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. CHAPTER 5 MUSIC PREPARED BY: ROGER B.

TRAJANO INSTRUCTOR

DEFINITION Music is the art of combining sounds of varying pitch to produce a coherent
composition that is melodious, harmonious, intelligible, and expressive of ideas and emotions.
ELEMENTS Pitch pitch is the relative highness or lowness of a tone.

Volume or Intensity volume is the loudness or softness of a sound. It ranges from very
soft (pianissimo) and soft (piano) to very loud (fortissimo) and loud (forte).

Tempo or Rate tempo is the speed of a composition or any of its sections. Terms such as
allegro (fast), vivace (lively), moderato (moderate speed), andante (moderately slow), adagio
(slower than andante), lento (slow), and largo (very slow) are related to tempo.

Duration duration is the length of time during which a sound is produced.


Timbre or Tone Color timbre is the quality of sounds that makes it distinct from other
sounds.

Rhythm rhythm is the consistent pattern or succession of identical or similar sounds.


Similar sounds in a song, as follows: introduction, stanza one, chorus, refrain, stanza two,
chorus, refrain, coda, and conclusion. Melody melody is the series of consecutive tones that
vary in pitch and duration but form a line of individual significance and expressive value. It is an
orderly succession of tones or musical sounds. Harmony harmony is the simultaneous
sounding of two or more tones.

Texture texture is the number of tones expected to be apprehended simultaneously. It is


either monophonic (sounding of a single melodic line), polyphonic (simultaneous sounding of
two or more melodic lines), or homophonic (sounding of one main melody supported by a
subordinate one).

Form form is the overall organization of the composition. It is associated with shape,
structure, and coherence.

KINDS Vocal Music vocal music is music produced by the voices of singers. Vocal music
is rendered a cappella.
Instrumental Music instrumental music is music produced by musical instruments.
Mixed Music or Mixed Ensemble - mixed music is a combination of vocal music and
instrumental music. Mixed ensemble usually perform in Mass, Requiem Mass, opera,

Ensembles - ensemble music is music rendered by a group of performers singers and/or


players of musical instruments.

Orchestra an orchestra is the most spectacular of the ensembles because of its large size.
Usually performing under direction of a conductor, the musicians playing several instruments.
Symphony Orchestra a symphony orchestra is a large ensemble composed of about 100
players. It includes all the principal instrumental types divided into four sections or four basic
ranges: soprano, alto, tenor, and bass.

Concerto the concerto is a form written for an orchestra in which one solo instruments, for
example, a piano or a violin, is given prominence.

Band a band is an instrumental ensemble having the size of an orchestra but consisting
mainly or exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. Nowadays, a band is used to mean a
small group of performers, consisting of a soloist, drummer, guitarist/s, and keyboardist, or a
small group of singers.

Rondalla A rondalla is a band usually composed of stringed instruments. It is the best-


known instrumental group in the Philippines today.

Chamber Orchestra a chamber orchestra is an ensemble larger than a chamber ensemble


and smaller than a full orchestra.

Chamber Ensemble a chamber ensemble is a small group of instrumental players. The


number of musical instruments ranges from one to nine.

Special Ensemble a special ensemble is a grouping other than the ones earlier mentioned.
The Pangkat Kawayan or Bandang Kawayan whose members play instruments made of bamboo
is also considered a special ensemble.

MEDIUMS Vocal Media vocal media, as the term suggests, pertain to male and female
voices. Male voices male voices have three registers: bass (lowest), baritone (middle), and
tenor (highest). The lowest of the male local registers is the basso profundo.

Female voices female voices also have three registers: alto (lowest), mezzo soprano (middle),
and soprano (highest). The highest of the female vocal registers is the coloratura soprano.

Instrumental Media instrumental media pertain to the different instruments played by


musicians. Based on how their sounds are produced, they are classified into string or stringed,
wind, percussion, and keyboard instruments. String/Stringed Instruments string or stringed
instruments, as their name suggests, have strings which are either plucked or bowed. The
plucked strings are guitar, ukuleles, etc. the bowed strings are violins, violas, etc.

Guitar
Ukeleles
Violas
Violina
Percussion Instruments percussion instruments are beaten or struck. They come in a variety
of forms. The drums, glockenspiels, xylophones, marimbas, gongs, cymbals, triangles, and
chimes.

Chimes
Cymbals
Drums
Glockenspiel
Marimba
Triangle
Xylophone
Keyboard Instruments keyboard instruments, as their name suggests, have keys which are
pressed to produced sounds. They include the piano, the organ, etc.
The Organ
Piano
Wind Instruments
Contrabassoo
Saxophone
Classic Period the music of the classical period is characterized by homophonic texture (an
obvious melody with accompaniment). The popular instrumental music was dominated by
several well-defined forms: the sonata, the symphony, and the concerto.
Modern Period music today is no longer limited to concerts and clubs inasmuch as the
almost obsolete cassette tape, the CD, the VCD, the DVD, the MP3, the MP4, and the computer
are media generating music.

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