LIFTING DEVICE USED IN CONSTRUCTION

SUBMITTED BY

K.DEYVANAI
MANISHA
MANORANJAN
INTRODUCTION:

Hoisting is the lifting a weight from one location and moving it to

another location which is at a reasonable distance.

Big projects such as, construction of dams, industrial buildings etc.

require hoisting equipment.

Hoisting equipment includes jacks, winches, chain hoists and cranes.

Crane is the only single machine which, as a single piece, is capable of

providing three-dimensional movement of a weight.

It constitutes a group of equipment which are employed mainly for

lifting or lowering of unit load and other.

Forklifts:

A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a tow-
motor) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials.

Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a

typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities
between one to five tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are
used for lifting heavier loads.

Winch:

A winch is a mechanism in the shape of a cylinder or drum, over which

rope or chain is wound.
 If a winch is used only for raising and lowering, it is sometimes referred
to as hoist.

The winches are of two types :-

(1) hand winches

(2) power winches

HOISTS :

A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum

or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually
operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber
or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by
means of a lifting hook

Also known as a Man-Lift, Buck hoist, temporary elevator, builder hoist,

passenger hoist or construction elevator, this type of hoist is commonly
used on large scale construction projects, such as high-rise buildings or
major hospitals. There are many other uses for the construction
elevator.

Many other industries use the buckhoist for full time operations. The
purpose is being to carry personnel, materials, and equipment quickly
between the ground and higher floors, or between floors in the middle
of a structure.

A) Boom Hoist

Boom hoists are used to lift weights on the hooks that are attached to
the special metal ropes designed to bear maximum loads.
 Boom hoist is mostly used as industrial machine where it loads the
weight on containers.

B) Chain hoists:

The chain hoists are the popular mechanism for lifting loads upto tones.

The system consists of two sets of chains, namely the hand and load
chain.

The hand chains are particularly useful for the isolated location , where
an electric motor or other types of mechanical equipments are not
available.

The pull applied through the hand chain is transmitted to the load chain
with a multiplication factor of over 20.

The load to be lifted is held by a load hook while another hook(called

support hook) at the top, support the mechanism.

The two hooks however ,should not be interchange as the support hook
is made much stronger than the load hook.

There are four types of hand operated chain hoists are in use:

( 1) Differential

(2)screw geared

(3) spur geared

(4) pull lift

 C) Electric Hoist

Electric hoist is modernized form of chain and boom hoist mostly used in
the industries for fast working.

It is very much popular in material handling industries because it saves

labor costs by handling maximum loads at a time with no damage
threats.

Electric hoist is modernized form of chain and boom hoist mostly used in
the industries for fast working.

It is very much popular in material handling industries because it saves

labor costs by handling maximum loads at a time with no damage
threats.

CRANE

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire

ropes or chains, and sheaves,
 It can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting
them to other places.

It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical

advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a
human.

MECHANICAL PRINCIPLE

Major considerations in the design of cranes:

the crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second.

the crane must not topple.

the crane must not rupture.

The Principles involved are:

Lifting capacity

Stability

Main Basic Lifting Parts Of The Crane:

Lever

Pulley

The hydraulic cylinder

A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a

point called the
 fulcrum.

A jib crane contains a tilted strut (the jib) that supports a fixed pulley
block. Cables are

wrapped multiple times round the fixed block and round another block
attached to the load.

For stability, the sum of all moments about any point such as the base of
the crane must equate to zero.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES:

Mobile cranes

Fixed cranes

Fixed crane:

A fixed crane is the type of crane which lift the loads without any
appreciable

Movement

Mobile crane :

A mobile crane is the type of crane which moves from one place to
another as

well as movement of the crane basic tools.

The most basic type of mobile crane consists of a truss or telescopic

boom

mounted on a mobile platform be it on road, rail or water. Common

terminology is

conventional and hydraulic cranes respectively.

These cranes are mounted on mobile units which is either crawler type
or wheel

type.
 TYPES OF MOBILE CRANES

1) Truck mounted crane

It is the cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck will provide great

mobility.

The truck cranes have a self-contained telescoping boom.

In case of larger machines, the width of the out triggered vehicle may
reach 40ft.

Common dimensions and capacity:

1) Max Boom length : 70 to 170 ft

2) Maximum fly-jib length : 30 to 100ft

3) Maximum radius (boom only) : 60 to 140 ft

4) Minimum radius : 10ft

5) Maximum lifting capacity : 20 to 120 ton

 6) Maximum travel speed : 40 to 70 mph

7) Number of axles : 3 to 4

2) Lattice-Boom truck mounted cranes

Lattice boom structure is light weight.

Reduction in boom weight means additional lift capacity, as the machine

predominately handles hoist load and less weight of boom.

It does take long time to assemble.

Common dimensions and capacity:

1) Max Boom length : 170 to 470 ft

2) Maximum fly-jib length : 40 to 300ft

3) Maximum radius (boom only) : 130 to 380 ft

4) Minimum radius : 10 to 25ft

5) Maximum lifting capacity : 50 to 600 ton

6) Maximum travel speed : 40 to 60 mph

7) Number of axles : 4 to 8
Rough terrain cranes

A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is

designed for pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and "rough
terrain" applications.

It can move on slopes upto 70%.

Most have 4 wheel drive and 4 wheel steering which allows them to
traverse tighter and slicker terrain than a standard truck crane with less
site preperations.

Common dimensions and capacity:

1) Max Boom length : 80 to 140 ft

2) Maximum fly-jib length : 20 to 90ft

3) Maximum radius (boom only) : 70 to 120 ft

4) Minimum radius : 10ft for most of the models

5) Maximum lifting capacity : 20 to 90 ton

6) Maximum travel speed : 15 to 35 mph

7) Number of axles : 2 for all models

4) All terrain cranes

Designed with an undercarriage capable of long distance of long distance

highway travel.

Yet the carrier has all-axle drive and all wheel steering. Crab steering,
large tires and High ground clearance.

Has dual cabs, a lower cab for fast highway travel and a super structure
cab that has both drive and crane controls.

Common dimensions and capacity:

1) Max Boom length : 100 to 270 ft

2) Maximum fly-jib length : 30 to 240ft

3) Maximum radius (boom only) : 70 to 250 ft

4) Minimum radius : 8 to 10ft

5) Maximum lifting capacity : 30 to 300 ton (max. 800ton)

6) Maximum travel speed : 40 to 55 mph

7) Number of axles : 2 to 6 for (upto 8 or 9)

5) Crawler crane

A crawler crane is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of

tracks (also called crawlers) that provide stability and mobility.

Lifting capacity from about 35 to 40 tones

This particular asset class is ideal for working in confined or small area
where a big crane can not reach.

Crawler crane command their position at many of power plants,

thermal plants and at big infra projects.

These crane are well suited for piling, drilling and pipe laying operation
by just adding suitable attachment.

6)Railroad crane:

Rail road crane is one of the mobile crane type. The name tells us that
this crane runs on rail tracks.

A railroad crane is specifically designed with flanged wheels so it can

travel along railroad tracks. Although the design differs according to the
type of work, the basic configuration is the same in all cases which is a
rotating crane body is mounted on a sturdy chassis fitted with flanged
wheels.

Uses:

1.For lifting the goods at station yards.

 2. It may be used for installing signalling equipment or pointwork, for
example, while more specialised types are used for track laying.

7) Floating crane

Floating crane is one mobile crane, they are sea vessels have crane
mounted on them or ships equipped with cranes but not like deck crane.
They are mainly used in building bridges and port construction.

They are capable of carrying whole sections of bridge through the water
and installing it in position due to their loads capacity which exceeds
10,000 ton their capacity of loading is great.

Floating cranes are the ideal choice for cargo handling on waterways .
Floating crane are mobile and can be used in rivers (mid-stream
transshipment), in ports, in protected waters, in coastal waters and on
the open sea.
Tipping condition

When a crane lifts a load attached to the hoist line that passes over a Sheave

located at the bottom point of the machine, there is a tendency to tip the
machine over.

Tipping load The load that produces a tipping condition at a specific radius.

A Partial safety factor with respect to tipping is introduced by PCSA

1) Crawler-mounted machines = 75%

2) Rubber-tire mounted machines =85%

3) Machines on outriggers = 85%

Load capacity will vary depending on the quadrant position of the boom with
respect to

machines under carriage.

In case of crawler cranes,

1) Over the side

2) 2) Over the drive end of the tracks

3) Over the idler end of the tracks

In case of wheel mounted cranes,

1) Over the side

2) Over the rear of the carrier

3) Over the front of the carrier

Factors that will affect actual crane capacity on the job

1) Wind forces on the boom or load

2) Swinging the load

3) Hoisting speed

4) Stopping the hoist

TOWER CRANES

Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of

the same basic parts. Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and
sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give
the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the
construction of tall buildings.

Fixed to the ground.

Horizontal boom is balanced asymmetrically.

Short arm carries a counterweight of concrete blocks.

Long arm carries the lifting gear.

COMPONENTS

Mast: The main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel

trussed sections that are connected together during installation.

Slewing unit: The slewing unit sits at the top of the mast. This is the
engine that enables the crane to rotate.

Operating cabin: The operating cabin sits just above the slewing unit. It
contains the operating controls.
 Jib: The jib, or operating arm, extends horizontally from the crane. A
"luffing" jib is able to move up and down; a fixed jib has a rolling trolley
that runs along the underside to move goods horizontally.

Counter jib: holds counterweights, hoist motor, hoist drum and the
electronics.

Hoist unit: The hoist unit houses the hoist drum, hoist cable, gear box,
gear shift, brake, and supporting components.

Hook: The hook (or hooks) is used to connect the material to the crane.
It hangs at the end of thick steel cables that run along the jib to the
motor.

Weights: Large concrete counterweights are mounted toward the rear

of the mast, to compensate for the weight of the goods lifted

TOP SLEWING TOWER CRANE

Common dimensions and capacity:

1) Jib length : 100 to 270 ft

2) Mast section length : 10 to 20ft

3) Base dimensions : 13x13 ft to 27x27 ft

4) Tower cross section : 4x4 ft to 8x8 ft

5) Maximum lifting capacity : 10 to 90K lb

 6) Maximum lifting capacity at end of jib : 2 to 13k lb

7) Maximum hoisting speed : 150 to 500 ft/min

8) Maximum trolleying speed : 100 to 350 ft/min

9) Maximum slewing speed : 0.6 to 1.0 rpm

BOTTOM SLEWING TOWER CRANE

Common dimensions and capacity:

1) Jib length : 70 to 150 ft

2) No. of telescoping/ folding mast parts : 2 to 3

3) Base dimensions : 10x10 ft to 15x15 ft

4) Total towed transport length : 30 to 50ft

5) Maximum lifting capacity : 2 to 18K lb

6) Maximum lifting capacity at end of jib: 1 to 5k lb

7) Maximum trolleying speed : 60 to 200 ft/min

8) Maximum slewing speed : 0.8 rpm

Self-Erecting Tower Cranes

Generally a type of pedestrian operated tower crane, these cranes, also called
self-assembling, jack
up, or "kangaroo" cranes, lift themselves from the ground or lift an upper,
telescoping section using
jacks, allowing the next section of the tower to be inserted at ground level or
lifted into place by the
partially erected crane itself. They can thus be assembled without outside help,
and can grow
together with the building or structure they are erecting.
Travelling Tower Cranes
The ballasted base of this type of tower crane is set on a pair of fixed
rails .
This enables the crane to move along the rails with a load.
Increased coverage of the work area cab be achieved.
Tower Crane selection
Based on
1) Weight, dimension and lift radii of the heaviest loads.
2) Maximum free standing height of the crane.
3) Maximum braced height of the crane.
4) Crane climbing arrangement.
5) Weight of crane supported by the structure.
6) Available Headroom.
7) Area that must be reached.
8) Hoist speeds of the crane.
9) Length of cable the hoist drum can carry.