2017

International
Coastal
Cleanup

The Marine Environment

 INTRODUCTION

The Philippines, being situated at the apex of the coral triangle, is considered to
be the center of marine biodiversity in the world (Carpenter and Springer,
2005).
HABITAT SPECIES DIVERSITY MARINE ECOSYSTEM (Source: State of the Coral
Triangle-Philippines 2014)

Corals 845 species of scleractinian (stony) corals in the

world with 500 species found in the Philippines, 12 species
are endemic; 50+ species of soft corals

Mangroves - 370 species in the world with 42 species

found in the Philippines

Seagrasses - 481 species worldwide w/ 16 species

found in the Philippines, 2nd highest in terms of seagrass
species richness in the world.

Reef and reef-associated fishes - 3,053 species of fish

found in the Philippines with 1,658 species associated
with coral reefs
 IMPORTANCE OF CORAL REEFS

Coral reefs are among the most productive of the ecosystems in a marine
environment
Habitat, feeding & nursery grounds of many marine life species
Barriers of coasts from strong currents & waves
Protect coasts from erosion
Important sources of new medicine being developed
Coral reefs remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and are thus important for
the mitigation of global warming (CI,2008)
 IMPORTANCE OF CORAL REEFS

Sources of food for coastal communities

60% of the coastal population are small fishers who are directly
dependent on reefs for livelihood
Contributes 70% to the total fishery production

The potential sustainable economic net benefits per year from coral reefs in the
Philippines was estimated at $1.1 billion, arising from fisheries, shoreline protection,
tourism, and aesthetic value (Burke, Selig and Spalding, 2002).
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS

Philippines has an estimated coral reef cover of 26,000 sq km at depths of 10

fathoms (60 feet) level and the second largest in Southeast Asia (Burke et. al.
2002).
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS

2000-2004 Status in % of total

Poor coral cover in the Philippines has area
increased to 40% since 1981
6% 0%

Areas with excellent coral cover has Poor

steadily declined from over 5% in 1981 to Fair
4% in 1997 to less than 1% in 2000-2004 41%
Good
(Source: State of the Coral Triangle Report:
Philippines, 2012) 53% Excellent

1997 Status in % of total area

1981 Status in % of total area
6% 4%

32% Poor
Poor 27%
23% 28% Fair
Fair
Good
Good
Excellent
39% Excellent 41%
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS

Decline attributed to the following threats:

Human-Activities

Coastal Sedimentation Marine-based Destructive

development pollution fishing

Natural-Threats

Rise in surface
temperature due to Crown-of- thorns
Climate Change Starfish Infestation
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS

In 2002, overfishing was the largest

threat (about 40%) to coral reefs in the
country, followed by destructive fishing
practices (36%)

http://www.oceanfdn.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Water-
Overfishing-reeling-in-the-food-cycle-695x463.jpg

In 2012, sedimentation and pollution are

major threats due to wide scale activities,
such as, irresponsible mining practices,
inappropriate aquaculture practices,
deforestation (including illegal logging),
improper waste disposal and coastal
development

Sedimentation & pollution of Claver Bay in Surigao DN due to

several open pit mining (Photo by: Arthur Yap, Nov. 2011)

http://www.mindanews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/30claver3.jpg
 IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVES

Mangroves are essential to fish production.

They are extraordinary rich habitats that
serve as life support systems to about 75%
of fish species caught in an area, as well as,
to indeterminate numbers of crustaceans and
terrestrial wildlife

Other uses include protection of coasts from

http://gallery.usgs.gov/images/05_03_2010/q74Xpc0ONi_05_03_2010
storms & wave surges. Scientists say that
/medium/FishInRootsSecondOne100321_0905.jpg
70% -90% of the energy of wind-generated
waves is absorbed

Protect coasts from erosion and filter

pollutants from reaching deeper waters

In the Philippines, the economic value of

mangroves is estimated to be from US$500 to
US$600/hectare/ year. (White & Cruz-Trinidad
http://www.pippaonline.org/AprilUpdates/MANGROVES%20edited.jpg
1996)
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVES

http://www.candijay-bohol.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/mangrove.jpg

The Philippines had around 400,000-500,000 hectares of mangrove area in the early
1900s (Brown & Fischer 1998)
Due to intensive utilization, mangrove forest cover has declined by an estimated 337,000
hectares (75%), the bulk (66%) of which has occurred mostly between 1950-1990
(Samson & Rollon 2008)
In the mid-1980s, the highest rate of exploitation was recorded in Visayas (72%) and
Luzon (64%) while lesser degree of exploitation was found in Mindanao (10%) and
Palawan (21%)
By 2005, natural mangrove cover had declined to 245,268 has. while planted mangroves
reached 44,000 has. (Primavera, et. al. 2011)
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVES

Based on satellite images, about 29%

of the countrys total mangrove area
can be found in Mindanao. Old
growth mangrove forest is mainly
found in Mindanao (4,582 has) and
Palawan (5,317 has) (Zamora 1990,
while the rest are secondary growth
A few of the diverse and extensive
mangrove areas in the Philippines
are:
% Area True Mangrove
Site
(km) Sp.
Busuanga, Palawan 12.98 24
Coron, Palawan 12.96 26
San Vicente, Palawan 1.33 14
Ulugan, Palawan 7.9 16
San Jose 4.83 25
Subic. Zambales 1.48 23
Pagbilao, Quezon 19.33 32
So urce: UNEP 2004
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVES

Decline attributed to the following human activities:

fishpond development cutting for building coastal development

materials, firewood and
charcoal production
 STATUS OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVES

Camptostemon philippinense, listed as Endangered, has an

estimated 1,200 or less individuals remaining due to extensive
cutting (Citation: Polidoro BA, Carpenter KE, Collins L, Duke NC, Ellison AM, et al.
(2010) The Loss of Species: Mangrove Extinction Risk and Geographic Areas of Global
Concern. PLoS ONE 5(4): e10095. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010095)

IUCN RED LIST (Polidoro et. al, 2010 & Spalding et. al, 2010)
Avicennia rumphiana Vulnerable
Aegiceras floridum, Ceriops decandra, & Sonneratia ovata Threatened
 IMPORTANCE OF SEAGRASSES

Provide habitat and nursery

grounds for fish, crustaceans and
molluscs which contribute
significantly to fishery production
Nutrient source for large marine
animals such as, sea turtles and
dugongs
Act as coastal stabilizers and
filter/trap sediments before they
can be washed onto the reef
Serve as bio-filters for sewage
Traditional use include crafts,
fertilizers, fuel for salt-making,
stuffing for mattresses, insulations
and roof thatches
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE SEAGRASSES

The Philippines has the second highest

seagrass diversity in the world
It contributes about 19 species or about
55% of the number of species in East Asia;
Seagrasses in the Philippines are now
distributed over an area of about 27,282 sq
m (Fortes, 2008)
Major distributions of seagrass beds in the
Philippines occur in Bolinao Bay in Luzon,
Palawan, Cuyo Islands, the Cebu-Bohol-
Siquijor area, Zamboanga, and Davao
 THREATS TO SEAGRASSES

Land reclamation for development of shore facilities

Pollution of nearshore waters from domestic waste, oil and gas from boats and ships,
and the accumulation of solid waste in shallow areas

Excessive siltation/sedimentation due to improper mining, agriculture, or forestry

practices. (Ex. mining runoff in Marinduque Island and other areas (Fortes 1989)

Dredging due to trawl fishing and boat propellers

A nearshore area in Tawi-tawi, Sulu Dredged seagrass bed due to boat

(http://www.skymotionvideo.com/ propellers ( www.seagrasswatch.org)
news/philippines-palau/)
STATUS OF FISHERY RESOURCES

Fish Production 2001-2012

From 2001-2010, fisheries production
3000000
showed a continuing upward trend, with Aquaculture

Volume in Metric Tons

significant contribution of the aquaculture 2500000 Municipal
Commercial
and mariculture sectors, particularly 2000000

seaweeds (BAS) 1500000

In 2011, total fisheries production went 1000000

down by 3.47% due to weather
500000
disturbances in the country except for
Aquaculture which gained 2.44% (BAS) 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

In 2012, total fisheries production

continued to go down by 2.32%. Only the
commercial fishery has recovered by
0.23% (BAS)
Among Philippines major fishery export,
tuna and tuna-like fish is the second
largest among the 10 member countries
of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN). In 2010, the value of
tuna export is 15.12 billion pesos,
followed by seaweed at 6.96 billion pesos
 IUCN RED LIST CONSERVATION STATUS OF SOME MARINE SPECIES

Whaleshark (Rhincodon typus)- Tresher shark (Alopias vulpinus)- Dugong (Dugon dugon) -
Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable

Irriwady dolphin (Orcaella Great hammered head shark Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus
brevirostris) Critically (Sphyrna mokarran)- undulatus - Endangered
Endangered Endangered
 IUCN RED LIST CONSERVATION STATUS OF SOME MARINE SPECIES

Hawksbill turtle (Erythmochelys Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Leatherback turtle

imbricata)- Critically olivacea)- Endangered (Dermochelys coriacea) -
Endangered Endangered

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)- Golden seahorse (Hippocampus
caretta) Endangered Endangered kuda- Vulnerable as for all
other species of seahorses
What can you do for the Marine
Environment?
 Learn about the marine environment
Participate in any environmental events and activities
(See next slide for the Calendar of Events)
Volunteer with an organization that works to protect the
ocean
Be mindful of your own environment. Litter and
pollutants can end up in the ocean and harm marine
wildlife
Practice what you have learned and share them to
others
 Calendar of Environmental Events
1. World Wetlands Day (Feb 2)
2. World Wildlife Day (Mar 3)
3. International Day of Forests
(March 21)
4. World Water Day (March 22)
5. Philippine Water Week (4th Week
of March)
6. Earth Hour (4th or Last Saturday
of March)
7. Philippine Earth Month (Whole
Month of April)
8. International Earth Day (Apr 22)
9. National Ocean Month (Whole
Month of May)
10. International Day for Biological
Diversity (May 22)
11. Philippine Eagle Week (June 4-10)
12. World Day to Combat
Desertification (Jun 17)
13. National Arbor Day (Jun 25)
14. International Coastal Cleanup (3rd
Saturday of September/ or any day
from September up to October)
15. International Ozone Day (Sep 16)
16. National Tamaraw Month (Whole
Month of October)
17. International Lead Poisoning
Prevention Week (Oct 20-26)
18. National Clean Air Month / National
Environmental Awareness Month
(Whole Month of November)
19. National Climate Change
Consciousness Week (Nov 19-25)
Marine Debris
Marine debris is a global pollution problem
affecting our oceans and inland waterways
Marine debris can be
found in every major body
of water on the planet
above and below the water
It originates primarily from two distinct sources

Ocean-based Sources

Land-based Sources
How Does Trash Travel?
 Dangers of Marine Debris

Wildlife & fish vessel impairment

entanglement

Ingestion & death

 Dangers of Marine Debris

Sickness & Diseases Destruction of marine

habitat
Loss of water quality
National Situation on Marine Debris Problem
 What kind of problems brought about by marine
debris in the Philippines?
FLOOD and DISEASE OUTBREAK in urban
centers due to uncollected trash that clog
waterways and drainage systems

50 of 421 rivers are considered

biologically dead or cannot sustain
life (DENR)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/7193254@N02/39
About 35% to 58% of the organic 58183164/
pollution of our waters comes from
domestic sources both solid waste http://ntdtv.org/en/news/world/asia/2009
and sanitation -10-24/617117665313.html

After successive floods in 2009, 174

deaths and 2,272 hospitalized, highest
in the world (DOH)

POLLUTION OF RIVERS AND

WATERWAYS resulting to loss of water
quality
 What kind of human activities are the main
sources of marine debris in the Philippines?

INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING of solid waste in open areas, rivers and waterways

which drains out to open seas

LACK OF DISCIPLINE AND WILL of

people especially those from low
income/ poverty group who live near
rivers & coastal areas
SLUM POPULATION IS
INCREASING at an annual rate of
over 3.5% from 2000-2006 who
directly put pressure on water
quality

An estero in the slums of Sta. Cruz, Manila

(Photo taken by Edwin Bellosillo)
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/382407/trash-in-tondo-
divisoria-san-andres-onyx-etc-any-bright-ideas-estrada-
lim#ixzz3VjsTzo28
 What kind of human activities are the main
sources of marine debris in the Philippines?
INCREASE PRODUCTION & USE OF PET
PLASTICS, STRAWS and other NON
ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE
PACKAGING AND PRODUCTS based on the
2002-2015 Philippines International Coastal
Cleanup data
http://www.change.org/petitions/support-the-
national-container-deposit-scheme-to-clean-up-
plastic-bottles
Top 5 Most Prevalent Debris (14-yr period)
0
1

2
Rank (Top Ten Debris)

5
6

8
9
10

11
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

food wrappers/containers cigarettes / cigarette filters

bags (plastic) straws/stirrers
cups, plates, forks, knives, spoons
 What kind of human activities are the main
sources of marine debris in the Philippines?
RISE IN THE NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN URBAN AREAS

They are the different groups, which produce different kinds of waste in the society and in
the environment
The total population in the National Capital Region was 11.8 million in 2010 with a 19.36%
increase for 2000-2010 (NSO 2012). The No. of Households reached 11,796,873 with a
19.4% increase for 2000-2010 (NSO 2012)

As of 2012, there are 944,897 business enterprises

in the country. The top three sectors with the most
number of establishments were engaged in
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor
Vehicles and Motorcycles (436,809). Other sectors
include Accommodation and Food Service Activities
with 126,108 and Manufacturing with 117,601(DTI
2012)
 What kind of human activities are the main
sources of marine debris in the Philippines?
RISE IN THE NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN URBAN AREAS

the National Capital Region (NCR) still Top 10 Provinces Outside NCR with the Most
continued to be the hub of Philippine Number of Establishments (2012 LE)
business and industry with a total of
212,408 establishments or 22.5% of the Rank Province No. of Establishments
total number of establishments in 2012. 1 Cebu 45,185
CALABARZON (Region 4A) and Central 2 Cavite 38,158
Luzon (Region 3), had the next biggest 3 Rizal 33,641
count with 145,518 (15.4%) and 105,580 4 Laguna 32,648
(11.2%) establishments, respectively 5 Bulacan 31,376
6 Davao del Sur 28,091
Cebu province topped the list of provinces
7 Pangasinan 26,502
outside NCR with the most number of
8 Pampanga 25,409
establishments. Also included in the top 10
9 Batangas 22,673
were 8 provinces from Luzon and 1 province
10 Nueva Ecija 19,177
from Mindanao

Source: Philippine Statistics Office, December 2013

http://web0.psa.gov.ph/content/2012-updating-list-establishments-ule-final-result
 What kind of human activities are the main
sources of marine debris in the Philippines?

INEFFICIENT WASTE COLLECTION, LACK OF DISPOSAL FACILITIES AND

MATERIAL RECOVERY CENTERS

Lack of resources to purchase advanced and

expensive technologies to support waste
management activities
different levels of compliance to the
implementation of RA 9003 among local
government units
For years, negotiations for landfill for Metro
Manilas garbage had elicited not only long
debates among our political leaders but also
emotional outbursts from prospective host
communities
 What kind of human activities are the main
sources of marine debris in the Philippines?

HOUSEHOLD WASTE SEGREGATION IS

NOT WIDELY PRACTICED AND WASTE
RECOVERY IS MINIMAL.
Only an estimated 4 percent is recycled
at source, 1 percent during hauling, and
1 percent at disposal site
Very few household practices the 4Rs:
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Respond

E-WASTE ARE NOT PROPERLY

DISPOSED
Electronic waste, also known as e-waste,
could have potentially toxic chemicals that
could be harmful to human health & the
environment
They should be brought to recycling centers
and not to be thrown on the garbage
Which geographical areas in the Philippines with
the most serious problem associated with marine
debris?
Based on the projected national waste-generation data for 2010, the National Capital
Region (NCR) has the highest waste generation at 23% of the countrys total waste
produced. Next to NCR is the Southern Tagalog Region which generates 15% of the
total national waste (World Bank, 2001)
Among major cities, Metro Manila has the highest waste generation of 8,400 to
8,600 tons of trash per day (MMDA). Waste generation will eventually increase as
the citys slam population is expected to increase by 4 million in 2010 (PIDS 2010)
 National Government Policies on SWM
The RA 9003, Presidential
Proclamation 224 and 740
are still in effect and will
continue unless revoked
or superseded by a new
law.
The RA 9003 provides for
an initial budget of USD
500,000 and each year a
budget shall be prepared
which if approved will be
included in the General
Appropriations.
SUMMARY OF LAWS REGULATIONS RELATED TO SOLID WASTE
YEAR
MANAGEMENT
1978 Presidential Decree No. 1152- Philippine Environment Code
Requires the preparation and implementation of waste management
programs by all provinces, cities and municipalities
1991 Republic Act 7160 - The Local Government Code
Mandates LGUs to exercise powers and discharge functions and
responsibilities related to general hygiene & sanitation, beutification, and
solid waste collection & disposal system
1998 Department Administrative Order No. 98-49
Provides technical guidelines for proper disposal of municipal solid waste
1998 DAO No. 98-50
Provides procedures in identifying sanitary landfill site and screening criteria
for municipal solid waste disposal facilities
2001 Republic Act 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
Declares the policy of the state to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program
DAO 2003-26. Revised Industrial Eco-Watch System Amending Guidelines
2003
of DAO 9851 Series of 1998
Promotes mandatory self-monitoring and compliance with the environmental
2003 standards and encourages voluntary self-regulation among establishments
for improved environmental performance.
1993 Presidential Proclamation No. 244
Declaring the month of September of every as the National Cleanup Month
and the 17th to 23rd of September as the World and Green Week.
2003 Presidential Proclamation No. 470
Declaring the 3rd Saturday of September of every year as the International
Coastal Cleanup Day in observance of the global International Coastal
Cleanup.
 How are wastes handled?

1. Reclamation recycling
reuse
recovery
2. Incineration burning at high temperatures
3. Disposal land filling
land farming
injection of liquid-form wastes
below the underground water
level
4. Other Options composting
 What can you do to reduce debris?

Reduce changing manufacturing processes so that

less material is used, or changing buying
habits so that less future waste material is
bought
Reuse choose goods and products that can be
used again
Recycle making sure that waste is processed and
made into another product whenever
possible
 Why Recycle?

1. It saves natural resources. All things used by humans have materials that
come from the earth. The earth does not have a never-ending supply of
these precious materials.
2. It saves energy. Making new materials through recycling uses less energy
than creating them from raw materials.
3. It creates less pollution. Making new materials through recycling
produces less pollution than creating them from raw materials
4. It protects wildlife. The destruction of forests, rivers, and fields is reduced.
These are the habitat of wildlife.
5. It helps out communities. By producing less garbage, the cost of garbage
disposal is reduced. The money saved by an LGU can be used for other
essential facilities and services to communities.

Source: Solid Waste Management: Mapping out Solutions at the Local Level Service Delivery with Impact:
Resource Books for Local Government
Copyright @2003 Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)
 Guiding Principles of Solid Waste Management

1. Waste is a resource. When waste is thrown away, it does not disappear but
ends up somewhere else or in some other form. When it is used or put in
the right place, it retains its value as a resource.
2. Waste prevention is better than waste regulation. Stopping waste from
being produced is much better than trying to manage it after a lot has
already been generated.
3. There is no single management and technological approach to solid waste.
An integrated SWM system will best achieve SWM goals. There are
different types of wastebiodegradable, non-biodegradable, recyclable,
non-recyclable, toxic, hazardousand each requires specific handling and
disposal methods.

Source: Solid Waste Management: Mapping out Solutions at the Local Level Service Delivery with Impact:
Resource Books for Local Government
Copyright @2003 Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)
MICRO PLASTIC DEBRIS
 What period are we?
BC AD
2,500,000 -------10,000 ---------- 1,000 ------------- 300 --------0 ----- 2014

?
Old Stone New Stone Bronze Iron
Age Age Age Age
Plastics
 What are plastics?

Plastics are synthetic (man-made),

organic (carbon-based), polymers
(high molecular weight molecules
consisting of up to millions of
repeated linked units called
monomers) derived primarily from
petrochemicals produced from fossil
oil and natural gas.

Molecular structure of polypropylene (used

for packaging containers, carpeting,
labeling, toy & car parts, etc.)
 Global Trend of Plastic Production

With continuous growth for

more than 50 years, global
production in 2012 rose to
288 million tons a 2.8%
increase compared to 2011.
However in Europe, in line
with the general economic
situation, plastics production
decreased by 3% from
2011 to 2012.(Source:
Plastics Europe (PERMG) /
Consultic)
 World Production of Plastics - 2012
CIS (Com. of
Independent
States), 3%
Middle East,
China remains the leading
Africa, 7.2%
producer with 23.9%, followed
by Europe with 20.4% and the Japan, 4.9%
rest of Asia (incl. Japan) China, 23.9
accounts for an additional
20.7%.
Rest of
From July 2013-July 2014, Asia, 15.8%
China has produced 71.84
million tons of plastics.
(Source: Plastics Europe NAFTA North
Europe, 20.4%
(PERMG) / Consultic) American Trade
Agreement,
19.9%
Facts about Plastics

Approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used

annually worldwide while more than one million
bags are used every minute
Plastic production increases at about 9% per year,
50% of which are created for single-use disposable
applications (i.e., packaging) and only 20-25% are
created for long-term use (i.e., pipes, cable
coatings and other structural materials)
 Facts about Plastics

Studies indicate that 60-80% of
marine debris comes from
land-based sources, and up to
80% of this debris is plastic
Much of this plastic marine debris are
micro-plastics created from the
environmental breakdown of larger pieces
of plastic and thermo plastic resin pellets or
nurdles used for the industrial production
of plastic products.
Facts about Plastics

Scientific estimates for the degradation of plastics

in the ocean are on the order of hundreds to
thousands of years. Some scientists believe it is
plausible that all the plastic ever created since its
invention in the late 1940s still exists on the planet,
either buried in landfills, buried on shorelines,
floating in the ocean, or on the seafloor.
 Breakdown of Plastics
Strong Tough

Weak and Brittle

Mechanical Integrity

Particles
Friability, Particle sizing

Microplastics
Nanoplastics
Microscopy

Respirometry
Polymer molecules Radiocarbon studies

Gone!

CO2 + Water + Ammonia + Methane

When exposed to environmental factors, such as, ultraviolet sunlight, oxidation by the air,
hydrolysis by seawater, and physical abrasion, plastic polymers become brittle and break into
increasingly smaller pieces. This breakdown is not the same as degradation; rather, the
polymer simply breaks into smaller polymer pieces. These smaller pieces are still plastic and
will not break down further on a human time-scale in the natural environment.
 Breakdown of Plastics
Table - Main plastic resins in the United States
Common Resin ID The rate at which plastic
Group Name Abbreviation Code Examples breaks down into
Polyethylene soda and water bottles, lids, smaller pieces in
Terephthalate PET or PETE 1 food containers
seawater depends also
High Density milk jugs, trash bags,
Polyethylene HDPE 2 household products on:
Polyvinyl pipes, building products, density of the plastic
chloride PVC 3 medical products (low density, buoyant
Low Density film bags, trash bags,
plastic gets more
Polyethylene LPDE 4 agricultural film
exposure to sunlight
rigid food packaging, carpet and air);
Polypropylene PP 5 backing, housewares the temperature of the
cups, clamshells, foam
water (warmer water
packaging, CD jackets, egg
Polystyrene PS, EPS 6 crates speeds up the
ABS, SAN, breakdown); and
nylon, epoxy, automobiles, computers, the chemical structure
Others etc. 7 battery casings and other chemicals
added to the plastic
(some additives
increase the plastic
polymers stability in
the environment).
Figure which shows the resin identification codes found on consumer
products for Recycling purposes. (Data courtesy of CIWMB, 2003 and the
American Chemistry Council.)
 Four main size categories of plastic
marine debris

1. Mega-debris (>100 mm diameter)

2. Macro-debris (20-100 mm diameter)

3. Meso-debris (5-20 mm diameter)

4. Micro-debris (0.3-5 mm diameter). For

reference, micro-debris ranges in size
from the width of two human hairs side
by side (0.3 mm) to the width of a grain
of rice (5 mm).
 Sources of Micro Plastic Debris

There are two principal sources of

micro-plastic particles:

plastic resin pellets either used in

the plastics manufacturing process
or purposefully fabricated as
abrasives for shot blasting or in
cosmetic facial scrubs;

plastic fragments arising from the

structural deterioration and
disintegration of plastic objects,
mainly litter, include packaging,
personal items such as,
toothbrushes and razors; building
materials, lost or discarded fishing
gear, among others
Great Pacific Garbage Patch
This massive trash gyre stretches from the coast of
California, past Hawaii, almost as far as Japan and is
now estimated to be twice the size of the continental
United States!

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Much of the debris found is in tiny meso
and micro-size pieces, floating just below
the surface of the water.

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

 Impacts of Micro Plastic Debris

Plastics do not biodegrade in the ocean. Instead they

break down into smaller and smaller pieces as plastic
soup and degrade in other ways while releasing
chemicals into the water. The marine animals mistake
the pieces of plastic for food causing the animals to die
after ingestion. Others suffer from reproductive
disruptions due to the chemicals. The chemicals also
enter the food chain through marine animals and
eventually make their way to our plates.
 Marine debris reaches isolated islands and rookeries where birds
mistake pieces of plastics floating in the water as food. They get sick &
eventually die after ingestion
Others suffer from reproductive disruptions due to the chemicals
The chemicals also enter the food chain through marine animals and
eventually make their way to our plates
Thank You.
International Coastal Cleanup
 Oceans cover 71% of the earth's surface.

Oceans are extremely important to life on earth.

They provide half of the oxygen in the air we breathe

Sources of food
Home to diversified marine creatures

Provide places for recreation

However, the health of the ocean is threatened by
one of the most pervasive problems of our time
Marine Debris
 Impacts of Marine Debris
Much more than an eyesore, trash in the water and on the shore poses
health threats to humans, entangled wildlife, contaminates the marine
environment and affects economies

Every year, countless

marine mammals, sea
turtles and seabirds are
either injured, entangled
or killed due to discarded
plastics, fishing nets,
fishing lines, plastic caps, http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/ocean-
gyre-albatross-ocean-gyre-birds-
and lighters pictures0.jpg

Trash also ensnares boat

propellers which is a costly
navigation hazard
 TYPES AND SOURCES OF MARINE DEBRIS

LAND-BASED
(Packaging containers, Takeout containers, Food wrappers,
Beverage bottles, Soda cans, Plastic bags, bottle caps, Plastic OCEAN-BASED
plates, cups & utensils, Straws/stirrers, Tires, Diapers, other (Derelict Fishing Gear, Derelict Vessels)
Personal Hygiene items and Smoking)

Derelict rope, fishing line or net causes

entanglement or even death
Ingestion of plastics
mistakenly as food,
may cause death to
turtles, birds & fish

IMPACTS TO MARINE LIFE

Plastics suffocate corals & other

marine organisms Chemicals from tires, batteries &
electronics are harmful to marine life
 How Does Trash Travel?
Trash whether thrown thoughtlessly or wind-blown travels through waterways,
rivers and into the sea
International Coastal Cleanup
What is International Coastal Cleanup?

Ocean Conservancys International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) is the

worlds largest volunteer effort for oceans health. It is celebrated
every third Saturday of September of each year.

Vision:
A balanced & healthy ocean - free of trash and
pollution for a cleaner and healthier lives

Mission:
To help clean the seas, rivers, lakes and
waterways, and to raise awareness on the
growing marine debris problem
Objectives

To remove trash/debris from beaches

and waterways

To increase awareness on the extent of

the marine debris problem

To popularize the concept of waste

management

To promote a clean, healthy and

sustainable coastal environment

To change behaviors that cause

pollution
 Overview
Ocean Conservancy (OC), a non-profit organization based in Washington D.C.,
established the ICC in 1986. For more than 25 years, OC has been at the
forefront in the implementation of ICC worldwide; analyzing & publicizing data for
global science & local communities to better understand the problem of ocean
trash; creating innovative solutions to the ocean trash issue with leaders from the
private, public and academic sectors and building a movement to inspire all of us
to stop trash at its source

Philippines joined the ICC in 1994 and has been actively participating in the
cleanup and data collection. ICC- Philippines and the Philippine Coast Guard
Auxiliary are ICC Philippine Coordinators together with DENR, DILG and DepEd
as major partners

The third Saturday of September of every year has been declared International
Coastal Cleanup Day through PD No. 470 dated September 15, 2003

In a span of 22 years, Philippine volunteers have reached 3,651,117 and cleaned

about 54,411 kilometers of shorelines, waterways, rivers, lakes & underwater
areas
 Philippine ICC Participation
1994-2015
703,000

603,000

503,000
No. of Volunteers

403,000

303,000

203,000

103,000

3,000
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Year
2015 ICC Results - Philippines

256,904
Volunteers

301,772
Kilos of trash

1,162.8
Kilometers
 Types of Cleanup

Beach Cleanup Waterways (River, Lake, Esteros)

Watercraft Underwater (Scubasurero)

2015 ICC Total Volunteers per Cleanup
Type - Philippines

256,300
beach & waterway

308
watercraft

296
underwater
Ocean Trash Data Form
(Data Card)
 Importance of Data Collection
ICC is not just cleaning up beaches/
shorelines and waterways but also
collecting debris information using a
standardized data card

Data collected will help inform/influence

legislation of policies and ordinances on
ocean trash prevention

o Municipal/City ordinances regulating the

use of non-biodegradable plastic carryout
bags and promoting the use of recyclable
/reusable bags (Quezon City Ordinance
No. SP-2103, S-2011, Pasay City
Ordinance No. 4647 Series of 2011,
Makati City Ordinance No.__ , S2011and
Bicol Ordinances No. __S2011
 Importance of Data Collection

Data collected will inspire industries and manufacturing

companies to make changes to protect the ocean (i.e.,
Coca-Cola Company in the US developed the first-ever
100% recyclable PET plastic beverage bottle made partially
from plants)

Debris information will increase peoples awareness on

the marine debris crisis

More civic and environmental programs, such as, adopt-

a-beach program and plant-a-mangrove project will be
created to educate and encourage participation of
everyone
 Trash Data Form Revision History
1986 - 2000

Debris items were classified based on Material Type, such as, wood,
rubber, plastic, glass, paper and metal

2001 - 2012

The data form was simplified to 42 specific debris items grouped into five
debris-producing Activities And Sources, such as, Shoreline/recreational,
Ocean/waterway, Smoking-related, Dumping and Medical/personal hygiene

Jan 2013

The data card include a list of Most Prevalent Debris items for the past 25
years and are grouped together as: Most likely to find, Packaging
materials, Fishing gear, Personal hygiene, Other debris, Items of local
concern and Tiny trash.
 Use of Ocean Trash Data Form
Record information on marine
debris

Identify material composition of the

most prevalent debris

Contribute to the Global marine

debris database

A tool for better policies/plans, decision-

making and awareness on ocean trash
New Debris Item Classification
Most Likely to Find. These are trash items that appeared on
the Cleanups 25-year cumulative top ten list, which highlighted
the most abundant items of trash collected during the Cleanup
since 1986. They include cigarette butts, food wrappers butts,
bottle caps/lids, straws/stirrers, among others.

Fishing gear. Debris from recreational fishing and boating,

municipal and commercial fishing, cargo, military and cruise
ships, and offshore industries, like oil drilling. They include
buoys, pots & traps, fishing net, rope, and fishing line

Packaging Materials. Debris items from producers and

consumers of goods which include 6- pack holders, other
plastic/foam packaging, other plastic bottles, etc.
Personal Hygiene. Materials discarded into the sewer
systems, toilets, waterways or open areas. This category
includes disposable diapers, condoms, sanitary napkins
and syringes.

Other debris. They include items that are prevalent but

in moderate quantities, such as, appliances, balloons,
cigar tips, cigarette lighters, construction materials,
fireworks and tires

Item of Local Concern. Debris that can be found in a

particular area which warrant some attention

Tiny Trash. These are called macro debris which is 2.5

cm in diameter and include Foam Pieces, Glass Pieces
and Plastic Pieces.
% Categorized Debris - 2015 ICC

8.08%
2.51% Most Likely to Find
Items
5.70%
Fishing Gear
4.69%
1.82% Packaging

Other Trash

Personal Items
77.19%
Tiny Trash (less
than 2.5 cm)
Top 10 Debris Collected- 2015 ICC
 5 Most Prevalent Debris Collected-
2002-2015 ICC
0
1
2
Rank (Top Ten Debris)

4
5
6
7

8
9
10
11
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

food wrappers/containers cigarettes / cigarette filters

bags (plastic) straws/stirrers
cups, plates, forks, knives, spoons
 Signup to Cleanup
https//:sites.google.com/site/
iccphilippines/sign-up-to-cleanup

After Cleanup Visit our Website

Submit Data Form immediately
Learn the mechanics of ICC,
to Area/Site Coordinators or
how to organize a cleanup,
by email or
on-line at the ICC website.
Submit photos by email.
Flow of ICC orientation materials & other
Information

Activities

On ICC Day Contact

Registration starts at 6AM.
No registration fee. Just
Bring your Data Form, sack/net bag,
gloves & ballpen. Observe
safety during
Cleanup.
ICC Coordinator/s
in your area
for orientation/meetings,
invitation or endorsement letter,
cleanup sites & other inquiries
 Tips on Data Collection
Review your Ocean Trash Data Form before starting to know
types of trash to record

Collect data as a team (4-5 individuals/team), one person will

record information on the Data Form, while others will collect and
bag the trash

Find a shady area to segregate/sort out and record the trash

collected

Apply what you have learned on proper estimations

Use numbers not words, like several or many during tallying. Be

accurate as possible. The more accurate your information, the
better we can work to reduce and eliminate debris pollution

NOTE: BE SURE TO FILL-IN ALL NECESSARY INFORMATION!

Things to bring on Cleanup Day
Cleanup Sites (Manila)
CCP BAY near Gloria Maris Restaurant
SM By the Bay, SM Mall of Asia, Pasay City
LPPCHEA (Freedom Is.), San
Dionisio, Paranaque
Debris Decomposition Timeline

Scientific estimates for the degradation of plastics in the

ocean are on the order of hundreds to thousands of years.
Some scientists believe it is plausible that all the plastic ever
created since its invention in the late 1940s still exists on the
planet, either buried in landfills, buried on shorelines, floating
in the ocean, or on the seafloor.
End of Presentation
( Prepared by ICC Philippines, July 2016)
How to Organize a Cleanup
 Organize your own cleanup
An individual or organization can become an ICC Coordinator
when volunteering to donate time and resources in making
the cleanup event meaningful for oceans health

ICC Coordinator is responsible for all of the events

organizational functions and volunteer recruitment for each
site

A coordinator handling multiple sites

and a large network of volunteers is
called an ICC Area Coordinator
(Zone Captain) while for a specific
site only, he/she is an ICC Site
Coordinator (Site Captain)
 Roles and Responsibilities
An ICC Coordinator has the following roles and responsibilities
when agreeing to participate in the ICC:

Will serve as liaison between ICC

Philippine Coordinators and other
organizations/ institutions in
promoting the ICC

Recruitment of volunteers
 Orientation of volunteers on
ICC, Marine Environment and
Waste Management

Local Sponsors identification

Distribution of ICC materials

and supplies

Cleanup site identification. Obtain

permit from the local government or
Barangay Official
 Promotion of ICC through different kinds of media coverage

o PSA in radio and television, newspaper, bulletin, newsletter,

website, blogs, and social media sites

Organization and supervision of

the event

Collation & submission of all reports, trash data forms, photos,

videos to the ICC Philippine Coordinators
Pre- Cleanup Activities
 For Area/Site Coordinators
1. Signup your group/organization at the ICC Philippines website:
https://sites.google.com/site/iccphilippines/signup-to-cleanup/
2. Organize your network of volunteers and conduct your own
ICC orientations/meetings by learning through our website
(PowerPoint presentations and other ICC materials are
available for downloading)
3. Look for Sponsors to support your ICC activities
4. Since ICC is not just picking up trash, data collection is also
important. Please download from the website the Volunteer
Ocean Trash Data Form and reproduce for your volunteers and
also the Coordinator Ocean Trash Data Form for your
summary data reporting
5. Identify and assess your cleanup site. Coordinate with the local
officials for permission to access the site. Probable sites may
be found in the ICC website.
6. Coordinate with the local government for other assistance
(i.e., hauling of trash, fire truck for washing, kick-off
ceremony set-up, portable toilets, additional manpower and
logistics)

7. Delegate people who will be responsible for drinking water

supply, health emergencies, event documentation, security,
kick-off program, event site station set-up, etc.

8. Prepare a designated cleanup area for each volunteer group

9. Prepare all materials and equipment needed for ICC Day

(Datacards, sacks, rubber gloves, scoop nets, regisration
sheets, weighing scales, tents, chairs, tables, tarps, audio
system, platform/stage, etc.)

10. Hold a general meeting to finalize plans for ICC Day.

 For Group Coordinators/Leaders
1. Signup your group/organization at the ICC Philippines website:
https://sites.google.com/site/iccphilippines/signup-to-cleanup/
2. Organize your volunteers and conduct your own ICC
orientations/meetings by learning through our website
(PowerPoint presentations and other ICC materials are
available for downloading)
3. Since ICC is not just picking up trash, data collection is also
important. Please download from the website the Volunteer
Ocean Trash Data Form and reproduce for your volunteers
4. For Metro Manila, submit by email the final list of your group
members 2 weeks before ICC Day for cleanup site assignment.
5. Attend Coordinators general meeting to finalize plans for ICC
Day
Activities on ICC Day!
 Flow of Activities on ICC Day

REGISTRATION KICK-OFF CEREMONY

Starts at 6am 8am-8:20am

POST-ICC CLEANUP PROPER

8:20am-11am
Submission of Volunteer Ocean Collection
Trash Data Form immediately to Segregation
Site Coordinator or to ICC- Trash Data Recording
Philippines by Weighing of trash
Email or On-Line Hauling of Trash
 Reminders for Site Coordinators

By 5 A.M., set up tents for

registration, first-aid, drinking &
wash stations. Post banners
and signs to guide volunteers.
 Make sure sign-in sheets, data
forms, ballpens and cleaning
materials are ready. Have a
labeled box at the check-in
station for returning
accomplished data cards
Remind volunteers to fill-up all
necessary information, to use
tick marks to record debris and
to return data cards after the
cleanup to the registration
table or to Site Coordinators
 Maintain order and safety of all volunteers

Make sure the waste hauler

takes all the trash away, and that
no other materials are left behind

Be prepared for health

emergencies
 Reminders for Individual Volunteers
Be at your designated cleanup site by 7am to register. For group
leaders, submit your pre-registered list of members.
Bring your Ocean Trash Data Form, ballpens, rubber gloves, sacks,
hand sanitizer, drinking water & food and protection against sun or rain
Attire: T-shirt, long pants and closed shoes
Observe safety when picking up trash. Wear gloves & use tongs or
sticks
On tallying total number of trash, use numbers not words. Use proper
estimations of weight & kilometers by asking your coordinator
Fill-in all necessary information, such as, name of your
school/organization, your coordinator, name of cleanup site including
city/town & province
Review accomplished data form and submit to your coordinator. If
unable to do so, submit to ICC-Philippines by email or on-line
Submit raw photos in higher resolutions by email to ICC Philippines
 Reminders for Group Coordinators
Have instructed members on what to bring, proper attire and how to get
to your cleanup site
Be at the site by 6-7am for registration. Register your name and
organization/school and submit your list of volunteers or pre-registration
form. No need for members to register.
During the kick-off ceremony, maintain order of group
Supervise your group during cleanup proper, recording, sorting and
hauling of sacks. In case youre dealing with several sacks of
trash/debris, each team is instructed to concentrate on just 1 sack for
data recording
Review accomplished data forms of members for missing information
and incorrect data format. Before submission, make sure they are
bundled together using a heavy paper clip, rubber band or stapler
Submit all accomplished forms to your Site Coordinator. If unable to do
so, submit to ICC-Philippines by email or on-line
Submit raw photos in higher resolutions by email to ICC Philippines
Post - ICC Activities for Site/Area
Coordinators
 1. Be sure to collect all the data forms and narrative report from each
coordinator/ organization
2. Consolidate/summarize all data collected into the COORDINATOR
Ocean Trash Data Form which can be downloaded at the ICC
Philippines website. Make sure all information are filled-up in detail,
especially for multiple sites and organizations.
3. It is important to submit the Coordinator Ocean Trash Data Form,
database, photos & videos or raw data directly to the ICC National
Coordinator AS SOON AS POSSIBLE by Email or On-line.

E-mail: iccphilippines@gmail.com
On-line Submission: https://sites.google.com/site/iccphilippines/on-line-
data-submission-2017
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/iccphilippines
Mailing Address: ICC - Philippines #3A Omega Avenue, West Fairview
Subdivision., West Fairview, Quezon City 1121
 Flow of ICC Data Submission

Ocean Conservancy

ICC National Coordinators

(ICC Philippines and Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary (PCGA)

Site/Area Group Individual

Coordinators Coordinator Volunteers