendency of the answer of
respondents
the respondents
Wherein:
Formula:

X = mean

= total number of

respondents that answered

the question
d. Ranking (through weighted mean)

e. Analysis of Variance. The ANOV was used to analyze the difference among the
responses. The formula for ANOVA is asnfollows
= total: number of answers

F = SSb/SSw

Where

SSw = (n1 1)s21 + (n2 1)s21 + + (nk 1)s21

n1 + n2 + + nk k
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SSb = n1X21 (2n1X1)2 / n

k-1

If the computed F is greater than the critical value of F, the null hypothesis would

be rejected.

If the computed F is less than the critical value of F, the null hypothesis would be

rejected.