Picturing Quantum Processes Slideshow

Bob Coecke & Aleks Kissinger,
Picturing Quantum Processes,

Cambridge University Press, to appear.
Bob:
Ch. 01 Processes as diagrams
Ch. 02 String diagrams
Ch. 03 Hilbert space from diagrams
Ch. 04 Quantum processes
Ch. 05 Quantum measurement
Ch. 06 Picturing classical processes
Aleks:
Ch. 07 Picturing phases and complementarity
Ch. 08 Quantum theory: the full picture
Ch. 09 Quantum computing
Ch. 10 Quantum foundations
Philosophy [i.e. physics] is written in this grand bookI mean the
universewhich stands continually open to our gaze, but it cannot be
understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and
interpret the characters in which it is written. It is written in the
language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles,
and other geometrical figures, without which it is humanly impossible
to understand a single word of it; without these, one is wandering
around in a dark labyrinth.
Galileo Galilei, Il Saggiatore, 1623.
Here we introduce:
process theories
diagrammatic language
processes as boxes and systems as wires
composing processes
composing processes
composing processes
composing processes
composing processes
composing processes
process theories
process theories
... consist of:
set of systems S
set of processes P , with ins and outs in S,
process theories
... consist of:
set of systems S
which are:
closed under plugging.
process theories
... consist of:
set of systems S
which are:
closed under plugging.
They tell us:

how to interpret boxes and wires,
and hence, when two diagrams are equal.
process theories
process theories
process theories
process theories
diagrams symbolically
Thm. Diagrams these symbolic expressions.

composing diagrams
composing diagrams
Two operations:
f g := f while g
f g := f after g
composing diagrams
Two operations:
f g := f while g
f g := f after g
composing diagrams
Two operations:
f g := f while g
f g := f after g
These are:
associative
have as respective units:
empty-diagram
wire-diagram
circuits
circuits
Defn. ... := can be build with and .
circuits
Thm. Circuit no box above itself.
circuits
Corr. Circuit admits causal interpretation.
with
circuits
Corr. Circuit admits causal interpretation.
Not circuit:
why diagrams?
why diagrams?
Since by definition circuits can be build by means of
symbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?
why diagrams?
Since equations come for free!

why diagrams?
(f g) h = = f (g h)
why diagrams?
(f g) h = = f (g h)
f 1I = =f
why diagrams?
?
why diagrams?
Since all equations come for free!

why diagrams?

why diagrams?

why diagrams?

why diagrams?

why diagrams?

special processes/diagrams
State :=
State :=
Effect / Test :=
State :=
Effect / Test :=
Number :=
Born rule :=
Dirac notation :=
Separable disconnected :=
Separable disconnected :=
E.g.:
Non-separable := way more interesting!
When two systems, of which we know the states by their respective
representatives, enter into temporary physical interaction due to known
forces between them, and when after a time of mutual influence the
systems separate again, then they can no longer be described in the
same way as before, viz. by endowing each of them with a representa-
tive of its own. I would not call that one but rather the characteristic
trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure
from classical lines of thought.
Erwin Schrodinger, 1935.
Here we:
introduce a wilder kind of diagram
define quantum notions in great generality
derive quantum phenomena in great generality
process-state duality
Exists state and effect :
Exists state and effect :
such that:
proof of duality:
proof of duality:
Change notation:
Change notation:
so that now:
definition
definition
Thm. TFAE:
circuits with process-state duality and:
definition
Thm. TFAE:
circuits with process-state duality and:
diagrams with in-in and out-out connection:

definition
transpose
transpose
... :=
transpose
... :=
transpose
Prop. The transpose is an involution:
transpose
Prop. Transpose of cup is cap:
transpose
Clever new notation:
transpose
Clever new notation:
just what happens when yanking hard!

transpose
Prop. Sliding:
transpose
Prop. Sliding:
Pf.
transpose
Prop. Sliding:
... so this is a mathematical equation:

trace
trace
... :=
trace
Partial ... :=
trace
Prop. Cyclicity:
trace
Prop. Cyclicity:
Redundant but fun ferris wheel proof:

quantum-like features
Thm. All states separable rubbish theory.

Thm. All states separable rubbish theory.
Lem. All states separable wires separable.
Pf.
Perfect correlations:
Perfect correlations:
Logical reading:
Operational reading:
Realising time-reversal (and make NY times):
Thm. No-cloning from assumptions:
, :
Pf.
Pf.
Pf.
Pf.
Pf.
adjoint & conjugate
adjoint & conjugate
A ket sometimes wants to be bra:
adjoint & conjugate
Conjugate :=
Adjoint :=
7
adjoint & conjugate
Unitarity/isometry :=
adjoint & conjugate
Teleportation:
adjoint & conjugate
Entanglement swapping:
designing teleportation
I would like to make a confession which may seem immoral: I do not
believe absolutely in Hilbert space any more.
John von Neumann, letter to Garrett Birkhoff, 1935.
Here we introduce:
ONBs, matrices and sums
(multi-)linear maps & Hilbert space
and relate:
string diagrams
(multi-)linear maps & Hilbert space
ONB
ONB
A set:
is pre-basis if:
ONB
Orthonormal :=
ONB
Orthonormal :=
Canonical :=
matrix calculus
matrix calculus
Thm. We have:
so there is a matrix:
with
matrix calculus
But one also may want to glue things together:
matrix calculus
Sums := for {fi}i of the same type there exists:
which moves around:

matrix calculus
In:
the intuition is:

matrix calculus
In:
the intuition is:
but better (see later):

definition
definition
Defn.
Linear maps := String diagrams s.t.:

each system has ONB
sums
numbers are C
definition
Defn.

each system has ONB
sums
numbers are C
definition
Defn.

each system has ONB
sums
numbers are C
definition
Defn.

each system has ONB
sums
numbers are C
definition
Defn.

each system has ONB
sums
numbers are C
Hilbert space := states for a system with Born-rule.

model-theoretic completeness
THM. (Selinger, 2008)

An equation between string diagrams holds, if and only
if it holds for Hilbert spaces and linear maps.
THM. (Selinger, 2008)

An equation between string diagrams holds, if and only
if it holds for Hilbert spaces and linear maps.
I.e. defining Hilbert spaces and linear maps in this man-

ner is a conservative extension of string diagrams.
The art of progress is to preserve order amid change, and to preserve
change amid order.
Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality, 1929.
Here we introduce in terms of diagrams:

pure quantum maps
mixed/open quantum maps
causality & Stinespring dilation
general quantum processes done badly
doubling
doubling
Goal 1:
doubling
Goal 1:
Goal 2:

doubling
Pure quantum state :=
doubling
Pure quantum effect :=
doubling
genuine probabilities
doubling
Pure quantum map :=
doubling
Thm. We have:
if and only if there exist = :

doubling
Pf. Setting:
then:
doubling
Pf. Setting:
then:
open systems
open systems
Discarding :=
open systems
Discarding :=
Thm. Discarding is not a pure quantum map.

open systems
Discarding :=
Thm. Discarding is not a pure quantum map.

Pf. Something connected 6= something disconnected.
open systems
Quantum maps := pure quantum maps + discarding
open systems
E.g. maximally mixed state :=
open systems
Prop. All quantum maps are of the form:
open systems
open systems
causality
causality
... of quantum maps:
causality
Prop. For pure quantum maps:
causality isometry
causality
Prop. For pure quantum maps:
causality isometry
Pf.
causality
Prop. For general quantum maps:
causality of the form

causality
Pf.
causality
Pf.
Cor. Stinespring dilation.

non-deterministic quantum processes
non-deterministic quantum processes
... :=
such that
E.g. quantum measurements.

The bureaucratic mentality is the only constant in the universe.
Dr. McCoy, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, 2286.
Here we briefly address:

Next-best-thing to observing
Measurement-induced dynamics
Measurement-only quantum computing
is quantum measurement weird?
. &
Thm. Observing is not a quantum process
Thm. Observing is not a quantum process i.e. @:

1 iff =
with =
0 iff 6=

1 iff =
with =
0 iff 6=
Prop. Condition can only hold for orthogonal states.


1 iff =
with =
0 iff 6=
Prop. Condition can only hold for orthogonal states.
measurement is next-best-thing to observing

Bohr-Heisenberg:
any attempt to observe is bound to disturb
Bohr-Heisenberg:
Newtonian equivalent:
locating a baloon by mechanical means
Heisenberg-Bohr:
Newtonian equivalent:
locating a baloon by mechanical means
Resulting diagnosis:
we suffer from quantum-blindness
BUT, the stuff that people call quantum measure-

ment turns out to be extremely useful nonetheless!
what people call measurement
ONB-measurement :=
ONB-measurement :=
E.g. for {i}i Pauli-matrices:

Thm. All quantum maps arise from ONB-measurements.
Thm. All quantum maps arise from ONB-measurements.
Pf. There are enough ONBs such that:
measurement-induced dynamics
measurement-only quantum computing
Damn it! I knew she was a monster! John! Amy! Listen! Guard your
buttholes.
David Wong, This Book Is Full of Spiders, 2012.
Here we fully diagrammatically describe:

all quantum processes
special ones
protocols
and introduce the humongously important notion of:
spiders
classical vs. quantum wires
They should meet:

quantum wires classical wires
They should meet:

but retain their distance:

quantum wires 6= classical wires
They should meet:

but retain their distance:

quantum wires 6= classical wires
which can be realised via un-doubling:

classical wire normal (i.e. 1)
=
quantum wire boldface (i.e. 2)
encoding classical data
Classical data ONB:
Classical data ONB:
:= providing classical value i

Classical data ONB:
:= testing for classical value i

Classical data ONB:
:= testing for classical value i
Sanity check:
Non-deterministic quantum process:
Process controlled by outcome:

classical data in diagrams
Prop. Braces sums
classical data in diagrams
Prop. Braces sums
Pf.
Process controlled by outcome:

classical-quantum maps
... :=
Classical map :=
Classical map examples:
copy delete
match compare
The name explains the action:
The name explains the action:
Classical-quantum map examples:
encode
measure
Thm. ... are always of the form:
where f is a quantum map.

classical maps
classical maps
classical-quantum processes
Thm. Causality:
Lem.
Thm. Causality:
Thm. Causality:
... :=
s.t.:
teleportation diagrammatically
Thm. Controlled isometry:
Thm. Controlled isometry:
Pf.
Pf.
dense coding
dense coding
dense coding
dense coding
Naimark dilation
Naimark dilation
Naimark dilation
Naimark dilation
spiders
spiders
... :=
spiders
Cf.
copy delete
match compare
spiders
spiders
spiders
spiders
spiders
Prop. Spiders obey:
spiders
Prop. Spiders obey:
spiders
For example:
spiders
... and in particular:
spiders
Thm. Spiders ONBs
spiders
Thm. Spiders ONBs
Pf. Consider copy spider:
so claim follows by only-orthogonals-are-clonable.

spiders
THM. (CPV) All families of linear maps:
which behave like spiders, are spiders.

spiders
Classical spider :=
spiders
Quantum spider :=
spiders
Bastard spider :=
spiders
Bastard spider :=
=:
References (for Ch. 1 till Ch. 6)
Penrose, R. (1971) Applications of negative dimensional tensors. Pages 221-
244 of: Combinatorial Mathematics and its Applications. Academic Press.
Coecke, B. (2003) The Logic of Entanglement. Tech. Rept. RR-03-12. De-
partment of Computer Science, Oxford University. arXiv:quant-ph/0402014
Abramsky, S., and Coecke, B. (2004) A categorical semantics of quantum
protocols. LICS. arXiv:quant-ph/0402130.
Coecke, B. (2005) Kindergarten quantum mechanics lecture notes. In: Quan-
tum Theory: Reconsiderations of the Foundations III. AIP Press. arXiv:quant-
ph/0510032
Coecke, B. (2007) De-linearizing linearity: Projective Quantum Axiomatics
From Strong Compact Closure. ENTCS. arXiv:quant-ph/0506134
Selinger, P. (2007) Dagger compact closed categories and completely positive
maps. ENTCS.
Coecke, B., and Pavlovic, D. (2007) Quantum measurements without sums.
In: Mathematics of Quantum Computing and Technology. Taylor and Francis.
arXiv:quant-ph/0608035
Coecke, B., Pavlovic, D., and Vicary, J. (2011) A new description of orthogo-
nal bases. MSCS. arXiv:quant-ph/0810.1037
Abramsky, S. (2010) No-cloning in categorical quantum mechanics. In: Se-
mantic Techniques in Quantum Computation. CUP. arXiv:0910.2401
Coecke, B., Paquette, E. O., and Pavlovic, D. (2010) Classical and quan-
tum structuralism. In: Semantic Techniques in Quantum Computation. CUP.
arXiv:0904.1997
Selinger, P. (2011) Finite dimensional Hilbert spaces are complete for dagger
compact closed categories. ENTCS.
Coecke, B., and Perdrix, S. (2010) Environment and classical channels in cat-
egorical quantum mechanics. CSL. arXiv:1004.1598.
Chiribella, G., DAriano, G.M., and Perinotti, P. (2010) Probabilistic theories
with purification. Physical Review. arXiv:0908.1583
Hardy, L. (2013) On the theory of composition in physics. In: Computation,
Logic, Games, and Quantum Foundations. Springer. arXiv:1303.1537

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Bob Coecke & Aleks Kissinger,

Picturing Quantum Processes,

Galileo Galilei, Il Saggiatore, 1623.

They tell us:

Thm. Diagrams these symbolic expressions.

Since equations come for free!

Since equations come for free!

Since equations come for free!

Since equations come for free!

Since all equations come for free!

Since all equations come for free!

Since all equations come for free!

Since all equations come for free!

Since all equations come for free!

Since all equations come for free!

diagrams with in-in and out-out connection:

just what happens when yanking hard!

... so this is a mathematical equation:

Redundant but fun ferris wheel proof:

Thm. All states separable rubbish theory.

Thm. All states separable rubbish theory.

Lem. All states separable wires separable.

John von Neumann, letter to Garrett Birkhoff, 1935.

which moves around:

the intuition is:

the intuition is:

but better (see later):

Linear maps := String diagrams s.t.:

Linear maps := String diagrams s.t.:

Linear maps := String diagrams s.t.:

Linear maps := String diagrams s.t.:

Linear maps := String diagrams s.t.:

Hilbert space := states for a system with Born-rule.

THM. (Selinger, 2008)

THM. (Selinger, 2008)

I.e. defining Hilbert spaces and linear maps in this man-

Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality, 1929.

Here we introduce in terms of diagrams:

if and only if there exist = :

Thm. Discarding is not a pure quantum map.

Thm. Discarding is not a pure quantum map.

causality of the form

causality of the form

causality of the form

Cor. Stinespring dilation.

E.g. quantum measurements.

Dr. McCoy, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, 2286.

Here we briefly address:

Prop. Condition can only hold for orthogonal states.

Prop. Condition can only hold for orthogonal states.

measurement is next-best-thing to observing

BUT, the stuff that people call quantum measure-

E.g. for {i}i Pauli-matrices:

David Wong, This Book Is Full of Spiders, 2012.

Here we fully diagrammatically describe:

but retain their distance:

but retain their distance:

which can be realised via un-doubling:

:= providing classical value i

:= providing classical value i

:= testing for classical value i

:= providing classical value i

:= testing for classical value i

Process controlled by outcome: