The force that attracts the cations and anions increases with charge
and decreases with distance.
q1q2
F
d2
We measure the strength of a bond by the energy required to pull
the ions apart.
More highly charged ions will have a stronger ionic bonds (most
important).
Smaller ions will have stronger ionic bonds (considered after
charge).
Ex 1:
Rank the following ionic compounds in order of decreasing bond
strength.
LiCl
NaCl
MgCl2
MgF2
MgO
CaO
This will be the same as the energy released if individual ions form
an ionic solid (forming bonds in an exothermic process).
1
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Born-Haber Cycle
1. Sublimation energy
2. Bond strength (covalent)
3. Ionization energy
4. Electron affinity
5. Lattice energy
Net reaction: enthalpy of formation.
Ex 2:
Using data from your text (p.362), Data Booklet and The diagram
above, to find the lattice energy for KF.
What are the differences between this Born-Haber cycle and the
one for NaCl?
Problems
9.17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33
2
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Ex 1:
Draw the Lewis structures for:
CH4 H2 O CO2
SO32- O2 N2
HCN
3
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
CH3COO-
There are also compounds that can have more than octets. An
atom that has empty d orbitals can have 10 or 12 electrons
around it. This is only done if it is the only way to place all the
electrons in the Lewis Structure.
Ex 3:
Draw the Lewis Structure for:
a) I3- b) XeF4 c) ICl5
4
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
The enthalpy of a reaction can be estimated from the energy H = Dbroken D formed
changes in the bonds that are broken and the bonds that are
formed.
Example 1:
Calculate the energy for the following reactions:
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
5
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
4.4 VSEPR
The shapes of covalent molecules can be
explained using the VSEPR theory: Valence
Shell Electron Pair Repulsion.
Note that bent geometry can result from Triganal Planer and
Tetrahedral geometries.
What are the angles for these molecular bonds?
6
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
4.4 VSEPR
Note the position of the lone pairs in the triganol
bipyramidal geometry.
All positions are equal in the octahedral
arrangements.
Example 1:
Give the VSEPR geometry and molecular
geometry (including angles) for:
NH3
XeF4
SeCl4
SO2
O3
I3 -
7
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
8
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
9
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
To make two pi bonds, an atom must have two p orbitals that are
not hybridized. This can occur if an atom is making a triple bond
or two separate double bonds.
To have two p orbitals for pi bonding, there is only one p for
hybridization.
10
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
b) Oxygen
c) C2H4
d) HCN
e) H2C=C=CH2
11
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
b) NO3
12
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Graphite is made of carbon atoms that are sp2 hybridized. They are
like benzene rings that continue in large layers. The electrons are
delocalized between the layers of carbon atoms. Properties?
13
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Example 1:
Determine if the following have a dipole:
CH4 NH3 H2 O
14
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Solid Liquid
15
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Example 2:
Explain the following trends:
B.P of noble gasses
B.P. of halogens
Example 3:
Explain the trends in the graph below.
16
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Larger cations should also have lower forces and lower melting
points.
Check this model with the melting points of some first and second
row metals.
Check with other metal properties.
17
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
18