ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN

SISTEM (APS)

Pemodelan Kebutuhan:
Pendekatan Berorientasi Objek
 Tujuan perkuliahan

Memahami konsep pendekatan berorientasi objek

dalam pemodelan kebutuhan

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 2/34
 Agenda

Konsep pemodelan berorientasi objek

Elemen-elemen pemodelan berorientasi objek
Dokumentasi dan alat bantu

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 Object Oriented Approach
Mulai populer akhir 80an 90an (Booch, Rumbaugh-
OMT, Jacobson-OOSE, Coad+Yourdon, Wirfs-Brock) :
Elisitasi kebutuhan customer
Identifikasi skenario / use-case (use-case diagram)
Identifikasi klas berdasarkan kebutuhan customer
Identifikasi atribut dan operasi setiap klas
Definisi struktur klas (class diagram)
Definisi model relasi antar klas (collaboration/sequence
diagram)
Definisi perpindahan status sistem (statechart diagram)
1996 : UML (Unified Modeling Language) Grady
Booch+James Rumbaugh+Ivar Jacobson

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 4/34
 Keuntungan

Sangat natural, sesuai dengan cara berpikir manusia

improve analyst and problem domain expert
interaction
Meningkatkan konsistensi hasil analisis abstraksi
atribut-operasi dalam sebuah objek
Konsep penurunan klas memberikan kemudahan
dalam generalisasi objek
Kemudahan dalam perubahan
Terjaganya konsistensi model antara analisis dan
perancangan
Konsep reusability
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 Object, Class Apa Itu ?

Objek (Object) :
A concept, abstraction, or thing with crisp boundaries
and meaning for the problem at hand [Rumbaugh]
Benda (tangible & intangible thing)
Contoh : Andi, Eko, Susi (sistem akademik)
Sebuah objek memiliki karakteristik : identity
(identitas-pembeda), state (sekumpulan atribut) &
behaviour (sekumpulan operasi, aksi, servis)
Notasi : Nama Objek

Atribut2

Operasi2
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 Object, Class Apa Itu ?

Klas (Class) :
A description of one or more objects with a uniform
set of attributes and services, including a description
of how to create new objects in the class [Yourdon]
Gambaran umum (template, blue-print) yang
menjelaskan sekumpulan objek yang memiliki
kesamaan karakteristik (atribut dan operasi)
Merupakan cetakan dari objek
Digunakan untuk menginstansiasi objek yang memiliki
identitas yang berbeda
Contoh : Klas Mahasiswa objek Andi, Eko, Susi
Abstract & concrete class
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 Object, Class Apa Itu ?

Mahasiswa
- NIM
Instansiasi : - Nama
penciptaan objek - Buat skripsi
- Ujian

Mahasiswa : Andi Mahasiswa : Eko Mahasiswa : Susi

Mahasiswa Mahasiswa Mahasiswa
- NIM : 001 - NIM : 002 - NIM : 003
- Nama : Andi - Nama : Eko - Nama : Susi
- Buat skripsi - Buat skripsi - Buat skripsi
- Ujian - Ujian - Ujian

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 8/34
 Where to look ?

Investigasi domain masalah

Langkah-langkah:
Observe first-hand observasi langsung ke lap.
Actively listen to problem domain experts what,
who, why, when and how
Check previous OOA results
Check other systems comparison
Read, read, read getting some more information

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 9/34
 What to look for ? Nouns

Structures
Relasi antar objek generalisasi, agregasi
Other systems
Sistem lain yang berinteraksi dg proposed system
Things or events remembered
Data, status, kejadian yang harus disimpan
Roles played
Identifikasi peran manusia dalam sistem berinteraksi
langsung, tidak berinteraksi tetapi informasinya disimpan
sistem
Sites
Informasi lokasi/posisi yang harus diingat oleh sistem
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 Identifikasi atribut

Some data (state information) for which each

object in a class has its own value [Yourdon]
Langkah-langkah:
Identifikasi atribut umum (adjectives, possessives)
Identifikasi atribut yang relevan dg domain masalah
Identifikasi atribut yang relevan dg peran atau
tanggung jawab dalam sistem
Restrukturisasi atribut sehingga atomic kemudahan
Reposisi atribut yang sesuai dengan hirarki klas nya
pewarisan klas
Spesifikasi atribut presisi, nilai default, batasan, dll.
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 Identifikasi operasi/servis

A specific behavior that an object is responsible

for exhibiting [Yourdon]
Langkah-langkah:
Identifikasi tanggung jawab umum sebuah klas
(verbs)
Identifikasi operasi yang spesifik untuk domain
masalah
Identifikasi operasi yang relevan dg peran atau
tanggung jawab dalam sistem
Spesifikasi operasi argumen, batasan/aturan,
logika/algoritma

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 12/34
 Diagram UML

Use-case diagram (statis)

Class diagram (statis)
Collaboration/sequence diagram (dinamis)
Statechart diagram (dinamis)

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 Use-case diagram

Menjelaskan perilaku sistem dari tampak luar

Menyediakan fungsi-fungsi yg harus dipenuhi
sistem sesuai dengan aktornya
Elemen: actor (orang, sistem lain) dan use-case
Setiap use-case dilengkapi dengan skenario
(deskripsi)
Langkah-langkah:
Identifikasi aktor
Identifikasi use-case per aktor

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 Use-case diagram

Ent er object

Select product
Customer

Get return coins

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 Use-case scenario
Flow of events for the Select product use-case

Objective Allow customer to select a certain product to dispense

Actors Customer

Pre-condition Coin detected and valid

Main flow 1. The customer selects a button product.

2. The system displays an entry prompt of number of product to
order.

Alternative flows 1. If the selected product is not available, the system will display a
message Your selected product is not available.
2. If the selected product is available but there isnt enough
number to order, the system will display a message The
number isnt enough, max. x. X is the existing number of the
product.

Post-condition The selected product dispensed as the number needed

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 16/34
 Use-case association

Include
A use case uses another use case (functional
decomposition) reuse
A function in the original problem statement is too
complex to be solvable immediately describe the
function as the aggregation of a set of simpler
functions (mandatory)
Extend
A use case extends another use case
The functionality in the original problem statement
needs to be extended
The extended use-case plays an optional use-case
Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 17/34
 <<include>> and <<extend>>

<<include>>

OpenIncident
ViewMap
Base Use
Case <<include>>
Supplier
AllocateResources
Use Case

Base Use
Case B
Help

A <<extend>>

ReportEmergency

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 Actor-generalization

Two/more sub-actors generalized into a super-

actor
Have both behavior and attributes in common
described under the super-actor
Super-actor should interact with use cases when
ALL of its sub-actors interact in the same way
Sub-actors should interact with use cases when
their individual interactions differ from that of the
super-actor

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 19/34
 Actor-generalization

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 Class diagram

Menggambarkan struktur statis dari sistem

Terdiri dari node (klas) dan relasi
Jenis relasi
Generalization (is a inheritance)
Association
Aggregation (part-of)
Composition

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 21/34
 Association
For real-world objects is there an association
between classes?
Classes A and B are associated if:
An object of class A sends a message to an object of
B
An object of class A creates an instance of class B
An object of class A has an attribute of type B or
collections of objects of type B
An object of class A receives a message with an
argument that is an instance of B (maybe) will it
use that argument?
Does an object of class A need to know about
some object of class B?
Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 22/34
 Aggregation composition
Aggregation represents a part-whole or part-of
relationship
Aggregation can occur when a class is a collection or
container of other classes, but where the contained
classes do not have a strong life cycle dependency on
the container essentially, if the container is destroyed,
its contents are not
Composition is more specific than aggregation
Composition usually has a strong life cycle dependency
between instances of the container class and instances
of the contained class(es) if the container is
destroyed, normally every instance that it contains is
destroyed as well
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 Class relationships examples

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 Class stereotypes

Boundary classes
model the interaction and manage communication
between the computer system and its actors, but dont
directly represent the specific interface object in the
implementation
used to identify the main logical interfaces with users
and other systems (including e.g. other software
packages, printers)
main task is to translate information across system
boundaries
partition the system so that interface is kept separate
from business logic
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 Class stereotypes
Entity classes
used to model data and behavior of some real life system
concept or entity e.g. member, bank account, order,
employee
these will sometimes require more persistent storage of
information e.g. a students details are ultimately stored as a
student record
Control classes
represent coordination, sequencing, transactions and control of
other objects
glue between boundary elements and entity elements,
describing the logic required to manage the various elements
and their interactions
roughly one per use case
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 Class stereotypes

<<control>>
<<boundary>> <<boundary>>
Actor 1 Actor 2

<<entity>> <<entity>>

Model interaction between the system and its environment

boundary entity control

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 Sequence diagram

An interaction diagram that emphasizes the time

ordering of messages
Shows a set of objects and the messages sent and
received by those objects
Elements
Object represented in a box
Dashed line called the object lifeline, and it
represents the existence of an object over a period of
time
Message rendered as horizontal arrows being
passed from object to object as time advances down
the object lifelines
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 Sequence diagram example

: Products :
: Customer : SelectionScreen : SelectionController
DispenserProduct

selectProduct( )
getValidSelection(String)
isProductAvailable(String)

dispenseProduct(String, int)

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 29/34
 Statechart diagram

A statechart diagram shows the behavior of

classes in response to external stimuli
This diagram models the dynamic flow of control
from state to state within a system

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 Statechart diagram example

initial
accept new coin

Waiting for a
coin payment returned
accept new coin
coin detected
accept customer coin return request
request return payment
product dispensed
Waiting for Returning
accept new coin
selection payment
product
sufficient payment available=FALSE
dispense product return payment

Dispensing
product

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 Alat bantu

Structured Analysis :
Aplikasi pengolah model : Visio, dll.
Aplikasi pengolah kata : MS Word, dll.
CASE Tool : StP (Software through Picture), PSL/PSA
(Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement
Anaylzer), ILeaf, SPMS, dll.
OO Analysis :
Aplikasi pengolah model : Visio, dll.
Aplikasi pengolah kata : MS Word, dll.
CASE Tool : Rational RequisitePro, Rational Soda for
Word, Rational Rose, ArgoUML, dll.
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 Dokumentasi

IEEE Standard+ (IRS/SRS):

1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose of the requirements document
1.2. Scope of the product
1.3. Definition, acronyms and abbreviations
1.4. References
2. General Description
2.1. Product perspective
2.2. Product functions
2.3. User characteristics
2.4. General constraints
3. Specific Requirements
All functional and non-functional requirements, system models (eg. DFD/CFD, ERD,
STD, Use-Case, Class, Sequence, Statechart diagrams), performance, database
requirements, design constraints, security.
3. Qualification/Validation Requirements
4. Appendices/Bibliography

Bahan Kuliah APS - Pemodelan Kebutuhan: OO | Tri A. Kurniawan, S.T, M.T, Ph.D 33/34
 Summary

Pemodelan berorientasi objek meliputi use-case,

class, sequence dan state dari sistem yang
sedang dikembangkan
Alat bantu yang digunakan dalam pemodelan
terstruktur dan berorientasi objek terdapat
perbedaan
Dokumentasi yang dihasilkan dari RE terdiri IRS
dan SRS

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