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32nd Meeting of RILEM Permanent Committee

Rio de Janeiro, October 1979

REPORTS OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

42- CEA COMMITTEE

Properties of concrete at early ages

S. G. Bergstr6m (1) j . Byfors (2)

1. BACKGROUND Concrete is, however, very often exposed to loads


at this very early age due to the behaviour of the
The traditional concrete research has to a great extent material, clue to mechanical influences in the construc-
been devoted to the properties of the fresh concrete tion process, or due to the design. The effect of these
or, still more, to the properties of the hardened concrete. exposures may influence the performance of the structure
A vast literature exists, covering these two fields of not only in the early age but also later on.
concrete technology. But the intermediate stage, when Examples of such situations are:
the newly placed concrete has just started to solidify - - e a r l y form stripping;
and a certain strength can be registered is fairly unknown.
- - slip form work;
This uneven knowledge of the properties of concrete
- - deformations in supporting formwork due to
at different ages is reflected in our possibilities of pre- increasing loads during the concreting operations;
dicting the performance of concrete structures in different
stages of hardening. We can with reasonable accuracy -- water pressure on caissons at an early age, etc.
calculate load carrying capacity, deformations due to Modern construction methods have increased the
load, cracking and crack patterns, etc. for a hardened number of such situations and, consequently, our need
concrete structure. On the other hand, it has been very of knowledge.
difficult or sometimes almost impossible, due to lack of Against the background given above, RILEM has
knowledge, to predict numerically the corresponding per- appointed committee 42-CEA to:
formance in a very early stage, say during the first -- make an inventory of the existing knowledge in
24 hours.
the field;
-- recommend laboratory and field methods for testing
(1) Chairman of 42- CEA Committee. Head, Swedish Cement and Concrete
Research Institute, StockhOlm. relevant properties;
(2) Secretary of 42-CEA Committee. Cementa AB, Danderyd, Sweden. - - map out research needed.

0025-5432/1980/265/$ 5.00/9 BORDAS-DUNOD 265


Vol. 13 - N~ 75 - Mat~riaux et Constructions

G. MPo 3. CHOICE OF I T E M S
4O
9 20=0 Prisms 100,100 ~/.00
0 10~ Moist cured The following properties or set of questions are of
0 5-~50C 0rd. P.C. w/c = 0.58 I~ / " main interest in connection w i t h concrete at early ages
and have, consequently, been chosen for studies within
the 42-CEA:
--strength---compressive, tensile, flexural;
-- deformations under load--stress-strain curve, ulti-
mate strain, modulus of elasticity, creep, Poisson's
ratio;
hygrothermal properties--thermal coefficient of
20
expansion, thermal conductivity, heat capacity,
moisture transport;
- - effect of early overloading;
- - effect of insufficient curing;
- - d e f o r m a t i o n s without external load;
--methods of indicating stage of hardening;
--models for calculation.
Some of these items are fairly obvious, for instance
I r - strength and deformations under load, whereas other
~ . . . . . I '1 ' '1 J items may need an explanation.
4 8 16 32 641 128 I 256 512 ] 1024 h
3d 7d 28 d The importance of the item hygrothermal properties
M20
is understood when we analyse the classical example
Fig. 1. - - Example of compressive strength gain. Byfors.
in figure 2, related to cracking of massive concrete
structures due to temperature rise by hydration and
subsequent cooling. The problem concerns variations of the
The committee started in December 1976. It has today
average temperature as well as temperature differences.
13 full members and 7 corresponding members, repre-
The first step in estimating the risk of cracking is to
senting 12 countries. calculate the temperature cycle. Information of the heat
of hydration of the cement, the thermal capacity of the
concrete and the coefficient of thermal conductivity of
2. EARLY AGE the concrete are amongst the data required. The second
step in the analysis is to estimate the unrestrained deform-
There is no exact definition of the concept of early ations of the concrete caused by temperature increase
age. There is or was, however, a general feeling that and cooling. This requires a knowledge of the coefficient
more knowledge was needed of the properties of concrete of thermal expansion. The unrestrained deformations are,
during the first 1 or 2 days after casting. The discus- however, impeded in whole or in part through restriction
sions within the committee 42-CEA have mainly concerned to a greater or lesser extent, w h i c h gives rise to stresses.
the first 24 hours. The conversion of impeded deformation to stress and
Time is, however, definitely not the best parameter cracks requires a knowledge of the strength and defor-
when trying to define early age. Different cements, tem- mation properties of the material: tensile strength, stress-
peratures and admixtures cause quite different rates of strain relationship, E-modulus, creep and plastic deform-
reaction between cement and water and, consequently, ation. The temperature increase takes place at an early
quite different properties of the concrete at a certain
early age even if the mix proportions are the same,
It is probably more correct to define early age by a
Compression -- I -. Tension
degree of hydration or a level to which some property
has developed, for instance strength. C
,_o
Figure 1 shows the development of compressive ~ { r In~i~
strength; for an average concrete quality (w/c= 0.58) /F~~'~r'm~a h o n ~ ./deformation
with an average Portland cement (Swedish Standard)
at a temperature of + 20~ For this concrete it is
reasonable to say that there is a need of more knowledge
IY"
//'I \ ",,.i deformation /T
below a strength level around 10 MPa, which corresponds I/" ~lnelastic ~ Ductility ---J
to approximately 24 hours. One can also ask whether
the character of the material changes in some drastic
way at some limit of hydration above which the concrete Rupture ~
behaves as we are used to, whereas it has quite another
character below the limit. The data collected within !
, , , , ~

the 42-CEA indicate in fact the existence of such a limit Age


somewhere around a compressive strength of 1-2 MPa. Fig. 2. - - Outline sketch of t h e fictitious d e f o r m a t i o n
For the concrete in figure 1 this corresponds to an cycle in connection w i t h i m p e d e d d e f o r m a t i o n caused
age of 8-15 hours. by heat of hydration of t h e c e m e n t . L6fqvist (1946).

266
S. G. Bergstr6m - J. Byfors

age and the deformation properties in this stage are, plastic shrinkage with the consequent phenomenon plastic
to a considerable extent, decisive for the stress level shrinkage crackings, (fig. 6). The cracking is highly
and cracking risk during the cooling period. depending on the rate of evaporation and of the magni-
Early overloading may very well unintentionally occur in tude of shrinkage in this early stage. A high rate of
the early life of concrete. The strength may be too low evaporation will cause a sharp moisture gradient in the
at form stripping, causing stresses above a limit where surface parts of the concrete structure and high tensile
internal cracking is frequent. In this stage, the strength strains due to restrained shrinkage. As demonstrated
increases rapidly and will already after some hours be in figure 7, the moisture diffusion coefficient of young
well over the critical level, but is then the concrete concrete is much higher than for concrete after a few
permanently damaged? The same question arises in
connection with bond between concrete and reinforcing Strength
bars.
Water
Insufficient curing, primarily insufficient access of water
during the first day or days after casting may not be
detrimental to the properties during the first 24 hours ///~" ? Air
but later on. In the beginning the concrete contains
enough water for the early hardening and it takes some
time to evaporate enough water to slow down or stop //
the hydration process. Figure 3 illustrates the development
of strength in water or air curing conditions. The question
is if the properties (the strength) can be brought up
to the same level as for the water cured concrete if
the water curing starts later on (dotted line, fig. 3).
This question has been raised several times as an
important practical problem for instance in a contri- Age
bution by Dewar to the RILEM symposium on quality
control of concrete structures, Dewar (1979). So far, Fig. 3. - - Strength gain in w a t e r or air curing conditions
(schematically).
the 42-CEA has no definite answer to the question.
There are, however, indications that the quality of the

jf
concrete will not be completely restored and that the 12
loss in strength or other properties increases with the
length of the delay before water curing is started. Figure 4 E
o
10
shows an example referring to permeability for water.
The concrete specimen has been exposed to one-sided c
o 8
water pressure a certain time, after which the penetration
of the water front has been measured. The concrete P
-I,-'
6
had the same age (28 days) and the same duration c-
of water curing (5 days), but the start of the water
o.
curing was delayed 1, 3 and 7 days. The result is
increased permeability with increased delay (Nycander,
2
1954).
Byfors has for the same purpose made experiments 0
with compressive strength (fig. 5) and also found a 0 1 3 ?
long term loss in strength, increasing with the delay Delay of water curing, days
before water curing.
It is by no means certain that these tendencies can be Fig. 4. - - Effect or delayed w a t e r curing upon the
permeability for water. Nycander (1954).
generalized. The result must depend very much on the
rate and amount of water loss, which in its term depend
on drying conditions, size and shape of specimens and (o)
concrete quality. This has been demonstrated in tests 1oo
100% 32 N/mm2
-

by Nischer (1976).
Should the properties be restored by a later water o
curing, then the drying period at an early age is merely
causing a delay of the hydration process. Should they
on the other hand not be restored then the early drying =
o gC
----4.
mo Age 28 d o
may have caused permanent cracking or maybe blocking x " 3 months
of the access of water to parts of the pore system. -~-0 = 0. 58 50%RH
P r i s m s lO0=lO0x&00 "
Dry,rig from upper side
The problem of early freezing is of course related
to insufficient curing but is not included in the scope 80
I f I
of committee 42-CEA. Winter concreting is being studied 0
by the RILEM committee 39-BH. Period of drying before moistcuring,d

The primary interest of deformations without external Fig. 5 . - Effect of delayed water curing upon the
load in connection with concrete at an early age is strength. Byfors.

267
Vol. 13 - N~ 75 - Mat~riaux et Constructions

In scientific connections, the degree of hydration could


be a satisfactory parameter. In practical cases, most of
the non-destructive or semi-destructive methods used
in situ could be useful. Byfors (1978) has for instance
used ultrasonic pulse velocity with good success in very
early ages.

7 ..~-- Paste
fJ
6
5
/
... _ = - - - Mortar
o 4
._c 3 ,I
2
//
Fig. 6. - - Plastic shrinkage cracks. H e l l s t r 6 m (1974). ~ ..... .~ Concrete

1 L. J
days (Nilsson, 1977). Even the unrestrained shrinkage 0 ~'
in this stage is much higher than for the well hardened 1/4 1/2 2 4 68 24h
concrete (fig. 8) (L'Hermite, 1960). When the early Age
evaporation is hindered by fog or water curing or by
an efficient membrane curing, the cracking is also hindered
Temperature 20 ~
(fig. 9) (Hellstr6m, 1974). RH 50 %
Methods f o r indicating the stage of hardening are Vind velocity: 1 m/s
interesting for two reasons, viz.:
L'Hermite /1960/
- - to have a common basis when documenting results
from experimental studies;
Fig. 8. - - Plastic shrinkage. L'Hermite (1960).
--to create tools suitable for use on the site, for
instance to determine if the strength is sufficient
for form-stripping. Figure 11 shows correlation between pulse velocity
As has been pointed out earlier, time is not a very and compressive strength for a set of concrete mixes
reliable parameter when estimating the stage of hardening with varying mix proportions. Correction has been clone
in early ages. The process may be accelerated or retarded for water cement ratio and amount of cement paste
by variations in the cement quality, in temperature and (or aggregate). At high strength levels, the ultrasonic
in effects of admixtures. A delay in the start of the method is not a very good indicator of strength whereas
hardening process of a couple of hours could in this it gives quite good results at low strength levels, for
stage cause a very great deviation from the expected instance at early ages.
value, as indicated in the left hand figure of figure 10. The committee also deals w i t h models for calculation,
for instance calculation of the development of a certain
property. This is of importance mainly when we try
to systematize the data, w h i c h is a main task of the
(D/D0)0.25 committee.
t M~rtor
40-
= 0.6 , Ord. P.C 4. EXAMPLES OF D A T A
Thickness 1 cm
30" RH A lot of data have been collected, data referring to
several different properties of concrete at early ages.
Most part of the data have not yet been systematized,
in some cases not even understood. In what follows,
20" examples of such data are given. Most of the material
is brought together or produced by Jan Byfors, who is
secretary of the committee 42-CEA and also manager
of a research project in this field at the Swedish Cement
10" and Concrete Research Institute.

i ! !
5. S U M M A R Y OF A C T I V I T I E S
1 2 /-: 7 14 28 56 112
Age, days Before the RILEM committee 42-CEA finishes its work,
we hope to have achieved the following results:
Fig. 7. - - Influence of age on the moisture diffusion
coefficient. Nilsson (1977). - - to have prepared a state of the art report;

268
S. G. Bergstr6m - J. Byfors

Reduction of amount
of cracks per m2
m m early curing
1.5

I.O

o
0,5 w
9 9

Amount of cracks
per m 2 at on
T7 uncured surface
0,5 I.O 1,5 2.0

Fig. 9. - - R e d u c t i o n of a m o u n t of plastic shrinkage


cracks by w a t e r c u r i n g or an efficient m e m b r a n e curing.
H e l l s t r 6 m (1974).

-- to have prepared several special reports, for instance a p p l i e d in early ages as in later ages, but s o m e
on d e f o r m a t i o n s w i t h o u t e x t e r n a l load at early ages, p r e c a u t i o n s m a y be necessary at v e r y early ages
test m e t h o d s for m e c h a n i c a l properties, p r o p e r t i e s because t h e material d o e s n o t b e h a v e as a s s u m e d
of c o n c r e t e at early ages; w h e n the m e t h o d w a s d e s i g n e d .
-- to have prepared a structured list of literature in
the field w i t h i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e t y p e and a m o u n t
of data in e x p e r i m e n t a l studies;
6. R E F E R E N C E S
-- to have c o l l e c t e d i n f o r m a t i o n on the research g o i n g
on in the w o r l d ;
LOFQVIST B. - - Temperatureffekter i h&rdnande betong. Kungl.
-- t o have p r e p a r e d a list of research n e e d e d in the Vattenfallsstyrelsen, Tekn. Medd., Serie B, No. 22, 1976.
field;
NYCANDER e. - - Betongens vattent~thet. Betong, 1954 : 2.
-- to have o r g a n i z e d a s y m p o s i u m in France in 1 9 8 2 ;
HANSEN P. G. - - Physical properties of concrete at early ages.
-- to have prepared general r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for test School of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Missouri,
m e t h o d s . In general the same test m e t h o d s can be 1956.

_c

log. Age Age


w/c = const. Temp. = const

Fig. 10. - - Schematical graph s h o w i n g the e f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e and w a t e r - c e m e n t ratio upon early strength gain.

269
Vol. 13 - N~ 75 - Mat~riaux et Constructions

100"
w-cr = 0.40 0.58 1.00
Cement: 3 different brands (standard)
O
d : 4, 8, 16, 32 rum
max
Air content: 2-9%
Consistence: semi-fluid consistence
x~
Temp: 5~ 20~
Prisms: i00 x 100 x 400, m o i s t u r e cured
4- O
10.0 -

oD
[]

1.0"
V
-O

"O-

O,

0.1
u 9 i m m
1.0 2.0 3,0 4,0 5.0
%~korr ~ krn/s
Fig. 119 - - Correlation between compressive strength and pulse velocity 9 Byfors (1978).

= 0/.38 . 20'C, 0 r d Portl. Cem


= 0,653 . .,
= 1.15

50

4/'
/ t 20oC Prisms 100xl00x/.C0
10"C Water cured
36 <~ 5-15'C 0rd, Portl Cement, ~ =0.58
Z 40 84 a 30%
t- /. 32
0 30"C
O
/ 8~
Ul
.~ 32,
/ 28

/
1/1
Q) J 24

~ 28'
/ / 20

/ /
r
2/.'

20. / 16

/ /
16.

12 / /
f
r .// ///j/f

0 /* 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 102/. h


/ .-= 3d 7d 28d
Age, h

Age, hours Fig9 13. - - Effect o f t e m p e r a t u r e on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t


o f compressive s t r e n g t h . T h e same m a t e r i a l as in
Fig9 12. - - Effect of w/c on the development of f i g u r e 1, w h e r e a m a t u r i t y f u n c t i o n is based on
compressive strength. Byfors. Arrhenius" expression f o r a c t i v a t i o n energy 9 Byfors.

270
S. G. Bergstrom - J. Byfors

Compressive strength of cyl. 9 N/ram 2 o w~o = 0,66. 20~ . Oral Portl Cem A
9 .- : 0,5.5
6.9 13.8 20.7 27.6 34.5 = 1.15
5OO 3.45
9 ,,

% ,,.o.,,,.. . : Z . / / 9 ., = 0.4/,

% o , = 0.64 -9oC
"~ .. = 0.65 20~
E -. = 0.64
:>< / V'
2.76 z

f
~
_ 400

i
,y
.E
_2
,-i,-,
o #
r-
~E 10"[
300 2.07 ,r
Lh
U3 E

"5
200
45/ 1.38
Z

-~
~g

"5 0 103,
-/4 E
~5 100 0.69 L- I
13 LU
t-
7 Sadgrove/1970,'
, I I
0 1000 2 0 0 0 3000 4 0 0 0 5000
102.
Compressive strength of cylinders, [bf/in 2
Temperoture Note :
of curing, ~ Height/diameter ratio
a 5 of cylinder = 1
Q 10
o 18 10-
0 25 0~01 9 0'1 1I 10
, - --

30 Compressive s t r e n g t h , N/ram 2

Fig. 14. - - Relation between splitting tensile and Fig. 16. - - Relation between compressive strength and
c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h , a c c o r d i n g t o t e s t s b y Kasai (1971 ) m o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y a t e a r l y ages. S e c a n t m o d u l u s ,
and S a d g r o v e (1970) a f t e r c o r r e c t i o n s b y B y f o r s . s t r e s s level 33%, l o a d i n g t i m e 30 s e c o n d s . B y f o r s .

E 8000
E 6000 '~--,,
40.0
oe W@ter cured, ~ = 0 ~. 20~. 0rd P ~ ' t l C~m -~ 4000
._ \
e B0% RH
~1~ 54~ % R.H o~u~2000 ~ I
% Specimen : Cube tO0=lO0=J00 mm
0 r y i ~ 3 from One stde o
E
o
" 1000 1
3oo d \I l
.E 500 I
"5 I
p 20( \
'~ 20.0
~ 10( " \ Xi
60 ~ ~
LO "k -,
10.0
Z~h 2 4 68 12 2Lh. 3d 7 28d
Age
Rapid hardening PC 1
Kasai / 1 9 6 8 /
- - - Ordinary PC f
i i ' ' 1(~24 h 9 Weigler, Karl /1974/
1 7 28 d
Age -----Flexural test, W i e r i g / 1 9 7 1 /

Fig. 15. - - E f f e c t of varying moisture conditions in Fig. 17. - - U l t i m a t e tensile strain according to different
curing. Byfors. sources.

271
V o l . 1 3 - N ~ 7 5 - M a t 6 r i a u x et C o n s t r u c t i o n s

2'
Ect0. % Plank /1971/, mortar
9 wierlg /1971/
--.-- ~--~ =0.40.20=C. Ord PC 0 " - 0 9 5 Kasai 11971/
9 " ' let - " ' O O Hansen /1956/
....... = 0.60, " , '" eO - - Kasas /1961/
1.0 '" = 0.40, "' Rapid
w
l~ ---- Byfors /1978/
hardening
P.C
. . . . . = 0.60, '. . . . . . I
. . . . . =0.L5. .. , 0rd. RC. Springenschmid.
0.75 Nischer /1973/
0.8 = 0.55 . Weigter, Karl 119741

0.6 0.1 ; 1~ 1~0


Compressive strength, MI~

Fig. 19. -- Ultimate strain at compression as function


of compressive strength according to different sources.

0.4 o -wc*--qa= 0.66. 20~ 0rd Portl Cem A


" : 0.65 ..

\ \ 9
I
: 115
: 0,4~

\ Q = 0 64 -9oC
9 = 0 65 20~
0.2 ",,\ \ 0.52'
~, =05L C

\ \
~ ,. \
0.48,

0 L4"
I I [ i L I
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 10 50 0/-0"
fct. N/mm2 0.36.
Fig. 18. -- Ultimate tensile strain as functions of tensile
strength according to different sources 9 032

028

024

020

F i g . 20. -- Poisson's ratio as a function of compressive 0.16


strength. Byfors.
0;12

008

0.6

0
0.01 0.10 I 10
Compressive strength, MPo

cr
fc fc
1.0 1,0
~^ ~A?~ ~
~ ~ ''-
/ /

/' ,S
I/1 _ _
i!
E E
1.0 EB 1.0
Fig, 21, -- Example of stress strain curves at different ages. Byfors.

272
S. G. Bergstr6m - J. Byfors

IB
4.0L and
Glonville "]
4.31
Dutron |
Davis | 2
3.5 Le Comus |
o Giangreco]
0 Ulirski 3
* Neville ?
~ 3.0, e 9 Hickey L
@
v Wischers 11
0
== Bennet 6
e
9 #
I> Sadgrove" 5
2.5. I> Wagner 1
e Ghosh g
5
A Browne 10
D
r,- 2.0- r
e = Normolised to 1.5 Qt 7 dQys

1.5-
v v


1.0
i
0 A A

0.5
0
1t o o~l

0
0.1 i 10 28 1C)0 10'00
Age, days
Fig. 22. - - Relative specific creep, normalized to 1 at 28 days. P a r r o t t (1978).
Jcr (t, t o)
(mm2/MN)
E (t, t 0)
i000
400 166

300 ;:i~

lo0
200

,\\~oo.
o ECr
O

100 9 ~ # " -

lo x -- -- - 2-'2 =~0h
16 I 3'2 641 1:28 I 2'56 51'2 I 1624 h
13 li5 1 32 r~' Ii8 1 256 5{2 I 162/, h 1 3 7 28 d
1 3 7 28 d Age ot loading, t o
Age ot loading, t o Fig. 24. - - Total d e f o r m a t i o n and creep d e f o r m a t i o n
for d i f f e r e n t ages of loading. The stress is at every
Fig. 23. - - Specific creep at d i f f e r e n t t i m e s of loading. age of loading the same percentage of the
Byfors. strength (33%). Byfors.

273
Vol. 13 - N~ 75 - Mat~riaux et Constructions

CLr
= 0.,Q Q.s8 1.00 T 9 Atex~nderson /1972/
#IJ Te,.~:-s,.=0.c .j :t 70x1()5- gler. Karl /1974/
cemenl; Drd PC, 3 different brands
Prisms : 100xl00x/.O0.watercured It _~1"~
9 9
0,5- ~ 9 60
el

le 9 50

9
i
IB 1,0

30
0
o.1
9
1 lb 1~o
tCC- ~/fTIr~ 2
Fig. 25. - - Elastic p a r t o f t o t a l u l t i m a t e s t r a i n at 20
c o m p r e s s i o n as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h .
Byfors.
10 t
L'HERMITE R. G. - - Volume changes of concrete. Proc. of
the Fourth International Symposium of the Chemistry
of Cement, Washington, 1960.
Age. h
KASAI Y. - - Initial strength of concrete. Japan Cement Engineering
Association, 15th General Meeting, 1961. Fig. 26. - - E f f e c t of age on thermal coefficient of
KASAI Y., OKAMULA K. - - The initial tensile strength of concrete. expansion.
Cement Association of Japan, 22nd General Meeting, 1968.
SADGROVE B. M , - The early development of strength in
concrete. CIRIA Technical Note, Vol. 12, 1970. WEIGLER K A R L . - - J u n g e r 8eton, Tell 14- II. Betonwerk+ Fertigteil
KASAI, YOKOYAMA, MATUSI. - - Tensile properties of early age - - T e c h n i k , Vol. 6 / 1 9 7 4 and 7 / 1 9 7 4 .
concrete. Proc. of the 1971 international Conference on Mecha- NISCER P. - - Austrocken van/ungen Beton. Betonwerk + Fertig-
nical Behaviour of Materials, Vol. IV, teiI--Technik, Vol. 3, 4 and 5 / 1 9 7 6 ,
PLANK A. - - Llber das VerformungsverhaRen jungen Zement-
NILSSON L O. - - Fuktproblern vid betonggo/v. Tekniska
mSrtels bei Druckbeanspruchung. Betonstein-Zeitung, Vol. 37,
H6gskolan i Lund, avd fOr byggnadsmateriall~ira, Rapport IVBM-
No. 12. 1971.
3003, Lund, Sweden, 1977.
ALEXANOERSON J. - - Strength losses in heat cured concrete.
BYFORS J. Betong i tidig ~lder. Nordisk Betong, 1978 : 2,
Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, CBI Handl.,
- -

Vol. 43, 1972. PARROTT L. - - Effect of loading at early age upon creep
and relaxation of concrete. RILEM committee 42-CEA, Internal
SPRINGENSCHMIO R., NISCHER P. - - Untersuchungen 6ber die
Ursache van Querreissen im jungen Baton. Beton- und Stahl- report UK-5.
betonbau, Vol. 68, No. 9, 1973. DEWAR t. D. - - Increasing the quality of concrete in an
HELLSTROM B. - - Sprickbildning i nygjuten betong. Cementa, existing structure. RILEM Symposium Quality Control of
Teknisk Infoserie, Vol. 14, August 1974. Concrete Structures, Stockholm, June 1979.

36-RDL COMMITTEE

Long term random dynamic loading of concrete structures

R. L e n s c h o w (~)

INTRODUCTION C o m p a r e d w i t h the n u m e r o u s and c o m p r e h e n s i v e


e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n steel c o m p o n e n t s and
The p h e n o m e n o n f a t i g u e and f a t i g u e life of c o n c r e t e structures, the a c t i v i t y w i t h i n t h e c o n c r e t e field is modest.
structures r e s p o n d i n g to d y n a m i c l o a d i n g h a v e passed The e x p l a n a t i o n m a y be t h a t t h e need t o k n o w m o r e
the stage w h e n f a t i g u e w a s of t h e o r e t i c a l interest only. of f a t i g u e of c o n c r e t e has n o t been so urgent. In fact,
In t h e r e g u l a t i o n s for o f f s h o r e c o n c r e t e structures it is v e r y f e w failures of c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s in practice h a v e
required t h a t the f a t i g u e life of the structure shall be been c o n n e c t e d to fatigue.
checked. Nevertheless, h i g h e r stresses and lighter c o n s t r u c t i o n s
(~) Prof. Technical University of Norway, Trondheim. Chairman of 36- RDL w h e r e the d y n a m i c load p l a y s a r e l a t i v e l y greater role
Committee. t h a n previously, m a k e t h e l i m i t state o f f a t i g u e a rea{istic

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