Anda di halaman 1dari 13

See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282629960

The Capability of Copoly (Eugenol-


Divinylbenzene), Co-edvb as a Carrier of Phenol
Transport with Polymer Inclusion...

Research October 2015


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1857.0961

CITATION READS

1 48

1 author:

Agung Abadi Kiswandono


Lampung University
9 PUBLICATIONS 6 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Separation of membrane bases polyeugenol derivate as carrier View project

new biosorbent material View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Agung Abadi Kiswandono on 07 October 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

The Capability of Copoly(Eugenol-Divinylbenzene) As a Carrier For


Phenol Transport With Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM)
Agung Abadi Kiswandono1,2,*, Dwi Siswanta2, Nurul Hidayat Aprilita2,
Sri Juari Santosa2, Takashi Hayashita3
1
Faculty of Public Health, Prima University, Medan, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
3
Department of Materials and Life SciencesFaculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan

Corresponding Author Email : agungkiswandono@gmail.com

Abstract:
A study was conducted to examine phenol transport by employing Polymer Inclusion Membrane
(PIM) method which contained copoly(eugenol-DVB), co-EDVB as the carrier. The parameters
such as pH of source phase, concentration of NaOH, membrane thickness, concentration of
carrier, variants of transpor time and Membrane Liquid (ML) loss as well as lifetime had been
published in the previous journal. On this writing, co-EDVB containing 12% of DVB
(divinylbenzene) had been observed with both the effect of NaNO3 salt and the reuse of
membrane as the parameters. As the ingredients, carbon atom, hydrogen, and oxygen had been
examined through elemental analysis, co-EDVBs characterized through TG-DTA, and after-
transport membrane characterized through SEM. The result of study showed that the increasing
of NaNO3 salt concentration could both fade ML loss away and affect the transported phenol
concentration. Such a decrease of ML loss was supported by a morphological appearance on the
membrane resulted from SEM, it was pores closing. Another fact revealing during the study was
that membrane could be used more than once with few ML loss.

Keyword: crosslinked, PIM, carrier, co-EDVB, ML loss


1. Introduction
Liquid Membrane (LM) is a method combining extraction with separation together in a phase, so
that the transfer of unequal mass in separation is not limited by the balanced condition [1,2].
Then, polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) can be defined as a kind of liquid membrane method
recently having proven to be an effective one used for the separation process of any anion and
cation [3-6]. Both flexibility and utility or function of such a membrane method have proved
good based on its various applications over the last years [8-10], and the fact that the leak of
membrane can be maintained, thereby producing long membrane lifetime [11] are good reasons
why such a method has to be pushed up maximally. However, the application of this facilitated
membrane carrier can be quite expensive while the carrier compound being a core of such a
method is costly, inaccessible, or hard to be synthesized.

57

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

The transport of a targeted compound employing liquid membrane method always entails carrier
compounds. One of the compounds usable, whose basis is natural substance, are they coming
from eugenol polymerisation, and so generating polymer having both hidroxyl active sides and
benzene rings. The carrier compounds active sides are the factor determining that these targeted
compounds are easy to transport, and the membranes capacity is continually usable. In addition,
the capacity to be used repeatedly is a strength of a membrane analyzed through such PIM
method.
We had carried out a study showing that co-EDVB membrane examined by PIM method was
repeatedly usable, by having only little loss of components composing the membrane. In fact,
this was a part of the study previously published. Such phenol transport was conducted by
making use of both co-EDVBs active sides and difference between two phases pH, so that
phenol as the targeted compound could be transported from the source phase to the receiving
one.

2. Materials and Methods


The condition of transport process was similar to that of Kiswandono et al., [7,11] which
includes the instruments to transport (Chamber), the composition of compounds, the membrane
generation, and the procedure of phenol transport. A set of phenol transport instruments (PIM
cell) comprised two cylinder chambers separated by a membrane. Then, each chamber contained
about 50 ml of solution which was stirred then, and the effective diameter to easily contact with
the phenol solution was 2,5 cm, and it was the center of transport process.

2.1 Materials
The analytic measurements, pH meter (HANNA Instruments, M-18654), UV-spectrometer (772-
Spectrophotometer), TG-TGA (Perkin Elmer) were taken at Analytic Laboratory of UGM.
Meanwhile, Scanning Electron Microscope (Hitachi SU8000), infrared spectrophotometer
Shimadzu model IR Prestige-21 with magnetik KBR pellet holder 0016-008 and Elemental
Analisis Perkin Elmer Series CHNS/O Analyzer 2400 were taken at Materials and Life Sciences
Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan.
2.2 Synthesis of co-EDVB
Synthesis of co-EDVB in this study employed basic ingredients of eugenol and catalyst
BF3O(C2H5)2 as conducted by Kiswandono et al. [7], with DVBs variations as the crosslinking
agent by 0% and 12% of the eugenols mass, and the synthesis result of these two materials were
powder. In addition, the synthesis of co-EDVB was taken by DVB crosslinking agent, while
boron trifluoride diethyl ether acid BF3O(C2H5)2 functioned as the catalyst. Then, the polymer on
a synthesis employing only eugenol and boron trifluoride diethyl ether as the catalyst (DVB :
0%) was called as polyeugenol which then was stored in decicator to be at the end characterized.

58

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

2.3 Preparation of membrane


PIM membrane was formed with PVC as the matrix polymer, co-EDVB as the carrier
compound, and DBE as the plasticizer which were mixed then into a mould. Moreover, the
organic solvent, tetrahydrophurane (THF) was used to homogenize the mixture on the mould.
After the solution was homogeneous, the membrane was left for 3 days.
2.4 Phenol transport
Such a study was managed to meet the standard condition in line with that of Kiswandono et al.
[11]. The transport process was taken by putting 50 ml of phenol 60 ppm into the source phase,
and 50 ml of NaOH 0,25 M into the receiving phase. In addition, both phases were completed by
stirrer. Then, they were carefully stirred in room temperature. The concentration of phenol in
both source and receiving phase was analyzed through 4-aminoantiphyrine method [12,13], and
then its absorbency was measured through UV-vis of 450 nm in wave length.
The loss of membrane components was determined by measurement method, stating that the
total sum of membrane liquid loss was obtained by measuring the membrane after and before
transport employing analytic scale once the membrane was still dry. Then, the phenol and water
intake in membrane liquid or membrane pores were likely to cause any fault in ML loss
measurement, yet such a difference was much lower than the experimental one, and for that
reason it was negligible. Once there were some water molecules inside the membrane pores, by
using such a measurement method their present mass was still lower than the real ML loss
[14,15]. The transport capability evaluated in this study was the repeated use of membrane, the
effect of NaNO3 salt addition, and the effect of NaNO3 salt s increasing concentration.
2.5 Characterization
The polymer formed in both the elemental and thermal analysis then was characterized through
SEM. The membrane used before and after the transport process was characterized through SEM
and IR aiming to identify both the surface morphological change, and the capability cluster of
membrane during the transport process.

3. Results And Discussions


3.1. Synthesis and Characterization
There were eugenol co-polymerisation with DVB (called co-EDVB) and eugenol only (called
polieugenol) taken in this study. Both eugenol and DVB had allyl cluster which played an
important role in polymerisation reaction. Most of monomers having double bond C=C could
have radical polymerisation, however they having cationic polymerisation were monomers
having substitution cluster releasing electron only. The eugenol monomer had double bond C=C
(vinyl substitution cluster) causing it radical polymerisation. Such a vinyl group of eugenol
experienced additional reaction, so that this co-polymerisation was called as cationic additional
co- polymerisation. Moreover, the reaction of eugenol co- polymerisation with crosslinking
agent would cause the molecule heavier, thereby affecting the membranes capability of
interacting with the targeted compound. Then, the polymer resulting from such a synthesis had
bigger mass, so that it would have much more active side (cluster OH and benzene ring). The

59

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

increase of polymers active sides as the result of synthesis was expected to elevate the transport
capability so that its process could be quicker and able to be used repeatedly. Then, each polymer
synthesized then was tested by elemental analysis in order to identify the percentage of carbon
atom, hydrogen, and oxygen as displayed in Table 1.
Based on Table 1, it was clearly identified that the level of carbon was relatively increasing, yet
the hydrogen atoms was gradually weakening due to the increase of DVBs moleculs. It
indicated that the polymer chain was getting longer. Such a fact was supported by the IR spectra
data, comprising both the width of co-EDVB spectra peak, and the polymers melting point [7].
Definitely, the increasing melting point was in line with the addition of DVB amount. It was
believed that such occurence was happening since the co-EDVB molecules mass was heavier
owing to more DVB added up.
Table 1. Profile of co-EDVB powder

DVB (w/w) The number of Elemental analysis


% of weight Melting crosslinking agents (%)
DVB to point (C) Mol
g (10-3) C H O
Eugenol (10-4)
Co-EDVB 0%
80.3 82.7 0 0 71.36 7.06 21.58
(polyeugenol)
Co-EDVB 12% 100.6 109.0 696 53 72.98 7.11 19.91

Another reason was that the carbon chain was getting longer. The characterization of
polyeugenol powder and its derivatives formed was then analyzed through SEM as displayed in
Fig. 1. The morphology generated by SEM as displayed in Fig. 1 showed that polyeugenol
crystal and its derivatives had the same and homogenous morphological pattern. It was believed
that such a phenomenon happened because of the same shape and colour of polymer powder
resulted: brownish soft powder dissolving in chloroform [7]. In addition, the magnification of
250x on co-EDVB 12% (Fig. 1b) showed the same homogenous pattern similar with
polyeugenol, so that it could be concluded that the polyeugenol crystal and its derivatives had the
same homogenous morphological pattern.

a b

Figure 1. Morphology of SEM result from powder of (a) polyeugenol, and


(b) co-EDVB 12%, 250x

Next, in order to provide another proof of crosslink reaction, the Thermographimetric Analysis
(TGA) was then carried out. In general, what is called as thermographimetric is a technique

60

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

usable to measure changes on mass of particular compounds as the function of temperature. The
result of such an analysis is in form of continuous diagram record showing gradual schematic
decomposition reaction. Decomposition of polimer is caused by the existence of thermochemical
process. The explanation of such a process comes from the DTA result. DTA is a measurement
technique of temperature difference between sample and reference materials. It is called as
thermogram which can give some information about both physical and chemical characteristic
changes. Some physical processes well-known are endothermic and exothermic. Then,
thermographimetric was applied to polyeugenol and co-EDVB in temperature range of 30-900
C and 10 C/min in heating speed.
Decomposition of co-EDVB (Fig. 2) in curve of TGA showed that the changing mass taking
place in ~33 C till ~550 C was in line with the DTA as the exothermic and endothermic
processes happening in turn on such a temperature interval. The changing mass in ~33 C to
~320 C was related to the sample dehydration, while the change detected by the DTA was in
~320 C to ~395 C, having no similar trace in TGA, due to connecting with recrystallisation
reaction in co-EDVB dehydrated. Such a second process was characterized endothermic (peak
b), then followed by exothermic one in temperature interval of ~395 C to ~545 C ( peak c,d)
showing that the structure adopted between ~395 C to ~545 C was metastable. Such an
exothermic process of DTA indicated an enthalpy decrease of sample and change leading to
more stable structure.

Figure 2. Curve of TG-DTA polyeugenol and co-EDVB

Furthermore, the same thing happened to polyeugenol compound having pattern of mass
decrease similar to that of co-EDVB, yet it had different DTAs curve pattern as displayed in
Fig. 2. Both decomposition of polyeugenol in TGAs curve, and changing mass in ~33 C to
~550 C were also shown in DTA as both exothermic and endothermic processes taking place in
turn in such a temperature interval. The changing mass in ~33 C to ~323 C (peak a) was
related to sample dehydration, followed by the change detected by the DTA was in ~323 C to

61

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

~398 C, having no visible trace in TGA. Such a second process was characterized endothermic
(peak b), then followed by exothermic one (peak c,d) in temperature interval showing that the
structure adopted between ~398 C to ~529 C was metastable and related to the recrystallisation
reaction of polyeugenol. At last, such an exothermic process of DTA indicated an enthalpy
decrease of sample and change leading to more stable structure.
In general, all samples had experienced crystallisation after the elimination of H2O or water
release. Such a crystallisation was shown by peak to the top (exothermic reaction). The
elimination temperature of H2O for the sample of both polymers was about 33 C to 350 C with
the losing mass on average of 15,5% (polyeugenol), 14,9% (1,03 mg) for co-EDVB and the
reaction taking place in water release was endothermic one. The amount of enthalpy in
endothermic reaction was similar to that of the losing water mass.

The greater the losing water mass, the bigger the energy absorbed. The small endothermic peak,
added by decomposition of sample mass in 323 C, and 398 C, was caused by the existence of
methoxy released to be methyl (-CH3) in such a temperature. The losing mass in methoxy
elimination was on average 13,7% (0,85 mg). In addition, the losing mass in methoxy
elimination of polyeugenol was bigger than the amount of losing mass in co-EDVB (12,6%).
After the H2O elimination had exothermic process continuously, it indicated that the polymer
components obtained had amorphous phase. Heating caused crystallisation, and the longer the
crystallisation process, the greater the mass decomposition, reaching 59,5% in polyeugenol and
62,7% in co-EDVB.

3.2 Phenol transport with reuse of PIM membrane


The repeated use of membrane aimed both to examine its endurance and to identify its stability.
The result showed that once the membrane had been used two and three times, the phenol
transport from source phase to the receiving phase one was weakening gradually. In addition,
Fig. 3 displayed the comparison of phenol transport used for in turn one, two, and three times
during 48 hours. It was believed that both the second and third weakening phenol transports were
caused by the species of leaching membrane existing in the first, reducing the phenol
concentration of the last two transports. In addition, the diminishing phenol concentration having
transport to the receiving phase was predictably due to the leaching coming from molecule
carrier of co-EDVB. Once both the second and third membranes were used, the amount of active
cluster was decreasing. Such a decrease would cause interaction of , and the hydrogen
bond formed between phenol and co-EDVB to weaken, so that the phenol transport to the
receiving phase was getting smaller.

62

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

Figure 3. The graphic of phenol transport and ML loss with repeated


use of PIM membrane

Obviously, the ML loss of the last twos reuse got increasing by relatively stable score. Then,
Fig. 3 provided with some information that the small gaps of ML loss in the first, second, and
third use,which were 3,5% and 0,6%, indicated that the membrane components leaching and
diminishing due to its pores gradually covered by sediments of some chemical components such
as PVC or the other ones, was losing its ML loss step by step. In addition, Fig. 4 depicted that the
membranes pores were slowly covered by sediments of some chemical components contained in
the solution. Then, Fig. 4b looked greater than Fig. 4a, since such a membrane had been
exploited three times. Next to the result of SEM, the loss of components constructing membrane
was also recorded by the IR spectra.

The increasing amount of components constructing membrane which was lost, was
unexpectedly followed by the diminishing absorption in both OH and also DBE peak as
described in Fig. 5. Indeed, it indicated that the loss of components constructing membrane was
coming from not only carrier compound, but also DBE or PVC.

63

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

3.3 Effect of NaNO3 concentration increase


The stability of membran could be predicted by observing the effect of NaNO3 salts
concentration increase. Then, phenol transport was carried out through two variations; by adding
various concentration of NaNO3 into source phase with stable condition of receiving phase, and
putting various concentration of NaNO3 into receiving phase with stable condition of source
phase.

a ba

Figure 4. The SEM of co-EDVB 12% membrane, and Used (a) once time
(b) three times, 1000x

Figure 5. The result of IR spectra on membrane co-EDVB 12% with the use
for 1x48 hour and 3x48 hour

The result showed that the greater the concentration of NaNO3, the smaller the percentage of
phenol transported to the receiving phase (Fig. 6). Then, the molecule carrier employed in
membrane was co-EDVB 12% whose active cluster was OH, which then formed hydrogen
bond with phenol transported to the receiving phase through membrane. The existence of NaNO3
in source phase would disturb the form of hydrogen bond between phenol and co-EDVB. Such a
phenomenon was taking place due to the existence of Na+ ion in NaNO3 penetrating membrane,
then binding O in co-EDVB. The greater the concentration of NaNO3, the smaller the active
sides in co-EDVB, so that the phenol transport was weakening. The addition of NaNO3
64

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

concentration in receiving phase had lower phenol percentage than that of source phase. The
increasing concentration of NaNO3 in receiving phase would surely prevent phenol in source
phase from transporting to receiving phase.

Figure 6. The curve of effect of NaNO3 salts various concentrations on % phenol,


%CP (FS : Source phase, FP : receiving phase)

The greater the concentration of NaNO3 added, the smaller the percentage of phenol transported
to receiving phase. The addition of NaNO3 salt influenced the membrane loss in membrane itself.
Fig. 7 described the result of membranes SEM whose NaNO3 were 0,001 M and 0,1 M.
Moreover, it was clearly shown that membrane whose NaNO3 concentration was 0,1 M had more
pores covered by salt sediment than that of membrane whose NaNO3 concentration was 0,001 M.
It indicated that the greater the NaNO3 added, the lower the ML loss of membrane whose
NaNO3 was 1M, about 3,4% since the pores was covered by NaNO3 sediment. The greater the
salt concentration in both source and receiving phase, the smaller the loss of organic phase in
membrane, thereby elevating both the stability and age of membrane [11].

a b

Figur 7. The SEM result of co-EDVB 12% membrane, 2500x employing


(a) NaNO3 0,1 M, and (b) NaNO3 0,001 M

65

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

Some researchers had conducted studies on membranes capability related to its age [11,16]. In
detail, Kiswandono, et.al. [11] explained the effect of NaNO3 salt use; the utilization of NaNO3
0,1 M would increase the membranes age, about 62 days, meanwhile the membrane containing
no NaNO3 was durable only about 7 days. Fig. 7 also gave some information that nearly the
entire surface of membrane in the examination was covered by a lot of sediment particles, so that
all membranes pores were blanketed by sediment. In addition, such a sedimentation was
probably taking place due to salting-out effect, reducing the ML loss and slowing the
membranes leak down, so that it increased the membranes age. In general, salting out is a
purification method making use of the diminishing solubility of particular molecules in solution
whose ion power is absolutely high [11].

3.4. Effect of NaNO3 1M salt addition to phenol transport time


Phenol transport was taken in condition that there was no NaNO3 and NaNO3 1M salt addition to
source phase. Moreover, such a phenol transport aimed to identify the stability of membrane
determined through membrane loss on transport time. The addition of NaNO3 1 M to source
phase could reduce membrane loss and elevate the stability of membrane (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. The curve of transport time with addition of NaNO3 1 M salt


on % membrane loss

Such a phenomenon was occuring since NaNO3 salt could cover the membranes pores (Fig. 7).
During the transport time, ML loss at the beginning would go up, yet the longer the transport
process, the smaller the ML loss since there would be much greater NaNO3 salt covering the
membranes pores, reducing the ML loss. In addition, the increasing ML loss in the initial
process was influenced by the stirring process. Zheng et.al. [17] and Nosrati et.al. [18] state that
in spite of its capability of homogenizing all the reagents in solution, stirring process could
increase the physical disturbances on membrane, thereby multiplying the losing components
which constructed the membrane. It was strengthened by a study on phenol transport taken by

66

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

Kiswandono et al. [11]. Besides, during the transport process, the longer the transport time, the
lower the surface tension and contact angle of the three phases. When the surface tension was
decreasing in particular level, there would be emulsification suddenly formed, causing
membrane loss in its sides close to source phase.

4. Conclusions
The membrane whose co-EDVB functioned as carrier compound could be used for phenol
transport more than once by employing PIM method with percentage of components constructing
membrane getting smaller. Based on SEMs result, the use of NaNO3 salt in phenol transport
process could blanket the membranes pores, thereby upgrading the stability of PIM membrane
since it reduced the percentage of components constructing membrane which was lost.

5. Acknowledgement
We are indebted the Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE), Republic of Indonesia
who has facilitated the accomplishment of this study through the sandwich program 2012, then
we are also grateful to Dr. T. Hashimoto (Materials and Life Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo Japan) who has sincerely provided us with a
lot of time to have discussions.

6. References:
[1] X.J. Yang, A.G. Fane, and C.J.D. Fell, Instability mechanisms of supported liquid membrane
processes for metal separations: Permeability, stability, and selectivity, Industrial and
Engenering Chemistry Research, 42, 392-403, 2003.
[2] C. Fontas, R. Tayeb, M. Dhahbi, E. Gaudichet, F. Thominette, P. Roy, K. Steenkeste, M
Fontaine-Aupart, S. Tingry, E. Tronel-Peyroz, P. Seta, Polymer inclusion membranes: The
concept of fixed sites membrane revised, Journal of Membrane Science, 290, 6272, 2007.
[3] N. Benosmane, S.M. Hamdi, M. Hamdi, and B. Boutemeur, Selective transport of metal ions
across polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing calix[4]resorcinarenes, Separation and
Purification Technology, 65, 211219, 2009.
[4] C.A. Kozlowski, and W. Walkowiak, Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by
polymer inclusion membranes, Water Research, 36, 48704876, 2002.
[5] M. Ulewicza, J. Szczygelska-Tao, J.F. Biernat, Selectivity of Pb(II) transport across polymer
inclusion membranes doped with imidazole azothiacrown ethers, Journal of Membrane Science,
344, 3238, 2009.
[6] N. Pont, V. Salvado, C. Fontas, Selective transport and removal of Cd from chloride
solutions by polymer inclusion membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 318, 340345, 2008.
[7] A.A. Kiswandono, D. Siswanta, N.H. Aprilita, and S.J. Santosa, Transport of phenol through
inclusion polymer membrane (PIM) using copoly(Eugenol-DVB) as membrane carriers,
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 12(2), 105-112, 2012.

67

Journal of Environmentally Friendly Processes; ISSN: 2328-1383
Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2014

[8] L.D. Nghiem, P. Mornane, I.D. Potter, J.M. Perera, R.W. Cattrall, and S.D. Kolev, Extraction
and transpor of metal ions and small organic compounds using polymer inclusion membranes
(PIMs): Review, Journal of Membrane Science, 281, 741, 2006.
[9] W. Walkowiak and C.A. Kozlowski, Macrocycle carriers for separation of metal Ions in
liquid membrane processes: a Review, Desalination, 240 186197, 2009.
[10] John D. Lamb, J.N. West, D.P. Shaha, and J.C. Johnson., An evaluation of polymer
inclusion membrane performance in facilitated transport with sequential membrane
reconstitution, Journal of Membrane Science, 365 256259, 2010.
[11] A.A. Kiswandono, D. Siswanta, N.H. Aprilita, S.J. Santosa, and T. Hayashita, Extending the
lifetime of polymer inclusion membrane containing copoly(Eugenol-DVB) as carrier for phenol
transport, Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 13(3), 254-261, 2013.
[12] J.M. Li, X.G. Meng, C.W. Hu, and J. Du, Adsorption of phenol, p-chlorophenol and p-
nitrophenol onto functional chitosan, Bioresource Technology, 100, 1168-1173, 2009.
[13] A.R. Sousa, and M.A. Trancoso, Validation of an environmental friendly segmented flow
method for the determination of phenol index in waters as alternative to the conventional one,
Talanta, 79, 796803, 2009.
[14] H.D. Zheng, W. Biyu, Yanxiang, and R. Qilong, Instability mechanisms of supported liquid
membrane for phenol transport, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17, 5, 750755,
2009.
[15] F.F. Zha, A.G. Fane, C.J.D. Fell, Instability mechanisms of supported liquid membrane in
phenol transport processes, Journal of Membrane Science, 107, 75, 1995.
[16] M. Szpakowska, and O.B. Nagy, Stability of supported liquid membranes containing acorga
P-50 as carrer, Journal of Membrane Science, 129, 251-261, 1997.
[17] H.D. Zheng, W. Biyu, W. Yanxiang, and R. Qilong, Instability mechanisms of supported
liquid membranes for copper(II) ion extraction, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng.
Aspects, 351, 3845, 2009.
[18] S. Nosrati, N.S. Jayakumar, and M.A. Hashim, Performance evaluation of supported ionic
liquid membrane for removal of phenol, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 192, 12831290, 2011.

68

View publication stats

Anda mungkin juga menyukai