(PCCP) Division
WORKSHOP TAPASYA
SHEET
MATHEMATICS
COURSE : KVPY (STAGE-) I
Subject : Mathematics KVPY
3. Sets 13 - 16
4. Trigonometry 17 - 22
6. Triangles 26 - 28
7. Circles 29 - 30
8. Number System 31 - 34
9. Mensuration 35 - 38
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.13RPCCP
RATIO-PROPORTION, PARTNERSHIP AND
MIXTURE & ALLIGATION
a c
Dividendo : If then, the dividendo is
b d
Ratio : ab c d
.
The comparison of two quantities a and b of similar b d
kind is represented as a : b is called a ratio also it can a c
Componendo and Dividendo : If , then the
a b d
be represented as .
b
componendo-dividendo is a b c d .
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or ab cd
antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.
VARIATION :
5
e.g. The ratio 5 : 9 represents , with antecedent = 5 (i) We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for
9
and consequent = 9. some constant k and we write, x y.
The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by (ii) We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k
the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio. 1
for some constant k and we write, x .
y
e.g. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15 etc. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.
Ex.1 If a : b = 5 : 9 and b : c = 4 : 7, find a : b : c.
Proportion :
9 9 63
The equality of two ratios is called proportion. Sol. a : b = 5 : 9 and b : c = 4 : 7 = 4 : 7 = 9 :
4 4 4
If a : b = c : d, we write, a : b : : c : d and we say that a, b,
c, d are in proportion. 63
where, a is called first proportional, b is called second
a:b:c=5:9: = 20 : 36 : 63.
4
proportional, c is called third proportional and d is Ex.2 Find out :
called fourth proportional. (i) the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12;
Law of Proportion : (ii) the third proportional to 16 and 36;
Product of means = Product of extremes (iii) the mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18.
Sol. (i) Let the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 be x.
Thus, if a : b : : c : d (b c) = (a d),
Then, 4 : 9 : : 12 : x 4 x = 9 12
Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are
called mean terms. 9 12
x= = 27.
Mean proportional of two given numbers a and b 4
is ab . Fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 is 27.
Sub-duplicate ratio : The sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) (iii) Mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18
is ( a : b ). 8 18 144 12
= 0.08 0.18
3 3
Triplicate ratio : The triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b ). 100 100 100 100 100
Sub-triplicate ratio : The sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is = 0.12
PAGE # 11
Ex.4 Divide Rs. 1162 among A, B, C in the ratio 35 : 28 : 20. which y units are taken out and replaced by water. After
Sol. Sum of ratio terms = (35 + 28 + 20) = 83. n operations, the quantity of pure liquid
n
35 y
As share = Rs. 1162 = Rs. 490;
83 = x 1 x units.
28 Ex.7 The cost of Type 1 rice is Rs.15 per kg and Type 2 rice
Bs share = Rs. 1162 = Rs. 392;
83 is Rs.20 per kg. If both type-1 and type-2 are mixed in
ratio of 2 : 3 , then find the price per kg of the mixed
20
Cs share = Rs. 1162 = Rs. 280. variety of rice.
83
Sol. Let the price of the mixed variety be Rs. x per kg.
Ex.5 A bag contains 50 p, 25 p and 10 p coins in the ratio By the rule of alligation, we have :
5 : 9 : 4, amounting to Rs. 206. Find the number of Cost of 1 kg of Type 1 rice Cost of 1 kg of Type 2 rice
coins of each type. Rs. 20
Rs. 15
Sol. Let the number of 50 p, 25 p and 10 p coins be 5x, 9x Mean price
and 4x respectively. Rs. x
5x 9 x 4x (20 x) (x 15)
Then, = 206
2 4 10
(20 x ) 2
50x + 45x + 8x = 4120 =
( x 15 ) 3
103x = 4120
x = 40. 60 3x = 2x 30
Number of 50 p coins = (5 40) = 200; 5x = 90
Number of 25 p coins = (9 40) = 360; x = 18.
So, price of the mixture is Rs.18 per kg.
Number of 10 p coins = (4 40) = 160.
Ex.8 A milk vendor has 2 cans of milk. The first contains
Ex.6 If a man goes from a place A to another place B 100 m
25% water and the rest milk. The second contains
apart in 4 hours at a certain speed. With the same
50% water. How much milk should he mix from each
speed going from B to C 400 m apart, what time will he
of the containers so as to get 12 litres of milk such that
take ? the ratio of water to milk is 3 : 5 ?
Sol. d = st, where d is distance in m, s is speed in m/sec., Sol. Let cost of 1 litre milk be Rs.1.
t is time in seconds. Speed is same d t
3
New distance is 4 times, now the time will be 4 times Milk in 1 litre mixture in 1st can = litre,
4
the time it takes from A to B .So, the time taken from B
to C is 4 4 = 16 hours. 3
C.P. of 1 litre mixture in 1st can = Rs. .
4
1
Milk in 1 litre mixture in 2nd can = litre,
2
Alligation : It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio
1
in which two or more ingredients at the given price C.P. of 1 litre mixture in 2nd can = Rs. .
2
must be mixed to produce a mixture of a desired price.
5
Milk in 1 litre of final mixture = litre,
Mean Price : The cost price of a unit quantity of mixture 8
is called the mean price.
5
Mean price = Rs. .
Rule of Alligation : If two ingredients are mixed, then, 8
By the rule of alligation, we have :
Quantity of cheaper C.P. of dearer Mean price
x 3/4 5 / 8
Quantity of dearer Mean price C.P. of cheaper
y = 5 / 8 1/ 2
We can also represent this thing as under
x 1/ 8
C.P. of a unit quantity of cheaper C.P. of a unit quantity of dearer
y = 1/ 8
(c) (d)
Mean price C.P. of 1 litre mixture in 1st can C.P. of 1 litre mixture in 2nd can
(m) 3/4 1/2
Mean price
(d m) (m c) 5/8
1/8 1/8
Suppose a container contains x units of liquid from
We will mix 6 from each can.
PAGE # 22
Ex.9 Tea worth Rs.126 per kg and Rs.135 per kg are mixed
with a third variety in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2. If the mixture is
worth Rs. 153 per kg, then find the price of the third When two or more persons jointly start a business with
variety per kg. an objective to earn money. This is called partnership.
Sol. Since first and second varieties are mixed in equal These persons are called partners and the money
invested in the business is known as capital.
126 135
proportions, so their average price = Rs. Distribution of Profit/Loss when unequal capital is
2
= Rs.130.50 invested for equal interval of time :
When partners invest different amounts of money, for
So, the mixture is formed by mixing two varieties, one
equal interval of time, then profit/loss is divided in the
at Rs. 130.50 per kg and the other at say, Rs. x per kg
ratio of their investment.
in the ratio 2 : 2, i.e., 1 : 1. We have to find x.
By the rule of alligation, we have : Ex.12 A and B invested Rs. 3600 and Rs. 4800 respectively
Cost of 1 kg tea of 1st kind Cost of 1 kg tea of 2nd kind to open a shop. At the end of the year Bs profit was
Rs. 1208. Find As profit.
130.50 Rs. x
Mean price Sol. Profit sharing ratio = 3600 : 4800 = 3 : 4
Rs. 153
Profit of A 3
(x 153) 22.50 Profit of B 4
x 153 3
1= Profit of A = Profit of B
22.5 4
3
153 + 22.5 = x Profit of A = 1208 = Rs. 906
4
x = Rs.175.50
Distribution of P/L when equal capital is invested for
Ex.10 A jar full of whisky contains 40% alcohol . A part of this different intervals of time :
whisky is replaced by another containing 19% alcohol
and now the percentage of alcohol was found to be Ex.13 Govind & Murari started a business with equal
capitals. Govind terminated the partnership after
26%. Find the quantity of whisky replaced.
7 months. At the end of the year, they earned a profit of
Sol. By the rule of alligation, we have :
Rs. 7600. Find the profit of each of them.
Strength of first jar Strength of 2nd jar
Sol. Govind invested for 7 month, Murari invested for
40% 19% 12 month.
Mean strength
Since investment is same for both (Let it be Rs. x)
26%
Profit sharing ratio = 7x : 12x = 7 : 12
7 14 7
Govinds profit = 7600 = 2800
So, ratio of 1st and 2nd quantities = 7 : 14 = 1 : 2. 7 12
2 12
Required quantity replaced = . Muraris profit = 7600 = 4800.
3 7 12
Ex.11 A vessel is filled with liquid, 3 parts of which are water Ex.14 Ramesh started a business by investing Rs. 25000.
and 5 parts syrup. How much of the mixture must be 3 months later Mahesh joined the business by
drown off and replaced with water so that the mixture investing Rs. 25000. At the end of the year Ramesh got
may be half water and half syrup ? Rs. 1000 more than Mahesh out of the profit. Find the
Sol. Suppose the vessel initially contains 8 litres of liquid. total profit.
Sol. Ramesh invested for 12 month, Mahesh invested for 9
Let x litres of this liquid be replaced with water.
month.
3x
Quantity of water in new mixture = 3 x litres. Profit sharing ratio = 12x : 9x = 12 : 9 = 4 : 3.
8 Let Capital be Rs P.
5x 4
Quantity of syrup in new mixture = 5 litres. Profit of Ramesh = P
8 7
3
3x 5x Profit of Ramesh = P
3
x = 5 7
8 8
4 3
5x + 24 = 40 5x P = P + 1000
7 7
8
10x = 16 x = .
5 4 3
P P = 1000
8 1 1 7 7
So, part of the mixture replaced = = .
5 8 5 P
= 1000 P = Rs.7000.
7
PAGE # 33
Distribution of P/L when capital and time both are Ex.18 Tanoj & Manoj started a business by investing
unequal : Rs. 75000 and Rs. 90000 respectively. It was decided
to pay Tanoj a monthly salary of Rs. 1875 as he was
Ex.15 Suresh & Ramesh entered into a partnership by the active partner. At the end of the year if the total profit
investing Rs.14000 and Rs. 18000 respectively suresh is Rs. 39000, find the profit of each.
with drew his money after 4 months. If the total profit at Sol. Profit sharing ratio = 75000 : 90000 = 5 : 6
the end is Rs. 12240, find the profit of each. Total profit = Rs. 39000
Sol. Profit sharing ratio = 14000 4 : 18000 12 = 7 : 27 Salary of Tanoj = 12 1875 = Rs. 22500
Profit left = Rs.39000 Rs. 22500 = Rs.16500.
7
Sureshs profit = 12240 = 2520
34 5
Tanojs profit = 16500 = 7500.
27 11
Rameshs profit = 12240 = 9720.
34
Total profit of Tanoj = 22500 + 7,500 = Rs. 30,000
Ex.16 David started a business establishment by investing
6
Rs.15000. After 4 months william entered into a Manojs profit = 16500 = Rs. 9,000
11
partnership by investing a certain amount. At the end
Change in invested capital :
of the year; the profit was shared in the ratio 9 : 8. Find
Ex.19 Rajeev & Sanjeev entered into a partnership and
how much money was invested by william.
invested Rs. 36000 and Rs. 40000 respectively. After 8
Sol. Let William invested Rs. x.
months Rajeev invested an additional capital of
Profit sharing ratio = 15000 12 : 8x = 1,80,000 : 8x
Rs. 4000, Sanjeev withdrew Rs. 4000 after 9 months.
Also profit ratio = 9 : 8 At the end of the year of their profit was Rs. 45800. Find
ATP 180000 : 8x = 9 : 8 the profit of each.
Sol. Rajeevs capital = 36000 8 + (36000 + 4000) 4
180000 8
=x = Rs. 448000 for 1 month
98
Sanjeevs capital = 40000 9 + (40000 4000) 3
x = Rs. 20,000 = Rs. 468000 for 1 month
Profit sharing ratio = 448000 : 468000 = 112 : 117
Working and Sleeping partner :
112
Rajeevs profit = 45800 = Rs. 22400
229
Active Partner : A partner who manages the business
is known as active or working partner. 117
Sanjeevs profit = 45800 = Rs. 23400.
Sleeping Partner : A partner who only invests the money 229
is known as sleeping partner. Ex.20 A, B and C start a business each investing Rs. 20000.
Ex.17 Nitesh & Jitesh invested Rs.15000 and Rs.18000 After 5 months A withdrew Rs. 5000, B withdrew Rs.
4000 and C invests Rs. 6000 more. At the end of the
respectively in a business. If the total profit at the end
year, a total profit of Rs. 69900 was recorded. Find the
of the year is Rs. 8800 and Nitesh, being an active share of each.
partner, gets an additional 12.5% of the profit, find the Sol. Ratio of the capitals of A, B and C
total profit of Nitesh. = 20000 5 + 15000 7 : 20000 x 5 + 16000 7 : 20000
Sol. Profit sharing ratio = 15000 : 18000 = 5 : 6 5 + 26000 7
Total profit = 8800 = 205000 : 212000 : 282000 = 205 : 212 : 282.
12.5 205
Nitesh gets 12.5% of the profit = 8800 As share = Rs. (69900 ) = Rs. 20500 ;
1000
699
= Rs. 1100
Net profit = 8800 1100 = Rs. 7700 215
B's share = Rs. (69900 ) = Rs. 21200 ;
699
5
Nitesh share in profit = 7700 = 3500
56 282
Cs share = Rs. (69900 x ) = Rs. 28200.
699
Total profit of Nitesh = 3500 + 1100 = Rs. 4600.
PAGE # 44
I N E Q UAT I O N S
PAGE # 55
Ex.4 Solve & graph the solution set of 2 < 2x 4 2x 4
and 2x + 5 13, x R Ex.7 Solve the following inequations : > 5.
x 1
Sol. We have,
Sol.
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 2x 4
5
2 < 2x 4 x 1
2x 4 > 2 and 2x + 5 13 2x 4
50
2x > 2 and 2x 13 5 x 1
x>1 and 2x 8 2x 4 5( x 1)
0
x>1 and x 4 x 1
x>1 and x 4
x > 1 or x 4 or x ( , 4] (1, ). 2x 4 5x 5
0
x 1
Ex.5 Solve the following equation :
2(2x + 3) 10 < 6 (x 2)
3 x 9
Sol. We have, 0 [Multiplying both sides by 1]
x 1
2(2x + 3) 10 6 (x 2)
4x + 6 10 6x 12 3x 9
4x 4 6x 12 0
x 1
4x 6x 12 + 4
[Transposing 4 to RHS and 6x to LHS] 3( x 3)
0 [Dividing both sides by 3]
2x 8 x 1
2 x 8
x3
2 2 0
x 1
x4
x [4, ) 1<x3
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [4, ) x (1, 3]
which can be graphed on real line as shown in Figure. + +
1 3
0 4
Hence, the solution set of the given inequations is
5 x 2 7x 3 x (1, 3].
Ex.6 Solve the following inequations : .
3 5 4
5 x 2 7x 3 x
Sol. 2 3x
3 5 4 Ex. 8 Solve : 5 < 9.
4
5(5 x 2) 3(7 x 3) x
> 2 3x
15 4 Sol. 5 4 494
4
25 x 10 21x 9 x [Multiplying throughout by 4]
>
15 4
20 2 3x 36
4x 1 x 20 2 3x 36 2 [Subtracting 2 throughout]
>
15 4 22 3x 34
4 (4x 1) > 15 x
22 3 x 34
[Multiplying both sides by 60 i.e. Lcm of 15 and 4] [Dividing throughout by 3]
3 3 3
16x 4 > 15x
16x 15x > 4
22 34
[Transposing 15 x to LHS and 4 to RHS] x
3 3
x>4
x (4, )
34 22
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is x
3 3
(4, ). This can be graphed on the real number line as
shown in figure. x [ 34/3, 22/3]
Hence, the interval [ 34/3, 22/3] is the solution set of
0 4 the given system of inequations.
PAGE # 66
Ex.9 Solve 5x - 3 < 3x + 1 when (a) Inequations involving absolute value
(i) x is an integer, (ii) x is a real number.
Sol. We have, 5x 3 < 3x + 1 Result 1. If a is a positive real number, then
(i) | x | < a a < x < a i.e. x ( a, a)
5x 3 + 3 < 3x + 1 + 3
5x < 3x + 4
a a
5x 3 x < 3x + 4 3x
(ii) | x | a a x a i.e. x [a, a]
2x < 4
x<2 a a
(i) When x is an integer, the solutions of the given
inequality are ..........., 4, 3, 2, 1, 0,1. Result 2. If a is a positive real number, then
(ii) When x is a real number, the solutions of the (i) | x | > a x < a or x > a
inequality are given by x < 2, i.e., all real number x
which are less than 2. Therefore, the solution set of a a
the inequality is x (- , 2).
(ii) | x | a x a or x a
a a
The function f(x) defined by Result 3. Let r be a positive real number and a be a
f(x) = x
x, when x 0 fixed real number. Then,
x, when x 0
(i) | x a | < r a r < x < a + r i.e. x (a r, a + r)
is called the modulus function. It is also called the
(ii) | x a | r a r x a + r i.e. x [a r, a + r]
absolute value function.
y (iii) | x a | > r x < a r, or x > a + r
(iv) | x a | r x a r, or x a + r
f(x x Ex.12 Find x from 1 x 2 and represent it on number line.
)=
)=
x f(x
Sol. 1 x x 1 x > 1 or x < 1
x' x
o
x ( , 1) (1, ) ...(i)
i.e. x ( 2, 1) (1, 2)
x 4, where x 4 0 x 4
Sol. x 4
( x 4 ), where x 4 0 x 4
x4=7 and (x 4) = 7 2 1 0 1 2
x = 11 and x+4=7
x=3 Ex.13 Find x satisfying x 5 3 .
x 3
x=3 Ans. Sol. as x a r a r x a r i.e. x [a r, a r ]
x 11
Sol. 3 23 3 7
2 8
= 3 + 5 3 {(7)}
= 3 + {(5)} 3 7
= 3 + 5 10 = 8 10 = 2.
PAGE # 77
QUADRATIC EQUATION & PROGRESSION
b ( 4ac b 2 )
=
The value of x which satisfies the given quadratic 2a
equation is known as its root. The roots of the given
b ( 4ac b 2 )
equation are known as its solution. and =
2a
For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the roots are
b i 4ac b 2
b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac or =
and . 2a
2a 2a
b i 4ac b 2
and = [ 1 = i ]
2a
i.e. in this case both the roots are imaginary and distinct.
Consider the quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0
having and as its roots and b2 4ac is called
REMARKS :
discriminant of roots of quadratic equation. It is
denoted by D or . If a, b, c Q and b2 4ac is positive (D > 0) but not a
Roots of the given quadratic equation may be perfect square, then the roots are irrational and they
(i) Real and unequal (ii) Real and equal always occur in conjugate pairs like 2 + 3
(iii) Imaginary and unequal. and 2 3 . However, if a, b, c are irrational numbers
Let the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and b2 4ac is positive but not a perfect square, then
(where a 0, b, c R) be and then the roots may not occur in conjugate pairs.
b b 2 4ac If b2 4ac is negative (D < 0), then the roots are complex
= ... (i)
2a conjugate of each other. In fact, complex roots of an
equation with real coefficients always occur in conjugate
b b 2 4ac
and = ... (ii) pairs like 2 + 3i and 2 3i. However, this may not be true
2a
in case of equations with complex coefficients.
The nature of roots depends upon the value of
expression b2 4ac with in the square root sign. This For example, x2 2ix 1 = 0 has both roots equal to i.
is known as discriminant of the given quadratic If a and c are of the same sign and b has a sign opposite
equation.
to that of a as well as c, then both the roots are positive,
Consider the Following Cases : the sum as well as the product of roots is positive
Case-1 When b2 4ac > 0, (D > 0) (D 0).
In this case roots of the given equation are real and If a, b, c are of the same sign then both the roots are
distinct and are as follows negative, the sum of the roots is negative but the product
of roots is positive (D 0).
b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
= and = (a) Relation Between Roots & Coefficients :
2a 2a
(i) The solutions of quadratic equation a x2 + b x + c = 0
(i) When a( 0), b, c Q and b2 4ac is a perfect
are given by
square
In this case both the roots are rational and distinct. b b2 4 a c
x=
(ii) When a( 0), b, c Q and b2 4ac is not a perfect 2a
square (ii) The expression b2 4 a c D is called discriminant
of the quadratic equation a x2 + b x + c = 0.
If , are the roots of the quadratic equation a x2 + b
x + c = 0, then
PAGE # 88
coefficien t of x Step-(iv) Add square of half of the coefficient of x.i.e.
(a) Sum of the roots =
coefficien t of x 2 2
b
b on both sides to obtain
+ = 2a
a
2 2
b b b
constant term x2 + 2 x + = c
(b) Product of the roots = 2a 2 a 2a a
coefficient of x 2
c Step-(v) Write L.H.S. as the perfect square of a binomial
=
a expression and simplify R.H.S. to get
(iii) A quadratic equation whose roots are and is 2
(x ) (x ) = 0 b b 2 4ac
x = .
i.e. x2 (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0. 2a 4a 2
Step-(vi) Take square root of both sides to get
(b) Symmetric functions of roots of a quadratic
equation b b 2 4ac
x+ =
(i) = ( )2 4 2a 4a 2
(iii) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 b
(iv) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 3(+) term on RHS.
2a
(v) 3 3 = ( )3 + 3()
3
(c) By Using Quadratic Formula :
= ( ) 2 4 2 3 ( )2 4
Solve the quadratic equation in general form viz. ax2 +
(vi) 4 + 4 = (2 + 2)2 222= {(+)2 2 }2 222 bx + c = 0.
(vii) 4 4 = ( + ) ( )(2 + 2)
Step (i) By comparison with general quadratic equation,
= (+) ( )2 4 {(+)2 2 }
find the value of a, b and c.
Step (ii) Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
D = b2 4ac
Step (iii) Now find the roots of the equation by given
(a) By Factorisation : equation
ALGORITHM : b D b D
x= ,
2a 2a
Step (i) Factorise the constant term of the given
quadratic equation. REMARK :
Step (ii) Express the coefficient of middle term as the If b2 4ac < 0, i.e., negative, then b 2 4ac is not real
sum or difference of the factors obtained in step 1. and therefore, the equation does not have any real roots.
Clearly, the product of these two factors will be equal to
C o mm on Roo ts :
the product of the coefficient of x2 and constant term.
Consider two quadratic equations, a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0
Step (iii) Split the middle term in two parts obtained in & a 2 x2 + b 2 x + c 2 = 0.
step 2. (i) If two quadratic equations have both roots
Step (iv) Factorise the quadratic equation obtained in common, then the equations are identical and their
step 3. coefficients are in proportion. i.e.
a1 b c
(b) By the Method of Completion of Square : = 1 = 1 .
a2 b2 c2
ALGORITHM :
(ii) If only one root is common, then the common
Step-(i) Obtain the quadratic equation. Let the quadratic root ' ' will be :
equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0.
c 1 a 2 c 2 a1 b1 c 2 b 2 c 1
Step-(ii) Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if it is not unity. = =
a1 b 2 a 2 b1 c 1 a 2 c 2 a1
b c
i.e., obtain x2 + x+ = 0. Hence the condition for one common root is:
a a
c c 1 a 2 c 2 a1 2 = a1 b 2 a 2 b1 b1 c 2 b 2 c 1
Step-(iii) Shift the constant term on R.H.S. to get
b c a
x2 + x =
a a
PAGE # 99
No. of Terms Terms Common Difference
SEQUENCE
For 3 terms a d, a, a + d d
A sequence is an arrangement of numbers in a
For 4 terms a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d 2d
definite order according to some rule.
e.g. (i) 2, 5, 8, 11, ... (ii) 4, 1, 2, 5, ... For 5 terms a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
Types of Sequence
SUM OF n TERMS OF AN A.P.
On the basis of the number of terms there are two
types of sequence : Let A.P. be a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,............., a + (n 1)d
Then,
(i) Finite sequences : A sequence is said to be
Sn = a + (a + d) +...+ {a + (n 2) d} + {a + (n 1) d} ..(i)
finite if it has finite number of terms.
also
(ii) Infinite sequences : A sequence is said to be Sn= {a + (n 1) d} + {a + (n 2) d} +....+ (a + d) + a ..(ii)
infinite if it has infinite number of terms. Add (i) & (ii)
Let A.P. be a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,........... (iii) If each term of a given A.P. is multiplied or divided
Then, First term (a1) = a + 0.d by a non-zero constant K, then the resulting
Second term (a2) = a + 1.d sequence is also an A.P. with common difference
Third term (a3) = a + 2.d d
. . Kd or respectively. Where d is the common
K
. .
difference of the given A.P.
. .
nth term (an) = a + (n 1) d (iv) In a finite A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant
an = a + (n 1) d is called the nth term. from the beginning and end is always same and is
th
equal to the sum of 1st and last term.
m TERM OF AN A.P. FROM THE END
(v) If three numbers a, b, c are in A.P. , then 2b = a + c.
Let a be the 1st term and d be the common difference Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.)
of an A.P. having n terms. Then mth term from the end
is (n m + 1)th term from beginning or {n (m 1)}th If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is
term from beginning. called the A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, c
are in A.P., b is A.M. of a & c.
SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P.
A.M. for any n number a 1, a 2,..., a n is;
Sometimes we require certain number of terms in A.P.
a1 a 2 a 3 ..... a n
The following ways of selecting terms are generally A= .
very convenient. n
PAGE # 1010
n - Arithmetic Means Between Two
(iii) Any four consecutive terms of a G.P. can be taken
Numbers :
a a
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A1, A2,...., An, b are as 3 , , ar, ar3.
r r
in A.P. then A1, A2,... An are the n-A.M.s between a & b.
(iv) If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided or
Total terms are n + 2.
raised to power by the some nonzero quantity, the
ba
Last term b = a + (n+21)d.Now, d = . resulting sequence is also a G.P.
n 1
ba 2(b a )
A1 = a + , A2 = a + ,. .. ... ... .. .,
n1 n1
NOTE :
G.P. is a sequence of numbers whose first term is The product of n G.M.s between a & b is equal to the
non zero & each of the succeeding terms is equal nth power of the single G.M. between a & b
to the preceding term multiplied by a constant. Thus n
n n
in a G.P. the ratio of successive terms is constant. i.e. G = ab = G
r where G is the single G.M.
r 1
This constant factor is called the common ratio of between a & b.
the series & is obtained by dividing any term by that
which immediately precedes it.
1 1 1 1
Example : 2, 4, 8, 16 ... & , , , ...are in G.P.
.P. A sequence is said to be H.P. if the reciprocals of its
3 9 27 81
terms are in A.P. If the sequence a 1, a 2, a 3,...., a n is
(i) Therefore a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4,...... is a G.P. with a as an H.P. then 1/a 1, 1/a 2,...., 1/a n is an A.P. Here we do
the first term and r as common ratio. not have the formula for the sum of the n terms of a
H.P. For H.P. whose first term is a and second term
nth term = a rn1 is b, the n th term is tn
(ii) Sum of the first n terms.
ab
tn = .
n b (n 1)(a b )
a r 1 , r 1 2ac a ab
r 1 If a, b, c are in H.P. b = or = .
Sn = ac c bc
a 1 rn
, r 1 NOTE :
1 r
ab a
(i) If a, b, c are in A.P. =
(iii) Sum of an infinite G.P. when r < 1. When bc a
n rn 0 if r < 1 therefore,
ab a
a (ii) If a, b, c are in G.P. b c =
S = (| r | 1) . b
1 r
(i) If a, b, c are in G.P. then b 2 = ac, in general if If a, b, c are in H.P., b is the H.M. between a & c, then
a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4,......... a n 1 , a n are in G.P., 2ac
then a 1a n = a 2a n 1 = a 3 a n 2 = .............. b= .
ac
If a 1, a2 , ........ an are n non-zero numbers then H.M.
(ii) Any three consecutive terms of a G.P. can be
H of these numbers is given by :
a
taken as , a , ar..
r 1 1 1 1 ....... 1
=
an .
H n a1 a 2
PAGE # 1111
Relation bet ween means :
If A, G, H are respectively A.M., G.M., H.M. between
a & b both being unequal & positive then, G = AH
i.e. A, G, H are in G.P.
A.M. G.M. H.M.
Let a1, a2, a3, .......an be n positive real numbers, then
we define their
a1 a 2 a 3 ....... a n
A.M. = ,
n
G.M. = (a1 a2 a3 .........an)1/n and
n
H.M. = 1 1 1 .
.......
a1 a 2 an
PAGE # 1212
SETS
Ex. 5 Write the set A = {0,1,4,9,16,........} in set builder form.
Sol. A = {x2 : x Z).
A well defined collection of objects is known as sets. 1 1 1 1
If a is an element of a set A, then we write a A and Ex.6 Write the set X = {1, , , , , ........} in the set
4 9 16 25
say a belongs to A. If a does not belong to A, then a A builder form.
is written. Sol. W e observe that the elements of set X are the
For example : The collection of all states in the Indian reciprocals of the squares of all natural numbers. So,
union is a set but collection of good cricket players of
1
India is not a set, since the term good player is vague
the set X in set builder form is X = 2 ; n N .
and it is not well defined. n
Q : For the set of all Rational numbers. Ex. 7 Write {x N : 5 < x < 6} in roster form.
+ Sol. A = { }.
Q : For the set of all positive Rational numbers.
(b) Singleton Set :
R : For the set of all Real numbers.
A set consisting of a single element is called a
R+ : For the set of all Positive real numbers.
singleton set.
C : For the set of all Complex numbers.
Ex. 8 Write the set {x : x N and x2 = 9} in roster form.
Sol. Let B is the set. So B is a singleton set equal to {3}.
(c) Finite Set :
A set is often described in the following two ways :
A set is called a finite set if it is either void set or its
(a) Roster Method : element can be listed (counted labelled) by natural
In this method a set is described by listing elements, numbers 1, 2, 3 ....... and the process of listing
separated by commas, within braces { }. terminates at a certain natural number n (say).
For example : Set of all persons on the earth is a finite
Ex.1 Write the set of vowels of English alphabet in roster
set.
form.
Sol. A = {a, e, i, o, u}. (d) Infinite Set :
Ex.2 Write the set of even natural numbers in roster form. A set whose elements cannot be listed by natural
Sol. B = {2,4,6,.....}. numbers 1, 2, 3,...... for any natural number n is called
an infinite set.
Ex.3 Write the set of all prime numbers less than 11 in
For example : Set of all points in a plane is an infinite
roster form.
set.
Sol. C = {2,3,5,7}.
Ex. 9 Which of the following sets are finite and which are
Ex.4 Write the set A = {x z, x2 < 20} in the roster from. infinite ?
Sol. We observe that the squares of integers 0, 1, 2, 3, (a) Set of concentric circle in a plane.
4 are less than 20. Therefore, the set A in roster form (b) Set of letters of English alphabets.
i s A = { 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
(c) { x N, x > 5 }
NOTE : (d) { x R, 0 < x < 1 }
The order in which the element are written in a set (e) { x N, x < 200}
makes no difference. Sol. (a) Infinite set (b) Finite set (c) Infinite set
(b) Set Builder Method : (d) Infinite set (e) Finite set
In this method, a set is described by a characterizing (e) Cardinal Number of a Finite Set :
property P(x) of its elements x. In such a case the set
is described by {x : P(x) holds } or, {x | P(x) holds,} The number n in the above definition is called the
which is read as the set of all x such that P(x) holds. cardinal number or order of a finite set A and is denoted
The symbol | or : is read as such that. by n(A).
PAGE # 1313
(f) Equivalents Set : Ex.13 Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {1,2,3} and C = {2,4}. Find sets X
satisfying each pair of conditions.
Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal
numbers are same. i.e. n(A) = n(B). (i) X B and X C
For example : A = {1,2,3} and B = {a,b,c} are equivalent (ii) X B, X B and X C
sets.
(iii) X A, X B and X C
(g) Equal Set : Sol. We have
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element (i) X B and X C
of A is a member of B, and every element of B is X is subset of B but X is not a subset of C
member of A. X P (B) but X P (C)
NOTE : X = {1}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3}.
Equal sets are equivalents but equivalent sets need (ii) We have,
not be equal.
X B, X B and X C
Ex. 10 Are the following sets equal ? X is a subset of B other than B itself and X is not a
A = { x : x is a letter in the word reap } subset of C
B = { x : x is a letter in the word paper }.
X P(B), X P(C) and X B
Sol. A = { r, e, a, p}
X = {1}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}.
B = { p, a, e, r }
So, A and B are equal sets. (iii) We have,
(h) Subset : X A, X B and X C
X P(A), X P(B) and X X (C)
Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an
X is a subset of A, B and C
element of B, then A is called a subset of B. If A is a
X = , {2}
subset of B, we write A B, which is read as A is a
subset of B or A is contained in B. Thus,
A B if a A a B. The symbol stands for
Diagram drawn to represent sets are called Venn-Euler
implies. If A is not a subset of B, we write
diagram or simply Venn diagram. In Venn-diagram
A B. the universal set U is represented by points within a
NOTE : rectangle and its subsets are represented by points in
Every set is a subset of itself and the empty set is closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle.
subset of every set. These two subsets are called
improper subsets. A subsets A of a set B is called a
proper subset of B if A B and we write A B.
SOME RESULTS ON SUBSET : (a) Union of Sets :
(i) Every set is a subset of itself Let A and B be two sets. The union of A and B is the set
(ii) The empty set is a subset of every set. of all those elements which belong either to A or to B
(iii) The total number of subsets of a finite set or to both A and B.
containing n element is 2n. Thus, A B = { x : x A or x B}.
(i) Universal Set :
A set that contains all sets in a given context is called
the Universal Set.
Ex.11 If A = {1,2,3}, B = {2,4,5,6} and C = {1,3,5,7}, then find
the universal set.
Sol. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the universal
Ex.14 If A {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}, then find A B.
set.
Sol. A B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}.
( j) Power Set : (b) Intersection of Sets :
Let A be a set. Then the collection or family of all Let A and B be two sets. The intersection of A and B is
subsets of A is called the power set of A and is denoted the set of all those elements that belong to both A and B.
by P(A).
Ex.12 Let A = {1,2,3}. Then find the power set of A.
Sol. Subset of A are : , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3} and
{1,2,3}.
Hence, total number of subset are = 23 = 8.
Hence, P(A) ={ {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3} }.
Thus, A B = {x : x A and x B}.
PAGE # 1414
Ex.15 If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } and B = { 1, 3, 9, 12 }, then Ex.18 Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
find A B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and C = { 3, 4, 5, 6 }. Find
Sol. A = { 1, 3 }. (i) Ac (ii) ( A C )c (iii) ( A B )c (iv) (B C)c
c
(c) Disjoint Sets : Sol. (i) A = U A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if A B = . = { 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }.
If A B , then A and B are said to be intersecting or (ii) ( A C )c = U ( A C )
overlapping sets. = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } { 3, 4 }
(d) Difference of Sets : = { 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }.
Let A and B be two sets. The difference of A and B, (iii) ( A B )c = U ( A B )
written as A B, is the set of all those elements of = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 } = { 5, 7, 9 }.
A which do not belong to B. (iv) (B C)c = U ( B C )
u = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } { 2, 8 } = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 }.
AB
Ex.17 If A = { x R : 0 < x < 3 }, B = { x R : 1 x 5 }, then Ex. 19 In a group of 800 people, 550 can speak Hindi and
find A B. 450 can speak English. How many can speak both
Sol. A B = { x R : 0 < x < 1 }, B A = { x R : 3 x 5 } Hindi and English ?
AB= {xR:0<x<1}{xR:3 x 5} Sol. Let H denote the set of people speaking Hindi and E
denote the set of people speaking English.
A B = { x R : 0 < x < 1 or 3 x 5 }.
n(H) = 550, n(E) = 450 and n(H E) = 800.
(f) Complement of a Set :
n(H E) = n(H) + n(E) n (H E)
Let U be the universal set and let A be a set such that n(H E) = n(H) + n(E) n(H E)
A U. Then, the complement of A with respect to U is
n(H E) = 550 + 450 800 = 200.
denoted by A or Ac or U A and is defined the set of all
Hence, 200 persons can speak both Hindi and English.
those elements of U which are not in A.
Thus, A = {x U : x A}. Ex.20 There are 40 students in a chemistry class and 60
students in a physics class. Find the number of
students which are either in physics class or chemistry
class in the following cases:
(i) the two classes meet at the same hour.
(ii) the two classes meet at different hours and 20
Clearly, x A x A.
students are enrolled in both the subjects.
PAGE # 1515
Sol. Let A be the set of students in chemistry class and B be Sol. Converting all values in terms of variable x, now the
the set of students in physics class. number of students cannot be negative
It is given that n (A) = 40 and n(B) = 60.
(i) If two classes meet at the same hour, then there will
not be a common student sitting in both the classes.
Therefore, n (A B) = 0
n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
n (A B) = 40 + 60 0 = 100
(ii) If two classes meet at different timings then there
can be some student sitting in both the classes.
Therefore, n (A B) = 20
n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
= 40 + 60 20 = 80.
Ex. 21 In a school there are 200 students 100 play cricket, x 15 0
50 play hockey and 60 play basket ball. 30 students x 20 0
play both circket and Hockey, 35 play both hockey and
basket ball and 45 play both basket ball and cricket. For minimum number students playing all three
(i) What is the maximum number of students who play games i.e. x = 20
at least one game? For maximum value of x, again none of the categories
(ii) What is the maximum number of student who play should have ve number of students
all the 3 games ? 30 x 0
(iii) What is the minimum number of students playing x 30
at least one game? If x is more than 30, 30 x would be ve which is not
(iv) What is the minimum number of students playing possible. Total number of students playing at least
all the three games. one game
= 100 + x 15 + 35 x + x 20
= 100 + x
Minimum number of students playing at least one
game = 100 + 20 = 120.
Maximum number of students playing at least one
game = 100 + 30 = 130.
PAGE # 1616
T R I G O N O M E T RY
Pre-requisite : Before going through this chapter, (ii) Centesimal system : In this system a right angle is
you should be thorough with the basic concepts of divided into 100 equal parts, called grades. Each grade
the chapter explained in X NCERT. is sub divided into 100 minutes, and each minute into
100 seconds.
Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades (100g)
An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line 1 grade = 100 minutes (100)
with respect to a fixed line. If the rotation is in 1 minute = 100 seconds (100)
anticlock-wise sense, then the angle measured is (iii) Circular system : In this system the unit of
positive and if the rotation is in clock-wise sense, measurement is radian. One radian, written as 1c, is
then the angle measured is negative. the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a
circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the
circle.
Let XOX and YOY be two lines at right angles in a The number of radians in an angle subtended by an
plane. These lines divide the plane into four equal
length of arc
parts are known as quadrants. The lines XOX and arc of a circle at the centre is equal to .
radius
YOY are known as X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
s
These two lines taken together are known as the =
r
co-ordinate axes. The regions XOY, YOX, XOY and Where, = angle in radian, s = arc length and r = radius.
YOX are known as first, second, third and fourth
quadrants respectively. (b) Relation Between Three System of
D G 2R
Measurement of Angles :
90 100
NOTE :
(i) The angle between two consecutive digits in a
clock = 30 = (/6 radians).
(a) Systems of measurement of angles : (ii) The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30 in
one hour, i.e. (1/2) in one minute.
(i) Sexagesimal system
(ii) Centesimal system (iii) The minute hand rotates through an angle of 6 in
(iii) Circular system one minute.
(i) Sexagesimal system : In this system a right angle Ex.1 Express 110 30 in radians.
is divided into 90 equal parts called degrees. Each
degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes 30 1
Sol. 110 30 = 110 = 110
and each minute is divided into 60 equal parts called 60 2
seconds.
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees ( 90)
221 c 221c
1 = 60 minutes (60) = = .
2 180 360
1 = 60 seconds (60)
PAGE # 1717
Ex.2 Express in radians 47 25 36.
x c x 12 x
And 180 =
36 3
' '
75 75 5
Sol. 47 25 = 47 25
60 5
3 3 12
But x + x + x = 180
128
'
128 1
5 2 5
= 47 = 47
5 5 60 6x + 15x + 24x = 1800
45x = 1800
32 3557 x = 40
= 47 =
75 75 Hence, three angles of the triangle are 24, 60 and
96.
3557 c
=
75 180 Ex.6 The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of
3557 c degrees in the least is to the number of radians in the
= .
13500 greatest as 60 to c. Find the angles in degrees.
Ex.3 Express in degrees : Sol. The three angles in A.P. ; if y is common difference, let
c
these angles be (x + y), x and (x y)
2 c x + y + x + x y= 180
(a) (b) ( 2) .
15 x = 60
c According to the question
2 2 180
Sol. (a) = 24. ( x y) 60
15 15
c
(x y)
180
180
(b) ( 2) = 2
c
or (x y) = (x + y) 60
180
or 3 (x y) = x + y
180 6
= 7 ( 2) = 114 or 4y = 2x
22 11
or y = x/2
' 60
6 y= = 30
= 114 60 2
11
Hence three angles are 30, 60 and 90.
'
8 Ex.7 The angles in one regular polygon is to that in another
= 114 32
11 as 3 : 2, also the number of sides in the first is twice
that in the second ; how many sides do the polygons
'' have ?
8
= 114 32 60 Sol. Suppose the second regular polygon has number of
11
side = x.
= 114 32 44. The first regular polygon will have number of side = 2x.
PAGE # 1818
Ex.8 The radius of a certain circle is 30 cm, find the Sol. sec (270 A) sec (90 A) tan (270 A)
approximately length of an arc of this circle ; if the length tan (90 + A) + 1
of the chord of the arc be 30 cm. = cosec 2A + cot2A + 1 = 0.
Sol. Let ABC be the circle whose centre is O and AC is
Ex.11 Prove that : sin 420 cos 390 + cos (300)
chord.
sin (330) = 1.
In AOC, AO = OC = AC = 30 cm.
Sol. sin 420 cos 390 + cos( 300) sin ( 330)
= sin(360 + 60) cos (360 + 30) cos(270 + 30)
sin (270 + 60)
= sin 60 cos 30 + sin 30 cos 60
3 3 1 1 3 1
= = = 1.
2 2 2 2 4 4
PAGE # 1919
(v) y = cosec x, 3 5
Ex.15 If sin = , cos = , then find sin ( + ).
x R n , n ; y (, 1] [1, ) 5 13
2
3
Sol. cos = 1 sin = 2 1
5
4
cos =
5
2
(vi) y = sec x, x R (2n + 1)/2, n ; y (, 1] 5
and sin = 1 cos 2 = 1
[1, ) 13
12
sin = .
13
sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
3 5 4 12
=
5 13 5 13
15 48 63
` = =
65 65 65
tan A tan B
(v) tan (A B) = 1 tan A tan B
CD C D
1 tan 1 tan [ sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos ]
= =1 2 2
1 tan 1 tan
PAGE # 2020
Ex.18 Find the value of 2 sin 3 cos sin 4 sin 2 9 3 5
Ex.22 Prove that : 2 cos cos + cos + cos = 0.
Sol. 2 sin 3 cos sin 4 sin 2 13 13 13 13
= 2 sin 3 cos [2 sin 3 cos ] 9 3 5
Sol. 2 cos cos + cos + cos
= 0. 13 13 13 13
3 5 3 5
sin 9 sin 7 sin 9 sin 3 = cos + cos + cos + cos
= 13 13 13 13
cos 3 cos cos cos 7
3 5 3 5
sin 7 sin 3 = cos cos + cos + cos
= 13 13 13 13
cos 3 cos 7
= 0.
2 sin 2 cos 5
= = tan 2.
2 cos 5 cos 2
A A
(i) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sinA = 2 sin cos
tan 5 tan 3 2 2
Ex.20 Prove that : = 4 cos 2 cos 4 .
tan 5 tan 3 (ii) cos 2A = cos 2A sin 2A = 2cos 2A 1 = 1 2 sin 2A;
A A
tan 5 tan 3 2 cos 2 = 1 + cosA, 2 sin 2 = 1 cosA.
Sol. 2 2
tan 5 tan 3
2 tan A 2 tan 2
(iii) tan 2A = 2 , tan =
sin 5 cos 3 sin 3 cos 5 1 tan A 1 tan 2 2
=
sin 5 cos 3 sin 3 cos 5
2 tan A 1 tan 2 A
(iv) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
1 tan 2 A 1 tan 2 A
sin 8
=
sin 2 (v) sin 3A = 3 sinA 4 sin 3A
5 1 5 1
2 sin 3 A(cos 2A 1) sin 3 A (xi) sin or sin 18 = & cos 36 or cos = .
= = . 10 4 5 4
2 sin 5 A(cos 2A 1) sin 5 A
PAGE # 2121
sin 2A 3 3
Ex.23 Prove that : = tan A . = [2 sin 80 cos 20] sin 80
1 cos 2 A 8 8
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A 3 3
Sol. L.H.S. = = tan A. = [sin 100 cos 60] sin 80
1 cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 8 8
3 3 3
Ex.24 Prove that : tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2 A. = sin 100 + sin 60 sin 80
8 8 8
Sol. L.H.S. tan A + cot A
3 3 3 3
1 tan 2 A = sin (180 80) + sin 80
= 8 8 2 8
tan A
1 tan 2 A 3 3 3
2 = sin 80 + sin 80
= 2 2 tan A = 8 16 8
sin 2A
3
= 2 cosec 2 A. = .
16
Ex.25 Prove that :
a
= a 2 b 2 cos (), where tan =
A A A b
2 sin 2 2 sin sin B
2 2 2
= Hence for any real value of ,
2 A A A
2 cos 2 cos cos B
2 2 2 a2 b2 E a2 b2
PAGE # 2222
LINES AND ANGLES & QUADRILATERAL
REMARK :
Every angle has a measure and unit of measurement (vii) Supplementary angles : Two angles, the sum
is degree. of whose measures is 180 , are called the
One right angle = 90, 1 = 60 (min.), 1 = supplementary angles. AOC +BOC = 180.
60 (sec.)
Types of Angles :
(i) Right angle : An angle whose measure is 90 is
called a right angle.
Angles Made by a Transversal with two Lines:
(i) Transversal : A line which intersects two or more
given parallel lines at distinct points is called a
transversal of the given lines.
(iv) Straight angle : An angle whose measure is (iii) Alternate interior angles : 3 & 5, 2 &
180 is called a straight angle. 8, are the pairs of alternate interior angles.
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines then the
each pair of alternate interior angles are equal i.e.
3 = 5 and 2 = 8.
PAGE # 2323
(iv) Consecutive interior angles : The pair of REMARKS :
interior angles on the same side of the transversal (1) The sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon
are called pairs of consecutive interior angles. In of n sides is (2n 4) right angles or (2n 4) 90.
figure 2 & 5, 3 & 8, are the pairs of
consecutive interior angles. (2) The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines then each is 4 right angles or 360.
pair of consecutive interior angles are supplementary (3) Each interior angle of a n-sided regular polygon is
i.e. 2 + 5 = 180 and 3 + 8 = 180. 2n 4 90
n
(v) Vertically opposite angles : In figure, (4) Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides
1 = 3, 2 = 4, 5 = 7 & 6 = 8. 3600
= n
POLYGON
(5) If a polygon has n sides, then the number of
A closed plane figure bounded by line segments is nn 3
diagonals of the polygon = .
called a polygon. 2
Regular Polygon :
P Q
A polygon is called a regular polygon if all its sides
have equal length and all the angles have equal (ii) A quadrilateral in which the measure of one of
measure. the interior angles is more than 180 is called a
concave quadrilateral. In fig., ABCD is concave
quadrilateral.
D B
A
PAGE # 2424
Special Quadrilaterals : are equal. Thus a quadrilateral ABCD is an isosceles
(i) Parallelogram : A parallelogram is a trapezium, if AB || DC and AD = BC.
quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides
are parallel. In fig., AB || DC, AD || BC therefore,
ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C
PROPERTIES
PAGE # 2525
TRIANGLE
TRIANGLE If, AC = PR
ACB = PRQ
A plane figure bounded by three lines in a plane is
and BC = QR
called a triangle. Every triangle have three sides and
then,ABC PQR
three angles. If ABC is any triangle then AB, BC & CA
are three sides and A,B and C are three angles. (ii) ASA Congruence Criterion :
Types of triangles :
A. On the basis of sides we have three types of triangle. If, ABC = PQR
1. Scalene triangle A triangle in which no two sides
BC = QR
are equal is called a scalene triangle.
and ACB = PRQ
2. Isosceles triangle A triangle having two sides equal
is called an isosceles triangle. then, ABC PQR
3. Equilateral triangle A triangle in which all sides (iii) AAS Congruence Criterion :
are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
If
AB = PQ
BC = QR
If two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent then
and AC = PR
there exist a one to one correspondence between their
then, ABC PQR
vertices and sides i.e. we get following six equalities
A = D, B = E, C = F and AB = DE, BC = EF, AC (v) RHS Congruence Criterion :
= DF.
Sufficient Conditions for Congruence of two Triangles :
If, AB= PQ
BC = QR
B C Q R and ACB = PRQ = 90
then, ABC PQR
PAGE # 2626
NOTE : If two triangles are congruent then their Theorem-6 : If the bisector of the vertical angle bisects
corresponding sides and angles are also congruent
the base of the triangle, then the triangle is isosceles.
by cpctc (corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are also congruent). Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem) :
Theorem-1 (Mid-Point Theorem) : (i) (AAA Similarity) If two triangles are equiangular,
Statement : In a triangle, the line segment joining the then they are similar.
mid-points of any two sides is parallel to the third side (ii) (SSS Similarity) If the corresponding sides of two
and is half of it. triangles are proportional, then they are similar.
PAGE # 2727
(iii) If two triangles are equiangular then the ratio of the Converse of Pythagoras Theorem :
corresponding sides is same as the ratio of the
Statement : In a triangle, if the square of one side is
corresponding altitudes.
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides,
(iv) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of
another triangle and the bisectors of these equal then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
angles divide the opposite side in the same ratio, then If in triangle ABC such that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 then
the triangles are similar.
angle opposite to AC is right angle
(v) If two sides and a median bisecting the third side of Some Results Deduced From Pythagoras Theorem :
a triangle are respectively proportional to the
corresponding sides and the median of another (i) In the given figure ABC is an obtuse triangle,
triangle, then two triangles are similar. obtuse angled at B. If AD CB,
(vi) If two sides and a median bisecting one of these then AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC. BD
sides of a triangle are respectively proportional to the A
two sides and the corresponding median of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar.
PAGE # 2828
CIRCLES
P
If the chord which passes through the centre of the O
P Q
The longer one is called the major arc and the
shorter one is called the minor arc
Theorem-7 : The sum of either pair of opposite angles
Secant : of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180.
Secant to a circle is a line which intersects the circle in BCD + BAD = 180
two distinct points. ABC + ADC = 180
Tangent :
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle in
exactly one point.
Theorem-1 : Equal chords of a circle subtend equal
angles at the centre.
If AB = CD then AOB = COD
Theorem-8 : Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent
circles) are equidistant from the centre (or centres).
If AB = CD then ON = OM
C
A O
N
M
B D
PAGE # 2929
Theorem-9 : A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to
the radius through the point of contact.
OP AB Definition : A line which touches the two given circles is
called common tangent to the two circles. Let C(O1, r1),
C(O2, r2) be two given circles. Let the distance between
centres O1 and O2 be d i.e., O1O2 = d.
A D
P
C B
B
A
P
(e) In fig. (v), the circle C(O2, r2) lies wholly in the circle
P A T C(O1, r1) and there is no common tangent.
PAGE # 3030
NUMBER SYSTEM
PAGE # 3131
Cube : If any number is multiplied by itself three times Factors : a is a factor of b if there exists a relation
then the result is called the cube of that number. such that a n = b, where n is any natural number.
Perfect cube : A natural number is said to be a perfect 1 is a factor of all numbers as 1 b = b.
cube if it is the cube of any other natural number. Factor of a number cannot be greater than the number
(infact the largest factor will be the number itself). Thus
factors of any number will lie between 1 and the number
itself (both inclusive) and they are limited.
Any irrational number of the form a is given a special n
name Surd. Where a is called radicand, rational. Also Multiples : a is a multiple of b if there exists a relation
of the type b n = a. Thus the multiples of 6 are
the symbol n is called the radical sign and the index 6 1 = 6, 6 2 = 12, 6 3 = 18, 6 4 = 24, and so on.
n is called order of the surd. The smallest multiple will be the number itself and the
n
a is read as nth root of a and can also be written number of multiples would be infinite.
1 NOTE :
as a n . To understand what multiples are, lets just take an
example of multiples of 3. The multiples are 3, 6, 9,
Identification of Surds : 12,.... so on. We find that every successive multiples
(i) 3
4 is a surd as radicand is a rational number.. appears as the third number after the previous.
So if one wishes to find the number of multiples of 6
Similar examples : 3
5 , 4 12 , 5 7 , 12 , ... less than 255, we could arrive at the number through
(ii) n
a n b n ab [Here order should be same] HCF (Highest Common factor) : The HCF of given
numbers, as the name suggests is the largest factor
n a
(iii) a n b n of the given set of numbers.
b Consider the numbers 12, 20 and 30. The factors and
n m
(iv) a nm a m n a the multiples are :
np n np
(v) n
a a p or, a m a mp Given
Factors Multiples
[Important for changing order of surds] numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 12 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120....
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 20 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120.....
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 30 30, 60, 90, 120....
PAGE # 3232
The common factors are 1 and 2 and the common
multiples are 60, 120...
Thus the highest common factor is 2 and the least
common multiple is 60. Meaning of HCF is that the The method of finding the remainder without actually
performing the process of division is termed as
HCF is the largest number that divides all the given
remainder theorem.
numbers.
Also since a number divides its multiple, the meaning Remainder should always be positive. For example if
of LCM is that it is smallest number which can be we divide 22 by 7, generally we get 3 as quotient and
divided by the given numbers. 1 as remainder. But this is wrong because remainder
HCF will be lesser than or equal to the least of the is never be negative hence the quotient should be 4
numbers and LCM will be greater than or equal to the and remainder is +6. We can also get remainder 6 by
greatest of the numbers. adding 1 to divisor 7 ( 71 = 6).
PAGE # 3333
Ex. In (32)33 unit digit is equal to the unit digit of 21 i.e. 2. After 9, we use the letters to indicate digits. For instance,
A has a value 10, B has a value 11, C has a value 12,...
so on in all base systems.
The counting sequences in each of the systems would
Factorial n : Product of n consecutive natural numbers
be different though they follow the same principle.
is known as factorial n it is denoted by n!.
Conversion : conversion of numbers from (i) decimal
So, n! = n(n 1)(n 2).............321. system to other base system. (ii) other base system to
e.g. 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120. decimal system.
The value of factorial zero is equal to the value of (i) Conversion from base 10 to any other base :
factorial one. Hence 0! = 1 = 1!
Ex. Convert (122)10 to base 8 system.
The approach to finding the highest power of x dividing
y y y
y! is 2 3 ......., where [ ] represents just 8 122
x x x
8 15 2
the integral part of the answer and ignoring the fractional
Sol. 8 1 7
part.
Ex. What is the highest power of 5 that divides of x = 100! 0 1
= 100 99 98 ...... 3 2 1.
Sol. Calculating contributions of the different powers of 5, The number in decimal is consecutively divided by the
number of the base to which we are converting the
100 100
we have = 20, = 4. decimal number. Then list down all the remainders in
51 52
Hence, the total contributions to the power of 5 is 24, or the reverse sequence to get the number in that base.
the number 100! is divisible by 524. So, here (122) 10 = (172)8.
(ii) Conversion from any other base to decimal system
PAGE # 3434
MENSURATION
MENSURATION Parallelogram :
Rhombus :
Perimeter = a + b + c
1 1
Area = Base Height = ah
2 2 Perimeter = 4a = 2 d12 d22
Herons formula :
Area = s( s a)( s b)( s c ) 1
Area = dd
2 1 2
abc
Where, s = semi-perimeter =
2 Quadrilateral :
3
Area of equilateral triangle = (side)2
4
Rectangle :
Let AC = d
Perimeter = 2 ( + b)
1
Area =b Area = d (h1 + h2)
2
Length of diagonal = 2 b2
Trapezium :
Square :
b
D C
A B
a
Perimeter = 4a
Area = a2
1
Length of diagonal = a 2 Area = h (a + b)
2
PAGE # 3535
AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE
MENSURATION (SOLID FIGURES)
Circle :
If any figure such as cuboid, which has three
Circle is a path of a point, which moves in such a
manner that its distance from a fixed point is always dimensions length, width and height are known as
equal. The fixed point is called centre of the circle three dimensional figures.
and the fixed distance is called radius of the circle. Some of the main solid figures are :
Semi-Circle
Cube :
Perimeter = r + 2r = ( + 2) r Cube has six faces. Each face is a square.
2
r
Area (A) =
2
Sector :
(i) T.S.A. = 2 [x x + x x + x x]
r 2 = 2 [x2 + x2 + x2] = 2 (3x2) = 6x2
Area (A) =
360 (ii) L.S.A. = 2 [x2 + x2] = 4x2
2r
Length of arc ( ) = (iii) Volume = (Area of base) Height
360
= (x2) x = x3
1
Area (A) = r
2 (iv) Length of Diagonal = x 3
Perimeter = + 2r
PAGE # 3636
Cylinder : Hemisphere :
C.S.A. = 2 r2
T.S.A. = C.S.A. + base area
= 2 r2 + r2
= 3 r2
(i) C.S.A. of Cylinder = (2 r) h = 2 rh. 2
Volume = r3
3
(ii) Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) :
T.S.A. = C.S.A. + Area of circular top & bottom
= 2 rh + 2 r2
= 2 r (h + r)
2 2
Volume of frustum= h(r R rR )
3
h Lateral Surface area= l(r R )
Total surface area= l(r R ) r 2 R 2
r l2 h2 (R r )2
(i) C.S.A. = r
(ii) T.S.A. = C.S.A. + base area
= r + r2
= r ( + r)
1
(iii) Volume = r2h
3
Where, h = height
r = radius of base Volume = Base area height
= slant height Lateral surface area = perimeter of the base height
Sphere :
1
Volume = base area height
3
Lateral surface area
1
= perimeter of the base slant height
2
T.S.A. = S.A. = 4 r2
4
Volume = r3
3
PAGE # 3737
Total surface area = lateral surface area + base area
PAGE # 3838