Person/Event
Primary Sources 1.
2.
3.
Secondary Sources 1.
2.
3.
2. Photographs are primary sources of info. Look at the photograph below.
Can you find any clues about who built this building, the time period
when it was built and for what purpose it was built? Write your answers
in the space provided.
Title:
Website address:
Guidelines:
2. Info on the last time a natural disaster occurred in that country. Which
year, month, date and time? What were the consequences?
_________________________________________________________
Title :........................................................................
Newspaper:.............................................................
Date published:......................................................
Author: ...................................................................
Place of publication: .............................................
State the skills you applied and the analysis
here:
Preparing a draft
Once a rough draft is ready, you can improve on it.
Introduction
tells the reader what you are going to write about and why.
how much you write as intro depends on the length of your entire
paper.
the two most important aspects of the intro are the hook and the
thesis statement. A hook helps to grab the readers attention.
1. Question hook :Posing a question that will get the reader to think
about it. e.g. Do you know how many peoples loved ones have been
killed .......?
2. Quotation hook : Quotes from experts or well-known people can give
emphasis to your discussion. e.g. Peace will not come out of clash
of arms but out of justice lived and done by unarmed nations in the
face of odds, said Gandhi.
3. Funnel hook : Moving from the general to the specific.e.g. Education
is the gateway to success. Many young people embark on higher
education with the hope of securing a high position and a good
salary.
4. Refutation hook : Providing a summary of opposing views
first.e.g.Many people say wars must be fought in order to defend
democracy. However, in reality, it is wars that destroy democracy.
5. Dramatic hook : By describing a scene or telling a story.e.g. It was
dark, stormy night. The winds lashed ferociously at the rubber trees
as she made her way through the darkness.
conveys the writers opinion, perspective or approach to the topic.
Thesis statement (T.S.) must be in complete sentences.
Examples of T.S.:-
The haze: This T.S. is too broad. You can write almost anything about the
haze.
The haze in Indonesia: The statement is narrowed down, but it is still broad.
How the haze in Indonesia is affecting its neighbours: This T.S. is narrow
enough to allow you to fully explore the issues. Your reader can see the
purpose of your writing and arguments.
# So make sure to include a good hook and a carefully constructed T.S. in your
written assignments.
The body contains info you want to convey. It is the most
significant part of your writing.It is where you display the
strength of your critical thinking abilities. This is where
your:
ideas / arguments are laid out.
examples and evidence are provided to back-up
ideas/arguments.
justifications for the ideas/arguments provided in the
introduction are elaborated.
basically a summary of your main ideas.
where you recap what you have presented in the body.
do not bring up any new points here.
make sure you have a final comment on the topic.
The comment should be a recommendation, a call for
research in the area or a prediction.
Start with , In conclusion or As a conclusion.
o When you have completed the draft, revise it.
o Check the sentences within the paragraphs.
o Turn on the grammar and spelling checker in your word processor.
o Make sure you have used appropriate transitional words like therefore,
consequently, in addition, similarly, however, then ,after that, for example
etc.
o They show the relationship between sentences or paragraphs and make
your writing more coherent.
Examples:
1. The thick smoke is hazardous to health. Therefore Malaysians have been
requested to stay indoors with the windows shut.
2. In view of the fuel shortage, city dwellers are encouraged to car pool. In
addition, public bus companies have been asked to increase the number
of buses.
1. State one difference between an:
a. essay and a report.
________________________________________________________
b. essay and a research paper.
________________________________________________________
2. One of the critical thinking skills put forward by Edward de Bono is
consider all factors. Explain what it means by giving a suitable example.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. When selecting info, what are the 2 things that you need to consider?
_________________________________________________________
4. The writers own opinion or prspective is contained in the ________.
5. When writing the conclusion in an essay, you should introduce new points.
True or False.
After completion, it is important you cite or list out all your sources of
info.
You must show where you obtained your info.
This is done at the end of your written paper in alphabetical order.
Citation Style
The Chicago Manual Style (CMS)
American Psychological Association citation style (APA)
Modern Language Association citation style (MLA)
# You will use CMS at WOU.
There are 2 elements in this style to show where you obtained your
sources:
In-text usage
Reference section
tell the readers where you obtained your info within the text of your written
paper.
you do not need footnote.
you make use of the author-date system to cite your sources in the text.
Source put at References
Example:
According to Hunt (2002), a literature programme should have six objectives.
At the Reference:
Hunt, J (2002) Teaching Literature at the Elementary School, London:Oxford
University Press.
Insert the last name of the author and the year of publication at the
appropriate point.
Example:
A literature programme should have six objectives (Hunt 2002)
If it is a Chinese name, mention only the surname:
There are four causes of depression among teenagers (Lee 2004)
If it is a Malay name, write the full name:
The major cause of domestic unhappiness is a lack of trust (Haniz Johari
2002)
If the author has written 2 books or papers in the same year, use lower case
letters such as a and b in the in-text citation.
o A good school must have a counsellor (Martin 2004a)
o Bullying is the most serious problem in school nowadays (Martin 2004b)
Note that there is no punctuation between the name of the author and year. Do
not add a comma. Commas are used to separate page numbers:
Most students prefer to study full-time (Joshua 2003,55)
Semicolons are used to separate two or more references given together:
Most part-time students are housewives (Joshua; Lee 2003)
If the name of the author appears as part of the text, cite only the year of
publication in parentheses:
According to Joshua (2003), most students prefer to study full-time.
If you wish to mention the full name, you may do so:
According to Irene Joshua (2003), most students prefer to study full-time.
If the name and year has been mentioned earlier, do not put the name and year
in parentheses anymore:
o According to Irene Joshua, most students prefer to study full-time.
To help your reader locate the info in the book, you can write out the page
numbers within your text. The year, followed by page numbers should be
written in parentheses. The comma is to separate the year from the page
number:
According to Irene Joshua (2003,55), most students prefer to study full-time.
If there are two authors, James Hunt and William Bond, you must give the two
of them credit. The names should be in parentheses:
The majority of university students do not like to read (Tan and Bock 2002)
The majority of university students do not like to read (Tan and Bock 2002,
88)
If any work has two or three authors, always cite all the names in the text.
Connect the names with the word and. Look at how this is done in the three
examples below:
According to Tan and Bock (2002), the majority of university students do
not like to read.
According to Ivy Tan, William Bock and John Smith (2002), the majority of
university students do not like to read.
According to Tan, Bock and Smith (2002,88), the majority of university
students do not like to read.
According to Tan et al. (2002), the majority of university students do not like
to read.
According to Ivy Tan et al.(2002), the majority of university students do not
like to read.
According to Tan et al. (2002, 88), the majority of university students do not
like to read.
Works by more than three authors
If the work has more than 3 authors cite the first name plus et al. the first time
you mention them in your text:
According to Tan et al. (2002), the majority of university students do not like
to read.
Tan et al. (2002) claimed that......
Works by association, corporations, government agencies, etc.
The names of groups that serve as authors are usually written out of the first
time they appear in a text reference:
Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDNM), 2006
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),2001
The first time you mention such groups, you have to spell out the name in full.
In the second and subsequent citations, you can use abbreviations or
acronyms. The general rule for abbreviation in this manner is to supply enough
info in the text citation for your reader to locate its source in the reference list
without difficulty:
(LHDNM 2006)
(NIMH 2001)
We have completed the first element, In-Text Usage. Now lets look at how we
shall prepare the reference list.
a list of all the references you cited in your writing.
provides the info necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
different from bibliography refers to the relevant sources you consulted in
your research, but was not mentioned at all in your written paper.
Here are the guidelines on preparing your reference list. You should provide
complete info on the book or title.
Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors surnames:
Hudson,L (2005)
Hunt, J (2006)
Reference with the same author are arranged by year of publication, with the
earliest first:
James, T (2001)
James, T (2003)
James, T (2006)
Works of different authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by
the first initial:
Smith,A (2004)
Smith, J (2006)
Smith,V (2001)
This is a sample reference entry for a single author:
Kourik, R (1998) The lavender garden:beautiful varieties to grow and gather, San
Francisco:Chronicle Books.
Mohd. Ridzuan Nordin (1992) Pendidikan Jarak Jauh Modul 1, Kuala Lumpur:
Utusan Publications.
In works by multiple authors, all the names must be mentioned:
James Hunt, William Bond, John Smith, Brad Jones and Samuel Pitt (2002)
Teaching Literature at the Elementary School,London: Oxford University Press.
HuntJ, Bond W, Smith J, Jones B and Pitts S (2002) Teaching Literature at the
Elementary School,London: Oxford University Press.
Articles and chapter titles are written differently. These titles are enclosed in
single quotation marks. Here you use sentence-style capitalisation, i.e., capitalise
the initial letter of the first word and any other proper names. The first example
below has the initial letter capitalised. The second example has the initial letters
for the proper name North America capitalised.
Morris, C (1984)University education in the 1990s, in Smith,D E and Jones,F
(eds) Tertiary Education Perspective, New York: McGraw Hill, 2 10.
Sedaka, J (1985) University education in North America, in Smith D E and
Jones, F (eds) Tertiary Education Perspective, New York: McGraw Hill, 22-35.
Sources without authors are arranged alpabetically by the title within the same
list.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn. (1995) Essex, England:
Longman Group Ltd.
Meriam-Websters collegiate dictionary, 10th edn. (1993) Springfield, MA:
Merriam Webster.
Indentation means the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all
subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging indent:
LeBoeuf, M (1979) Working Smart: How to Accomplish More in Half the
time,New York: Warner Books.
There is indentation in the above example. The example below has no
indentation, and is therefore incorrectly written:
LeBoeuf, M (1979) Working Smart: How to Accomplish More in Half the Time,
New York: Warner Books.
How do we cite essays, articles or chapters in edited books? References to
essays, articles and chapters in edited books must include these elements in this
order: Author(s), Year of publication, Article or Chapter title, Editor(s), Book title,
Article or Chapter page numbers, Place of publication, and Publishers. The article
and chapter titles are enclosed in single quotation marks:
Egoff, S (1980) The problem novel in S Egoff, G.T. Stubbs, & L.F. Ashley, Only
Connect: Readings on Childrens Literature,Toronto: Oxford University Press, 67-
74.
In the example above, note that there is no space between the colon and page
numbers.
References to journals, magazines and newspapers must include the following
elements: Author(s), date of publication, Article or Journal title, Volume number,
Issue number (if any), and Page numbers.
Yap, J (2006) 30 April. Dont expect miracles Sunday Star, 39.
Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5(2): 21-30.
Note that there is no space between the volume number and the parentheses
containing the issue number, but there is a space between the colon and the page
numbers following the issue number.
The following formats for volumes and issues are also acceptable, but only when
the situation requires it:
Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5(2): 21-30.
Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5 (Summer):21 -30.
This is the format for official documents:
Department of Economic Affairs (1989) The Intermediate Years, London: Her
Majestys Stationery Office.
Title for unpublished work are treated as journal articles. The word unpublished
is not necessary. The location or sponsoring body or both should appear, as well
as a date.
Jones, E F (1992) University education in the 1990s, 4th Annual Conference of
Asian Educators, Hong kong.
Papers printed in published proceedings of meetings are treated as chapters in a
book.
For any online reference, you are required to provide the following info: Author(s),
date of document, Title of document, URL, date accessed. Date accessed is the
date last viewed by you, the writer. This is how you cite an article from an
electronic journal and an electronic book:
Beckleheimer, J (1994) How do you cite URLs in a bibliography?
http://www.nrlscc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html (Accessed 14 Oct 1998)
Thames, M (1999) The battle of Hastings Historical Review 55, no1: 25-35.
http://www.hisrev.org/ (Accessed 5 May 2004).
Rollin, E (1998) The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and
Science, Ames, Iowa. The Iowa State University Press.http://www.netlibrary.com
(Accessed 30 June 2005).
Make sure you preserve case (i.e.., do not capitalise the letters) in network server
directories and filenames, as it is usually significant. You may break URLs across
lines, but if possible arrange for breaks to occur only at punctuation separators.
Do not arrange breaks at hyphens and do not ever add hyphens!
If you come across a printed reference that has an online reference, this is how
you write it. Note the use of angled brackets < > :
Coleman, D (ed) (1997) The click here economy, Business Week. <
http://www.businessweek.com/1998/25/itspec98.hem>
Finaaly do remember that a well-cited and documented paper would win over the
reader as well as the person who is going to mark your written assignment. It is
one of the criteria used to decide your grades.
Now that you are more familiar with citation styles, how would you write out the
following in a reference list:
1. Title of book: Intelligence
Year published : 2004
Author: Allan J. Rowe
Publisher : Pearson Prentice hall
Place of publication : New Jersey
Citation : _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. Practice
Practice makes perfect- do not memorise or write down your wntire presentation.
Use the outline you created for your presentation
make brief notes if you have problems remembering your points
rehearse your presentation until you are comfortable with it
3. Style of speaking
style in O.P. refers to nonverbal cues such as pauses before you move to another
point.
the style you choose will depend on whether your audience knows you, your
rank(above or below them) and their ranks.
Languages come in two forms verbal and non-verbal.
Non-verbal language refers to how you communicate without words-eye
contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, movement, voice and
appearance.
a. Eye-contact : always maintain eye contact with the audience.
: Good eye contact also helps you reflect self-confidence and
gives credibility to what you are saying.
b. Facial expression: Expression should reflect what you are saying.
c. Gestures: Use natural, animated gestures.
d. Movement: Dont stand in a frozen position. Moving about can help
accentuate your enthusiasm.
e. Voice: Enunciate the words clearly and use different tones. It should not
be too harsh or nasal but a pleasing melody.
f. Appearance: Pay significant attention to personal grooming.
this is where your ability to interact with the audience will be teste.
Tips to handle questions better:-
a. Repeat the question, loudly and clearly, so that the audience knows what
has been asked.
b. Take a moment to reflect on the question before answering it.
c. If, you are not sure of the answer, ask for clarification or restate the
question.
d. If you do not know the answer, say so. You dont have to apologise but
offer to look into it. You may ask the audience to help you with the answer.
e. Always wait for the questioner to finish asking the question before you
begin to answer the question.
f. Do not have lengthy discussions with one person, engage the entire
audience.
1. Take three breaths to relax yourself before you get out of your chair.
2. Then go up and thank the person who introduced you and then count to
10 before you start speaking.
3. This allows the audience to get settled and be ready to hear you.
4. Before you give your speech, think of them as caring, friendly people who
want to hear you speak.
5. The positive image should relax you and put you in a good frame of mind.
6. A good place to practise your speeches is Toastmasters Club.
7. To know more go to http://www.toastmasters.org
You would have witnessed people giving talks or speeches
at functions or during meetings. Describe briefly what you
liked about the way they spoke and what you didnt like.
What do you think they could have done to improve their
speeches?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
defined as any graphical representation of data used to
communicate the contents or meaning (including spatial
and temporal location) of the data.
Advantages of using visual aids:-
a.helps the audience to focus on what you are saying.
b. The audience retains the message better.
c. The message is conveyed more efficiently.
A strictly O.P. may be boring to an audience nowadays.
basically there are 2 categories: standard visual aids and electronically
enhanced visual aids.
Palatino Upbeat You are the sum total of all your choices
up to now. Dr. Wayne Dyer
2. Visual Aids
http://www.gepcities.com/libbyeddleman/visual_aids.htm?200615
1. State FOUR(4) questions that you can ask yourself when you evaluate
your daily schedule. (10 marks)
4. Explain briefly FIVE (5) strategies you can use to help you remember
what you have read.
(10 marks)
Part B (60 marks)
Answer any TWO (2) questions.
Question 1
Digital libraries play an important role in open distance learning (ODL). Discuss FIVE
(5) advantages a digital library has over a traditional library in helping a distance
learner make significant progress in his/her learning. (30 marks)
Question 2
In the course of your studies, you have had the opportunity to identify your learning
style. State your learning style. Explain the strategies you can use to maximise your
learning. Provide specific examples to elaborate your answer.
(30 marks)
Question 3
(a) Discuss why it is important to take notes while you read and when you attend
tutorial classes. (10 marks)
i. need not be physically inside the library- ready access to digital library as
long as there is an internet connection.
ii. No time limit-available 24 hours round the clock, 7 days a week
iii. fast, especially when hard-pressed for time, need not travel to a physical
library-here it is just at the press of a button.
iv. no overcrowding
v. no need to pay fines/unless you have to pay to use an e-journal
vi. quicker and more structured approach to locating information
vii. provides reference synchronously and asynchronously
viii. user- friendly easy retrieval of information
ix. no burden of torn/ damaged books.
Question 2
In the course of your studies, you have had the opportunity to identify your learning
style. State your learning style. Explain the strategies you can use to maximise your
learning. Provide specific examples to elaborate your answer. (30 marks)
1. Active Learner
Have group discussions
Group members can take turn to explain different topics to each other.
Group members can also try to predict potential questions and discuss
answers to these questions
2. Reflective Learner
Always think about what you had read quietly
Stop periodically to review what you have read by thinking of possible
questions or applications.
Memorisation method does not work for you.
As you read your course materials, write a short summaries of readings or
tutorial notes in your own words.
3. Sensing Learner
4. Intuitive Learner
6. Verbal learner
Write summaries or outlines of course material in your own words.
Have group discussions
Take turns to explain to your classmates.
7. Sequential Learner
Copy every step to a solution carefully. Fill up any missing ones by
making additional references.
Take time to outline the course material for yourself in logical
order.
Relating to each new topic you study to things you already know.
8. Global Learner
o You need the big picture of a subject before you can master
details.
o Before you begin to study the first section of a chapter in a text.
Skim through the entire chapter to get an overview.
o Instead of spending a short time on every subject every night, you
might find it more productive to immerse yourself in individual
subjects for a longer period of time. Try to relate the subject to
things you already know, either by asking your tutor to help you see
connections or by looking up references.
Question 3
(a) Discuss why it is important to take notes while you read and when you attend
tutorial classes. (10 marks)
1. Outline method
Dashes are commonly used.
Points are jotted down in an organized pattern based on space
indentation.
Major points are written on the far left and specific points indented
to the right.
The degree of indentation depends on how important the point is,
the more specific the point is, the further to the right is the indentation.
2. Summary method
Notes are written in ones own words.
A shorter version of the reading material is written according to
ones own understanding.
Only the essential facts and concepts are written.
3. Annotation method
The blank space in the margins is used.