Robbert
Dijkgraaf
Ins$tute
for
Advanced
Study
2014
MPS
Annual
Mee:ng
Simons
Founda:on
Some
Ideology
Garbage Beauty
Reduc*on
Garbage Beauty
Standard
Model
macro
micro
Emergence
Beauty Garbage
macro
micro
Renormaliza*on
Group
Infrared Ultraviolet
fixed points fixed points
=0 =
macro
micro
Quan*za*on
Geometry Algebra
K Z(K) C
geometric
quantum
object
invariant
Emergent Geometry
Geometry Algebra
eec-ve
quantum
geometry
system
Synthesis
Quantum
Geometry
String
Theory
Classical
Mechanics
B
A
calculus, geometry,
dynamical systems, chaos,
Quantum
Mechanics
Action / h
B
Sum
over
histories
e
A
crea-on/annihila-on
of
par-cles
B
A
C
A?
Duali:es
dual
classical
dual
classical
eld
limit
theory
F*
!* 0
self-dual
QFTs
Duali:es
of
Eec:ve
QFT
Renormaliza*on
group
Z(M, F )
Depends
on
cut-o
distance
or
energy
scale
=1/
RG
ow
on
space
of
regularized
quantum
eld
theories
F = F F * = F0
= =0
Some*mes
Z
independent
of
Z(M, F0 ) = Z(M, F )
Dening
Quantum
Field
Theory:
Algebra
xn
x1 Operator
products
of
local
operators
O1 (x1 )....On (xn )
ScaPering
amplitudes
D=2
Conformal
Field
Theory
Oi (x) O j (y)
Operator
product
expansion
lim
Oi (x) O j (y)
k
xy Ok (y)
Vertex
algebra
Associa*ve
algebra
M :M C
:S H (M ) (M )
M
Gluing
laws
M1 M2 M
(M1 )! (M 2 ) = (M )
Category
Theory
codim
2:
category
of
boundary
condi*ons
H :
Composi*on
law
of
morphisms
H1 :
H 2 ! H1 :
H2 :
D=1
Supersymmetric
QM
Dieren*al
geometry
&
topology
Harm* ( X ) H * ( X )
Par**on
func*on
=
WiPen
index
a
a b H* H* H*
b
Topological
String
Theory
string
Calabi-Yau
X
Classical
Intersec:on
Product
s = 0
dual cycles
a
c =
b
X
= abc
X
Quantum
Cohomology
s > 0
dt/2s
= e
rat curves
degree d
X
for P n x n+1 = 0 x n+1 = e t
smooth under flops t t
s = 0 local
P1
t <0 t >0
moduli
space
s > 0
t =0
brane X
closed strings
open strings (bulk)
(brane)
D-branes:
Rela:ve
CFT
Space-time picture
string
worldsheet
brane
Y
X
D-Branes
4D Space-time
multiplicity N
Internal space
U(N)
Yang-Mills
Theory
j
i
j
k
k
i
matrix multiplication k Aik Akj
Closed/Open
Duali:es
closed
strings
open
strings
strings
inf-dim Lie algebras D-branes
vector bundles
loop spaces
g s 0
Virasoro algebra
g
K-theory
s spaces
moduli
genus expansion non-commutative
A:yah-Singer
Index
Theorem
analysis
geometry
zero-modes
topology
of
Dirac
operator
vector
bundle
time
time
gs Planck = g s s
String
Par::on
Func:on
Z string = exp g s2 g2 Fg t; s
( )
g0
gs 0
genus
g
Phase
Diagram
strings
branes
CFT
strings
s par-cles
elds
gs
Quantum
Geometry
Stringy
Geometry
Classical
Geometry
(emergent)
(deformed)
Planck = g s s s smooth
Simplest
Calabi-Yau
3-fold
!3
( )
z1 , z2 , z3 ! 3
Constant
Maps,
d
=
0
3
B2 g B2 g2
N g ,0 = g1
=
Mg
2g(2g 2)(2g 2)!
3d
Par::ons
Z = exp N g g s2 gg
g0
n
= 1 q
n>0
( n
)
= qN
3d partitions of N
q = e gs
n
(
Z top = 1 q
n>0
n
) =1+ q + 3q 2 + 6q3 + ...
Mel:ng
Crystals
n
Z top = q # atoms
= 1 q
n>0
( n
)
Limit
Shape
=
Mirror
Manifold
Planck string smooth
D=4
Gauge
Theories
Instantons:
self-dual
connec*on
F = F
4-manifold
M
4 moduli
space
ModN ,n (M)
ch2 = n
Ac*on
4
S=
g2
TrF F + 8 TrF F = n 2i
2
Gauge
coupling
4
= +i 2 H
2 g
Duali:es
of
D=4
Gauge
Theories
Electric-magne*c
duali*es
F(A* ) = *F(A)
Langlands
dual
gauge
group
G LG
Dual
coupling
1 /
Extended
symmetry
SL(2, Z)
a + b
c + d
N=4
SUSY
Gauge
Theory
Resolved
singularity
M C 2 /
nite
subgroup
SU(2)
Boundary
condi*on:
at
connec*on
Hom(,U(N)), = N i i
MacKay
correspondence:
nite
groups
g
ane
KM
algebras
N
=
4
Gauge
Theories
on
ALE
spaces
rep
of
dim
N
of
V
integrable
rep
at
level
N
of
g
N0
N1
!
2
A
k1
:
C
/Z
k
characters
of
SU(k)N
WZW
model
Z gauge (q) = TrV q L0 = (q)
Level-rank
duality
SU(N) k SU(k) N
N=2
SUSY
Gauge
Theory
R4
1
Equivariant
ac*on
of
SO(4)
x
U(N)
on
ModN ,n (R 4 )
2
(1,2 ;a) T 2 T N
U(1) U(1) SO(4)
Nekrasov
par**on
func*on:
equivariant
fundamental
class
Z gauge (q;1,2 ,a) = q n 1( , ,a)
1 2
n 0 M N ,n
D=2 CFT
C2
D=4
Gauge
Theory
M4
Eigenvalue Dynamics
2 2I / g s
Z matrix = d N
( I J ) e I
W (x) = x 2
General
Matrix
Model
TrW () / g s
Z matrix = d e
t
Hooi
limit
N I , gs 0, N I gs = I = fixed
Filling
frac*ons
N1 N3 W ( )
N2
Spectral
Curve
F0 1 2
= log , F0 = log
2
Quantum
Curves
N F0
O(1 N )
N 22 g
Fg
g0
N finite
Categorica:on
Miraculous
integrality
Z(M ) = dn q n
n
dn Z M
Suggests
higher
dimensional
QFT
dn = dimVn (M )
M R
The
vector
spaces
Vn
can
carry
representa*ons
of
algebraic
structures
Knot
Polynomials
q = e 2 i/(k+h) = e !
Khovanov
cohomology
Local
Deni:ons
CFT
D-branes
Riemann
surfaces
Non-comm
Gauge
TFT
geometry
Theories
String
Theory
Matrix
General
Models
Rela*vity
Global
Deni:on?
Mathema:cs
of
QFT
Construc*ve
and
algebraic
QFT,
asympto*cally
free
theories
(Clay
prize).
Surprisingly
rich
structure
in
Feynman
diagrams
(Hopf
algebra
of
Connes-Kreimer,
mul*ple
zeta-func*ons,
number
theory).
Twistor
reformula*ons,
MHV
calculus,
amplituhedron,...
Duali*es:
rela*ng
dierent
gauge
groups
&
dynamical
variables,
not
always
a
semi-classical
expansion.
Is
the
path-integral
fundamental?
What
Kind
of
Mathema:cal
Beauty?
universal
excep:onal
calculus,
E8,
Monster
Group,
Hilbert
spaces
Calabi-Yau
manifolds
Platos
Cave
Mathema-cal
Dream
Physical
Reality
Quantum
Cave
Physical Dream
Mathema-cal Reality