STANDARD INDUSTRI PEMBINAAN (CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY STANDARD) CIS 17:2010 Descriptors: Scope and Application, Noise & Dust Hazards, Managing and Determining controls on the respective Hazards olor yey LEMBAGA PEMBANGUNAN INDUSTRI PEMBINAAN MALAYSIA Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD MALAYSIA Ibu Pejabat CIDB, Tingkat 10, Grand Seasons Avenue, No 72, Jalan Pahang 53000 Kuala Lumpur P.O Box. 12278, 5072 Kuala Lumpur. Tel: 603-26170200 Fax: 603-40451808 hittpsliworwecid.gov.myGUIDELINES FOR WORKING AT NOISY AND DUSTY AREAS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE | CIDE) | Selon =)© Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia 2010 OR geleu All enquiries regarding this book should be forwarded to: Chief Executive Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia € 7° Floor, Grand Seasons Avenue 72, Jalan Pahang 53000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tel: 603-26170200 Fax : 603-40451808 Website: www.cidb.gov.my No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, whether mechanical or electronic including photocopying and recording without the written consent of CIDB Malaysia.CONTENTS Committee representation. Foreword... 1.0 INTRODUCTION... 1.1 Purpose. f 1.2 Scope and application... 1.3 Normative reference...... 14 Definitions.. 2.0 24 22 Noise permissible exposure. 2.3 Environmental noise limits. 24 Noise exposure monitoring.. 3.0 CONTROLLING NOISE EXPOSURES AT CONSTRUCTION SITE. 3.4 Source of noise 3.2 Noise hazard... 3.3 Hazardous noise identification. 3.4 — Risk assessment : : 3.5 Determining controls for noise hazard 3.6 Managing noise at the construction site 4.0 DUST. 6.1 Characteristics of dust... 6.2 Dust permissible exposure limit. 5.0 CONTROLLING DUST EXPOSURE AT CONSTRUCTION SITE 5A Dust controle... 5.2 Medical surveillance Tables 1 Working at heights of 2 m and above 2 Duties, 19 19CONTENTS (Concluded) Annexes A Noise permissible exposure limit. 15 B Environmental noise limits. 16 Noise levels, Le, in construction activities... 20 D Sample of noise checks. ssn 24 E Sample of HIRADC for noise .. 2 F Examples of hearing protection devices .. 23 G Sample content for hearing conservation trainin 25 H_ Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for other common mineral substances found in construction site 26 1 Dust control measures at construction site... 28 J Respirator basics 37 Bibliography. 40 u@ Committee representation This Construction Industry Standard (CIS) was managed and developed by the Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia with the assistance of the Technical Committee on Occupational Safety and Health in Construction which comprises representatives from the following organizations:- Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia JM Corporation Bhd Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesinatan Pekerjaan Malaysia Kesatuan Pekerja-pekerja Dalam Industri Pembinaan KLIA Training Sdn Bho Malay Contractors Association of Malaysia Malaysian Society of Occupational Safely and Health Master Buliders Association Malaysia National institute of Occupational Safety and Health Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Real Estate and Housing Developers Association Social Security Organization The Institution of Engineers MalaysiaFOREWORD This Construction Industry Standards (CIS) hereby referenced as CIS 17: 2010 was developed as “Guidelines For Working At Noisy And Dusty Areas In Construction Site” by the Technical Committee on Occupational Safety and Health in Construction with the assistance ‘of Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia which acted 2s a moderator and facilitator for the Technical Committee throughout the development process of this standard. While this CIS 17: 2010 on “Guidelines For Working At Noisy And Dusty Areas In Construction Site” adopts several components with reference to Occupational Safety and Health Act and Regulations (OSHA), 1994 (Act 514), Factory and Machinery Act (FMA), 1967 (Act 139), and several government department's guidelines, itis also dependent on new or Updated information and developments conoeming this subject area made available through this Technical Committee, This guideline provides guidance to persons working in the general construction industry on ‘ways to eliminate or, if that is not possible, minimise the risk of noise and dust exposures. Compliance with this Construction Industry Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations, vi4.0 INTRODUCTION This document may be cited as the Guidelines for Working in Noisy and Dusty Areas in Construction Site. 44° Purpose This document is intended to provide guidance to building contractors in protecting their employees in a construction site from noise and dust hazards. 4.2. Scope and application This Guideline will assist the contractors, employers and all construction site administrative personnel to better understand the safety and health hazards that may arise from noisy and dusty working environment. 4.3. Normative references ‘The following normative reference is indispensable for the application of this construction industry standard. For dated reference, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest ecitions of the normative references {including any amendments) apply. Occupational Safety and Health Act and Regulations (OSHA), 1994 (Act 514). Factories and Machinery Act and Regulations (FMA), 1967 (Act 139), Guidelines for Control of Occupational Noise, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia. (2005) Guidelines on the Control of Chemicals Hazardous to Health, Department of Occupational Safely and Health, Malaysia. (2001) ‘The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, Department of Environment, Malaysia. (2004) Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989. Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989 Medical Act 1971 (Act 50) Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accidents, Dangerous Occurances, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Diseases) Regulations (2004) Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations (2000) 1.4. Definitions For the purpose of this standard the followifig definitions apply. 4.44 Action level (noise) Means equivalent continuous sound level of 85 dB (A) or daily noise dose equals to 0.5,4.4.1 Competent person (noise) ‘An employee or any other person appointed by an occupier and approved by the Chief Inspector fo carry out employee exposure monitoring, 1.4.2 Control equipment Water spraying equipment or exhaust equipment or any other approved dust removal equipment. 1.43, Continuous noise The noise which has negligibly small fluctuations of sound level within the period of observation. 1.4.4 dB Means decibel, a unit of measurement of unweighted sound level using a reference level of 20 micropascals. 1.45 dB(A) Means decibel - A - weighted, a unit of measurement of sound level corrected to the A - weighted scale using a reference level of 20 micropascals. 4.4.6 Equivalent continuous sound level ‘The sound level that would produce a given daily noise dose if an employee were exposed to the sound level continuously over an 8-hour workday. 44.7 Free silica Means, Silicon Dioxide which is not combined with any other element or compound. 4.4.8 Intermittent noi A sound level which suddenly drops fo the ambient level several times during the period of Ccbservation and the time during which the level remains at a constant value different from that of the ambient leve! being of the order of one second or more. 1.4.9 Impulsive noise “Tho variation in sound level that involve maxima at intervals of greater than one per second. 4.4.10 Mineral Any of the substances listed in the Schedule of Factories And Machinery (Mineral Oust) Regulations 1989), 4.4.41 Mineral process Mineral process in relation to construction means the process involving the use, application, removing, mixing or other handling of mineral —1.41 Peak sound pressure level “The peak instantaneous pressure expressed in dB using a reference level of 20 micropascals. 4.42 Permissible exposure limit ‘The maximum allowable concentration of mineral dust an employee may be exposed to, 1.4.3 Pneumoconiosis ‘An accumulation of dust of solid inanimate particles in the lungs and the tissue reactions to its presence. 1.44 — Registered medical practitioner ‘A medical practitioner registered under the Medical Act 1971 [Act 50]. 4.45 — Respirable dust That fraction of airborne dust collected on a filtering media during personal sampling which penetrates through a size selector with the following characteristics: Table 1. Characteristics of Respirable Dust ‘Aerodynamic Diameter % passing (micrometer) pre-selector (unit density sphere) 2 0 25 75. i 3.5 50 5.0 25. 10 I 0 - 4.4.6 — Sound level Means ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the square of the measured A -- weighted sound pressure to the square of the standard reference pressure of 20 micropascals; 4.0 NOISE 21 Noise Noise is an unwanted sound. In construction activities, noise is one of the common hazards. Depending on the noise level, duration of exposure and other factors; a temporary or permanent hearing loss may result. ‘A person suffering @ hearing loss will frequently not realise It. Noise may be harmful at levels that an exposed person does not consider imitating or annoying. Therefore, despite individual preferences, prevention and control procedures must be based on the general potential for hearing loss.2.2 Noise permissible exposure In Malaysia, the permissible exposure limit for noise generated from industrial and construction activities are stipulated under the First Schedule of the Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989. ‘The personnel noise permissible exposure limit (PEL) is shown in Annex A. 23. Environmental noise limits ‘The Department of Environment (DOE) has established a Guideline for Environmental Noise Limits and Control (2004) which emphesize on minimizing boundary noise exposure to the environment. Recommendations on the maximum permissible sound levels as measured at the real property boundary, and assessed under the respective land use, are given in Annex 8. 24 Noise exposure monitoring Monitoring shall be conducted where an employee could be exposed to noise level at or above the action level of 85 dB. All continuous, intermittent and impulsive noise levels ranging from 80 dB to 130 dB shall require an employee exposure monitoring to determine the normal and daily exposure to noise level. The exposure monitoring shall be conducted by Department of Occupational Safety and Health registered noise competent person, 3.0 CONTROLLING NOISE EXPOSURES AT CONSTRUCTION SITE 3.44 Source of Noise Many of the activities at construction site generate noise simultaneously. Some of the ‘common sources of noise at construction sites are as follows: 2) _ impacting tools (such as concrete breakers); b) use of explosives (such as blasting, cartridge tools); ©) pneumatically and electrical powered equipment; ¢) generators and engines; e) piling works; f) concreting activities; and 9) machineries and plant movement. Exposure to noise can be hazardous to employees at site. Noise exposure levels of construction workers are difficult to determine due to the day to day variation in occupation and shift length of each worker and the itinerant and seasonal nature of the job. Nevertheless, its clear that the construction worker is exposed to very high sound levels for considerable length of time.32. Noise hazard Noise levels generated from common equipments and tools found in construction site are shown in Annex C. Noise-induced hearing loss occurs because excessive noise damages the delicate hearing mechanism of the inner ear. Initially, the excessive noise causes a temporary heating loss, of ‘Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS), and hearing recovers to normal over a period of time. ‘A temporary threshold shift may occur when a person's exposure to noise exceeds the ‘equivalent of 85 dB (A) for 8 hours, or a peak sound pressure level of 140 dB. However, repeated exposure to such excessive noise normally transforms this into a permanent loss, or Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS). ‘The occupational exposure limits for noise are stated in the Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989. The regulation requires employers to take all practicable steps to ensure that no employee is exposed to noise: a) exceeding equivalent continuous sound level of 90 dB (A) or exceeding the limits specified in the First Schedule of the Regulation (see Annex A) or exceeding the daily noise dose of unity; b) exceeding 115 dB (A) at any time; and ©) Peak sound pressure level, Loest. of 140 48, whether or not the employee is wearing a personal hearing protector. Generally, exposure to noise can cause the following effects: 2) Hearing loss i) Temporary noise induced hearing loss A condition where @ person is temporarily loss of hearing acuity experienced after a relatively short exposure to excessive noise. Pre-exposute hearing is recovered fairly rapialy after cessation of the noise exposure. Permanent noise induced hearing loss An Irreversible loss of hearing ability that is caused by prolonged noise exposure. Generally permanent NIHL is associated with the destruction of the hair cells of the inner ear. However, permanent NIHL also can be the results of exposure to a very loud noise that causes the ear drum to rupture or impair the trioscicle bone in the middle-ear b) Hearing impairment Hearing impairment is usually defined as the hearing level at which individuals begin to experience difficulties detecting certain speech frequencies ©) StressA preliminary assessment is often called a walkthrough survey. It is done to identify the areas. ina place of work where noise levels are likely to, or actually, exceed the exposure limits. The results of the preliminary assessment should determine which tasks, processes or areas in the workplace require detailed assessment. Preliminary assessments usually do not require sophisticated equipment or highly trained personnel. The emphasis is on identification of potential noise hazards, rather than full assessment of that noise. Preliminary assessments should be carried out when there has, been no previous assessment, or when previous assessments are § or more years old. Preliminary assessments are carried out by walking through a particular work area, and noting the nolse exposure of employees. A preliminary noise hazard identification checklist (see Annex D) can be used. ‘A preliminary assessment is a screening tool that should identify probable or possible noise exposures above the exposure limits. A detailed assessment is required to assess these further, Preliminary assessments often find noise sources or processes where simple noise control measures may be Introduced before conducting a detailed assessment; for example fastening down a loose vibrating panel on a machine. Employers should consider whether the preliminary assessment provides enough information to implement noise control measures. A subsequent detailed assessment would then be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls in piace. 3.4 Risk assessment Noise exposure to employees should be assessed, with particular attention being paid to the following: a) _ the employees and their exposure, including: + the level, type and duration of exposure, including any exposure to impulsive or impact noise, and whether the worker belongs to a particular risk group; ‘+ where possible, effects on employees" health and safety resulting from interactions between noise and vibrations; + risks to employees’ health and safety from failing to hear warning signals or alarms; and + the extension of exposure to noise beyond normal working hours under the employer's responsibility. b) technical knowledge and information, including + the information on noise emission provided by manufacturers of work equipment; + the existence of alternative work equipment designed to reduce the noise emission; ‘+ relevant information from health surveillance; and + the availabilty of suitable hearing protectors. A tisk assessment sample for noise hazard can be referred to in Annex E.: 3.5 Determining controls for noise hazard a) b) ‘An employee on site often knows about particular noise problems and the possible solutions. Employees and their representatives should be consulted in the assessment procedure and in discussions on how to implement control measures. Noise control selection using technical ‘and administrative measures will ideally follow the typical hierarchy of control where preference for control is given in the following order: ‘elimination of the noise source [highest preference] substitution (e.g. use of less noisy equipment) ‘engineering controls at the source (e.g. equipment cladding, enclosures, noise barriers, etc) administrative controls (e.g. signage, limiting access to noisy locations, rescheduling noisy work, ete) personal protection equipment [least preferred] ‘These can be summarized in three steps for the protection of employees from noise: Control of noise at source ‘Such control measures include: + using a machine with lower noise emissions; + avoiding metal on metal impacts; + damping to reduce noise or isolating vibrating parts; + iting silencers; + camying out preventive maintenance; as parts become worn, noise levels can change: and + Use of concrete crushers or pavement saws for concrete deck removal, ‘demolitions, or similar construction activity. Collective contro! measures ‘Actions can be taken to reduce the exposure to noise of all those who may be exposed, in addition to the steps above. On sites with more than one contractor, liaison between contractors is essential. Collective measures include: + isolating noisy procedures and restricting access to noisy areas; + interrupting the path of airborne noise through the use of noise enclosures and barriers; + using absorptive materials to reduce reflected sound; + controlling ground-borne noise and vibration by using floating slab measures; * organizing work so that the time spent in noisy areas is limited;+ planning to have noisy work done when as few employees will be exposed as possible; and + implementing work schedules that control exposure to noise. The contractor will also schedule and conduct operations in a manner that will minimize, to the greatest feasible, the disturbance to the public areas adjacent to the work and to occupants of the buildings in the vicinity of the construction site. a) Personal hearing protection Personal hearing protection should be used as a last resort. Where used: + the personal hearing protection must be worn and its use enforced; ‘¢ it should be suitable for the job, type and level of noise, and compatible with other protective equipment; + employees should have a choice of suitable hearing protection, so that they can find the most comfortable; + training should be given on how to use, store, and maintain the hearing protection; and + ear protection including plugs and ear muffs selected shall comply to the DOSH approved list (refer to JKJ IH 127/12/ - "Senarai perlindungan pendengaran yang di luluskan ci bawah peraturan- peraturan kilang dan jentera {pendedahan bising} 1989)". Examples of hearing protection devices which are suitable for use in construction sites are shown in Annex F. 3.6 Managing noise at construction site 3.6.1. Noise contro! plan Contractors should plan for noise control measures at the earliest stage possible. That means before construction work starts on site. Planning can be done at these stages: 2) design stage - design out or minimise noisy work; b) _ organisational stage - plan how the site will be managed and the risks controlled; ©) contractual stage - ensure that contractors meet their legal requirements; and 6) building phase - assess the risks, eliminate or control them, and review the assessment. Before work starts on site: a) implement a low-n equipment, b) sot desired noise-control requirements in the tender specifications; procurement policy (purchase and hire) for machinery and work ‘¢) _ plan the work process to minimise worker exposure to noise; and implement a noise-control programme (for example, by planning, training, induction, site layout, maintenance activities).3.6.2 Hearing conservation programme Hearing conservation programme is an activity with a purpose to identify the potential noise hazards exposed to the employees, the source of noise and to reduce the noise to acceptable “levels. Whenever a worker complaints or showing symptoms described below, it is an indicator for the employer to start a hearing conservation programme. + Difficulty in communication ++ Tinnitus after working + Temporary loss of hearing ‘The hearing conservation programme should consist ofthe following: a) Policy: b)__ Assessment of noise exposure: ©) Noise control strategy: 4) Audiometric testing programme; e) Medical evaluation and treatment; ) Health education and training; 9g) Provision of hearing protection devices; and hh) Establishment of proper record keeping. 3.6.3 Training Training is an important part of noise control. Persons requiring training include: a) those carrying out the noise assessmer b} those writing the tender documentation to ensure that contractors will control noise; ©) managers, so that they can meet their duties regarding control and record keeping; and d) employees, who need to know how and why to use work equipment and control measures to minimise exposure to noise. Training should be as specific as possible. Employees in the construction industry are often mmutti-skiled, using many different types of construction tools. They should know how to minimise their exposure to noise from each of them. Particular attention should be paid to new employees. Presently, there is only one DOSH approved training center for noise management training and that is NIOSH, However, noise training may also be conducted by other training providers who have registration as Noise Competent Persons. ‘A sample set of modules that could be covered in a noise training program is shown in Annex40 DUST 4.4 Dust characteristics 441.1 Particulate size Dust is classified by size into three primary categories: a) Respirable dust Respirable dust refers to those dust particles that are small enough to penetrate the upper respiratory and deep into the lungs. See Table 1 showing the range of aerodynamic diameters for respirable dust. b) Inhalable dust Inhalable dust is described as that size fraction of dust which enters the body, but is trapped in the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. The median aerodynamic diameter of this dust is about 10m. ©) Total dust Total dust includes all airborne particles, regardless of their size or composition. 441.2 Dust hazard and effects Dust is considered as a chemical hazard due to its composition and properties as well as its potential effects to human. Continuous and intense exposure to dust causes eye, nose, throat and lung iritation, triggering coughing and sneezing Dust may also contain hazardous compounds which can cause chronic effects. The common hazardous dusts which may be encountered on construction sites are asbestos dust, silica dust, synthetic mineral fibres (SMF), gypsum, cement, stone-fines and wood dust. Examples of chronic effects due to dust exposure (containing hazerdous compound) are shown in the Table below: Table 2. Hazardous Compound and the Health Effects jazardous Compound “| iHeaithEffests Silica ~ Chronic silicosis, Accelerated silicosis ‘Asbestos ~ Asbestosis Wood dust = Reduced tung funciion, nasal cancer, ‘occupational asthma ‘Synthetic mineral fibres ~ Eye, nose and throat irritation 1042. Dust permissible exposure limit 4.2.1 Inhalable and respirable dust The exnosure limits for ihalable and respirable dust are shown in the folowing table Table 3. Particulate permissible exposure limit Inhalable Particulates 7 40 Respirable Particulates = ‘Nola: Schedule 1: OSHA (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000 422 Hazardous dust permissible exposure limit ‘The Permissible Exposure Limit for some hazardous dusts is shown in Table 4. Table 4. Permissible exposure limit for lead and asbestos tration 0.4 fibre/ mi ‘mg! m? (hard wood) Wood dust 5 mg/m? (soft wood) (Caisum Subba) 101mg! mt Respirable cristobalite 0.05 maf m® Respirable quartz 0.1 mg/m Respirable tridymite 0.05 mg/ m* Permissible exposure limit for other common mineral substances that can be found at the construction site are shown in Annex H. "5.0 CONTROLLING DUST EXPOSURE AT CONSTRUCTION SITE 5.1 Dust control ‘The key to preventing occupational lung diséase associated with dusty working environment is by preventing respirable/ inhalable dust from being in the air. 5.11. Engineering controls Control equipment must be implemented to reduce and maintain employee exposure to dust that poses health hazards. Such control equipments are described as follows: a) Wet work * Airborne dust can be minimized or reduced by applying water to the process or clean up. + When sawing or driling concrete or masonry use saws/drills that provide water to the blade. b) Isolation + Cabs of vehicles or machinery cutting or driling through rock that might contain slica should be enclosed and sealed ©) Substitution * Do not use silica sand or other substances containing more than 1% orystalline sllica as abrasive blasting materials, Substitute with less hazardous materials, ‘A practical guidance for dust emissions control measures over the entire construction site is shown in Annex | 5.1.2 Administrative controls a) Air monitoring ‘* Air monitoring must be performed to determine exposures, evaluate engineering controls, selecting respiratory protection, evaluate work practices, and determine the need for medical surveillance, + Exposure measurements should be made in the employee's actual breathing zone, '* Any appropriate combination of long-term or short-term respirable samples is acceptable. + Total sampling time must be at least 7 hours. + Monitoring should be repeated at least quarteriy b) Training Employees should be trained in the following: © The health effects of dust exposure for example, silicosis, 2Operations and material that produce dust hazards, " Engineering controls and work practice controls that reduce dust. ‘The importance of maintenance and good housekeeping. ‘The proper use of respirators and personal protective equipment. "6 Personal hygiene practices to reduce exposure. Personal hygiene Practice good personal hygiene to avoid unnecessary exposure. + Hand-washing facilities should be conveniently located throughout a worksite in order to minimize worker contact. = Lockers should be provided for employees to store uncontaminated clothing. + Employees should shower (if possible) and change out of work clothes contaminated with dust before they leave the construction site. Wearing work clothes home covered in dust can expose the employee's family to the hazard. Work clothes should not be cleaned by blowing or shaking. + Locate eatingllunch areas away from exposed areas. + Employees should park their cars where they will not be contaminated with dust. Restricted areas ‘+ Post warning signs in areas where dust exposure already exists or is possible. ‘+ Unauthorized employees should not be allowed in restricted areas. Provide medical examinations '* Contractors should provide medical examinations for employees who may be exposed to respirable dust, * Medical exams should include chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and tuberculosis test. © Chest X-rays should be read by a specialist in dust diseases. * Develop a plan for reducing exposures of employees whose X-rays show changes consistent with occupational lung diseases ie. silicosis, pneumoconiosis. Ordinarily, this is accomplished by removal from jobs or tasks involving dust exposure, but in some cases it may be accomplished by the effective use of supplied air respirators. Report cases + Allcases of occupational lung diseases, dermatitis or irritation associated with dust exposure should be reported to Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) 2s. 13,required by the Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrences, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004. 5.1.3 Personal protective equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment should only be used when engineering and administrative controls do not provide adequate worker protection and reduce the PELs below recommended limits. PPE is the last line of defense for fighting occupational lung diseases. Respiratory protection includes air-purifying respirators, ai-supplied respirators, and self contained breathing units. Respiratory protection for processes related to asbestos process, lead process and mineral dust process shall be selected from the DOSH approved list, JKJ IH 427/12/2-1- “Senarai Kelengkapan Perlindungan Pemafasan Yang Di Luluskan Di Bawah Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Habuk Galian) 1989, (Proses Asbestos) 1984, (Proses Timah Hitam) 1986" For guidance of the proper method on how to use a respiratory protection device, refer to Annex J 5.2 Medical surveillance The provision put under the Occupational Safety end Health (USECHH) Regulations 2000 requires that medical survellance be conducted at intervals of not more than 12 months or at such shorter intervals as determined by the occupational health doctor or occupational safety officer who is also a medical practitioner. Medical surveillance can be used as @ preventive and remedial measure. By providing regular medical examinations and clinical tests on employees exposed to dust, subsequent adverse health effects can be detected. The occupational health doctor can then alert the worker, the employer and the safety and health committee to exposure problems in the workplace that might otherwise go unrecognized. This should ensure that remedial steps will be taken. Employees working with dust on a regular basis should have pre-placement medical ‘examinations that include chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests, followed by periodic. medical examinations. The frequency of the periodic examination will depend on the intensity and length of exposure to dust and shall be decided by the occupational health doctor. 14ae ANNEX A (Informative) NOISE PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT -actories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989) FIRST SCHEDULE (Regulation 5(1)) Permissible Exposure Limits Noise Level Duration of Exposure Permitted per day S {GB (A) - Slow) (Hours - Minute) SS 85 16-0 86 13-56 S 87 128 88 10-34 ee 89 ott Lo : 90 80 a st 6-58 2 64 93 57 94 4-26 95 40 96 3:28 a7 3.2 98 2-50 | 99 245 C 100 20 101 144 : 102 131 . 103 4-19 104 19 105 1.0 106 0-52 107 0-46 108 0-40 109 0-34 110 0-30 at 0-26 112 0-23 113 0-20 114 7 118 0-15 15ANNEX B. (Informative) ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE LIMITS (The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, DOE) SCHEDULE 1 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (Lsoq) BY RECEIVING LAND USE FOR PLANNING AND NEW DEVELOPMENT Receiving Land Use Category Day Time Night Times | 7.00am=10.00 pm | 10.00 pm—7.00 am _ Noise Sensitive Areas, Low Density Residential, Institutional (School, 50 dB (A) 40 dB (A) Hospital), Worship Areas. | Suburban Residential (Medium | Density) Areas, Public Spaces, 55 4B (A) 45 48 (A) | Parks. Recreational Areas Urban Residential (High Density) B ‘Areas, Designated Mixed a Development Areas (Residential ~ 60 0B (A) 50dB (A) Commercial). | Commercial Business Zone 65 48 (A) 55 dB (A) Designated industrial Zone 70.68 (A) 60 08 (A) SCHEDULE 2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (Lseq) OF NEW DEVELOPMENT (ROADS, RAILS, INDUSTRIAL) IN AREAS OF EXISTING HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE CLIMATE "Receiving Land Use Category "Day Time ENightTne a 7.00 am= 10.00 pm | 40.00 pm=7.00 am_ Noise Sensitive Areas, Low Density | Residential bot 1048 | bot 548 ‘Suburban and Urban Residential | fea tet i00e | Lip + 10 68 Commercial, Business Let 1043 | Lip + 10 68 industrial Lot 104B | Lye + 10.68 Ly is the measured ninety percentile sound level for the respective time period of the existing areas of interest in the absence of the proposed new development. 16ANNEX B (Continued) (informative) SCHEDULE 3 ERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (LAeq) TO BE MAINTAINED AT THE EXISTING NOISE CLIMATE abies bso Lang 38 (A) SCHEDULE 4 |ITING SOUND LEVEL (LAeq) FROM ROAD TRAFFIC (FOR PROPOSED NEW ROADS AND/OR REDEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING ROADS) 55 dB (A) 50 dB (A) 60 6B (A) 55 dB (A) 65 4B (A) 60 dB (A) 70 dB (A) 60 0B (A) 75 dB (A) 65 dB (A) 7ANNEX B (Continued) (informative) ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE LIMITS (The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, DOE) SCHEDULE 5 LIMITING SOUND LEVEL (Laaq) FOR RAILWAYS INCLUDING TRANSITS (FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT AND RE-ALIGNMENTS) ‘Receiving Land Use] | Category, “Day Time _ [7.00 am = 10.00 pm | “Night Time 40.00 pm = 7.00 am_ Ton Day & Night Noise Sensitive 6048 50dB 75.48 Areas Low Density Residential Areas, Suburban and Urban 65.48 60.48 80 48 Residential Areas Commercial, 70.48 6548 8008 Business - Industrial 75 dB 6508 NAANNEX B (Concluded) (Informative) ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE LIMITS: _ MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVELS (PERCENTILE LN AND LMAX) OF __ CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND DEMOLITION WORK BY RECEIVING LAND USE Residential Le 60 dB (A) 55 dB (A) . Le 7548 (A) 7048 (A) * Lo 90 48 (A) 85 4B (A) . Lie 65 48 (A) 6048 (4) NA Lo 7548 (A) 70.48 (A) NA. Ln 70.08 (A) NA NA Le 8048 (A) NA NA ‘At those times tho maximum permissible levels as stipuisted in the Schedule {forthe respective residential dansiy typo shall apply. This may mean that no nosy construction work can take piace ‘during these hours. ‘A eduction of these levels in the vicinity of certin institions such as schools, hospitals mosque and noise sensitive premises (apartments, residential dwelings, hote!) may be execised by the local autholy or Depariment of Environment ‘Where the atfected premises are nose sensitive, the ims ofthe Schedule $ shall apply. Inthe event that the existing ambient sound level (Lx) without construction, mainlenance and hysical barriers should be erected: atthe ‘commencement of work on the site ‘when it is apparent that one is required ata particular point on the site Physical barriers are placed at right angles to the prevailing wind direction or are placed around or over dust ‘sources to prevent wind or activity from generating dust emissions, There are a number of ways to create a physical bartier against airborne dust: Vertical barriers, such as fencing (at least 2 meters high) Screening materials (with a Porosity of 50% or less) Physical barriers are very good for blocking the prevailing wind from entering the site and from allowing wind to create airborne dust particles. Vertical barriers are generally effective for a distance of 10 times their own height and ground barriers are useful for ‘rapping larger particles blown at ground level ‘iisANNEX I (Continued) {Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site ‘From the ‘commencement of site works to the end of the | project Provide directions and instructions relating to traffic movernent within the site: - post signage, erect fencing and place barriers to direct traffic. = designate specific routes for haulage and access ~ allocate off-site parking with on-site access: only under special circumstances ~ restrict public access onto the site | = setand enforce a maximum speed limit, eg. 15 kin/nr Vehicle movement can generate substantial amounts of airborne dust and site traffic control can be quite effective in minimising these problems. Through limiting the number of vehicles allowed on-site and by restricting the ‘movement of these vehicles once they are on-site, dust problems ‘can be reduced at minimal cost. 4, Earth moving management ‘© During cut and fil operations + Whenever material or stockpiles are handled # During dry andior windy conditions, To minimize the amount of time the site is left cut or exposed, plan earth moving works so that they are completed just prior to the time they are needed Observe weather conditions and do not ‘comtnence or continue earthmoving works if conditions are unsuitable Reduce off-site hauling via balanced cut and fill procedures Pre-water, if possible, the areas earmarked for disturbance and the material that is being moved Earth moving works have the potential to generate large amounts of dust. Planning earthworks and scheduling activities to coincide with the next stage of development will ensure the potential for dust generation is reduced. 29ANNEX | (Continued) (Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site 5. Watering sprays Watering sprays canbe | used: = during breezy or windy conditions = during excavation or site preparation works = whenever materials, are handled or moved = when loading or unloading trucks | * when vehicles are leaving the site . The use of watering sprays should be matched to the size and scale of the project: = use water trucks on larger projects (over 5000m") = use hand-held hoses on smaller scale projects (under 5000m*) use sprinklers on projects of any size The surface should be dampened slightly to prevent dust from becoming airborne but should not be wet to the extent that run-off occurs This is a very effective short-term measure. It can help to control dust during temporary procedures, such as material loading or unloading, or it can be used if winds begin to raise dust. However, if other measures have been implemented correctly, watering spray usage ean be reduced.ANNEX I (Continued) (Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site _ | 6. Soll surface compaction Where compaction is required to meet construction engineering specifications “The surface ofthe sollis compacted using heavy machinery to prevent dust being picked up and blown away The degree of surface compaction is determined by the moisture in the soil at the time of compaction, particle size distribution and the ground contact pressure (measured in pounds per square inch or psi) of equipment. Care must be taken when compacting the soil surface not to increase the risk of storm water run-off, tree death or daciine Techniques such as sub soiling (deep ripping or tiling) can be used to re- establish the soil profile once landscaping and replanting is required While this method can be effective in reducing the potential of wind- bome dust problems, it can have many disadvantages including: = anincreased risk of storm water run-off through a less porous ground surface = an increased risk of erosion — anincreased risk of {ree death and deciine difficulty in re- establishing vegetation. Assessments should be made on individual sites to determine the greatest risk potential and action taken accordingly. It site is subject to run-off or has sensitive areas, compaction may not be the best option. 34ANNEX I (Continued) (Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction 7. Vegetative stabilization Whenever soilis likely to [+ Relain existing plants, the | Vegetative coveris bbe exposed for long most economical and extremely effective in periods of time effective method of dust preventing dust from seaepentitesrcnentonaatr control becoming siroome as it: completed in an area * Transplant established - slows wind speed plants from areas that need to be disturbed to areas that need re- vegetation + Iflocal native plants must | * Any measures Devemovedandcannotbe | mplemented should not immediately transplanted reduce the viabilly of elsewhere, remove and the soil, Soil and the maintain them for ‘associated organisms replanting at project need to be kept healthy completion. This will to ensure the success reduce landscaping costs of present and future binds soil particles ~ helps retain nutrients on-site and ensure focally planting and occurring species are eecening ene bral Therefore, the most effective measures © Iftrees and plants mustbe | include the use of removed and itis mot | naturally occurring, possible for them to be locally sourced native replanted, consider species as the soil and chipping and using the environment will remain material as mulch - the in as natural a state as advantage is that possible. reseeding of original vegetation can occur. © Where possible, restore vegetation that is native to the area to maximize plant success and improve environmental conditions. + Ifsoil is exposed, hand seeding, hydro seeding and seedling planting can be used to establish vegetation ‘+ Iftemporary, rapid protection is required use fast growing annual species such as grasses and groundcovers 32ANNEX I (Continued) (Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site 7. Vegetative stabilization Re-vegetate using locally sourced seeds and seedlings. Ifrione are available on-site, consult your Local Council for a list of locally occurring species. Use turf strips for immediate cover, local native species preferred and at least 400 mm wide 8. Chemical stabilization ‘use on areas that are subject to little disturbance on a daily basis ‘+ use on areas where fast, ‘offective protection is required fora medium to long term period ‘Chemical stabilisers work |e Chemical stabilisers can by creating an artificial be effective in areas crust on the soil surface that receive litle traffic Various chemical or disturbance and applications are available where immediate to bind the soll together to coverage and protection create a surface that is less | required. It provides @ prone to disturbance ‘medium to long-term through wind solution to dust problems as compared Physical barriers or other whith other methods methods of preventing ‘such as watering, which access should be used to is more of a shori-term protect stabilized areas solution. However, ‘There are a number of disadvantages of this products available, method over others manufacturers instructions include the cost should be followed to involved and the optimise performance potential environmental impacts of using chemical additives. 33ANNEX I (Continued) (Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site 9. Site completion k Atthe end of each day on site At the completion of ail site activities Ciean/swoep up at the completion of daily activities on site Secure al piles and exposed areas at the end of each day + Tidying up the site after the completion of each day's activities will ensure that dust problems when the site is unattended are minimised, Ensuring @ minimum of 70% ‘coverage is achieved when construction is completed will greatly reduce the occurrence of dust problems. Both methods are highly effective, simple ways of controling dust. | | | | ft 10. Material Storage - Pile configuration/management Whenever materials are tobe stored or stockpiled Locate piles in sheltered areas Place the pile lengthwise into the wind Minimise the slope of the upwind surface Limit pile sizes Install barriers on three sides (with no less then 50% material porosity) Limit activity to the downwind side of the pile Use the last in — frst out system of management Implement control measures (Measure No. 2, 4, 5 & 8) on unused pile materials + Dust problems can be minimised by determining the best locations and positioning of storage piles in advance. This, intur, should reduce the need for other dust control measures. 34q ANNEX I (Continued) (Informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site 11. Hauled materials management Whenever materials are moved around site or carried on and off site, usually in vehicles such as dump trucks Limit load sizes and ‘ensure that material is not above the level of the vehicle sidewalls Use watering sprays (Measures No. 5) when loading materials to be hauled Use bed liners to minimize seepage and spillage of material from bottom- dumping trucks Use material covers, such as tarpaulins, plastic or ‘canvas, to cover the entire load and prevent spillage and wind blown dust Ensure driving practices are smooth and slow to reduce material spills Try to use minor roads or non-peak times to reduce stops and starts Materials spilt on roadways can increase the amount of windblown dust generated and can widen the areas affected by your site activities. Keeping loads contained within vehicle trays and boxes, securing and covering them and using smooth driving practices will ensure that spills and leakages onto public roads are minimised. 35ANNEX I (Concluded) (informative) Dust Control Measures at Construction Site 12. Site access/exit controls When vehicles are exiting the site to minimise the tracking of soil onto paved roads, thus increasing the risk cof windblown dust Site traffic control (Measures No. 3) Site access hardening includes laying grates, gravel pads, paving or other hard surface at the site exit and it should be of sufficient length to remove soil and other material from vehicles. Geotextile fabric should be laid under loose material such as gravel to prevent movement and mixing with the soil surface. Wash all equipment wheels before exiting the site using manual or automated sprayers and drive-through wheel washing bays Compaction of soil surface (Measures No. 6) Cleaning or sweeping of any soil deposits tracked ‘onto paved surfaces. The methods used should not generate fugitive dust ‘emissions and should not contribute to other problems such as sedimentation Dust can easily be lifted from paved surfaces, such as roads and footpaths, and become airborne through wind and traffic movements. Itis therefore, essential that soil and other materials be prevented from reaching paved areas in the first piace. Individually, these measures vary in their effectiveness and are generally not sufficient fon their own. Using them in conjunetion with each other will greatly reduce the occurrence of material being tracked outside the si and creating problems, 36| | | ANNEX J (informative) RESPIRATOR BASICS 37 There are many kinds of respirators available, Choose the right one for the job. To see what kind of respirator you need, read the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the controlled chemical or product to which you will be exposed, Make sure your filters are all approved by DOSH. Always follow all of the manufacturer's instructions. Keep the instructions for future reference, Get a “fit test” by @ qualified person who is trained to do it. The test checks if the respirator fits your face properly. Inspect your respirator for defects, cracking, and areas that are wearing out. Dor't use the respirator if there's a problem. Tell your supervisor.ANNEX J (Continued) (Informative) RESPIRATOR BASICS You must be clean shaven to wear the kind of respirator that requires @ tight seal with your face. Any facial hair, even short stubble, can seriously ‘compromise the seal. Adjust the face piece and the straps 80 that the respirator fits your face snugly. There must be a good seal between the respirator and your face. Do a “negative-pressure seal check": ‘* Block the filter inlets with your hands, Inhale and hold for 5 seconds. The mask should collapse slightly, but it should not allow air into the face piece. @ lc | If there's a leak, try it again. If there's still a leak, don't use the respirator. Tell your supervisor. 38ANNEX J (Concluded) (Informative) RESPIRATOR BASICS Do a “positive-pressure seal check” (only after you've done the negative- pressure seal check): © Block the exhaust port with your hand. * Exhale for 5-10 seconds. + The mask should expand outward slightly, but it should net allow air to escape. + If there’s a leak, try it again. If there's still a leak, don't use the respirator. Tell your supervisor. + If there is no leak, you can start work. If you're using a dust mask: + Pinch the metal nose clip so that it forms a tight seal to your nose. + Adjust the respirator until you feel that there's a good fit ‘© Geta fittest (see #3, above) and if there is a leak, don't use the respirator. Tell your supervisor. + If there is no leak, you can start work,10. 1". 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. Bibliography Construction Health and Safety Manuel, Construction Safety and Health Association of Ontario, Canada. (2003) Construction Safety Magazine, Vol.18, No.4, Construction Safety Association of Ontario, Canada. (Winter 2007/2008) Environmental Quality Act (1974) and Regulations. Factories and Machinery Act (1967). Factories and Machinery (Asbestos Process) 1986 Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Constructions) (Safety) Regulations 1986 Factories and Machinery (Lead) Regulations 1984 Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989 Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989 Fugitive Dust Control Methods, City of Albuquerque Environment Health Department, Air Quality Division. Guidelines for Control of Occupational Noise, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia. (2005) Guidelines on The Control of Chemicals Hazardous to Health, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia. (2001) Management of Noise in Construction, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1904 Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000 The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, Department of Environment, Malaysia. (2004) Silica Dust Exposure, Occupational Safety & Health Bureau, Department of Labour & Industry, Montane. 40ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The committee which developed this Construction industry Standard consists of the following representatives: IrM Ramuseren (Chairman) Cis Nor Hamiza Binti Zahar! Encik Nazri Bin Zakaria (Secretary) Encik Hari Sundar R Hari Dass Encik Ahmad Nazmi Mohamed Ali Supretendent Zakaria Bin Muhd Encik Sahrul Azizi Bin Sulaiman Encik Syahrul Nizam Bin Sharudginn, Encik Mohd. No'aman Noorashidi Encik Agas Edmund Langu Encik Foo Check Lee Encik Koh Mee Leow I Hj Jamatudin Non Puan Hajjah Maimunah Binti Haji Khalid Haji Mohd Esa Bin Haji Baruji ‘Ar Ng Chin Heng Encik Ruslan Bin Anuar Encik Harun Bin Bakar Ir k Gunasagaran Construction Industry Development Board Construction Industry Development Board Construction Industry Development Board IM Corporation Bhd Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Malaysia Kesatuan Pokerja-pekerja Dalam Industri Pembinaan KLIA Premier Holdings Sdn Bho Master Builders Association Malaysia Malay Contractors Association of Malaysia Malaysian Society of Occupational Safety and Health National Institute of Occupational Safety and Heaith Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Real Estate and Housing Developer Association Malaysia Social Security Organization The Institutes of Engineers, Mataysia