Tutorial 1

P. 1

1. Take a differential element of fluid of dimension , , 1. Assuming uniform pressure. Force

balance in the -direction gives

() + ()

()

[() + ]( 1) ()( 1) = 0

= 0 Shear stress is constant

For a Newtonian fluid, shear stress = viscosity shear rate

= constant =

= +
 = 1

=0

0 < < 1 : = 1 + 1

= at = 0 = 1

= 0 at = 1 0 = 1 + 1 1 1 1 = 1 =

1 =
1

= , shear rate = =
1 1

Shear stress = 1
1

Shear force on the fluid 1 ()
1

Shear force on the top of the middle plate 1 ()
1

= 1

=
=0

= 2

=
2

-2 < < 0: = 2 + 2

= 0, = = 2

= 2 , = = 2 + 2 (2 )
2
3
2 2 = 2 + =+ =
2 2 2
3
2 =
22
3 3
=+ , shear rate = =
22 22

3
Shear stress, = 2
22

3
Shear force on the bottom of the middle plate = 2
22

3
Force required on the middle plate = 1 + 2
1 22

2. Velocity goes to zero at = 1

3
0=+ (1 )
22

2
1 = 2
3
1
Or, the distance indicated in the figure is = 2
3
P. 2

This is the plate-plate configuration of a viscometer (device to measure viscosity)

From top view, the velocity at any point on the plate is ().

Top View Side View

Now, take a ring element of radius , thickness and look at the side view. The fluid has a shear-flow
character, with zero velocity at bottom plate to a velocity of = on the top plate.

At is

= =

The shear stress for a Newtonian fluid is

=

Torque on the ring

3
= (2) = 2

=
Total torque is a sum of this

3 4
= = 2 =
0 0 2

Slope

4
2

From the vs , one can measure of the fluid it is called VISCOMETER or RHEOMETER

Putting in the numerical data

100 2
1.52 60 0.154 4
=
2 0.002 2
= 6.33 .

The power required

=
2 4
=
2
100 2 1
= 6.33 .
60
= 66.3
P.3

Consider a cone-and-plate viscometer. From the top view, the velocity of the fluid at the cone at radius
is

The gap (fluid film) at this point is

= tan ( in rad)

Shear rate

= = =
tan tan

Shear stress

= =
tan

Torque

= (2)

= 2 2
cos

2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
= = =
0 cos 3 tan cos 3 sin 3

= cos

= cos

4
3 3 1.0 360 2
= 3
= 3
= 0.314 3 = 0.314 .
2 2(0.15) (300 2/60)
P.4

In the boundary layer, the velocity is linear

=
()

with wall shear stress

3/2 3/2
= = = =
() 3.5/ 3.5 3.5

Force on an element

3/2
= =
3.5

Total force
3

2
= =
0 3.5 0
3 1
2 2
= 20
3.5
3 1 1
2 2 2
=2
3.5
1 1 3
= 0.57 2 2 2

This provides all the scaling information.

P.5

This problem has been dealt with in Lecture, for a slightly different configuration (capillary, here 2
parallel planes).

The solution is similar

= 2 cos

= 2 cos

2
= cos

P.6

= cos(900 )
= sin
= 2 sin

As increases to 900 (cylinder depresses more into water), lift force increases. Maximum lift force is
reached at = 900

Maximum lift force

=
2 sin = =

Max hair length

0.05 103 9.81

= = 3.36 103
2 2 0.073
P1.

Density varies linearly with depth:

= +

At = 0, = 1000 3 =

At = 1, = 1400 3 = +

= 400 3

= 400 + 1000 (3 )

Pressure varies according to

= = ( + )

1
= 2 + + 0
2

0 = (200 2 + 1000)

At the bottom of the tank

0 = 9.81(200 1000)
= 11.8
P2.

Density of mercury is 1.355 104 3

= ( 1 ) + (1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + (3 )
= ( 1 ) (1 2 ) + 2 (3 2 ) 2 (3 )
= (0.9 1000)9.81 0.48 1.355 104 9.81 0.15 + 103 9.81 0.55 103
9.81 0.04
= 1.92 104

Gage Pressure in is 50,

= 50

= ( ) + 19.2

Gage pressure in is

= 69.2

Vacuum pressure in air pocket is

= ( ) +
= 69.2 ( 3 )
= 69.2 + 103 9.81 0.04
= 68.8
P3.

Depth of centroid

4 4(5)
= + =8+5 = 10.9
3 3

2
=
2

Hydrostatic force acting on the gate:

1
= = 2 2

= 2 (1000)(9.81)(10.9)52
= 4.19 106

This force will act at the centre of pressure , where

, 0.10984
= + = +

4
0.1098 5
= 10.9 +
10.9 1252
= 11.04
Taking moment about B

= ( + )
+
=

8 + 5 11.04
= 4.19 106
5
= 1.64 106

P4.

The projected area is a rectangle, with centroid a distance

= below the free surface, and area
2

= 2 ( = 1)

Horizontal force acting on the arch:

= =
2
The vertical force balances the weight of the fluid column:

1
= 2
4

=
4

4
= =

2

=
4 2

Magnitude of resultant force:

2 = 2 + 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
= +
2 4
2
2
= +
2 4

The hydrostatic force acts normal to the boundary. On the arch AB, these forces, whose sums
produce & , all pass through point O. They have no moments about O. Their resultant force
= ( , ) must therefore passes through O as well.
P5.

a) The horizontal force is due to pressure acting on the projected area

= , =
2

1
= = 2
2
1
, = 3
12
,
= +

1 3 2
= + = + =
2 12 2 6 3
2

Vertical force balances out the weight of liquid supported by the arch:

1 2
= = 2
4 2 16
This force acts through the centroid of the quadrant:

4
=
2 3 2

Taking moment about O

= +
1 2 2
= 2 + 2
2 3 16 2 3
1 1
= 3 + 3 3
3 32 24
7
= 3 +
24 32

b)

Horizontal force has been calculated in part (a)

1
= 2
2
2
=
3
Taking moment about O

1 2
= = 2
2 3
1
= 3
3

c)

Here the hydrodynamic forces acting on the circular sector are normal to surfaces, going through O,
and therefore they do not contribute to moment about O. We need only to consider the straight
segment.

For this segment, =
2

3
= + =
2 4 4
3 3
= = = 2
4 2 8

1 3 1
, = = 3
12 2 96

acts at pressure center, =

, 3 1 4 2
= + = + 3
4 96 3
3 1 28 7
= + = =
4 36 36 9

Moment about O:

3 7 7
= = 2 = 3
8 9 24
7
= 2
24
P6.

Width = 3

Density concrete 2

Here the projected area is

= = 3 2

1
=
2
1 3
= = (3 2 ) = 3
2 2
1 1 1
, = 3 = (3)( 3 ) = 4
12 12 4

acts at center of pressure

, 1 1 2 1 2
= + = + 4 2 = + =
2 4 3 2 6 3
Taking moment about O

3 1
1.25 = = 3
2 3
2
= 3
5

FBD of concrete block:

+ =

2
3 + = 2
5
2
= 3
5
2 3
=
5

P7.

Center of gravity, =
2

Center of buoyancy, =
2
To calculate ,

=
2 = 3

= =

= + = +

= +

, 1 4 2
= = 2 = =
12 12 12

1 1 1 1
= + = +
2 12 2 2 12 2

Neutrally stability

1 1 1
= 0 = +
2 12 2
2
= 6 6 + 1
1 3 1 3
= 6 +
2 6 2 6

Or

1 3 1 3
= + = 0.789 or = = 0.211
2 6 2 6

For stability > 0

< 0.211 or > 0.789

Coupled with > 0 and < 1, for stability

0 < < 0.211 or 0.789 < < 1

P8.

Originally, the center of gravity is at G

= (Note: non-uniform barge density)

Center of buoyancy at B, =
2

Displaced volume, =

If the original mass of the barge is ,

After loading, ship center of gravity is shifted to

( + ) = +

Why? From the definition of CG

(total mass) =

+ ( )
= =+
+ +

Draft to be increased by to accommodate additional weight

=

New displaced volume

= ( + ) = +

New center of buoyancy is located at B

+ 1
= = +
2

= + = +
= +

where

, 1
= = 3 +
12

1 3 ( )
= + +
2 +
12 +

initially positive, but will be zero and negative at certain volume of M that satisfies

1 3
+ ( + ) + ( + ) ( ) = 0
2 12

A quadratic equation to solve for M.

P1.

Given

= ,= , =0 (2D-flow, unsteady)
1+ 1+2

a) Streamlines are given by

=


(1 + ) = (1 + 2)

The streamline passing through point (2,1)

(1 + ) = (1 + 2)
2 1

1+
= , =
2 1+2

At time = 0, = 1, =
2

At time , = 1/2, = /2

b) Pathlines are determined by

== , ==
1+ 1+2

Pathline passing through point (2,1) at = 0:

=
2 0 1+

ln = ln(1 + )
2
= 2(1 + )

= 1
2


=
1 0 1 + 2

1
ln = ln(1 + 2)
2

= 1 + 2
= 1 + 2
= 1

P2.

Given

() = (1 /)1/7

Volumetric flow rate, at (1)

= 2 0

At (2)

1/7
= 2 () = 2 1
0 0
By a change of variable
1
= 1 , =

0 1
= 2 (1 ) 7
1
1 1
= 2 2 7 (1 )
0
7 7
= 2 2
8 15
49 2
=
60
= 2 0

0 49
=
60

P3.

Velocity profile is assumed to be

2
() = 2

a) In any control volume CV, with control surface CS, the continuity equation is

= .

 b) At any station , the volumetric flow rate is, for a unit width:

2
= = 2
0 0
1
=
3
2
=
3

c) Taking a control volume ABCDEF as shown, where

= , = (), = , =
= = , = + , =
2
Through , , = =
3

Through , . = sin , , = ( ) sin

Through , . = cos , , = cos

Through , . = sin , , = ( ) sin

Through , , = +

Steady flow:

, , , + , + , = 0
( ) sin cos + ( ) sin + + = 0
cos sin + = 0
2 2
While = , =
3 3

2
cos + sin = =
3
2
sin = cos
3
2
sin = cos
3

or

3 cos
() =
2 3 sin
P4.

Assume incompressible, quasi-steady, inviscid flow, and consider a streamline 1 2

At (1), 1 0, 1 =

At (2), 2 = , 2 =

Applying Bernoullis equation

1 1
1 + 12 + 1 = 2 + 22 + 2
2 2

2 = 2(1 2 ) = 2
= 2

To find out how long it takes to obtain the water to /2, take the control vol. as shown

2
=
4
1
= ( ) = 2
4
1 1
2 = 2 2
4 4
2

= 2

/2
2
= 2
0 0

0 2
2 0 = 2
2
 0
2 0 2
= 2
2
3 2 4 2
= 2
0.05 2 9.81
= 9.52 102

P5.

a) Assuming steady incompressible, inviscid flow and consider a streamline 1 2.

1 = 2 =

1 2 1
1 + 1 = 22 + 2
2 2

Also from conservation of mass

1 = 2
1 1 = 2 2
1 1 = 2 2
1
2 = 1
2

Therefore,

1 2
12 1 = 2(2 1 )
2
= 2( + 2 1 )
+ 2 1
1 = 2
2
1 1
2
The flowrate:
1
2
+
2 1
= 1 1 = 1 2 2

1
1
2
1
2 9.81(0.1 + 0.015 0.06) 2
= 0.06 5
1 0.62
= 0.39 3 /

b) Assume an incompressible, inviscid steady flow, and consider the streamline 1 2.

1 = 2 =

1 1
1 + 12 + 1 = 2 + 22 + 2
2 2

Also from conservation of mass

1 = 2
1 1 = 2 2
1
2 = 1
2

1 2
12 1 = 2(2 1 ) = 2[ + 2 1 ]
2
1 2 12 12 = 222 [ + 2 1 ]
2 2
3
22 + [2( 1 ) 12 ]22 + 12 12 = 0
2(9.81)23 + [2 9.81(2 1) 102 ]22 + 102 12 = 0
19.6223 80.3822 + 100 = 0

This yields

2 = 1 (non-physical)
2 = 1.3
Both are possible
2 = 3.8
P6.

Assuming incompressible, inviscid and steady flow

1 1
= 2 1 = 2 2
4 4

2
2 = 1
2

Along a streamline from 1 2

1 1
1 + 12 + 1 = 2 + 22 + 2
2 2

4
1 12 = 2(1 2 ) = 2
4

4 2 2 2 4 2 4
1 = = =
4 12 16 2 8 2
4 2 4
= 1 +
4 8 2
1/4
2 4
= 1 +
8 2
P7.

We will assume a steady incompressible inviscid flow. Along the streamline 1 2. Point 2 is associated
with 2 = 0 and 2 = . Point 1, 1 = , 1 = ,1 = 2 .

Applying Bernoulli equation

1
= + 2
2

2( )
=

Assuming that the pitot tube does not disturb the flow significantly, then the pressure in the annular
jacket of the tube is . Now,

= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
= + + ( )
=
= ( )
2( )
= = 2 1

1
1000 2
= 2 9.81 0.015 1
1.22
= 15.5 /
P8.

Assume incompressible, inviscid, steady flow and consider along a streamline 1 2

Conservation of mass

1 2 1
1 1 = 22 2
4 4

1 2
2 = 1
2
1 2 1
1 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 22 + 2
2 2

1 4 2
12 1 = ( 1 )
2

There is no flow in the Venturi tube:

1 =

1 4 2
12 1 = = 2
2

1 = 2/(1 (1 /2 )4 )