International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908

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Cap Like and Star like Complex Functions
Dr. T. Ravi
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (contract basis) in MATHEMATICS,
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (K.U.),
KOTHAGUDEM-507101, TELANGANA, INDIA.
Mobile: 9701409620,
E-Mail address: tandraravi@gmail.com & tandraravi@yahoo.in

Abstract: Main aim of this article is the discussion of Univalent complex functions, Cap like complex functions, and star like
complex functions.

Keywords: Univalent function; BEIRBARBACH Conjecture; Cap like function; Star like function; KOEBEs function;
HADAMARD Product (Convolution).
__________________________________________________*****_______________________________________________

Introduction: We know that a complex valued function is said to be regular or analytic in a domain D (a non-empty open
connected subset of the complex plane ) if it has a uniquely determined derivative at each point of D.

Definition 1: A function f( z ) is said to be a univalent in a domain D if f( z1 ) f( z2 ) for all { z1 , z2 } D with z1 z2 .

A necessary condition for analytic function f( z ) to be univalent in D is f ( z ) 0 in D. This condition is not sufficient since
f( z ) e z is clearly not univalent since f(0) e0 1 e 2 f(2 ) but f ( z ) e z 0 .
By Riemann mapping theorem, one function may map any simply connected domain onto the open unit disc in a one-one
conformal manner. Hence, without loss of generality, we confine our attention to the functions that are univalent and analytic in
the open unit disc { z | z | 1} .
Notation: We denote by U the class of functions f( z ) that are analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} and are univalent
in an open disc { z | z | r 1} with the conditions f(0) 0, f (0) 1 .

BEIRBARBACH Conjecture: In 1916, BEIRBERBACH proved that | a2 | 2 for every f( z ) in U whose Taylors
expansion about the origin is f( z ) z
k 2 ak z .He also showed that | a2 | 2 for the function f( z ) z(1 z ) , | | 1
k 2

, which is known as KOEBEs function. Note that singularity of KOEBEs function is z 1 which is outside the open unit disc
{ z | z | 1} since | z | | 1 | | |1 1 ; thus KOEBEs function is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} . And
f ( z ) z (2)(1 z )3 ( ) 1 (2 )(1 z )2 implies f (0) 0(2)(1 0)3 ( ) 1(1 0)2 1.
Clearly f(0) 0. So KOEBEs function is in U .
Motivated by the extremal property of the KOEBEs function, BEIRBERBACH conjectured that
| an | n (n 2, 3, 4,) for every f( z ) in U . This is known as BEIRBERBACH conjecture which is a challenging
problem in mathematics that took almost 70 years to prove it. In 1985, LOUIS BRANZES has proved the conjecture in full.

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908
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Definition 2 : n-th partial sum of the function f( z ) z k 2 ak z k is sn ( z , f) z nk 2 ak z k .

Theorem 1 : Let f( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1, and
f( z ) is univalent in the disc { z | z | 1}, then sn ( z , f) is analytic in disc { z | z | 1} with sn (0, f) 0,

sn (0, f) 1, and is univalent function in | z | 1 31 6 1 forall integers n 2, 3, 4 .

Proof : Let f( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1

f( z ) z k 2 ak z k sn ( z , f) z nk 2 ak z k .
sn ( z , f) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with sn (0, f) 0, sn (0, f) 1,

Let z1 z2 . Then z 1k z 2k . Then ak z 1k ak z 2k ( k 2, 3, 4,). But the inequality

z1 nk 2 ak z1k z2 nk 2 ak z 2k may or may not hold . So we can do some work .

Since z1 z2 , we have z1 z2 0 | z1 z2 | 0 0 | z1 z2 | .
Let | z1 | | z2 | r 1 0 r | z2 | | z1 | | z1 z2 | by triangle inequality.
Consider

sn ( z1 , f) sn ( z2 , f) z1 kn 2 ak z1k z2 kn 2 ak z2k

z1 z2 [ kn 2 ak z1k kn 2 ak z2k ] z1 z2 kn 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]

By triangle inequality, | z1 z2 kn 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| | z1 z2 | | kn 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]|

sn ( z1 , f) sn ( z2 , f) | z1 z2 | | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| r | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]|
Again by triangle inequality, and by BEIRBERBACH conjecture | ak | k since f( z ) U,

| nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| kn 2 | ak [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 | ak || z1k z2k |

nk 2 k [| z1k | | z2k |]

nk 2 k [| z1 |k | z2 |k ] nk 2 k[r k r k ]
since | z1 | | z2 | r .
n d k d
i .e. | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 k 2 r k 2r nk 2 k r k 1 2r r 2r nk 2 r k
k 2 dr dr

1 r d 1 r n 1
r k 2r 1 r
n
i .e. | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r d
dr k 0 dr 1 r

] (1 r n 1 )( 1)
| nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 0 1 (1 r )[0 ( n 1)r
n
i .e.
(1 r )2
n 1
| nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 1 ( n 1)(1 r )r 2 1 r
n
i .e.
(1 r )
( n 1)(1 r )r n 1 r n 1
| nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 1
(1 r )2
( n 1)(1 r )r n 1 r n 1
i .e. | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 1
(1 r )2
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
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( n 1)(1 r )r n r n 1 1 1
i .e. | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 1 2
2r 1 0
(1 r )2
(1 r ) (1 r )2
since 0 r 1 r 1 1 r 1 1 0.
Thus we have

sn ( z1 , f) sn ( z2 , f) r | nk 2 ak [ z1k z2k ]|

1 2r 2
r 2r 1 2
3r r 3 2
.
(1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r )
2

Observe that

2 2
r 3 2
0 r 3 2
0
(1 r ) (1 r )
Consider

2 2 2
0 r 3 2
3 0 3
(1 r ) (1 r )2 (1 r )2
2 2 6 6 6
(1 r )2 1r 1 r r 1 c
3 3 3 3 3
6 3 6
i .e. 0 | z1 | | z2 | r c 1 1
3 3
2
sn ( z1 ,f) sn ( z2 , f) r 3 2
0
(1 r )
sn ( z1 , f) sn ( z2 , f) 0 sn ( z1 , f) sn ( z2 , f) 0.
Hence sn ( z , f) is univalent function in the disc | z | c for all n. / /

Definition 3 : A function f( z ) that is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0,
f (0) 1 is said to be cap like function if
z f ( z )
Re 1 0, | z | 1.
f ( z )
Definition 4 : A function f( z ) that is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} and univalent
in the open disc { z | z | c 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1 is said to be star like function in the open
disc { z | z | c 1} if
z f ( z )
Re 0, | z | c.
f( z )

Theorem 2 : If f( z ) U, then | ak | 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,) where ak is coefficient of z k in

taylor series of f( z ); also if f( z ) is cap like function , then z f ( z ) is star like in { z | z | c 1},
6 3 6
c 1 .
3 3
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
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Proof : Let f( z ) U | ak | k ( k 2, 3, 4,)
Put g( z ) z f ( z ) where f( z ) is analytic in unit open disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1.

Taylor series of f( z ) about the origin is f( z )

k 0 ak z z k 2 ak z
k k

z f ( z ) z[1
k 2 kak z
k 1
] z k 2 kak z k z k 2 bk z k where bk kak
Let z1 z2 , we have z1 z2 0 | z1 z2 | 0 0 | z1 z2 | .
Let | z1 | | z2 | r 1 0 r | z2 | | z1 | | z1 z2 | by triangle inequality.
Consider
g( z1 ) g( z2 ) z1 f ( z1 ) z2 f ( z2 )

[ z1
k 2 kak z1 ] [ z2 k 2 kak z2 ]
k k

z1 z2 [ k k
k 2 kak z1 k 2 kak z2 ] z1 z2 k 2 kak [ z1 z2 ]
k k

By triangle inequality, | z1 z2 k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| | z1 z2 | | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]|

g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | z1 z2 | | k k
k 2 kak [ z1 z2 ] | r | k 2 kak [ z1 z2 ]|
k k

Again by triangle inequality, and by BEIRBERBACH conjecture since

| nk 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 | kak [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 k | ak || z1k z2k |

nk 2 kk [| z1k | | z2k |]

nk 2 k 2 [| z1 |k | z2 |k ] nk 2 k 2[r k r k ].
Thus
| k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2 k 2 k 2 r k 2
k 2 [k ( k 1) k ] r 2 k 2 k ( k 1)r 2 k 2 k r
k k k

i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 2 k 2 k ( k 1)r k 2 2r k 2 k r k 1

d2 k d 2
d k
2 d
i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 2 2
r 2r r k
2r r k
2r r
k 2 dr k 2 dr dr 2 k 2 dr k 2
2
i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 2 d 2 1 r r k 2r 1 r r k
d
dr k 0 dr k 0
2
1 1
i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 2 d 2 1 r
2r 1 r
d

dr 1 r dr 1 r

i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r 2 0 2

3

2r 1
1
2
2r
2r 1
1
(1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r )
3
(1 r )2

2r 1 1 r 2r 1 r
|
k 2 kak [ z1 z2 ]| 2r
k k
1 2
2r 1 3
2r 1 3
(1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r )
3

Thus we have

| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | r | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]|

1 r 2r (1 r ) 2(1 r )
r 2r 1 3
r 2r r 3 3

(1 r ) (1 r )3
(1 r )
Observe that

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908
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2(1 r ) 2(1 r )
r 3 3
0 r 3 3
0
(1 r ) (1 r )
Consider

2(1 r ) 2(1 r ) 2(1 r )

0 r 3 3
3 0 3
(1 r ) (1 r )3 (1 r )3

3(1 r )3 2(1 r ) (0 r 1 r 1 1 r 1 1 0)

3[1 r 3 3r (1 r )] 2 2r 3 3r 3 9r 9r 2 2 2r

1 11r 9r 2 3r 3 0
1 1 1
1 11 9 2 3 3 0 ( rR 1, where R 1 since r 1)
R R R
R3 11R2 9R 3 0 R3 11R2 9R 3 R( R2 11R 9) 3

( 11) ( 11)2 4(1)9 ( 11) ( 11)2 4(1)9

R R R 3
2 2
11 121 36 11 121 36
R R R 3
2 2
11 121 36 11 121 36
R R R 3
2 2

11 85 11 85
R R R 3 0 ( 85 9.2195)
2 2

Either R 11 85 11 9.2195 2.2195 1.10975,

2 2 2

or R 11 85 11 9.2195 20.2195 10.10975
2 2 2
Suppose that
11 85 11 85
1 R i .e. 1 R 1.10975 10.10975
2 2
0 1.10975 R 1.10975 1 0.10975, 0 10.10975 R 10.10975 1 9.10975
0 [1.10975 R][10.10975 R] (0.10975)(9.10975) 0.999795
0 R[ R 1.10975][ R 10.10975] 1.10975(0.999795) 1.10952257 3
This is contradiction . Thus our supposition is wrong . Hence we have

11 85 1 11 85 2 2(11 85) 2(11 85)

R r
2 r 2 11 85 121 85 36
11 85
i .e. 0 | z1 | | z2 | r 0.0989 1.
18
Thus we have

2(1 r )
| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | r 3 0
(1 r )3

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
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i .e. g( z1 ) g( z2 ) g( z ) is univalent in the open disc { z | z | c 1}.
Thus g( z ) z f ( z ) U | bk | k ( k 2, 3, 4,) by BEIRBERBACH conjecture.
| k ak | k ( k 2, 3, 4,) | ak | 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,).
Again consider

| nk 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 k | ak || z1k z2k | nk 2 k 1 [| z1k | | z2k |]

nk 2 k [| z1 |k | z2 |k ] nk 2 k[r k r k ].

i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| k 2 k 2r k 2r

k 2 k r
k 1

d d 1
r 2r r k 2r r k 1 r 2r
d k
i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2r
1
k 2 dr dr k 2 dr k 0 (1 r )
2

1
|
k 2 kak [ z1 z2 ]| 2r 1
k k
2
(1 r )
Thus we have

| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | r | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]|

1 2r 2
r 2r 1 2
r 2r r 3 3

(1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r )
2

Observe that

2 2
r 3 0 r 3 0
(1 r )2 (1 r )2
Consider

2 2 2
0 r 3 2
3 0 3
(1 r ) (1 r )2 (1 r )2
2
(1 r )2 (0 r 1 r 1 1 r 1 1 0)
3
2 2 2 6
1r 1 r r 1 1 0.1835 1
3 3 3 3
Thus, for 0 | z1 | | z2 | r c 1, we have

2 6 3 6
| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | r 3 0 c 1
(1 r )3 3 3
Let f( z ) is cap like function .

0 Re 1 z f ( z ) Re f ( z ) z f ( z ) Re 1 d [ z f ( z )] Re 1 z d [ z f ( z )] ,
f ( z ) f ( z ) f ( z ) dz z f ( z ) dz

and f( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1.

g( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) will exist since f( z ) is analytic, and g(0) 0 f (0) 0 1 0
g(0) 0 f (0) f (0) f (0) 1 and g( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1}.
Hence g( z ) z f ( z ) is star like function is in the disc | z | c 1. / /

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Problemem : Let f( z ) is star like function . Then
1
0 Re z [ z f( z )]
d
z f( z ) dz
and z f( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc{ z | z | 1}, but z f( z ) is not univalent in the open disc
{ z | z | r 1}, thus z f( z ) is not star like function .
Proof : Let f( z ) is star like function .
z f ( z ) z f ( z ) z f ( z ) z f ( z ) f( z ) 1 d
0 Re Re 1 Re 1 Re
Re f( z ) dz [ z f( z )]
f( z ) f( z ) f( z ) f( z )
f( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1,
and f( z ) is univalent in an open disc { z | z | r 1}
Put g( z ) z f( z )
g( z ) z f ( z ) f( z ) will exist since f( z ) is analytic, and g(0) 0 f(0) 0 0 0
g(0) 0 f (0) f(0) f (0) 0 and g( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1}.
But g( z ) z f( z ) is not star like function since g(0) 1.

Taylor series of f( z ) about the origin is f( z )

k 0 ak z z k 2 ak z
k k

z f( z ) z[ z
k 2 ak z ] z k 2 ak z
k 2 k 1

Consider

g( z1 ) g( z2 ) z1 f( z1 ) z2 f( z2 ) [ z12 k 1 k 1
k 2 ak z1 ] [ z2 k 2 ak z2 ]
2

z12 z22 k 2 ak z1k 1 k 2 ak z2k 1 z12 z22 k 2 ak [ z1k 1 z2k 1 ]

Let z1 z2 in the open disc { z | z | r 1} such that z1 z2 z12 z22

g( z1 ) g( z2 ) k 1
k 2 ak z1 k 1
k 2 ak z2 may or may not be 0.
g( z ) is not univalent in the open disc { z | z | r 1}. / /

Definition 5 : A function f( z ) that is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0,
f (0) 1 is said to be cap like function of order (c ) if
z f ( z )
Re 1 (c ), | z | c 1, 0 (c ) 1.
f ( z )

Definition 6 : A function f( z ) that is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} and univalent
in open disc { z | z | c 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1 is said to be star like function of order ( c ) if
z f ( z )
Re (c ), | z | c 1, 0 ( c ) 1.
f( z )

Theorem 3 : If f( z ) is star like function of order 1, then ( z 1) f( z ) is star like function

of order c 0.5
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Proof : Let f( z ) is star like function of order 1.

Re z f ( z ) 1,
f( z )


f( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1} with f(0) 0, f (0) 1
and f( z ) is univalent in the open disc { z | z | r 1} .
Put g( z ) ( z 1) f( z )

g( z ) ( z 1) f ( z ) f( z ) will exist since f( z ) is analytic,

and g(0) 1 f(0) 1 0 0,

g(0) (0 1) f (0) f(0) f (0) 0 1,

and g( z ) is analytic in the open unit disc { z | z | 1}.

Taylor series of f( z ) about the origin is f( z )

k 0 ak z z k 2 ak z
k k

z f( z ) z[ z
k 2 ak z ] z k 2 ak z
k 2 k 1

( z 1) f( z ) z 2
k 2 ak z
k 1
z
k 2 ak z
k

z z2
k 12 ak 1 z
k 11

k 2 ak z
k

z z2 k k 2
k 3 ak 1 z a2 k 3 ak z z (1 a2 ) z k 3 ( ak 1 ak ) z
k

Put 1 a2 b2 , ak 1 ak bk ( k 3, 4, 5,).

Thus g( z ) ( z 1) f( z ) z k
k 2 bk z .

Let z1 z2 , we have z1 z2 0 | z1 z2 | 0 0 | z1 z2 | .
Let | z1 | | z2 | r 1 0 r | z2 | | z1 | | z1 z2 | by triangle inequality.
Consider
g( z1 ) g( z2 ) ( z1 1) f ( z1 ) ( z2 1) f ( z2 )

[ z1
k 2 bk z1 ] [ z2 k 2 bk z2 ]
k k

z1 z2 [ k k
k 2 bk z1 k 2 bk z2 ] z1 z2 k 2 bk [ z1 z2 ]
k k

By triangle inequality, | z1 z2 k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]| | z1 z2 | | k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]|

| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | | z1 z2 | | k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]| r | k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]|
Consider

| k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]| k 2 | bk | [| z1 |k | z2 |k ]
k 2 | bk | [r r ] 2 k 2 | bk | r .
k k k

Note that f( z ) U | ak | 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,) by Theorem 2. Then

| b2 | | 1 a2 | 1 | a2 | 1 1 2, | bk | | ak 1 ak | | ak 1 | | ak | 1 1 2.
Thus we have

| k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]| 2 k 2 | bk | r k 2 k 2 2 r k 4
k 2 r
k

Thus we have

| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | | z1 z2 | | k 2 bk [ z1k z2k ]| r 4 k 2 r k
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2
i .e. | g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | r 4 r r 1 4 r
1r 1 r
Observe that

r 1 4
r
r 1 4
r
0 0
1 r 1 r
Consider

0 r 1 4
r r r
14 0 14
1 r 1r 1r
1 r 4r (0 r 1 r 1 1 r 1 1 0)
1 5r 5r 1 r 0.2
Thus, for 0 | z1 | | z2 | r 0.2, we have
2
| g( z1 ) g( z2 ) | r 4 r r 1 4 r 0 g( z1 ) g( z2 )
1r 1 r
Thus g( z ) is univalent in the open disc { z | z | 0.2 1}.
We have
1 d z[( z 1)f ( z ) f( z )] ( z 1) z f ( z ) z f( z ) z f ( z ) z
z [( z 1)f( z )]
( z 1)f( z ) dz ( z 1)f( z ) ( z 1) f( z ) f( z ) z 1
Consider
z f ( z ) z f ( z ) z 1 1
Re
z
Re Re
z
1 Re
z
1 Re
f( z ) z 1 f( z )
z 1
z 1
z 1
1 1
Re [( z 1)f( z )] 1 Re 1 1 1 Re
z d
i .e.
( z 1)f( z ) dz
z 1

1
z

i .e. Re
1
z [( z 1)f( z )] 2 Re
d 1 2 Re 1 x y
1 1 (1 x )2 y 2
( z )f( z ) dz x y
1 1 x
Re z [( z 1)f( z )] 2
d
i .e.
( z 1)f( z ) dz (1 x )2 y 2

Let | z | c 1 | z |2 c2 1 x2 y 2 c2 1

x2 x2 y 2 c2 1 1 c x c 1 01c 1 x 1c 2

But 0 (1 x )2 (1 x )2 y 2
1 1 1 x 1 x 1 1

(1 x )2 y 2 (1 x )2 (1 x )2 y 2 (1 x )2 1 x 1 c
1 x 1 1 x 1 2 2c 1 1 2c
2 2
(1 x ) y
2 2 1c (1 x ) y
2 2 1c 1c 1c

Thus we have
1 1 x 1 2c
Re z [( z 1)f( z )] 2
d
0.
( z 1)f( z ) dz (1 x )2 y 2 1 c
for 1 2c 0 or 1 2c or 2c 1 or c 0.5 1.

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1 2c 1 2(0.2) 0.6 3
c 0.2 0.5 1
1c 1 0.2 0.8 4
Hence g( z ) ( z 1) f( z ) is star like function of order 413
in the open disc | z | 0.2 1. / /

Definition 6 : Hadamard product (Convolution ) of two analytic functions f( z ) k 0 ak z k

in the open disc | z | r1 and g( z ) k 0 bk z k in the open disc | z | r2 is denoted by f g and is

defined as an anlytic function (f g)( z ) k 0 ak bk z k in the open disc | z | r1 r2 .

Theorem 4 : Let L( z ) z (1 z )1 . Then sn ( z , L) ( n 2, 3, 4,) is cap like function in disc

| z | 0.25

Proof : L( z ) z (1 z )1 z k 0 z k k 0 z k 1 k 10 z k 11 k 1 z k z k 2 ak z k
where ak 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,). Then we have
n n n n 1 1 zn
sn ( z ,L) z z k z k z k 1 z z k 1 z
k 2 k 1 k 11 k 0 1 z
(1 z )[1 ( n 1) z ] (0 1)[ z z n 1 ]
n
sn ( z ,L)
(1 z )2
1 z ( n 1) z n ( n 1) z n 1 z z n 1 1 ( n 1) z n nz n 1

(1 z )2 (1 z )2
log sn ( z ,L) log[1 ( n 1) z n nz n 1 ] 2 log(1 z )
By taking the derivative on both sides, we have
sn( z ,L) 0 ( n 1)nz n 1 n( n 1) z n 1 ( n 1)nz n 1 [ 1 z ] 2
2
sn ( z ,L) 1 ( n 1) z nz
n n 1 1 z 1 ( n 1) z nz
n n 1 1 z

sn( z ,L) ( n 1)nz n [ 1 z ] 2z N ( z ) 2z

z

sn ( z , L) 1 ( n 1) z nz
n n 1 1 z D( z ) 1 z

sn( z ,L) ( n 1)nz n [ 1 z ] 2z ( n 1)nz n [ 1 z ] 1 z

1 z 1
sn ( z ,L) 1 ( n 1) z n nz n 1 1 z 1 ( n 1) z n nz n 1 1 z
To simplify the notations, put
1 z
N ( z ) ( n 1)nz n [ 1 z ], D( z ) 1 ( n 1) z n nz n 1 , w u v
1 z
sn( z ,L) N ( z )
1 z w
sn ( z , L) D( z )
s( z ,L)
Re 1 z n Re w Re
N ( z )
Re w Re
N ( z) N ( z )
u (1)

sn ( z ,L) D( z ) D( z ) D( z )
We have
1 z
w w wz 1 z w 1 z wz w 1 (1 w) z
1 z
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908
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Consider
1 w1 1
|z| 4| w 1| | w 1|
4 w1 4
4 | u v 1 | | u v 1 | 16 | u 1 v |2 | u 1 v |2
16[(u 1)2 v2 ] [(u 1)2 v2 ] 16[u 2 2u 1 v2 ] [u 2 2u 1 v2 ]
16u 2 32u 16 16v2 u 2 2u 1 v2 15u 2 34u 15 15v2 0

2 2
34 17 17 17
u2 u 1 v2 0 u2 2 u 1 v2 0
15 15 15 15

u 1715 v 289 225 15

2 2
289 225 64 8
1
2
.
225 225

max u max v
2 2 2
17 8 8 2
i.e. max will exist at v 0
15 15 15

u 1715 158 u 1715 158 u 1715 158

2 2

17 8 25 17 8 9
u or u .
15 15 15 15 15 15
Hence it is clear that the Mobius ( Bilinear ) transformation
1 z
w
1 z
maps the circle | z | 41 in xy -plane into the the circle

2 2
17 8
u v2
15 15
in uv-plane such that the line segment AB on u -axis (v 0) is a diameter where

A 159 ,0 53,0 , and B 1525,0 35,0 .

9 25 3 5
u or u (2).
15 15 5 3
Observe that | N ( z ) | | ( n 1)nz n [ 1 z ]| ( n 1)n | z n | | 1 z | ( n 1)n | z |n [1 | z |]
| N ( z ) | ( n 1)n | z |n [1 | z |] ( n 1)n (41 )n [1 41 ] ( n 1)n 4 n 1 [4 1]

| N ( z ) | 5( n 1)n 4 n 1 for | z | 41
Consider | nz n1 ( n 1) z n | | nz n1 | | ( n 1) z n | n | z |n 1 ( n 1) | z |n
Put | z | 41 | nz n1 ( n 1) z n | n4 n1 ( n 1)4 n 1
| nz n 1 ( n 1) z n | n4 n 1 ( n 1)4 n 1

1 | nz n 1 ( n 1) z n | 1 n4 n 1 ( n 1)4 n 1 1 0

But | D( z ) | | 1 nz n 1 ( n 1) z n | 1 | nz n 1 ( n 1) z n | 0
1 1
for | z | 41.
| D( z ) | 1 n4 n 1 ( n 1)4 n

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908
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Thus we have, for | z | 41 ,

N ( z) | N ( z) | 5( n 1)n 4 n 1 5( n 1)n
n 1 (3).
D( z ) | D( z ) | 1 n4 n 1
( n 1)4 n
4 n ( n 1)4
Observe that
5( n 1)n 5(2 1)2 10(3) 10(3) 3
n2 .
4n 1 n ( n 1)4 421 2 (2 1)4 64 2 12 50 5

5( n 1)n 3 25 4n 1 n ( n 1)4 4n
1 1 (4).
4 n ( n 1)4 5
n 1 12 4( n 1)n ( n 1)n 4( n 1) n

1 1 1 1 1 1
1, 1 1, 1 1 1
4( n 1) n 4( n 1) n 4( n 1) n
for any n 2, 3, 4,

4n 43 64 25
n 3
n( n 1) 3(3 1) 12 12
Observe that for all integers k

4k 1 4k 4k 4 4k 4 1

( k 1)( k 2) k ( k 1) ( k 1)( k 2) k ( k 1) k 2 k

4k k 2 3k 2
Since 3k 2 for all integers k 1, we have

4k 1 4k 43 64
.
( k 1)( k 2) k ( k 1) 3(3 1) 12
Thus we have

4n 64 4n
( n 3, 4, 5,) 1 1 64 2 40 25
n( n 1) 12 ( n 1)n 4( n 1) n 12 12 12
Thus, from (4), we have
5( n 1)n 3

4 n 1
n ( n 1)4 5
Thus, from (3), we have
N ( z) 5( n 1)n 3 3 N (z)
n 1 .
D( z ) 4 n ( n 1)4 5 5 D( z )

We know that | f( z ) |2 [Ref( z )]2 [Im f( z )]2 [Ref( z )]2

[Ref( z )]2 | f( z ) |2 | f( z ) | Ref( z ) | f( z ) | .

Hence we have
3 3
Re
N ( z )
Re
N ( z) N ( z )
.
5 D( z ) D( z ) D ( z )
5
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we have
s( z ,L) 3 3
Re 1 z n Re
N ( z )
u 0.
s
n ( z ,L) D ( z ) 5 5
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IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908
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It remains to show that 0.25 is maximal radius. This is seen for s2 ( z ,L) z z 2 . Then
s2( z ,L) 0 2 1 4z
1 z 1 z
s2 ( z ,L) 1 2z 1 2z
has singularity at z 0.25, and thus analytic within | z | 0.25.
Clearly sn ( z ,L) z nk 2 z k is analytic within | z | 0.25, and sn (0,L) 0,

Since sn ( z ,L) 1 nk 2 k z k 1 , we have sn (0,L) 1 nk 2 k 0k 1 1.

Hence sn ( z ,L) is cap like function in the open disc | z | 0.25. / /

Theorem 5 : Let f( z ), g( z ) are cap like functions and are univalent . Then (f g)( z ) is cap
like function and is univalent .
Proof : Let f( z ), g( z ) are cap like functions. Then f( z ), g( z ) are analytic functions in the
unit open disc | z | 1 with donditions f(0) 0 g(0) and f (0) 1 g (0).
Note that {f( z ), g( z )} U since f( z ), g( z ) are univalent in the unit open disc | z | 1.
By Theorem 2, | ak | 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,) and | bk | 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,).
Taylor's expansion of f( z ), g( z ) about z 0 is given by
f( z )
k 0 ak z a0 a1 z k 1 ak z z k 2 ak z ,
k k k

g( z )
k 0 bk z b0 b1 z k 1 bk z z k 2 bk z .
k k k

(f g)( z )
k 0 ak bk z a0b0 a1b1 z k 1 ak bk z z k 2 ak bk z
k k k

Clearly (f g)( z ) is analytic function in the unit open disc | z | 1 with conditions (f g)(0) 0
and (f g)(0) 1.
Let us consider
z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z )
Re 1 1 Re .

(f g) ( z ) (f g)( z )
We know that
z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z )
Re Re
(f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) (f g)( z )
By Triangle inequality,
z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z )
1 1 Re 1
(f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) (f g)( z )
z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z )
Re 1 1 1
(f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) (f g)( z )

We have (f g)( z ) 1
k 2 ak bk kz
k 1

(f g)( z )
k 2 ak bk k ( k 1) z
k 2
z (f g)( z )
k 2 ak bk k ( k 1) z
k 1

z (f g)( z ) |
k 2 ak bk k ( k 1) z
k 1
|

k 2 | ak || bk | k ( k 1) | z |
k 1

k 2 1k ( k 1) | z |
k 1

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Put | z | r z (f g)( z )
k 2 ( k k ) r
2 k 1
.

By Triangle inequality, 1 |
k 2 ak bk k z
k 1
| | 1 k 2 ak bk k z k 1 | (f g)( z )
(f g)( z ) 1 |
k 2 ak bk k z
k 1
|
But | k 2 ak bk k z k 1 | k 2| ak || bk | k | z |k 1 k 2 1k | z |k 1 k 2 k r k 1
(f g)( z ) 1 |
k 2 ak bk k z
k 1
| 1 k 2 k r k 1
(f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) 1
k 2 k r
k 1

k 2 ( k k ) r
2 k 1
1 2 k 1
k 2 k r .
We have

2 k 1
k 2 k r
k 2[ k ( k 1) k ] r
k 1

k 2 k ( k 1) r
k 1

k 2 k r
k 1

k 2 k ( k 1) r
k 1

k 2 k r
k 1
r
k 2 k ( k 1) r
k 2

k 2 k r
k 1
.
d2 k d k d2 d d2 d
i .e. 2 k 1
k 2 k r r 2
r r r 2 r k r k r 2 r k
k 2 dr k 2 dr dr k 2 dr k 2 dr dr k 2
d2 d d2 d 1
i .e. 2 k 1
k 2 k r r 2 r k 1 r r 2 1 r
dr dr k 0 dr dr 1 r
2 1 2r 1 r r 1
i .e. 2 k 1
k 2 k r r 1 1 1
(1 r ) (1 r )
3 2
(1 r )3
(1 r )3
Thus we have
r 1 r 1
(f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) 1 2 k 1
k 2 k r 1 1 2
(1 r )3
(1 r )3
We have
r 1 r 1
2 0 2 2(1 r )3 r 1
(1 r )3 (1 r )3
2[1 r 3 3r (1 r )] r 1 2 2r 3 6r 6r 2 r 1
1 1 1
1 7r 6r 2 2r 3 0 1 7 6 2 2 3 0 ( Rr 1, R 1 since r 1)
R R R
R3 7 R 2 6 R 2 0 R3 7 R 2 6 R 2 R( R 2 7 R 6) 2
R( R 1)( R 6) 2
Let us consider R( R 1)( R 6) 2
1 1 1
R 6 ( R 1) 6 r | z| 1
r 6 6
Thus, for | z | 61 1, we have
r 1
(f g)( z ) z (f g)( z ) 2 0
(1 r )3
z (f g)( z ) (f g)( z ) z (f g)( z )
Re 1 0.
(f g)( z ) (f g)( z )

Hence (f g)( z ) is cap like function in the open disc | z | 61 1.

Let z1 z2 , we have z1 z2 0 | z1 z2 | 0 0 | z1 z2 | .
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Let | z1 | | z2 | r 1 0 r | z2 | | z1 | | z1 z2 | by triangle inequality.
Consider
(f g)( z1 ) (f g)( z2 ) z1 (f g)( z1 ) z2 (f g)( z2 )

[ z1
k 2 ak bk kz1 ] [ z2 k 2 kak bk z2 ]
k k

z1 z2 [ k k
k 2 kak bk z1 k 2 kak bk z2 ] z1 z2 k 2 kak bk [ z1 z2 ]
k k

By triangle inequality, | z1 z2 k 2 kak bk [ z1k z2k ]| | z1 z2 | | k 2 kak bk [ z1k z2k ]|

(f g)( z1 ) (f g)( z2 ) | z1 z2 | | k k
k 2 kak bk [ z1 z2 ]| r | k 2 kak bk [ z1 z2 ]|
k k

Again by triangle inequality; and since | ak | 1, | bk | 1; we have

| nk 2 kak bk [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 | kak bk [ z1k z2k ]| nk 2 k | ak || bk || z1k z2k |

nk 2 1(1) [| z1k | | z2k |]

nk 2 [| z1 |k | z2 |k ] nk 2[r k r k ]
since | z1 | | z2 | r .

r2 2r 2
i .e. | k 2 kak [ z1k z2k ]| 2 k 2 r k 2 |
k 2 kak [ z1 z2 ]|
k k
1r 1r
2r 2 2r
(f g)( z1 ) (f g)( z2 ) r |
k 2 kak bk [ z1 z2 ]| r
k k
r 1
1r 1 r
Observe that
2r 2r
r 1 0 r 1 0
1 r 1 r
Consider
2r 2r 2r
0 r 1 1 0 1
1 r 1r 1r
1 r 2r (0 r 1 r 1 1 r 1 1 0)

1 3r 3r 1 r 31

Thus we have 0 | z1 | | z2 | r 31

Thus (f g)( z ) is univalent in the open disc { z | z | 31 1}. / /

Theorem 6 : Let f( z ) z
k 2 ak z is cap like function. Then sn ( z ,f) z k 2 ak z
k n k
are cap
like function in the open disc | z | 0.25.

Proof : L( z ) z (1 z )1 z k 0 z k k 0 z k 1 k 10 z k 11 k 1 z k z k 2 ak z k
where ak 1 ( k 2, 3, 4,). Then by Theorem 4,

sn ( z ,L) z nk 2 z k is cap like function in the open disc | z | 0.25.

Replace z by 0.25z in sn ( z ,L), then sn (0.25z , L) 0.25z nk 2 (0.25)k z k is also cap like
function in the open disc | 0.25z | 0.25 i .e. | z | 1.

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 893 908
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By hypothesis, f( z ) z
k 2 ak z is cap like function in the open disc | z | 1.
k

Convolution of f( z ), sn (0.25z ,L) is f( z ) sn (0.25z ,L) 0.25z nk 2 ak (0.25)k z k .

By Theorem 4, convolution of two cap like functions is cap like function.
Hence f( z ) sn (0.25z ,L) is cap like function in the open disc | z | 1.
Replace z by 4z in f( z ) sn (0.25z ,L), then

f(4 z ) sn (0.25 4 z ,L) 0.25 4 z nk 2 ak (0.25)k (4 z )k z nk 2 ak z k

is cap like function in the open disc | 4 z | 1 i .e. | z | 0.25 / /

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