HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL

Dosen:
Prof. Dr. Yudha Bhakti, S.H. M.H. aspek pidana dari hukum internasional dan aspek internasional dari
Hj. Tien Saefullah, S.H., M.H. hukum pidana;
Idris, S.H., M.A. Aspek Internasional:
Widati Wulandari, S.H., M.Crim. 1) Memiliki dampak atas lebih dari satu negara;
Nella Sumika Putri, S.H., M.H. 2) Menyangkut lebih dari satu kewarganegaraan;
3) Menggunakan sarana/prasarana yang melampaui batas negara.
MATERI PERKULIAHAN Kriangsak
1. Pengertian, Ruang Lingkup dan Sumber Hukum HPI Hukum yang mengatur kejahatan internasionaldimana terdapat
2. Kejahatan Internasional penggabungan/pertemuan dari aspek pidana pada hukum
3. Sejarah dan Perkembangan HPI internasional dan aspek internasional pada hukum pidana
4. Penegakan HPI melalui Pengadilan Nasional
5. Penegakan HPI melalui Pengadilan Internasional Antonio Cassesie
Ad Hoc Tribunals Aturan-aturan internasional yang dibuat untuk
Hybrid Tribunals melarang/menghukum kejahatan internasional sekaligus
International Criminal Court (ICC) mewajibkan negara-negara untuk menuntut dan menghukum
6. Topik-topik Khusus setidaknya sebagian dari kejahatan itu.
Kejahatan Penerbangan Edward M. Wise
Terorisme Subjek yang meliputi semua masalah yang berada di area dimana
Transnational Organize Crime (TOC) hukum pidana dan hukum internasional tumpang tindih dan
berhubungan.
PENGERTIAN, RUANG LINGKUP DAN SUMBER HPI
a) Aspek Internasional dari Hukum Pidana Nasional
Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup HPI
Bagaimana badan peradilan nasional dari suatu negara harus
Bassiouni bersikap dalam kasus pidana yang melibatkan unsur asing;
Produk dari penggabungan dua disiplin hukum yang berbeda yang Misalnya masalah yurisdiksi, penerapan yurisdiksi, masalah
telah tumbuh dan bekembang menjadi saling melengkapi yaitu ekstradisi.

Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381) Page 1

 b) Aspek Pidana dari Hukum Internasional
Prinsip-prinsip atau aturan-aturan hukum internasional yang
membebankan kewajiban pada negara berkenaan dengan hukum
pidana nasionalnya;
Misalnya perlindungan HAM, kewajiban untuk menuntut dan
menghukum/mengekstradisi pelaku tindak pidana internasional.
c) Aspek Pidana dari Hukum Internasional
Hukum yang diterapkan dalam pengadilan/ Mahkamah Pidana
Internasional yang memiliki kewenangan untuk menjatuhkan
khususnya sanksi pidana pada pelaku tindak
pidana(Mahkamah Pidana Internasional baik Ad Hoc maupun
permanen beserta Statuta/Charter pembentuknya).
Sumber Hukum HPI
1) Treaties and Convention;
2) Customary Law;
3) General Principle of International Criminal Law/ General Principle of
Law
4) Judicial Decision, decision of International Organization, doctrine
INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
Pengertian
Bassiouni
Setiap perbuatan yang ditetapkan sebagai kejahatan di dalam
konvensi-konvensi multilateral yang diikuti oleh sejumlah negara
(significant number) yang didalamnya terkandung salah satu unsur
dari sepuluh karakteristik (Ten Penal Characteristic)
Ten Penal Characteristic tersebut yaitu:
1) Pengakuan secara eksplisit tindakan-tindakan yang dipandang
sebagai kejahatan berdasarkan hukum internasional;
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
2) Pengakuan secara implisit sifat-sifat pidana dari tindakan-
tindakan tertentu dengan menetapkan suatu kewajiban untuk
menghukum, mencegah, menuntut, menjatuhi hukuman atau
pidananya;
3) Kriminalisasi atas tindakan-tindakan tertentu;
4) Kewajiban atau hak untuk menuntut;
5) Kewajiban atau hak untuk memidana tindakan tertenu;
6) Kewajiban atau hak untuk mengekstradisi;
7) Kewajiban atau hak untuk bekerja sama dalam penuntutan,
pemidanaan termasuk bantuan hukum dalam proses
pemidanaan;
8) Penetapan suatu dasar atas yurisdiksi kriminal;
9) Referensi pembentukan suatu pengadilan pidana internasional;
10) Penghapusan alasan-alasan perintah atasan;
Dasar penetapan kejahatan internasional:
1) Konvensi-konvensi internasional;
2) Pengakuan berdasarkan hukum kebiasaan internasional;
3) Pengakuan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional;
4) Larangan oleh perjanjian internasional.
Jenis-jenis (22) kejahatan internasional:
1) Agression;
2) War crimes;
3) Unlawful use of weapons;
4) Crimes against humanity;
5) Genocide;
6) Racial discrimination and Apartheid;
7) Slavery and related crimes torture;
8) Unlawful human experimentation;
9) Piracy;
10) Aircraft hijacking;
11) Threat and use of force against internationally protected person;
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 12) Taking of civilian hostage; 3) Act of private individual that have been subjected to treaty
13) Drug offenses; prohibition:
14) International traffic in obscene publication; Transnational traffic in illicit commodities: narcotics,
15) Destruction and/or theft of national treasures; endangered species, obscene publication.
16) Environmental protection; Harm to a common or mutual interest of states requiring
17) Theft of nuclear materials; cooperation for its effecftive supression: overfishing,
18) Unlawful use of the mails; marine pollution, interferrence with submarine cables,
19) Interferrence of the submarine cables; unlawful use of the mails.
20) Falsification and counterfeiting;
21) Bribery of foreign public officials. Element of International Crimes
Menurut Bassiouni, ada tiga elemen dari international crimes, yaitu:
Edward M. Wise
(1) Unsur Internasional, termasuk ke dalam unsur ini, yaitu:
What is international crimes?
a) direct threat to world peace and security;
Crimes against international law:
b) indirect threat to world peace and security;
Hukum internasional mewajibkan semua negara untuk menuntut
c) shocking to the conscience of humanity.
dan menghukum kejahatan-kejahatan dimaksud dengan hukum
(2) Unsur Transnasional, termasuk ke dalam unsur ini, yaitu:
nasional;
a) conduct affecting more than one State;
Perbuatan-perbuatan yang dinyatakan sebagai kejahatan
b) conduct including or affecting citizens of more than one State;
menurut hukum internasional, oleh karena itu dimintai
c) means and methods transcend national boundaries.
pertanggungjawaban secara individu.
(3) Unsur Necessity, termasuk ke dalam unsur ini, yaitu:
Types of International Crimes
a) cooperation of State necessary to enforce
1) Violation of international norm directed toward restraining the
conduct of state officials admitted under color of law
Subject of International Crimes
War crimes;
Individual Nurremberg Principle; HPI menghendaki
Crimes against peace;
pertanggungjawaban individu (dasar hukum Putusan Nurremberg
Crimes against humanity;
Tribunal) karena kejahatan melawan hukum internasional dilakukan oleh
Genocide;
manusia, bukan oleh entitas abstrak, dan hanya dengan cara menghukum
Apartheid;
individu yang melakukan kejahatanlah aturan-aturan dapat ditegakkan.
Torture;
StateILC Draft on State Responsibility
Involve a missuse of power, of the
Corporation
2) Crimes associated with terrorist activities: piracy

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JURISDICTION
Yurisdiksi berasal dari Bahasa Latin; juris dan dictio yang artinya
pelaksanaan keadilan.
Untuk menentukan yurisdiksi, dikenal beberapa asas, yaitu:
a. Teritorial Principle, didasarkan pada tempat kejahatan dilakukan
b. Active Nationality Jurisdiction, didasarkan pada kewarganegaraan
pelaku
c. Passive Nationality Jurisdiction, didasarkan pada kewarganegaraan
korban
d. Protective Jurisdiction, didasarkan pada prinsip
kepentingan/kedaulatan negara yang bersangkutan
e. Universal Jurisdiction
Diberlakukan untuk kejahatan tertentu (serious crimes), yaitu
piracy, slavery, war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against
humanity, genocide, torture.
Dapat dituntut dan diadili dimana saja dan oleh siapa saja.
Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction
Principle 1 - Fundamentals of Universal Jurisdiction
Universal Jurisdiction id criminal jurisdiction based solely on the nature
of the crime, without regard to where the crime was commited, the
nationality of the alleged or convicted perpetrator, the nationality of the
victim, or any other connection to the state exercising such jurisdiction.
Principle 2 - serious Crimes under International Law
Serious crimes under international law include: (1) piracy, (2) slavery, (3)
war crimes, (4) crimes against peace, (5) crimes against humanity, (6)
genocide; and (7) torture.
Principle 3 - Reliance on Universal Jurisdiction in the Absence of
National Legislation
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
National judicial organs may rely on universal jurisdiction even if their
national legislation does not specially provide for it.
Principle 4 - Obligation to Support Accountability
A state shall comply with all international obligations that are applicable
to: prosecuting or extraditing person accused or convicted of crimes
under international law in accordance with a legal process that complies
with international due process norms, providing other states investigating
or prosecuting such as crimes with all available means of administrative
and judicial assisteance, and undertaking such other necessary and
appropriate measures as are consistent with international norms and
standards.
Principle 5 - Immunities
The official position of any accused peron, wheter as head of state or
government or as a responsilbe government official, shall not relieve
such person of criminal responsibility nor mitigate punishment.
Principle 6 - Statute of Limitation
Statutes of limitation or other forms of prescription shall not apply to
serious crimes under international law as specified in Principle 2 (1).
Principle 7 - Amnesties
Amnesties are generally inconsistent with the obligation of states to
provide accountibility for serious crimes as specified in Principle 2 (1).
Principle 8 - Resolution of Competing National Jurisdiction
a. multilateral or bilateral treaty obligations;
b. the place of commision of the crime;
c. the nationality connection of the allegde perpetrator to the requesting
state;
d. the nationality connection of the victim to the requesting state;
e. any another connection between the requesting state and alleged
perpetrator, the crime, or the victim;
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f. the likehood, good faith, and effectiveness of the prosecution in the
requesting state;
g. the fairness and impartiality of the proceedings in the requesting state;
h. convenience to the parties and witness, as well as the availabilty of
evidence in the requesting state;
i. the interst of justice.
Principle 9 - Non Bis Idem/ Double Jeopardy
A state or its judicial organs shall ensure that a person who is subject to
criminal proceedings shall not be exposed to multiple prosecutions or
punishment for the same criminal conduct
EXTRADITION
Pengertian
Penyerahan oleh suatu negara kepada negara yang meminta penyerahan
seseorang yang disangka atau dipidana karena melakukan suatu
kejahatan diluar wilayah yang menyerahkan dan di wilayah negara yang
meminta penyerahan tersebut, karena berwenang untuk mengadili dan
memidananya (Pasal 1 UU No. 1 Tahun 1979 Tentang Ekstradisi).
Syarat-syarat:
Harus ada negara peminta (requesting country) dan negara diminta
(requested country).
Harus ada orang yang diekstradisi (tersangka, terdakwa, terpidana)
Harus ada ada kejahatan yang diekstradisi
Harus ada perjanjian ekstradisi
Alasan Penolakan Ekstradisi
Alasan Mandatory/ Kewajiban
1. Terkait kejahatan politik (Pasal 5)
2. Tindak pidana militer yang bukan kejahatan menurut hukum pidana
umum (Pasal 6)
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
3. Subjek atas suatu tindakan karena didasarkan atas ras, agama,
kebangsaan, etnis, politis dan gender
4. Orang yang diekstradisi akan dijadikan objek penyiksaan
5. Terhadap kejahatan orang yang diekstradisi telah diputus dan
mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap (Pasal 10)
6. Karena ada alasan imunitas dan abolisi
7. Karena diputus secara in absentia.
Alasan Optional/ Pilihan
1. Pelaku adalah warga negara dari negara yang diminta
2. Negara diminta tidak akan memproses kejahatan tersebut
3. Mendapat ancaman hukuman mati di negara peminta (Pasal 13)
4. Perbuatan dilakukan di luar wilayah negara peminta yang tidak
mempunyai yurisdiksi
5. Kejahatan yang dilakukan sebagian atau seluruhnya di wilayah
negara yang diminta (Pasal 8)
6. Negara diminta beranggapan bahwa pelaku akan diadili oleh
extraordinary court/ Ad Hoc
7. Alasan kemanusiaan.
Prinsip-prinsip Ekstradisi
Double criminality, yaitu kejahatan diakui oleh hukum di negara
diminta dan hukum di negara peminta (Pasal 5 ayat (1) KUHP).
Principle of speciality, yaitu kejahatan tersebut harus ditentukan
dalam perjanjian (Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU Ekstradisi) dan kejahatan
tersebut hanya boleh diproses atas kejahatan yang dimintakan (Pasal
15 UU Ekstradisi).
Non-extradition of poltical criminal, yaitu tidak akan menyerahkan
tekait kejahatan politik (Pasal 5 UU Ekstradisi) penafsiran negatif.
Nebis in idem, terhadap pelaku kejahatan yang diekstradisikan telah
diputus dan mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap (Pasal 10 UU
Ekstradisi).
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 Daluarsa, terhadap kejahatan yang hak menuntut atau hak untuk
melaksanakan putusan pidana telah kadaluarsa (Pasal 12 UU
Ekstradisi).
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE (MLA)
Pengertian
MLA adalah bantuan timbal balik dalam masalah pidana merupakan
permintaan bantuan berkenaan dengan penyidikan, penuntutan,
penuntutan, dan pemeriksaan di sidang Pengadilan (UU No. 1 Tahun
2006).
Mutual Legal Assistance tidak memberikan wewenang untuk :
1. Ekstradisi
Dalam MLA, bukan mengenai orang dan atau penyerahan orang.
2. Penangkapan atau Penahanan dengan maksud untuk ekstradisi orang
3. Pengalihan Narapidana
4. Pengalihan Perkara
Latar Belakang
1. Terdapatnya tindak pidana yang bersifat transnasional
mengakibatkan timbulnya permasalahan hukum suatu negara dengan
negara lain yang memerlukan penanganan melalui hubungan baik
berdasarkan hukum masing-masing negara.
2. Penanganan tindak pidana transnasional harus dilakukan dalam
bentuk kerjasama antar negara dalam bentuk hubungan timbal balik.
3. Keharusan adanya kepastian hukum, ketertiban, perlindungan hukum
Tujuan
Memberikan dasar hukum bagi pemerintah suatu negara, dalam meminta
dan atau memberikan bantuan timbal balik dalam masalah pidana dan
pedoman dalam membuat perjanjian bantuan timbal balik dalam masalah
pidana dengan negara asing.
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
Syarat
Pengajuan Permintaan Bantuan, harus memuat :
1. Identitas dari institusi yang meminta
2. Pokok masalah yang berhubungan dengan permintaan tersebut.
3. Ringkasan dari fakta-fakta yang terkait, kecuali permintaan bantuan
yang berkaitan dengan dokumen yuridis
4. Ketentuan UU yang terkait, isi pasal dan ancaman pidananya
5. Uraian tentang bantuan yang diminta dan rincian mengenai prosedur
khusus yang dikehendaki termasuk kerahasiaan
6. Tujuan dari bantuan yang diminta
7. Syarat-syarat lain yang ditentukan oleh negara yang diminta
Alasan Penolakan
Mandatory: Sifatnya wajib, alasan penolakan harus ditolak, diatur
dalam Pasal 6 UU No.1 Tahun 2006, yang terdiri dari:
1. Tindak Pidana Politik kecuali pembunuhan terhadap kepala negara
atau pemerintah atau terorisme;
2. Tindak pidana berdasarkan hukum militer
3. Tindak pidana terhadap orang atau pelakunya telah dibebaskan,
grasi, atau telah selesai menjalani pemidanaan;
4. Tindak pidana terhadap orang atas tindak pidananya tidak dapat
dituntut;
5. Tindak pidana diadiili karena perbedaan suku, agama,
kewarganegaraan, kelamin dan perdagangan politik;
6. Tindak pidana yang berhubungan dengan kedaulatan negara yang
berlandaskan keadilan dan kebenaran.
Optional: Bersifat sewaktu- waktu, diatur dalam Pasal 7 UU. No 1
Tahun 2006, yang terdiri dari:
1. Tindak pidana yang jika dilakukan di suatu negara bukan
merupakan tindak pidana;
2. Tindak pidana atas orang yang dikenakan hukuman mati;
3. Tindak pidana yang jika dilakukan di luar negaranya, bukan
merupakan tindak pidana;
4. Tindak pidana yang akan merugikan penyidikan, penuntutan atau
membahayakan keuangan negara;
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 Jenis Bantuan MLA (Pasal 3 ayat 2):
a. mengidentifikasi dan mencari orang;
b. mendapatkan pernyataan atau bentuk lainnya;
c. menunjukkan dokumen atau bentuk lainnya;
d. mengupayakan kehadiran orang untuk memberikan keterangan atau
membantu penyidikan;
e. menyampaikan surat;
f. melaksanakan permintaan penggeledahan dan penyitaan;
g. perampasan hasil tindak pidana;
h. memperoleh kembali sanksi denda berupa uang sehubungan dengan
tindak pidana;
i. melarang transaksi kekayaan, membekukan aset yang dapat dilepaskan
atau disita, atau yang mungkin diperlukan untuk memenuhi sanksi
denda yang dikenakan, sehubungan dengan tindak pidana;
j. mencari kekayaan yang dapat dilepaskan, atau yang mungkin
diperlukan untuk memenuhi sanksi denda yang dikenakan, sehubungan
dengan tindak pidana; dan/atau
k. Bantuan lain yang sesuai dengan Undang-Undang ini.
PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL MELALUI
MEKANISME PENGADILAN PIDANA INTERNASIONAL
1. International Military Tribunal- Nuremberg
Dasar hukum London Charter 1945
Pendiri USA, French, UK, USSR
Permanent court di Berlin, pertama kali bersidang di Nuremberg
Material Jurisdictions: crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes
against humanity selama Perang Dunia II di Eropa
Kewenangan memeriksa in absentia (Art. 12)
Tidak ada appeals atau review
Prinsip Nuremberg:
a. Individual criminal responsibility (Art. 6)
b. Asas retroaktif
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
c. Perintah jabatan tidak membebaskan dari tanggung jawab pidana
d. Collective guilt dan konspirasi dapat dipidana
2. International Military Tribunal- Far East (IMTFE) Tokyo
Dasar hukum Pernyataan Jenderal Douglas MacArthur
Pendiri Jenderal Douglas MacArthur
Material Jurisdictions: crimes against peace, conventional war crimes,
crimes against humanity
Tidak ada appeals, review hanya untuk pidana (sentence) yang
dijatuhkan IMT
3. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Dasar hukum UN SC Resolution No. 827 Tahun 1993
Pendiri UN SC berdasarkan Chapter VII UN Charter
Permanent court di The Hague
Material Jurisdiction: war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity
from January 1, 1991 selama perang Yugoslavia 1991-2001.
Ada appeals dan review, grasi dan pengurangan pidana
Perlindungan hak-hak terdakwa, saksi dan korban
Prinsip penting:
a. Personal jurisdiction (Art. 6)
b. Individual criminal responsibility (Art. 7)
c. Retroactive (Art. 8)
d. Primacy over the national courts (Art. 9)
e. Non-bis-in-idem (Art. 10)
4. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Dasar hukum UN SC Resolution No. 955 Tahun 1994
Permanent court di Aruza, Tanzania dan Appeals Chamber ke ICTY
Material jurisdictions: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity
from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1994.
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 Kelemahan Hybrid Courts:
5. Hybrid Courts
a. Kesulitan bahasa, sistem hukum dan pandangan hukum, serta
Ada beberapa hybrid courts, i.e. Extraordinary Chambers in The
pengalaman dari aparat penegak hukumnya.
Court of Cambodia (2007), Serious Criminal Panels in the District
b. Kekurangan human resources terutama pasca konflik
Court of Dili in East Timor (2006), Special Court for Sierre Leone
c. Statute pendirian terbatas pada negara tersebut, sehingga negara
(2002), the Regulation 64 Panels in the Court of Kosovo.
lain tidak terikat.
Characterized by a mix of national and international components is
said to hold a good deal of promise and actually offer an approach 6. International Criminal Court (ICC)
that may address some of the concerns about purely international Kualifikasi kejahatan:
justice, on the one hand, and purely local justice, on the other. Grave breaches/ violation of human rights
Legitimacy: in a post conflict situation domestic trials often lack The most serious crimes of concern to the international community
legitimacy because the judicial institution are not impartial 1 and as as a whole (Statuta ICC)
independent or are not perceived2 such as. Unimaginable atrocities that deeply shock the conscience of
Capacity: post conflicts societies frequently face ravaged 3 legal humanity
landscapes. Both the physical infrastructure and human resources International crimes
have been severely damaged by the conflict or have always been Extra ordinary crimes
weak to begin with. Threat to the international peace and security.
Norm penetration: penetration of international norms in domestic Individual criminal responsibility:
societies. State as abstract entity
Individu punya rasa kemanusiaan, tidak boleh berlindung dibalik
Tujuan Hybrid Courts:
jabatan.
a. To offer legitimacy by providing ownership without affecting
Mengapa ICC?
independency and impartiality;
a. Mencegah impunity
b. To prosecute more perpetrators in less time and lower cost while
b. Kritik terhadap IMT:
also building domestic capacity;
i. Victor justice (keadilan negara pemenang perang) tidak
c. To do domestic justice while upholding international law and
mewakili rasa keadilan international community
complying with international fair trial standards, and thus also
ii. retroactive
doing international justice.
c. Kritik terhadap ICT:
i. Selective justice tidak mewakili rasa keadilan international
community karena didirikan UN SC
1
Tidak memihak ii. UN SC ultravires
2
Dipersepsikan iii. Retroactive
3
Dihancurkan
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 Proses Pembentukan ICC
1) Pursuant to GA request, 1947 ILC prepare the draft
2) 1954 draft statute for the establishment of an international
criminal court was submitted by ILC to GA
3) Political stagnation Cold War, impeded4 function of the UN
4) 1989 The GA requested ILC to address the question of
establishment an ICC
5) 1990 ILC completed the report
6) 1993 ILC produced a comprehensive text
7) 1994 ILC notified and finalized the text, GA decided to start
establish the ICC
8) 1996 GA established a Preparatory Committee on The
establishment of an ICC
9) 15 June-17 July 1998 Rome Conference attended by 160
parties.
10) 1 July 2002 entry into force60 states ratification
Jurisdiction of the ICC:
a. Space/territorial jurisdiction (Art. 12): wilayah negara pihak (Art.
12 (1)), negara yang mengakui yurisdiksi atas dasar Adhoc
declaration, berdasarkan UN SC Resolution (Art. 13), diperluas
pada pesawat (Art. 12 (2)(a)))
b. Material jurisdiction (Art. 5): Genocide (Art. 6), War crimes (Art.
7), crimes against humanity (Art. 8), crimes of aggression.
c. Personal jurisdiction (Art. 13, Art. 25): WN negara pihak ICC,
WN bukan pihak ICC yang mengakui yurisdiksi ICC dan
kasusnya diajukan ke ICC berdasarkan Resolusi UN SC.
d. Temporal jurisdiction (Art. 11, Art. 22, Art. 23, Art. 24): non-
retroactive principles.
e. Complementary jurisdiction (Par. 10 Preamble, Art. 1 Statute,
Art. 17 Statute).
4 8
Menghalangi, menghambat
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
Berlaku jika suatu negara unwilling atau unable untuk mengadili
pelaku kejahatan yang masuk yurisdiksi ICC.
Unwilling: posedur pengadilan ditujukan untuk melindungi
pelaku, terdapat unjustified delay (penundaan pemeriksaan
yang tidak sah), proses peradilan tidak independent dan
memihak.
Unable: tidak mampu menghadapkan tersangka ke
pengadilan, tidak mampu mendapatkan bukti-bukti atau
kesaksian, tidak berfungsinya sebagian/seluruh sistem hukum
nasional.
GENOCIDE
Any of the following acts5 committed with intent to destroy, in whole or
in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group;6
a) Killing members of the group;
b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Genocide therefore invites analysis under two headings: the prohibited
underlying acts and the specific genocidal intent or dolus specialis.7
Regulation: Convention on Genocide 1948
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
Any of the following acts8 when committed as part of a widespread or
systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with
knowledge of the attack.
a) Murder;
5
Article 6 (a)-(e) of Rome Statute.
6
Protected groups
7
Prosecutor v. Bagilishema, (Trial Chamber), June 7, 2001, 55.
Article 7 (a)-(k) of Rome Statute
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 b) Extermination; Systematicqualitative elementthoroughly organised and
c) Enslavement; following a regular pattern on the basis of a common policy involving
d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population; substantial public or private resources
e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in
Element Policy
violation of fundamental rules of international law;
f) Torture; Art. 7 (2) (a) attack pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or
g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, organizational policy to commit such attack
enforced sterilization, Tidak perlu dalam bentuk kebijakan tertulis/ eksplisit
h) Etc. Lembaga yang bertanggung jawab atas kebijakan hanya entitas
Regulations: tertentu negara atau organisasi
1) Hague Regulations 1849 & 1907 laws of humanity
Bukan serangan spontan
2) 1925 Massacres of Armenian in Turkey offences against humanity
3) Art. 6 (c) Nuremberg Charter
4) Art. 5 (e) Tokyo Charter WAR CRIMES
5) Art. 5 ICTY Statutes and Art. 3 ICTR Statutes Committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale
6) Art. 7 ICC Statutes commission of such crimes
Crimes against humanity 1) Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
Lebih luas dari genocide;
namely, any of the following acts against persons or property
Tidak mentargetkan kelompok tertentu;
Pelaku tidak harus punya niat untuk menghancurkan kelompok protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva
tertentu; Conventioninternational armed conflict,
Termasuk kejahatan terhadap kelompok politik dan kelompok lainnya. 2) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in
Civilian population: international armed conflict, within the established framework of
Anyone who is not part of the organization power using force should international law,
be considered civilian;
3) In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character,
Includes member of military forces who have laid down their arm or
those persons placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention serious violations of article 3 common to the four Geneva
or any other cause. Conventions of 12 August 1949,
Attack 4) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed
Multiple commission conflicts not of an international character, within the established
Need not military attack framework of international law.
Widespreadquantitative element (dampak bisa satu perbuatan)
refers to the large-scale nature of the attack and the number of
targeted persons(victims)9
9
Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkez, (Appeals Chamber), December 17, 2004, 94,
Limaj et al., (Trial Chamber), November 30, 2005, 183.
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381) Page 10
 Protected persons:
Those who are find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation,
in the hands of a Party to the Conflict or Occupying Power of which
they are not nationals;10
those who do not enjoy . . . diplomatic protection, and are not
subject to the allegiance and control, of the State in whose hands
they may find themselves;11
Civilians or horse de combat.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES (TOC)
1. The problem : transnational organized crime
Globalization and new technologies create the same new
opportunities for crime as for legitimate activities
Crimes such as money-laundering, trafficking in human beings and
corruption are a serious and growing problem
Groups are bigger, more transnational, with indications of
networking, and involved in a wider range of criminal activities
Transnational nature of the problem requires transnational solution
2. Negotiation of the instruments
December (1994) General Assembly approves Naples Declaration
and Global Action Plan (Res/49/159)
December (1996) Poland proposes draft framework Convention to
General Assembly, other proposals circulated
1997-1998 Original draft Convention developed by expert
group and 7th session of UN Crime Commission
10
Prosecutor v. Blaskic, (Appeals Chamber), July 29, 2004, para. 172.
11
Prosecutor v. Tadic, (Appeals Chamber), July 15, 1999, para. 168.
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
December (1998) General Assembly creates open-ended
intergovernmental Ad Hoc Committee(Res/53/111)
1998-2001 Over 120 States successfully complete Convention and 3
Protocols in only two years and 12 sessions
3. Adoption of the Instruments
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons
Especially Woman and Children
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air
Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in
Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition
All 4 instruments open for signature until 12 December 2002
(afterward by accession)
General Assembly Resolution 55/25. 15 November 2000 and
55/255,31 May 2001
4. Status of the Instruments
First 3 instruments (GA/RES/55/25) opened for signature at Palermo
Italy 12-15December 2000.
Third (firearms) Protocol adopted and opened for signature in New
York in July 2001.
As of 15 August 2002:*
141 States and the European Community had signed the Convention
and 18 had ratified it
107 States and the European Community had signed the Protocol on
Trafficking in persons and 14 had ratified it
103 States and the European Community had signed the protocol on
smuggling of migrants and 13 had ratified it
36 States and the European Community had signed the protocol on
firearms and 3 had ratified it
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United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized 4. Organized criminal group
a. structured group
1. Structure of Convention b. three or more person
Defines and standardizes terminology c. existing for a period of time
Requires States to have specific crimes d. acting in concert
Specific control measures (money-laundering, corruption etc.) e. aim of committing :
Forfeiture of proceeds of crime a) serious crime (s) or Convention offences
Cooperation (extradition, legal assistance, investigative measures etc.) b) to obtain direct or indirect financial or other
Training, research, information measures f. material benefit ( Art. 2.a )
Prevention
5. Structured group ( Art.2.c )
Technical provisions (signature, ratification etc.)
not necessarily formal organization, membership or structure, but
2. Scope of application ( Art. 2.a.b ) more than just randomly formed for the immediate commission of
1) Convention applies to the prevention, investigation and prosecution an offence
of :
a) Offences established by the convention ( Art. 5,6,8 and 23 ) 6. Serious Crime ( Art. 2.b )
b) Other serious crimes defined in Art. 2 conduct designated by national law as an Offence
c) Protocol offences ( Protocols, Art. 1 ) punishable by at least four years
2) Only when :
i. transnational in nature 7. Offences established by the convention
ii. an organized criminal group is involved a. Convention requires States Parties to have four basic Offence;
a) Participation in an organized criminal group (Art. 5)
3. Transnational in nature b) Laundering of proceeds of crime (Art. 6)
a) Committed in more than in one State ; c) Corruption (Art. 8)
b) Substantial part of preparation, planning, direction or control takes d) Obstruction of justice (Art. 23)
place in another state; b. Transnationality or in involvement of an organized criminal group
c) Involves an organized criminal group engaging in criminal must not be made elements of these offences in domestic law
activities in more then one State; or (Art.34.2)
d) Has substantial effects in another State. (Art.3.2 )

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8. Offence of participating in an organized criminal group (Art. 5)
a. Either
a) agreeing to commit a serious crime for financial or material
benefit
b. or
b) knowingly taking part in criminal or related activities of an
organized criminal group to contribute to criminal aim
c. Options take account of different approaches to conspiracy,
association etc.
d. States shall insure that domestic law covers all serious crimes
committed by organized groups
9. Offence obstructing justice (Art. 23)
Using force, threats or intimidation, or
promising, offering or giving under advantage
a) to interfere with giving of evidence or testimony
b) to interfere with exercise of duties of judicial or law-
enforcement official
c) in connection with proceedings on any Convention or
Protocol offence
Supports other measures to protect victims and witnesses (Art.
24-25)
States can have laws to protect other public officials
10. Money laundering offences (Art. 6)
Offences of laundering of proceeds of crime (Art. 6)
Conversion or transfer to conceal criminal origin
Concealment of nature, source, location, disposition,
movement or ownership
Knowing acquisition of proceeds *
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
Participation, association, conspiracy, attempts, aiding,
abetting facilitating etc.*
* Subject to basic concepts of each States legal system
Apply to proceeds of Convention offences,
Protocol offences and other serious crimes
Money Laundering measures (Art. 7)
Comprehensive regulatory regime for banks and financial
institutions
Identify customers, keep records, identify suspicious transactions
Cooperation with other States
financial intelligence units
monitor cross-border movement of cash and instruments
Guidelines from regional, interregional or multilateral initiatives
11. Corruption offences (Art. 8)
Mandatory offences :
a) promise, offer, give, solicit or accept
b) any undue advantage to/by a public official
c) to act or refrain from acting
d) any matter relating to officials public duties
e) participation as an accomplice
Optional offences
a) corrupting foreign or international public servants
b) other forms of corruption
Corruption Measures (Art. 9)
Legislative or other measures
to promote integrity
to prevent, detect and punish corruption of public officials
to ensure effective action by officials
as appropriate and consistent with legal system
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 Provide anti-corruption authorities with sufficient independence
to deter undue influence
12. Liability, prosecution and sanctions
a) Criminal, civil or administrative liability for legal persons (Art.
10)
b) Sanctions or punishments must be dissuasive and take into
account the gravity of the offence (Art. 10.4, 11.1)
c) Discretion should be used to maximize law enforcement
effectiveness (Art. 11)
d) Measures to provide for seizure, confiscation, forfeiture and
disposal of proceeds of crime (to the extent possible) (Art.
12)
e) Bank secrecy cannot be used as an obstacle to confiscation
or mutual legal assistance (Art. 12.6, 18.8)
f) Existing criminal defences are preserved (Art. 11)
13. Jurisdiction (Art. 15)
Convention seeks to ensure that every State Party connected to a
transnational organized crime offence will have adequate
jurisdiction.
Offenders should have no place to hide from investigation and
prosecution.
Mandatory/compulsory jurisdiction
offences on a States territory, vessel or aircraft
where offender not extradited because of nationality
Optional jurisdiction
offender or victim are nationals of State
offence of participating in organized criminal group with a
view to committing serious crime in the State
any other circumstances set by domestic law
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
14. International Cooperation
1) Extradition (Art. 16)
2) Mutual Legal Assistance (Art. 18)
3) Other forms of cooperation (Art. 20, 26, 27)
15. Extradition (Art. 16)
Extradition available for all Convention and Protocol offences
Convention extradition provisions harmonize with existing
treaties and arrangements
No refusal on the sole ground of fiscal matters
Limitations in domestic law and existing treaties apply
Parties must either Extradite or prosecute own nationals
Where extradition is refused, the States involved, the States
involved should consult
16. Mutual Legal Assistance
States Parties shall afford one another the widest measure of
mutual legal assistance (Art. 18.1)
Most requirements are operational, not legislative, but Parties
must have legal powers needed to produce and deliver assistance
States Parties are required to designate a central authority to
receive, execute or transmit legal assistance requests
No right to refuse MLA on the ground of bank secrecy
More direct liaison arrangements permitted for other forms of
cooperation (Art. 18.13, Art. 19, 27)
17. Investigative measures
Convention calls for:
agreements governing joint investigation (Art. 19)
domestic and cooperative use of special investigative
techniques (Art. 20)
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 a. controlled delivery
b. electronic or other forms of surveillance
c. undercover operation
measures to encourage those involved in transnational organized
crime to cooperate with law enforcement (Art. 26)
18. Law enforcement and other cooperation
States parties called upon to:
a) enhance and establish channels of communication;
b) cooperate in inquiries concerning
a. the identity, whereabouts and activities of suspects;
b. the movement of proceeds of crime or instrumentalities
c) exchange information
a. specific means and methods used by organized criminal
groups
b. general trends, analytical techniques, definitions, standards
and methodologies
19. Protection of Victims and Witnesses (Art. 24, 25)
Must provide effective protection for witnesses, within available
means:
a. physical protection
b. domestic or foreign relocation
c. Special arrangements for giving evidence
Within available means, must also assist with:
d. procedures for claiming compensation and restitution
e. opportunities to present views and concerns at appropriate
stage of criminal proceedings.
Both articles apply to victims who are also witnesses.
Catatan Kuliah Kardoman Tumangger (110110060381)
20. Technical and other assistance (Art. 29, 30)
State Parties called upon to:
a. implement Convention domestically and through
international cooperation
b. take into account effects of organized crime on societies and
sustainable development
c. to enhance financial and material assistance to developing
countries
21. Prevention (Art. 31)
States Parties called upon to develop, implement and share both
direct and indirect prevention methods
a. administrative and regulatory controls to prevent abuses in
key areas (professions corporations)
b. rehabilitation/reintegration of former offenders
c. public awareness campaigns (domestic and international)
d. social programs to alleviate conditions the make groups
vulnerable to recruitment or victimization by transnational
organized crime groups
22. Conference of the parties (Art. 32, 33)
Convention establishes a conference of the Parties to :
a. promote and review implementation
b. make recommendations to improve convention
c. consider means of implementing and difficulties
encountered by States
Conference will meet within one year of entry into force
Initial meeting of Conference will adopt rules of procedure, a
draft of which will be prepared by the Ad Hoc Committee that
carried out the negotiations
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