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Abstract:
A study was conducted to examine phenol transport by employing Polymer Inclusion Membrane
(PIM) method which contained copoly(eugenol-DVB), co-EDVB as the carrier. The parameters
such as pH of source phase, concentration of NaOH, membrane thickness, concentration of
carrier, variants of transpor time and Membrane Liquid (ML) loss as well as lifetime had been
published in the previous journal. On this writing, co-EDVB containing 12% of DVB
(divinylbenzene) had been observed with both the effect of NaNO3 salt and the reuse of
membrane as the parameters. As the ingredients, carbon atom, hydrogen, and oxygen had been
examined through elemental analysis, co-EDVBs characterized through TG-DTA, and after-
transport membrane characterized through SEM. The result of study showed that the increasing
of NaNO3 salt concentration could both fade ML loss away and affect the transported phenol
concentration. Such a decrease of ML loss was supported by a morphological appearance on the
membrane resulted from SEM, it was pores closing. Another fact revealing during the study was
that membrane could be used more than once with few ML loss.
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The transport of a targeted compound employing liquid membrane method always entails carrier
compounds. One of the compounds usable, whose basis is natural substance, are they coming
from eugenol polymerisation, and so generating polymer having both hidroxyl active sides and
benzene rings. The carrier compounds active sides are the factor determining that these targeted
compounds are easy to transport, and the membranes capacity is continually usable. In addition,
the capacity to be used repeatedly is a strength of a membrane analyzed through such PIM
method.
We had carried out a study showing that co-EDVB membrane examined by PIM method was
repeatedly usable, by having only little loss of components composing the membrane. In fact,
this was a part of the study previously published. Such phenol transport was conducted by
making use of both co-EDVBs active sides and difference between two phases pH, so that
phenol as the targeted compound could be transported from the source phase to the receiving
one.
2.1 Materials
The analytic measurements, pH meter (HANNA Instruments, M-18654), UV-spectrometer (772-
Spectrophotometer), TG-TGA (Perkin Elmer) were taken at Analytic Laboratory of UGM.
Meanwhile, Scanning Electron Microscope (Hitachi SU8000), infrared spectrophotometer
Shimadzu model IR Prestige-21 with magnetik KBR pellet holder 0016-008 and Elemental
Analisis Perkin Elmer Series CHNS/O Analyzer 2400 were taken at Materials and Life Sciences
Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan.
2.2 Synthesis of co-EDVB
Synthesis of co-EDVB in this study employed basic ingredients of eugenol and catalyst
BF3O(C2H5)2 as conducted by Kiswandono et al. [7], with DVBs variations as the crosslinking
agent by 0% and 12% of the eugenols mass, and the synthesis result of these two materials were
powder. In addition, the synthesis of co-EDVB was taken by DVB crosslinking agent, while
boron trifluoride diethyl ether acid BF3O(C2H5)2 functioned as the catalyst. Then, the polymer on
a synthesis employing only eugenol and boron trifluoride diethyl ether as the catalyst (DVB :
0%) was called as polyeugenol which then was stored in decicator to be at the end characterized.
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increase of polymers active sides as the result of synthesis was expected to elevate the transport
capability so that its process could be quicker and able to be used repeatedly. Then, each polymer
synthesized then was tested by elemental analysis in order to identify the percentage of carbon
atom, hydrogen, and oxygen as displayed in Table 1.
Based on Table 1, it was clearly identified that the level of carbon was relatively increasing, yet
the hydrogen atoms was gradually weakening due to the increase of DVBs moleculs. It
indicated that the polymer chain was getting longer. Such a fact was supported by the IR spectra
data, comprising both the width of co-EDVB spectra peak, and the polymers melting point [7].
Definitely, the increasing melting point was in line with the addition of DVB amount. It was
believed that such occurence was happening since the co-EDVB molecules mass was heavier
owing to more DVB added up.
Table 1. Profile of co-EDVB powder
Another reason was that the carbon chain was getting longer. The characterization of
polyeugenol powder and its derivatives formed was then analyzed through SEM as displayed in
Fig. 1. The morphology generated by SEM as displayed in Fig. 1 showed that polyeugenol
crystal and its derivatives had the same and homogenous morphological pattern. It was believed
that such a phenomenon happened because of the same shape and colour of polymer powder
resulted: brownish soft powder dissolving in chloroform [7]. In addition, the magnification of
250x on co-EDVB 12% (Fig. 1b) showed the same homogenous pattern similar with
polyeugenol, so that it could be concluded that the polyeugenol crystal and its derivatives had the
same homogenous morphological pattern.
a b
Next, in order to provide another proof of crosslink reaction, the Thermographimetric Analysis
(TGA) was then carried out. In general, what is called as thermographimetric is a technique
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usable to measure changes on mass of particular compounds as the function of temperature. The
result of such an analysis is in form of continuous diagram record showing gradual schematic
decomposition reaction. Decomposition of polimer is caused by the existence of thermochemical
process. The explanation of such a process comes from the DTA result. DTA is a measurement
technique of temperature difference between sample and reference materials. It is called as
thermogram which can give some information about both physical and chemical characteristic
changes. Some physical processes well-known are endothermic and exothermic. Then,
thermographimetric was applied to polyeugenol and co-EDVB in temperature range of 30-900
C and 10 C/min in heating speed.
Decomposition of co-EDVB (Fig. 2) in curve of TGA showed that the changing mass taking
place in ~33 C till ~550 C was in line with the DTA as the exothermic and endothermic
processes happening in turn on such a temperature interval. The changing mass in ~33 C to
~320 C was related to the sample dehydration, while the change detected by the DTA was in
~320 C to ~395 C, having no similar trace in TGA, due to connecting with recrystallisation
reaction in co-EDVB dehydrated. Such a second process was characterized endothermic (peak
b), then followed by exothermic one in temperature interval of ~395 C to ~545 C ( peak c,d)
showing that the structure adopted between ~395 C to ~545 C was metastable. Such an
exothermic process of DTA indicated an enthalpy decrease of sample and change leading to
more stable structure.
Furthermore, the same thing happened to polyeugenol compound having pattern of mass
decrease similar to that of co-EDVB, yet it had different DTAs curve pattern as displayed in
Fig. 2. Both decomposition of polyeugenol in TGAs curve, and changing mass in ~33 C to
~550 C were also shown in DTA as both exothermic and endothermic processes taking place in
turn in such a temperature interval. The changing mass in ~33 C to ~323 C (peak a) was
related to sample dehydration, followed by the change detected by the DTA was in ~323 C to
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~398 C, having no visible trace in TGA. Such a second process was characterized endothermic
(peak b), then followed by exothermic one (peak c,d) in temperature interval showing that the
structure adopted between ~398 C to ~529 C was metastable and related to the recrystallisation
reaction of polyeugenol. At last, such an exothermic process of DTA indicated an enthalpy
decrease of sample and change leading to more stable structure.
In general, all samples had experienced crystallisation after the elimination of H2O or water
release. Such a crystallisation was shown by peak to the top (exothermic reaction). The
elimination temperature of H2O for the sample of both polymers was about 33 C to 350 C with
the losing mass on average of 15,5% (polyeugenol), 14,9% (1,03 mg) for co-EDVB and the
reaction taking place in water release was endothermic one. The amount of enthalpy in
endothermic reaction was similar to that of the losing water mass.
The greater the losing water mass, the bigger the energy absorbed. The small endothermic peak,
added by decomposition of sample mass in 323 C, and 398 C, was caused by the existence of
methoxy released to be methyl (-CH3) in such a temperature. The losing mass in methoxy
elimination was on average 13,7% (0,85 mg). In addition, the losing mass in methoxy
elimination of polyeugenol was bigger than the amount of losing mass in co-EDVB (12,6%).
After the H2O elimination had exothermic process continuously, it indicated that the polymer
components obtained had amorphous phase. Heating caused crystallisation, and the longer the
crystallisation process, the greater the mass decomposition, reaching 59,5% in polyeugenol and
62,7% in co-EDVB.
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Obviously, the ML loss of the last twos reuse got increasing by relatively stable score. Then,
Fig. 3 provided with some information that the small gaps of ML loss in the first, second, and
third use,which were 3,5% and 0,6%, indicated that the membrane components leaching and
diminishing due to its pores gradually covered by sediments of some chemical components such
as PVC or the other ones, was losing its ML loss step by step. In addition, Fig. 4 depicted that the
membranes pores were slowly covered by sediments of some chemical components contained in
the solution. Then, Fig. 4b looked greater than Fig. 4a, since such a membrane had been
exploited three times. Next to the result of SEM, the loss of components constructing membrane
was also recorded by the IR spectra.
The increasing amount of components constructing membrane which was lost, was
unexpectedly followed by the diminishing absorption in both OH and also DBE peak as
described in Fig. 5. Indeed, it indicated that the loss of components constructing membrane was
coming from not only carrier compound, but also DBE or PVC.
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a ba
Figure 4. The SEM of co-EDVB 12% membrane, and Used (a) once time
(b) three times, 1000x
Figure 5. The result of IR spectra on membrane co-EDVB 12% with the use
for 1x48 hour and 3x48 hour
The result showed that the greater the concentration of NaNO3, the smaller the percentage of
phenol transported to the receiving phase (Fig. 6). Then, the molecule carrier employed in
membrane was co-EDVB 12% whose active cluster was OH, which then formed hydrogen
bond with phenol transported to the receiving phase through membrane. The existence of NaNO3
in source phase would disturb the form of hydrogen bond between phenol and co-EDVB. Such a
phenomenon was taking place due to the existence of Na+ ion in NaNO3 penetrating membrane,
then binding O in co-EDVB. The greater the concentration of NaNO3, the smaller the active
sides in co-EDVB, so that the phenol transport was weakening. The addition of NaNO3
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concentration in receiving phase had lower phenol percentage than that of source phase. The
increasing concentration of NaNO3 in receiving phase would surely prevent phenol in source
phase from transporting to receiving phase.
The greater the concentration of NaNO3 added, the smaller the percentage of phenol transported
to receiving phase. The addition of NaNO3 salt influenced the membrane loss in membrane itself.
Fig. 7 described the result of membranes SEM whose NaNO3 were 0,001 M and 0,1 M.
Moreover, it was clearly shown that membrane whose NaNO3 concentration was 0,1 M had more
pores covered by salt sediment than that of membrane whose NaNO3 concentration was 0,001 M.
It indicated that the greater the NaNO3 added, the lower the ML loss of membrane whose
NaNO3 was 1M, about 3,4% since the pores was covered by NaNO3 sediment. The greater the
salt concentration in both source and receiving phase, the smaller the loss of organic phase in
membrane, thereby elevating both the stability and age of membrane [11].
a b
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Some researchers had conducted studies on membranes capability related to its age [11,16]. In
detail, Kiswandono, et.al. [11] explained the effect of NaNO3 salt use; the utilization of NaNO3
0,1 M would increase the membranes age, about 62 days, meanwhile the membrane containing
no NaNO3 was durable only about 7 days. Fig. 7 also gave some information that nearly the
entire surface of membrane in the examination was covered by a lot of sediment particles, so that
all membranes pores were blanketed by sediment. In addition, such a sedimentation was
probably taking place due to salting-out effect, reducing the ML loss and slowing the
membranes leak down, so that it increased the membranes age. In general, salting out is a
purification method making use of the diminishing solubility of particular molecules in solution
whose ion power is absolutely high [11].
Such a phenomenon was occuring since NaNO3 salt could cover the membranes pores (Fig. 7).
During the transport time, ML loss at the beginning would go up, yet the longer the transport
process, the smaller the ML loss since there would be much greater NaNO3 salt covering the
membranes pores, reducing the ML loss. In addition, the increasing ML loss in the initial
process was influenced by the stirring process. Zheng et.al. [17] and Nosrati et.al. [18] state that
in spite of its capability of homogenizing all the reagents in solution, stirring process could
increase the physical disturbances on membrane, thereby multiplying the losing components
which constructed the membrane. It was strengthened by a study on phenol transport taken by
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Kiswandono et al. [11]. Besides, during the transport process, the longer the transport time, the
lower the surface tension and contact angle of the three phases. When the surface tension was
decreasing in particular level, there would be emulsification suddenly formed, causing
membrane loss in its sides close to source phase.
4. Conclusions
The membrane whose co-EDVB functioned as carrier compound could be used for phenol
transport more than once by employing PIM method with percentage of components constructing
membrane getting smaller. Based on SEMs result, the use of NaNO3 salt in phenol transport
process could blanket the membranes pores, thereby upgrading the stability of PIM membrane
since it reduced the percentage of components constructing membrane which was lost.
5. Acknowledgement
We are indebted the Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE), Republic of Indonesia
who has facilitated the accomplishment of this study through the sandwich program 2012, then
we are also grateful to Dr. T. Hashimoto (Materials and Life Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo Japan) who has sincerely provided us with a
lot of time to have discussions.
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